ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Carin Bondar - Wild sex biologist
Carin Bondar is an expert on the sexual life of animals -- and loves to tell their wild sex stories.

Why you should listen

Group sex, prostitution, masturbation -— every sexy thing we humans do, says Carin Bondar, animals do too, and a whole lot more we, thank goodness, can't (see topic: chastity belts). Bondar, a biologist, hosts the truly astonishing Wild Sex video series on earthtouch.tv , where over two seasons she's been using science and uberwatchable storytelling to tell surprising tales of animal mating. As she says: "We hit topics hard, and not just for the quirk factor, but because there is a lot of cool science behind so many strange mating rituals."

For contrast, her first book, The Nature of Human Nature, examines the unique behaviors of the human species in the context of Darwin's Survival of the Fittest. Bondar is also the host and producer of SciAm Cinema, a monthly series of the best stories from the Scientific American blog network, and the co-host (with Phil Plait) of TwiST, a weekly series about science and tech on the Science Alert YouTube channel, as well as a TV host for Discovery International and National Geographic Wild.

More profile about the speaker
Carin Bondar | Speaker | TED.com
TEDGlobal 2013

Carin Bondar: The birds and the bees are just the beginning

科琳.邦達爾: 那些健康教育課沒教的事

Filmed:
2,572,088 views

你對性了解多少?仔細想想!在這精彩的演說中,生物學家科琳.邦達爾 (Carin Bondar) 細述關於動物性行為背後,令人歎為觀止的科學。 注意:演說包含詳盡、侵略性的性行為內容
- Wild sex biologist
Carin Bondar is an expert on the sexual life of animals -- and loves to tell their wild sex stories. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:12
Anyone任何人 in the room房間 thought about sex性別 today今天?
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在座各位今天
有想色色的事嗎?
00:15
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
00:16
Yeah, you did.
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一定有吧!
00:17
Thank you for putting your hand up over there.
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謝謝你們如此誠實
00:20
Well, I'm here to provide提供 you with
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讓我為你們這些猥褻的白日夢
00:21
some biological生物 validation驗證
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提供一些
00:23
for your sordid污穢 daydreams白日夢.
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生物學上的證據
00:25
I'm here to tell you a few少數 things
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讓我告訴你們一些
00:26
that you might威力 not have known已知 about wild野生 sex性別.
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你們可能不知道的野生動物性事
00:29
Now, when humans人類 think about sex性別,
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當人類想到性
00:31
male and female forms形式
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我們很自然想到
00:33
are generally通常 what come to mind心神,
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男女身體特徵
00:35
but for many許多 millions百萬 of years年份,
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但是數百萬年來
00:37
such這樣 specific具體 categories類別 didn't even exist存在.
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這麼明顯的區別並不存在
00:40
Sex性別 was a mere fusion聚變 of bodies身體
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性就是身體融合
00:42
or a trickle of DNA脫氧核糖核酸
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或是兩個、兩個以上的
00:44
shared共享 between之間 two or more beings眾生.
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遺傳物質交換
00:47
It wasn't until直到 about 500 million百萬 years年份 ago
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直到 5 億年前
00:49
that we start開始 to see structures結構 akin類似的 to a penis陰莖
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我們才看到近似陰莖
00:52
or a thing that gives DNA脫氧核糖核酸 out,
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或給予遺傳物質器官的出現
00:55
and a vagina陰道, something that receives收到 it.
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和陰道或其他相似的接收結構
00:58
Now invariably不變地, you're probably大概 thinking思維 about
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你們難免會想
01:00
what belongs屬於 to our own擁有 species種類,
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我們自己人類的構造
01:03
these very familiar structures結構,
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我們看到動物世界中的
01:05
but the diversity多樣 that we see in sexual有性 structures結構
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生殖器官
01:07
in the animal動物 kingdom王國 that has evolved進化
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這些相似但多樣的構造
01:09
in response響應 to the multitude of factors因素
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反應了關於生殖繁衍的
01:12
surrounding周圍 reproduction再生產
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諸多因素
01:13
is pretty漂亮 mind-blowing令人興奮.
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實在很令人驚嘆
