ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Paul Bloom - Psychologist
Paul Bloom explores some of the most puzzling aspects of human nature, including pleasure, religion, and morality.

Why you should listen

In Paul Bloom’s last book, How Pleasure Works, he explores the often-mysterious enjoyment that people get out of experiences such as sex, food, art, and stories. His latest book, Just Babies, examines the nature and origins of good and evil. How do we decide what's fair and unfair? What is the relationship between emotion and rationality in our judgments of right and wrong? And how much of morality is present at birth? To answer these questions, he and his colleagues at Yale study how babies make moral decisions. (How do you present a moral quandary to a 6-month-old? Through simple, gamelike experiments that yield surprisingly adult-like results.)  

Paul Bloom is a passionate teacher of undergraduates, and his popular Introduction to Psychology 110 class has been released to the world through the Open Yale Courses program. He has recently completed a second MOOC, “Moralities of Everyday Life”, that introduced moral psychology to tens of thousands of students. And he also presents his research to a popular audience though articles in The Atlantic, The New Yorker, and The New York Times. Many of the projects he works on are student-initiated, and all of them, he notes, are "strongly interdisciplinary, bringing in theory and research from areas such as cognitive, social, and developmental psychology, evolutionary theory, linguistics, theology and philosophy." 

He says: "A growing body of evidence suggests that humans do have a rudimentary moral sense from the very start of life."

More profile about the speaker
Paul Bloom | Speaker | TED.com
TEDSalon NY2014

Paul Bloom: Can prejudice ever be a good thing?

保羅.布倫: 偏見可能是好事?

Filmed:
1,233,148 views

大家常將偏見與成見看做是根深蒂固的無知。但身為心理學家的保羅.布倫試圖說明偏見通常合乎自然與理性。他認為關鍵是要了解自己的偏見如何運作,如此一來,我們就能在偏見出錯時掌控它。
- Psychologist
Paul Bloom explores some of the most puzzling aspects of human nature, including pleasure, religion, and morality. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:12
When we think about prejudice偏見 and bias偏壓,
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在思考成見與偏見時,
00:15
we tend趨向 to think about stupid and evil邪惡 people
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我們常會想到愚人和壞人
00:17
doing stupid and evil邪惡 things.
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在做蠢事和壞事。
00:19
And this idea理念 is nicely很好 summarized總結
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這個想法正好等同
00:21
by the British英國的 critic評論家 William威廉 Hazlitt黑茲利特,
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英國評論家威廉.哈茲列特
00:24
who wrote, "Prejudice偏見 is the child兒童 of ignorance無知."
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所述:「偏見是無知的產物。」
00:27
I want to try to convince說服 you here
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我想試著在此說服各位
00:29
that this is mistaken錯誤.
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這個說法錯了。
00:31
I want to try to convince說服 you
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我想試著說服各位
00:32
that prejudice偏見 and bias偏壓
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成見與偏見很正常,
00:34
are natural自然, they're often經常 rational合理的,
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通常也很理性,
00:37
and they're often經常 even moral道德,
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甚至往往合乎道德,
00:39
and I think that once一旦 we understand理解 this,
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我認為只要我們理解這點,
00:41
we're in a better position位置 to make sense of them
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就更容易了解偏見,
00:44
when they go wrong錯誤,
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一旦偏見出錯,
00:45
when they have horrible可怕 consequences後果,
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或偏見帶來恐怖後果時,
00:47
and we're in a better position位置 to know what to do
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我們就能更了解該怎麼做。
00:49
when this happens發生.
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00:51
So, start開始 with stereotypes定型. You look at me,
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從刻板印象開始談起。
你看著我,知道我的名字和一些背景,
00:54
you know my name名稱, you
know certain某些 facts事實 about me,
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00:56
and you could make certain某些 judgments判斷.
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接著就能做出某些判斷。
00:58
You could make guesses猜測 about my ethnicity種族,
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你可能會猜測我的種族、
01:01
my political政治 affiliation聯繫, my religious宗教 beliefs信仰.
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政黨,以及宗教信仰。
01:04
And the thing is, these
judgments判斷 tend趨向 to be accurate準確.
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而且這些評斷通常都正確。
01:06
We're very good at this sort分類 of thing.