01:16
Penile陰莖 diversity多樣 is especially特別 profuse豐富的.
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陰莖結構特別多樣
01:19
So this is a paper nautilus鸚鵡螺.
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這是一隻船蛸
01:21
It's a close relative相對的 of squid烏賊 and octopus章魚,
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是烏賊和章魚近親
01:24
and males男性 have a hectocotylushectocotylus.
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雄性個體具有交接腕
01:27
Just what is a hectocotylushectocotylus?
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什麼是交接腕呢?
01:29
A detachable可拆開, swimming游泳的 penis陰莖.
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是一個可分離
會游泳的陰莖
01:33
It leaves樹葉 the [body身體 of the male],
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它可以脫離雄性個體
01:36
finds認定 the female through通過
pheromonal費洛蒙 cues線索 in the water,
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借由水中的費洛蒙找到雌性
01:39
attaches武官 itself本身 to her body身體
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再將自己結合上去
01:41
and deposits存款 the sperm精子.
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輸送精子
01:42
For many許多 decades幾十年, biologists生物學家 actually其實 felt
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數十年來
生物學家甚至認為
01:45
that the hectocotylushectocotylus was a
separate分離 organism生物 altogether.
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交接腕是個獨立的個體
01:49
Now, the tapir is a mammal哺乳動物 from South America美國.
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貘是以種來自南非的哺乳類
01:52
And the tapir has a prehensile抓握 penis陰莖.
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貘俱有有抓握能力的陰莖
01:55
It actually其實 has a level水平 of dexterity靈巧 in its penis陰莖
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牠陰莖靈巧的程度
01:58
much akin類似的 to what we have with our hands.
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大概和我們的手一般
02:01
And it uses使用 this dexterity靈巧
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而牠用這份靈巧
02:02
to bypass旁路 the vagina陰道 altogether
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穿過陰道
02:04
and deposit存款 sperm精子 directly into the female's女性的 uterus子宮,
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將精子直接
送到雌性的子宮
02:08
not to mention提到 it's a pretty漂亮 good size尺寸.
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更別說牠的尺寸雄偉
02:11
The biggest最大 penis陰莖 in the animal動物 kingdom王國,
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但是動物界中最大的陰莖
02:13
however然而, is not that of the tapir.
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並不是貘的
02:15
The biggest最大 penis-to-body-size陰莖與機身尺寸 ratio
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在動物界中
02:17
in the animal動物 kingdom王國 actually其實 belongs屬於
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陰莖佔體型比例最大的
02:19
to the meager微薄 beach海灘 barnacle藤壺,
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是窄灘藤壺
02:21
and this video視頻 is actually其實 showing展示 you
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而這段影片可以告訴你
02:24
what the human人的 penis陰莖 would look like
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當人類與藤壺體積相等時
02:26
if it were the same相同 size尺寸 as that of a barnacle藤壺.
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陰莖的相對大小
02:29
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
02:32
Mm-hm. (Laughter笑聲)
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嗯 (笑聲)
02:34
So with all of this diversity多樣 in structure結構體,
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對於如此多樣的結構
02:37
one might威力 think, then, that penises陰莖
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有人可能認為
02:39
are fitting配件 neatly整潔 into vaginas陰道 all over the place地點
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為了成功繁衍後代
02:42
for the purposes目的 of successful成功 reproduction再生產.
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陰莖可以完美地
與不同陰道結合
02:44
Simply只是 insert part部分 A into slot插槽 B,
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直接將突出物 A 插入插槽 B
02:47
and we should all be good to go.
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然後一切就完美了
02:49
But of course課程, that doesn't exactly究竟 happen發生,
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但是事實並非如此
02:51
and that's because we can't
just take form形成 into account帳戶.
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因為在談論性時
02:54
We have to think about function功能 as well,
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我們不能只考慮形態
02:57
and when it comes to sex性別,
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也必須考慮功能
02:58
function功能 relates涉及 to the contributions捐款 made製作
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功能對配子的投資有關
03:01
by the gametes配子, or the sperm精子 and the eggs.
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配子就是精子或卵子
03:04
And these contributions捐款 are far from equal等於.
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而兩份投資程度極不均等
03:07
Eggs are very expensive昂貴 to make,
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製造卵子代價昂貴
03:09
so it makes品牌 sense for females女性 to be very choosy挑三揀四
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所以雌性在選擇對象時
03:12
about who she shares分享 them with.
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會十分謹慎
03:15
Sperm精子, on the other hand, is abundant豐富 and cheap低廉,
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另一方面,精子量多且成本低廉
03:19
so it makes品牌 more sense for males男性
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所以對雄性而言
03:21
to have a more-sex-is-better更多的性別就是更好 strategy戰略
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越頻繁的性交
03:23
when it comes to siring父系 members會員
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對傳宗接代
03:24
of future未來 generations.
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是最好的策略
03:26
So how do animals動物 cope應付
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所以動物們如何調和
03:28
with these very incongruent不一致
needs需求 between之間 the sexes兩性?
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不同性別對性交的要求?
03:31
I mean, if a female doesn't choose選擇 a particular特定 male,
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我的意思是,
如果雌性不需要選擇雄性
03:34
or if she has the ability能力 to store商店 sperm精子
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或是牠有能力儲存精子
03:36
and she simply只是 has enough足夠,
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而且也存夠了
03:38
then it makes品牌 more sense for her to spend her time
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對牠而言,
合理的選擇是將時間花在
03:40
doing other biologically生物 relevant相應 things:
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進行其他生理活動:
03:43
avoiding避免 predators大鱷, taking服用 care關心 of offspring子孫,
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躲避敵害、育幼
03:46
gathering蒐集 and ingesting攝取 food餐飲.
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搜集並消化食物
03:48
This is, of course課程, bad news新聞 for any male
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當然,這對沒有將
精子存入的雄性而言
03:50
who has yet然而 to make a deposit存款 in her sperm精子 bank銀行,
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會是一個壞消息
03:53
and this sets the scene現場 for
some pretty漂亮 drastic激烈 strategies策略
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現在想像一個
03:56
for successful成功 fertilization受精.
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為了成功受孕的極端策略
03:59
This is bedbug臭蟲 sex性別,
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臭蟲的性交
04:01
and it's aptly恰當地 termed被稱為 traumatic創傷 insemination授精.
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可以恰當地稱為「創傷式受精」
04:05
Males男性 have a spiked, barbed帶刺 penis陰莖
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雄性有尖銳、帶刺的陰莖
04:08
that they literally按照字面 stab into the female,
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可以真正刺進雌性體內
04:11
and they don't stab it anywhere隨地 near her vagina陰道.
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而牠們並不是刺在陰道附近
04:14
They stab it anywhere隨地 in her body身體,
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而是雌性身體的任一地方
04:16
and the sperm精子 simply只是 migrates遷移
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而精子則會借由
04:17
through通過 her hemolymph血淋巴 to her ovaries卵巢.
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雌性的血淋巴系統向子宮移動
04:21
If a female gets得到 too many許多 stab wounds傷口,
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如果雌性受到太多刺傷
04:23
or if a stab wound傷口 happens發生 to become成為 infected感染,
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或是刺傷造成感染
04:25
she can actually其實 die from it.
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牠就可能因此死亡
04:28
Now if you've ever been out for a nice不錯,
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如果你曾經
04:29
peaceful平靜的 walk步行 by the lake
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在池邊悠閒地散步
04:31
and happened發生 to see some ducks鴨子 having sex性別,
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並恰巧看到鴨子性交
04:34
you've undoubtedly無疑 been alarmed驚慌,
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你一定會十分驚訝
04:36
because it looks容貌 like gang結夥 rape強姦.
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因為它看起來就像輪姦一般
04:38
And quite相當 frankly坦率地說, that's exactly究竟 what it is.
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而事實就是如此
04:41
A group of males男性 will grab a female,
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一群雄性會抓住一隻雌性
04:43
hold保持 her down,
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壓制牠
04:44
and ballistically彈道 ejaculate射出 their spiral-shaped螺旋形 penis陰莖
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將牠們螺旋形的陰莖
04:49
into her corkscrew-shaped開瓶器形 vagina陰道