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我們很擅長這種事。
01:08
And we're very good at this sort分類 of thing
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我們很擅於這種事
01:10
because our ability能力 to stereotype鉛板 people
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是因為將人分類的能力
01:12
is not some sort分類 of arbitrary隨意 quirk俏皮話 of the mind心神,
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不是什麼心血來潮的事,
01:16
but rather it's a specific具體 instance
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而是經過自然形成的真實案例,
01:18
of a more general一般 process處理,
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01:20
which哪一個 is that we have experience經驗
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那就是我們在世上經歷的人事物
01:21
with things and people in the world世界
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01:23
that fall秋季 into categories類別,
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都會被歸類,
01:24
and we can use our experience經驗
to make generalizations概括
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我們能依據自己的經驗
分類各種新奇事物。
01:27
about novel小說 instances實例 of these categories類別.
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01:29
So everybody每個人 here has a lot of experience經驗
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在座各位都有許多經驗
01:31
with chairs椅子 and apples蘋果 and dogs小狗,
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和椅子、蘋果、小狗有關,
01:34
and based基於 on this, you could see
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而根據這點,
在你看到許多陌生案例時就能推測,
01:35
unfamiliar陌生 examples例子 and you could guess猜測,
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01:37
you could sit on the chair椅子,
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你能坐上椅子,
01:39
you could eat the apple蘋果, the dog will bark.
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可以吃那顆蘋果,那隻狗會吠。
01:41
Now we might威力 be wrong錯誤.
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但我們也許錯了。
01:43
The chair椅子 could collapse坍方 if you sit on it,
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你如果坐上椅子,它可能就會垮。
01:45
the apple蘋果 might威力 be poison, the dog might威力 not bark,
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蘋果也許有毒,狗也許不會叫,
01:47
and in fact事實, this is my dog Tessie泰西, who doesn't bark.
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事實上,這是我的狗泰希,牠不會叫。
01:50
But for the most part部分, we're good at this.
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但大多數的情況下,我們擅於此事。
01:53
For the most part部分, we make good guesses猜測
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通常我們都能猜得八九不離十,
01:55
both in the social社會 domain and the non-social非社會 domain,
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無論是社交或非社交領域,
01:57
and if we weren't able能夠 to do so,
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如果我們不太會猜,
01:58
if we weren't able能夠 to make guesses猜測 about
new instances實例 that we encounter遭遇,
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如果我們不能猜出碰到的新事件,
02:02
we wouldn't不會 survive生存.
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我們就無法生存。
02:03
And in fact事實, Hazlitt黑茲利特 later後來 on in his wonderful精彩 essay文章
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事實上,赫茲利特後來在他的絕佳論文中
02:06
concedes承認 this.
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承認了這點。
02:07
He writes, "Without沒有 the aid援助 of prejudice偏見 and custom習慣,
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他說:「沒有成見和慣例輔助,
02:10
I should not be able能夠 to find
my way my across橫過 the room房間;
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我就找不到穿越房間的路徑;
02:12
nor也不 know how to conduct進行
myself in any circumstances情況,
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不知道該如何融入各種環境,
02:15
nor也不 what to feel in any relation關係 of life."
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以及如何感受生命中的各種關係。」
02:19
Or take bias偏壓.
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以偏見來說,
02:21
Now sometimes有時, we break打破 the world世界 up into
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有時候我們會把世界劃分為你我對立,
02:22
us versus them, into in-group在組 versus out-group外群體,
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劃分成內團體和外團體,
02:25
and sometimes有時 when we do this,
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偶爾我們這麼做的時候,
02:26
we know we're doing something wrong錯誤,
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會自知犯了點錯,
02:28
and we're kind of ashamed羞愧 of it.
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而覺得有點難為情。
02:30
But other times we're proud驕傲 of it.
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但有時候我們卻引以為傲。
02:31
We openly公然 acknowledge確認 it.
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我們勇於承認。
02:33
And my favorite喜愛 example of this
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我最愛的例子
02:34
is a question that came來了 from the audience聽眾
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是觀眾提出的問題,
02:37
in a Republican共和黨人 debate辯論 prior to the last election選舉.
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場合是共和黨上次選舉前的辯論大會。
02:39
(Video視頻) Anderson安德森 Cooper庫珀: Gets獲取 to your question,
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(影片)安德森.庫珀:下一個問題,
02:42
the question in the hall大廳, on foreign國外 aid援助? Yes, ma'am夫人.
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來自在場觀眾詢問對外援助,請說。
02:46
Woman女人: The American美國 people are suffering痛苦
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女士:美國人當前在國內受苦,
02:48
in our country國家 right now.
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02:51
Why do we continue繼續 to send發送 foreign國外 aid援助
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為什麼我們不斷對外援助,
02:54
to other countries國家
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協助其它國家?
02:55
when we need all the help we can get for ourselves我們自己?
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我們自己也需要幫助啊!
02:59
ACAC: Governor州長 Perry佩里, what about that?