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輪流插入
04:52
over and over and over again.
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雌性螺旋狀的陰道中
04:55
From flaccid鬆弛 to ejaculation射精 in less than a second第二.
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從開始到射精不到一秒的時間
04:58
Now the female actually其實
gets得到 the last laugh, though雖然,
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但是雌性有最後的選擇
05:01
because she can actually其實 manipulate操作 her posture姿勢
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因為雌性可以調整姿勢
05:03
so as to allow允許 the sperm精子 of certain某些 suitors求婚
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所以中意追求者的精子
05:07
better access訪問 to her ovaries卵巢.
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有更好的機會靠近子宮
05:10
Now, I like to share分享 stories故事
like this with my audiences觀眾
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我希望跟你們
分享這些故事的原因
05:12
because, yeah, we humans人類,
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是因為我們人類
05:13
we tend趨向 to think sex性別, sex性別 is fun開玩笑, sex性別 is good,
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傾向將性交
聯想成好玩、有趣
05:17
there's romance浪漫, and there's orgasm性高潮.
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有浪漫與有高潮
05:19
But orgasm性高潮 didn't actually其實 evolve發展
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但是高潮是在
05:20
until直到 about 65 million百萬 years年份 ago
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在 6 千 5 百萬年前
05:23
with the advent來臨 of mammals哺乳動物.
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隨著哺乳動物演化後才出現的
05:24
But some animals動物 had it going
on quite相當 a bit before that.
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但是有些生物開始得更早
05:27
There are some more primitive原始 ways方法
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利用原始的方式
05:29
of pleasing愉快 one's那些 partner夥伴.
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取悅伴侶
05:31
Earwig蜈蚣 males男性 have either
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地蜈蚣有兩種形態
05:33
really large penile陰莖 appendages附屬物
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一種有較大的陰莖狀組織
05:35
or really small ones那些.
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一種則是縮小版
05:37
It's a very simple簡單 genetically基因 inherited遺傳 trait特徵
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縮小版是簡單的
遺傳物質傳送通道
05:39
and the males男性 are not otherwise除此以外 any different不同.
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雄性間其他方面沒有不同
05:41
Those that have long penile陰莖 appendages附屬物
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那些俱有較大陰莖狀組織的
05:43
are not bigger or stronger
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並非更強壯
05:45
or otherwise除此以外 any different不同 at all.
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和其它個體沒有差別
05:47
So going back to our biological生物 minds頭腦, then,
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所以回到我們生物學的思維
05:49
we might威力 think that females女性 should choose選擇
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我們可能會認為
05:51
to have sex性別 with the guys that
have the shorter appendages附屬物,
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雌性會選擇和
陰莖短小的雄性交配
05:54
because she can use her time for other things:
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所以雌性能將時間花在:
05:57
avoiding避免 predators大鱷, taking服用 care關心 of young年輕,
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躲避天敵、育幼
05:58
finding發現 and ingesting攝取 food餐飲.
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找尋並消化食物上
06:00
But biologists生物學家 have repeatedly反复 observed觀察到的
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但是生物學家重複觀察到
06:03
that females女性 choose選擇 to have sex性別
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雌性會選擇和
06:05
with the males男性 that have the long appendages附屬物.
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陰莖雄偉的雄性性交
06:09
Why do they do this?
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為什麼要這樣做呢?
06:11
Well, according根據 to the biological生物 literature文學,
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根據生物學文獻
06:14
"During copulation交配, the genitalia生殖器 of certain某些 males男性
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「在交配時,特定雄性的生殖器
06:16
may可能 elicit引出 more favorable有利 female responses回复
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可藉由更好的
生理構造或刺激形式
06:19
through通過 superior優越 mechanical機械
or stimulatory刺激 interaction相互作用
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帶給雌性生殖道
06:22
with the female reproductive生殖 tract管道."
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更愉悅的感受」
06:26
Mm-hm.
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06:28
These are Mexican墨西哥人 guppies孔雀魚,
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這些是墨西哥大肚魚
06:30
and what you see on their upper maxilla顎骨
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而你們看到牠們上頜骨
06:32
is an outgrowth生長 of epidermal表皮的 filaments花絲,
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有上外生長的表皮纖維
06:35
and these filaments花絲 basically基本上 form形成
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這些纖維基本上就是
06:36
a fish mustache鬍子, if you will.
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魚的鬍子
06:39
Now males男性 have been observed觀察到的 to prod
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我們觀察到
06:41
the female's女性的 genital生殖器 opening開盤
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雄魚會在交配前
06:43
prior to copulating交配 with her,
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會刺激雌魚生殖道口
06:45
and in what I have lovingly含情脈脈 termed被稱為
the Magnum馬格南, P.I. hypothesis假設,
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這被我稱作「神探猛龍假說」
(註:神探猛龍主角以鬍子、風流著稱)
06:48
females女性 are overwhelmingly壓倒性 more likely容易 to be found發現
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雌魚顯然會偏好
06:52
with males男性 that have these fish mustaches小鬍子.
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有鬍子的雄魚
06:56
A little guppy孔雀魚 pornA片 for you right there.
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真是隻好色的小魚
07:00
So we've我們已經 seen看到 very different不同 strategies策略
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我們看到了不同
07:02
that males男性 are using運用 when it comes to
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雄性贏得
07:05
winning勝利 a female partner夥伴.
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雌性伴侶的策略
07:06
We've我們已經 seen看到 a coercion強迫 strategy戰略 in which哪一個
sexual有性 structures結構 are used in a forceful有力 way
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我們看到以強制的手段
07:11
to basically基本上 make a female have sex性別.
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迫使雌性就範
07:13
We've我們已經 also seen看到 a titillation搔癢 strategy戰略
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我們也看到令人愉悅的策略
07:15
where males男性 are actually其實
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雄性是利用
07:17
pleasing愉快 their female partners夥伴 into choosing選擇 them
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取悅雌性的方式
07:19
as a sex性別 partner夥伴.
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使其成為性伴侶
07:21
Now unfortunately不幸, in the animal動物 kingdom王國,
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不幸的是在動物界中
07:23
it's the coercion強迫 strategy戰略 that we see
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強迫的手段
07:26
time and time again.
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非常常見
07:28
It's very common共同 in many許多 phyla門類,
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爲許多門動物所共有
07:30
from invertebrates無脊椎動物 to avian禽流感 species種類,
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從無脊椎動物到鳥類
07:32
mammals哺乳動物, and, of course課程, even in primates靈長類動物.
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哺乳類,甚至靈長類
07:35
Now interestingly有趣, there
are a few少數 mammalian哺乳動物 species種類
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有趣的是少數哺乳動物
07:39
in which哪一個 females女性 have evolved進化 specialized專門 genitalia生殖器
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雌性會演化出特殊的生殖系統
07:42
that doesn't allow允許 for sexual有性 coercion強迫 to take place地點.
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防止霸王硬上弓發生
07:46
Female elephants大象 and female hyenas鬣狗
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雌性的大象和土狼
07:49
have a penile陰莖 clitoris陰蒂,
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有陰莖狀的陰核
07:51
or an enlarged放大 clitoral陰蒂 tissue組織 that hangs掛起 externally外部,
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或可說是膨大的陰核結構
07:55
much like a penis陰莖,
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像陰莖一般懸在外面
07:57
and in fact事實 it's very difficult to sex性別 these animals動物
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這讓動物很難只藉由
07:59
by merely僅僅 looking at their external外部 morphology形態學.
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觀察外表就判定性別
08:02
So before a male can insert
his penis陰莖 into a female's女性的 vagina陰道,
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所以在雄性可以
將其陰莖深入雌性陰道前
08:06
she has to take this penile陰莖 clitoris陰蒂
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雌性必須將陰莖狀的陰核
08:08
and basically基本上 inside-out反了 it in her own擁有 body身體.
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向內收入自己體內
08:11
I mean, imagine想像 putting a penis陰莖 into another另一個 penis陰莖.
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想像將陰莖置入另一個陰莖
08:14
It's simply只是 not going to happen發生
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這根本不可能發生
08:16
unless除非 the female is on board with the action行動.
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除非雌性先進行這個動作
08:19
Now, even more interesting有趣 is the fact事實
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更有趣的事