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安德森:佩里州長,你怎麼看?
03:01
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
03:03
Rick幹草堆 Perry佩里: Absolutely絕對, I think it's—
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里克.佩里:當然,我認為那…
03:05
Paul保羅 Bloom盛開: Each of the people onstage在舞台上
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保羅:每一位在台上的候選人
03:07
agreed約定 with the premise前提 of her question,
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都同意她的前提,
03:08
which哪一個 is as Americans美國人, we should care關心 more
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那就是身為美國人,
我們應該更關心本國人,而非外國人。
03:11
about Americans美國人 than about other people.
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03:13
And in fact事實, in general一般, people are often經常 swayed動搖
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事實上,大家常被感覺支配,
03:16
by feelings情懷 of solidarity團結, loyalty忠誠, pride自豪, patriotism愛國主義,
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像是團結、忠誠、自尊、愛國心,
03:19
towards their country國家 or towards their ethnic民族 group.
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這類對所屬國家或種族的情感。
03:22
Regardless而不管 of your politics政治, many許多
people feel proud驕傲 to be American美國,
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不論你的黨派為何,
許多人都以身為美國人為榮,
03:25
and they favor偏愛 Americans美國人 over other countries國家.
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他們偏愛美國人勝於其它國家。
03:27
Residents居民 of other countries國家
feel the same相同 about their nation國家,
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其它國家的居民對自己國家
有同樣的感覺,
03:30
and we feel the same相同 about our ethnicities種族.
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我們對種族淵源也有同樣感受。
03:32
Now some of you may可能 reject拒絕 this.
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在座有些人可能會不認同。
03:34
Some of you may可能 be so cosmopolitan大都會
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有些人可能四海為家,
03:36
that you think that ethnicity種族 and nationality國籍
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因此認為種族和國籍
03:38
should hold保持 no moral道德 sway搖擺.
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不應該有道德羈絆。
03:40
But even you sophisticates風雅 accept接受
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但是即使你硬要說
03:43
that there should be some pull
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應該有某種影響力
03:45
towards the in-group在組 in the
domain of friends朋友 and family家庭,
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存在你和親友、熟人之間的內團體之中,
03:47
of people you're close to,
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03:49
and so even you make a distinction分別
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你也在我們和他們之間做了區隔。
03:50
between之間 us versus them.
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03:52
Now, this distinction分別 is natural自然 enough足夠
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這種區隔十分自然,
03:55
and often經常 moral道德 enough足夠, but it can go awry,
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通常也很合乎道德觀,但卻可能走樣,
03:58
and this was part部分 of the research研究
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這就是偉大心理學家亨利.泰弗爾
04:00
of the great social社會 psychologist心理學家 Henri亨利 TajfelTajfel.
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研究的一部分。
04:02
TajfelTajfel was born天生 in Poland波蘭 in 1919.
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泰弗爾在 1919 年生於波蘭,
04:05
He left to go to university大學 in France法國,
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他為了唸大學前往法國,
04:07
because as a Jew, he couldn't不能
go to university大學 in Poland波蘭,
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因為身為猶太人,他不能在波蘭唸大學,
04:10
and then he enlisted入伍 in the French法國 military軍事
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後來他加入法國軍隊,
04:12
in World世界 War戰爭 IIII.
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參與第二次世界大戰。
04:14
He was captured捕獲 and ended結束 up
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他被逮捕,
04:15
in a prisoner囚犯 of war戰爭 camp,
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被關進戰俘營,
04:17
and it was a terrifying可怕的 time for him,
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對他來說那是段恐怖時期,
04:19
because if it was discovered發現 that he was a Jew,
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因為如果有人發現他是猶太人,
04:21
he could have been moved移動 to a concentration濃度 camp,
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他就可能會被送進集中營,
04:23
where he most likely容易 would not have survived倖存.
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很可能會在裡頭喪命。
04:25
And in fact事實, when the war戰爭
ended結束 and he was released發布,
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其實戰爭結束後,他重獲自由,
04:27
most of his friends朋友 and family家庭 were dead.
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大部分的親友都死了。
04:30
He got involved參與 in different不同 pursuits追求.
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他開始參與各種活動,
04:32
He helped幫助 out the war戰爭 orphans孤兒.
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並協助戰時遺孤脫困。
04:33
But he had a long-lasting持久的 interest利益
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但他一直很有興趣
04:35
in the science科學 of prejudice偏見,
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專研偏見科學,
04:37
and so when a prestigious聲望很高的 British英國的 scholarship獎學金
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因此當一份針對刻板印象的
知名英國獎學金開放申請時,
04:39
on stereotypes定型 opened打開 up, he applied應用的 for it,
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04:41
and he won韓元 it,
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他提出申請後獲選,
04:42
and then he began開始 this amazing驚人 career事業.
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就開啟了這美好的職業生涯。
04:45
And what started開始 his career事業 is an insight眼光
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讓他展開這份職業的原因是
他頓悟到大多數人理解的
04:47
that the way most people were thinking思維
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04:49
about the Holocaust大屠殺 was wrong錯誤.
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猶太人大屠殺並不正確。
04:51
Many許多 people, most people at the time,
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那時候大多數人
04:54
viewed觀看 the Holocaust大屠殺 as sort分類 of representing代表
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認為猶太人大屠殺
04:56
some tragic悲慘 flaw缺陷 on the part部分 of the Germans德國,
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象徵德國人的某種悲慘缺陷,
04:59
some genetic遺傳 taint污點, some authoritarian獨裁的 personality個性.
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基因汙點與獨裁人格。
05:03
And TajfelTajfel rejected拒絕 this.
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泰弗爾反駁這點。
05:05
TajfelTajfel said what we see in the Holocaust大屠殺
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他說我們在猶太人大屠殺中見到的
05:07
is just an exaggeration誇張
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只是種正常心理歷程的誇大版,
05:09
of normal正常 psychological心理 processes流程
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05:11
that exist存在 in every一切 one of us.
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我們每個人都會有。
05:13
And to explore探索 this, he did a series系列 of classic經典 studies學習
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為了深入探索,
他做了一系列經典研究,
05:16
with British英國的 adolescents青少年.
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針對英國青少年。
05:17
And in one of his studies學習, what he did was he asked
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在一份研究中,
05:19
the British英國的 adolescents青少年 all sorts排序 of questions問題,
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他問英國青少年各種問題,
05:22
and then based基於 on their answers答案, he said,
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然後根據他們的答案說:
05:23
"I've looked看著 at your answers答案,
and based基於 on the answers答案,
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「我看了你們的答案,根據你的答案,
05:26
I have determined決心 that you are either" —
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我認定你要嘛不是…」
05:28
he told half of them —
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他告訴一半的人說:
05:29
"a Kandinsky康定斯基 lover情人, you love the work of Kandinsky康定斯基,
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「你是康丁斯基的粉絲,
超愛康丁斯基的作品,
05:32
or a Klee克利 lover情人, you love the work of Klee克利."
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不然你就是克利的粉絲,
超愛他的作品。」
05:35
It was entirely完全 bogus虛假.
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其實這根本就是場騙局。
05:37
Their answers答案 had nothing
to do with Kandinsky康定斯基 or Klee克利.
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他們的答案和康丁斯基或克利毫無關係,
05:39
They probably大概 hadn't有沒有 heard聽說 of the artists藝術家.
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說不定連這兩位藝術家的名字也沒聽過。
05:42
He just arbitrarily任意 divided分為 them up.
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他只是任意將他們分類。
05:44
But what he found發現 was, these categories類別 mattered要緊,
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但他發現,這樣的分類有意義,
05:48
so when he later後來 gave the subjects主題 money,
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因此當他之後給受試者酬勞,
05:50
they would prefer比較喜歡 to give the money
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他們會比較想把錢給和自己同類的人,
05:52
to members會員 of their own擁有 group
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05:54
than members會員 of the other group.
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不想給和自己不同類的人。
05:55
Worse更差, they were actually其實 most interested有興趣
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更糟的是,他們其實特別喜歡
05:58
in establishing建立 a difference區別
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突顯團體之間的差異。
06:00
between之間 their group and other groups,
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06:02
so they would give up money for their own擁有 group
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他們寧願把錢都給自己的團,
06:04
if by doing so they could give
the other group even less.
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只為了少給別團一點錢。
06:10
This bias偏壓 seems似乎 to show顯示 up very early.
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這種偏見似乎在年幼時就會出現。
06:12
So my colleague同事 and wife妻子, Karen卡倫 Wynn永利, at Yale耶魯
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我的妻子兼耶魯的同事凱倫.韋恩
對嬰兒做了一系列研究,
06:14
has doneDONE a series系列 of studies學習 with babies嬰兒
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06:16
where she exposes自曝 babies嬰兒 to puppets木偶,
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她讓嬰兒接觸玩偶,
06:18
and the puppets木偶 have certain某些 food餐飲 preferences優先.
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而每個玩偶都偏好某種食物。
06:21
So one of the puppets木偶 might威力 like green綠色 beans.
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可能某個玩偶喜歡四季豆,
06:23
The other puppet木偶 might威力 like graham格雷厄姆 crackers餅乾.