08:21
that elephant and hyena鬣狗 societies社會
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大象和土狼的社會
08:23
are entirely完全 matriarchal母系:
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是母系社會
08:25
they're run by females女性, groups of females女性,
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牠們是由一群雌性管理
08:28
sisters姐妹, aunts阿姨 and offspring子孫,
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姐妹、阿姨和小孩們
08:30
and when young年輕 males男性 attain達到 sexual有性 maturity到期,
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當年輕雄性達到性成熟
08:33
they're turfed草皮 out of the group.
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牠們會被逐出群體
08:35
In hyena鬣狗 societies社會, adult成人 males男性
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在土狼社會中,
成年雄性的地位
08:37
are actually其實 the lowest最低 on the social社會 scale規模.
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在社會最底層
08:40
They can take part部分 in a kill only after
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牠們只能在
其他個體之後分食獵物
08:43
everybody每個人 else其他, including包含 the offspring子孫.
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順序甚至在幼獸之後
08:46
So it seems似乎 that when you take the penis陰莖 power功率
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這好像就是從雄性上
08:48
away from a male,
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拿走了陰莖所代表的力量
08:50
you take away all the social社會 power功率 he has.
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就拿走了牠們所有的社會地位
08:54
So what are my take-home帶回家
messages消息 from my talk today今天?
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所以我想讓你們學到什麼呢?
08:56
Well, sex性別 is just so much more
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性不只是
08:59
than insert part部分 A into slot插槽 B
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將突出物 A 插入插槽 B
09:02
and hope希望 that the offspring子孫 run around everywhere到處.
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然後期待會有活蹦亂跳的後代
09:05
The sexual有性 strategies策略 and reproductive生殖 structures結構
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我們在動物界中看到
09:07
that we see in the animal動物 kingdom王國 basically基本上
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生殖策略與結構
09:10
dictate聽寫 how males男性 and females女性
will react應對 to each other,
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主宰了雄性與雌性的互動
09:14
which哪一個 then dictates使然 how populations人群 and societies社會
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也決定了族群與社會的
09:17
form形成 and evolve發展.
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形成與演進
09:19
So it may可能 not be surprising奇怪 to any of you
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所以包含我們在內的許多動物
09:21
that animals動物, including包含 ourselves我們自己,
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花許多時間思考性事
09:23
spend a good amount of time thinking思維 about sex性別,
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這一點也不令人訝異了
09:27
but what might威力 surprise you is the extent程度 to which哪一個
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但是可能讓你們驚訝的
09:30
so many許多 other aspects方面 of their lives生活 and our lives生活
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性是如何影響到
09:34
are influenced影響 by it.
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我們和牠們的其他生活層面
09:36
So thank you, and happy快樂 daydreaming白日夢.
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謝謝大家
祝各位有個愉快的白日夢
09:38
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
Translated by Hao-Wei Chang
Reviewed by Wen-Hsin (Willy) Feng

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Carin Bondar - Wild sex biologist
Carin Bondar is an expert on the sexual life of animals -- and loves to tell their wild sex stories.

Why you should listen

Group sex, prostitution, masturbation -— every sexy thing we humans do, says Carin Bondar, animals do too, and a whole lot more we, thank goodness, can't (see topic: chastity belts). Bondar, a biologist, hosts the truly astonishing Wild Sex video series on earthtouch.tv , where over two seasons she's been using science and uberwatchable storytelling to tell surprising tales of animal mating. As she says: "We hit topics hard, and not just for the quirk factor, but because there is a lot of cool science behind so many strange mating rituals."

For contrast, her first book, The Nature of Human Nature, examines the unique behaviors of the human species in the context of Darwin's Survival of the Fittest. Bondar is also the host and producer of SciAm Cinema, a monthly series of the best stories from the Scientific American blog network, and the co-host (with Phil Plait) of TwiST, a weekly series about science and tech on the Science Alert YouTube channel, as well as a TV host for Discovery International and National Geographic Wild.

More profile about the speaker
Carin Bondar | Speaker | TED.com