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另一個玩偶則喜歡全麥餅乾。
06:26
They test測試 the babies嬰兒 own擁有 food餐飲 preferences優先,
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他們測試嬰兒的食物喜好,
06:28
and babies嬰兒 typically一般 prefer比較喜歡 the graham格雷厄姆 crackers餅乾.
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嬰兒基本上都比較喜歡全麥餅乾。
06:31
But the question is, does this matter to babies嬰兒
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但問題是,這會影響嬰兒
對待玩偶的方式嗎?
06:33
in how they treat對待 the puppets木偶? And it matters事項 a lot.
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答案是大有關聯。
06:36
They tend趨向 to prefer比較喜歡 the puppet木偶
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他們較喜歡的是
06:38
who has the same相同 food餐飲 tastes口味 that they have,
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和自己有同樣口味的玩偶,
06:41
and worse更差, they actually其實 prefer比較喜歡 puppets木偶
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更糟的是,他們真的比較樂見
同口味的玩偶處罰不同口味的玩偶。
06:44
who punish懲治 the puppet木偶 with the different不同 food餐飲 taste味道.
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06:47
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
06:49
We see this sort分類 of in-group在組,
out-group外群體 psychology心理學 all the time.
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我們無時無刻會看到
這種內、外團體的心態。
06:53
We see it in political政治 clashes衝突
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我們會看到意識型態不同的
團體間有政治衝突。
06:54
within groups with different不同 ideologies意識形態.
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06:57
We see it in its extreme極端 in cases of war戰爭,
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我們在戰爭中看到極端的例子,
07:00
where the out-group外群體 isn't merely僅僅 given特定 less,
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外團體不只是得到較少好處,
07:04
but dehumanized非人性化,
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還會被眨得連人都不如,
07:05
as in the Nazi納粹 perspective透視 of Jews猶太人
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就像納粹人眼中的猶太人是害蟲、蝨子,
07:07
as vermin害蟲 or lice蝨子,
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07:10
or the American美國 perspective透視 of Japanese日本 as rats大鼠.
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或美國人眼中的日本人是卑鄙的老鼠。
07:14
Stereotypes定型 can also go awry.
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刻板印象也可能出差錯。
07:16
So often經常 they're rational合理的 and useful有用,
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通常刻板印象很理性和有用,
07:18
but sometimes有時 they're irrational不合理的,
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但有時卻不合理,
07:20
they give the wrong錯誤 answers答案,
188
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會提供錯誤答案,
07:21
and other times
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而某些時候
07:22
they lead to plainly明白地 immoral不道德 consequences後果.
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則會引起違反道德的結果。
07:24
And the case案件 that's been most studied研究
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最常被研究的例子是種族。
07:27
is the case案件 of race種族.
192
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07:29
There was a fascinating迷人 study研究
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在 2008 年大選前有項很吸引人的研究,
07:30
prior to the 2008 election選舉
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07:32
where social社會 psychologists心理學家 looked看著 at the extent程度
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社會心理學家檢視
07:35
to which哪一個 the candidates候選人 were
associated相關 with America美國,
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每一位候選人和美國的相關程度,
07:39
as in an unconscious無意識 association協會
with the American美國 flag.
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如同對美國國旗的無意識聯想。
07:43
And in one of their studies學習 they compared相比
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其中一項研究比較了歐巴馬和麥肯,
07:44
Obama奧巴馬 and McCain麥凱恩, and they found發現 McCain麥凱恩
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他們發現大家認為
麥肯比歐巴馬更像美國人,
07:46
is thought of as more American美國 than Obama奧巴馬,
200
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07:49
and to some extent程度, people aren't
that surprised詫異 by hearing聽力 that.
201
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而且大家聽到這件事也不太驚訝。
07:52
McCain麥凱恩 is a celebrated著名 war戰爭 hero英雄,
202
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麥肯被封為戰時英雄,
07:54
and many許多 people would explicitly明確地 say
203
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很多人會直說
07:55
he has more of an American美國 story故事 than Obama奧巴馬.
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他的故事比歐巴馬更符合美國形象。
07:58
But they also compared相比 Obama奧巴馬
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但他們也拿歐巴馬
08:00
to British英國的 Prime主要 Minister部長 Tony托尼 Blair布萊爾,
206
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2516
和英國首相東尼.布萊爾比較,
08:03
and they found發現 that Blair布萊爾 was also thought of
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2261
結果發現大家也認為
08:05
as more American美國 than Obama奧巴馬,
208
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布萊爾比歐巴馬還像美國人,
08:07
even though雖然 subjects主題 explicitly明確地 understood了解
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即使題目已經明白指出
08:09
that he's not American美國 at all.
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他根本不是美國人。
08:12
But they were responding響應, of course課程,
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但是想當然爾,他們都說
08:14
to the color顏色 of his skin皮膚.
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問題出在他的膚色。
08:17
These stereotypes定型 and biases偏見
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這些刻板印象和偏見
08:19
have real-world真實世界 consequences後果,
214
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都會影響現實生活,
08:20
both subtle微妙 and very important重要.
215
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無論事情是輕或重。
08:23
In one recent最近 study研究, researchers研究人員
216
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2662
最近一份報告中,
08:26
put ads廣告 on eBay易趣 for the sale拍賣 of baseball棒球 cards.
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3269
研究員在拍賣網 eBay
刊登賣棒球卡的廣告。
08:29
Some of them were held保持 by white白色 hands,
218
497679
2734
有些是白人的手持卡,
08:32
others其他 by black黑色 hands.
219
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1218
有些則是黑人持卡。
08:33
They were the same相同 baseball棒球 cards.
220
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這些都是一樣的棒球卡。
08:35
The ones那些 held保持 by black黑色 hands
221
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某些黑人拿的卡
08:36
got substantially基本上 smaller bids投標
222
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2067
競標價格遠低於
08:38
than the ones那些 held保持 by white白色 hands.
223
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2484
白人拿的卡。
08:41
In research研究 doneDONE at Stanford斯坦福,
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有份史丹佛的報告指出,
08:43
psychologists心理學家 explored探討 the case案件 of people
225
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心理學家探究
白人被判謀殺罪的案件。
08:47
sentenced判刑 for the murder謀殺 of a white白色 person.
226
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結果出爐,在所有條件相同的情況下,
08:51
It turns out, holding保持 everything else其他 constant不變,
227
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2804
08:53
you are considerably相當 more likely容易 to be executed執行
228
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你極有可能被判死刑,
08:56
if you look like the man on the right
229
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1777
如果你長得較像右邊這位,
08:58
than the man on the left,
230
526117
1973
機率高於左邊這位,
09:00
and this is in large part部分 because
231
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2029
主要是因為
09:02
the man on the right looks容貌 more prototypicallyprototypically black黑色,
232
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2534
右邊這位看來像典型黑人,
09:04
more prototypicallyprototypically African-American非裔美國人,
233
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較像非裔美國人,
09:07
and this apparently顯然地 influences影響 people's人們 decisions決定
234
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影響人們決定的顯然是這點,
09:09
over what to do about him.
235
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1771
而非他做了什麼事。
09:11
So now that we know about this,
236
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1547
但知道了這件事,
09:12
how do we combat戰鬥 it?
237
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我們能如何抵抗?
09:14
And there are different不同 avenues渠道.
238
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1622
有幾種方法。
09:15
One avenue大街 is to appeal上訴
239
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1434
其一是訴諸大眾的情感反應,
09:17
to people's人們 emotional情緒化 responses回复,
240
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2046
09:19
to appeal上訴 to people's人們 empathy同情,
241
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2133
訴諸大眾的同理心,
09:21
and we often經常 do that through通過 stories故事.
242
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1873
我們通常透過故事來呈現。
09:23
So if you are a liberal自由主義的 parent
243
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2565
如果你是開明的家長,
09:25
and you want to encourage鼓勵 your children孩子
244
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1872
你想鼓勵孩子
09:27
to believe in the merits優點 of nontraditional非傳統 families家庭,
245
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相信非傳統家庭的價值,
09:30
you might威力 give them a book like this.
["Heather石南屬 Has Two Mommies媽媽們"]
246
558226
2273
你可能會給他這類的書。
【海瑟有兩個媽咪】
09:32
If you are conservative保守 and have a different不同 attitude態度,
247
560499
1726
如果你很保守,有不同的看法,
09:34
you might威力 give them a book like this.
248
562225
1931
你可能會給孩子這本書。
09:36
(Laughter笑聲)
["Help! Mom媽媽! There Are Liberals自由主義者 under My Bed!"]
249
564156
1749
(笑聲)
【媽呀!我床下有自由黨人!】
09:37
But in general一般, stories故事 can turn
250
565905
3336
但一般來說,
故事能夠將無名人士變得舉足輕重,
09:41
anonymous匿名 strangers陌生人 into people who matter,
251
569241
2232
09:43
and the idea理念 that we care關心 about people
252
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2685
我們會在乎、看重某些人
09:46
when we focus焦點 on them as individuals個人
253
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1702
是因為他們在史上留名。
09:47
is an idea理念 which哪一個 has shown顯示 up across橫過 history歷史.
254
575860
2279
09:50
So Stalin斯大林 apocryphallyapocryphally said,
255
578139
2583
因此傳說史達林提過:
09:52
"A single death死亡 is a tragedy悲劇,
256
580722
1617
「一個人喪命是悲劇,
09:54
a million百萬 deaths死亡 is a statistic統計,"
257
582339
2040
一百萬人喪命則是統計數字。」
09:56
and Mother母親 Teresa鄧麗君 said,
258
584379
1451
泰瑞莎修女曾說:
09:57
"If I look at the mass, I will never act法案.
259
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1541
「如果放眼天下,我永遠不會行動。
09:59
If I look at the one, I will."
260
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2325
如果關注個人,我就會起身而行。」
10:01
Psychologists心理學家 have explored探討 this.
261
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2070
心理學家已探究此事。
10:03
For instance, in one study研究,
262
591766
1301
例如,某項研究中,
10:05
people were given特定 a list名單 of facts事實 about a crisis危機,
263
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2783
受試者被告知危機事件的細節,
10:07
and it was seen看到 how much they would donate
264
595850
4256
看大家願意捐多少錢
10:12
to solve解決 this crisis危機,
265
600106
1584
來解決這項危機。
10:13
and another另一個 group was given特定 no facts事實 at all
266
601690
1837
而另一組人則不會知道任何細節,
10:15
but they were told of an individual個人
267
603527
2098
但他們會得知
受害者的姓名和長相,
10:17
and given特定 a name名稱 and given特定 a face面對,
268
605625
2440
10:20
and it turns out that they gave far more.
269
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3219
結果是這組人會捐得較多。
10:23
None沒有 of this I think is a secret秘密
270
611284
1861
對慈善團體來說,這不是秘密。
10:25
to the people who are engaged訂婚 in charity慈善機構 work.
271
613145
2111
10:27
People don't tend趨向 to deluge洪水 people
272
615256
2648
他們比較不會塞一堆
資料和統計數字給大眾,
10:29
with facts事實 and statistics統計.
273
617904
1323
10:31
Rather, you show顯示 them faces面孔,
274
619227
1022
而是讓他們看見臉龐和真人。
10:32
you show顯示 them people.
275
620249
1736
10:33
It's possible可能 that by extending擴展 our sympathies同情
276
621985
3227
透過延伸對他人的同情心就有機會
10:37
to an individual個人, they can spread傳播
277
625212
1971
將愛心傳到受助者所屬的團體中。
10:39
to the group that the individual個人 belongs屬於 to.
278
627183
2878
10:42
This is Harriet哈里特 Beecher比徹 Stowe斯托.
279
630061
2466
這位是哈里特.比徹.斯托。
10:44
The story故事, perhaps也許 apocryphal杜撰,
280
632527
2443
有個傳說是
林肯總統在內戰期間邀請她進白宮,
10:46
is that President主席 Lincoln林肯 invited邀請 her
281
634970
2074
10:49
to the White白色 House in the middle中間 of the Civil國內 War戰爭
282
637044
1998
10:51
and said to her,
283
639042
1584
總統對她說:
10:52
"So you're the little lady淑女 who started開始 this great war戰爭."
284
640626
2664
「你就是那位開啟這場大戰的小姐。」
10:55
And he was talking about "Uncle叔叔 Tom's湯姆 Cabin."
285
643290
1885
他指的是《湯姆叔叔的小屋》。
10:57
"Uncle叔叔 Tom's湯姆 Cabin" is not
a great book of philosophy哲學
286
645175
2531
這故事不是什麼人生大道理
10:59
or of theology神學 or perhaps也許 not even literature文學,
287
647706
3144
或神學故事,甚至稱不上文學,
11:02
but it does a great job工作
288
650850
2515
但這本書卻成功
11:05
of getting得到 people to put themselves他們自己 in the shoes
289
653365
2498
讓大眾對他們原本不懂的人感同身受,
11:07
of people they wouldn't不會 otherwise除此以外 be in the shoes of,
290
655863
2333
11:10
put themselves他們自己 in the shoes of slaves奴隸.
291
658196
2402
讓他們理解奴隸。
11:12
And that could well have been a catalyst催化劑
292
660598
1781
成功促成了重大的社會變遷。
11:14
for great social社會 change更改.
293
662379
1604
11:15
More recently最近, looking at America美國
294
663983
2362
看看最近數十年的美國,
11:18
in the last several一些 decades幾十年,
295
666345
3069
11:21
there's some reason原因 to believe
that shows節目 like "The Cosby科斯比 Show顯示"
296
669414
3149
有證據顯示,
像《天才老爹》這種節目
11:24
radically根本 changed American美國 attitudes態度
towards African-Americans非洲裔美國人,
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徹底改變美國人對非裔美國人的態度,
11:27
while shows節目 like "Will and Grace恩典" and "Modern現代 Family家庭"
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而像《威爾與格蕾絲》
和《摩登家庭》這類的節目
11:30
changed American美國 attitudes態度
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則改變了美國人
11:31
towards gay同性戀者 men男人 and women婦女.
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1300
對男同志與女性的態度。
11:32
I don't think it's an exaggeration誇張 to say
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若說美國的道德觀念變遷
11:35
that the major重大的 catalyst催化劑 in America美國 for moral道德 change更改
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2661
歸功於情境喜劇
11:38
has been a situation情況 comedy喜劇.
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一點也不誇張。
11:40
But it's not all emotions情緒,
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但並不全和情感有關,
11:42
and I want to end結束 by appealing吸引人的
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1276
最後,我想談訴諸理智的力量。
11:43
to the power功率 of reason原因.
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2235
11:45
At some point in his wonderful精彩 book
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2156
在一本好書
11:47
"The Better Angels天使 of Our Nature性質,"
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《人性中的善良天使》中
史迪芬.平克提到,
11:49
Steven史蒂芬 Pinker平克 says,
309
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2016
11:51
the Old Testament遺囑 says love thy你的 neighbor鄰居,
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2582
《舊約聖經》說愛鄰舍如同自己,
11:53
and the New Testament遺囑 says love thy你的 enemy敵人,
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《新約聖經》說愛敵人如同自己,
11:56
but I don't love either one of them, not really,
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2686
但我兩者都不愛,也不是這麼說,
11:59
but I don't want to kill them.
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至少我不會想殺他們。
12:00
I know I have obligations義務 to them,
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1866
我自知對他們有責任,
12:02
but my moral道德 feelings情懷 to them, my moral道德 beliefs信仰
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但我對他們的道德情感
與我應該怎麼對待他們的道德信念,
12:06
about how I should behave表現 towards them,
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1713
12:07
aren't grounded接地 in love.
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並非基於愛。
12:09
What they're grounded接地 in is the
understanding理解 of human人的 rights權利,
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1939
而是因為我了解人權,
12:11
a belief信仰 that their life is as valuable有價值 to them
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相信對他們而言,生命有價值,
12:14
as my life is to me,
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如同我的生命也有價值,
12:16
and to support支持 this, he tells告訴 a story故事
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為了支持這個論點,
12:18
by the great philosopher哲學家 Adam亞當 Smith工匠,
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1848
他提到亞當.斯密說的故事,
12:20
and I want to tell this story故事 too,
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我也想分享這個故事,
12:21
though雖然 I'm going to modify修改 it a little bit
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不過我會稍微修改成現代版本。
12:23
for modern現代 times.
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12:24
So Adam亞當 Smith工匠 starts啟動 by asking you to imagine想像
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1901
亞當.斯密請你想像
12:26
the death死亡 of thousands數千 of people,
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1901
有數千人死亡,
12:28
and imagine想像 that the thousands數千 of people
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2040
並想像這數千人
12:30
are in a country國家 you are not familiar with.
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2239
在你不熟悉的國度,
12:33
It could be China中國 or India印度 or a country國家 in Africa非洲.
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3554
可能是中國、印度,
或是非洲的某個國家。
12:36
And Smith工匠 says, how would you respond響應?
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斯密問,你會有什麼反應?
12:39
And you would say, well that's too bad,
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你可能會說,好慘啊,
12:41
and you'd go on to the rest休息 of your life.
333
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1876
接著就繼續過生活。
12:43
If you were to open打開 up The New
York紐約 Times online線上 or something,
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2219
如果你上網看紐約時報之類的網站,
12:45
and discover發現 this, and in fact事實
this happens發生 to us all the time,
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會發現這種故事其實常發生,
12:48
we go about our lives生活.
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我們還是繼續過生活。
12:49
But imagine想像 instead代替, Smith工匠 says,
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2194
但斯密請你再想像
12:52
you were to learn學習 that tomorrow明天
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1254
自己的小指頭明天會被切斷,
12:53
you were to have your little finger手指 chopped切碎的 off.
339
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2539
12:55
Smith工匠 says, that would matter a lot.
340
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2169
他說這樣你就會很在意了。
12:58
You would not sleep睡覺 that night
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你大概會一夜無眠,
12:59
wondering想知道 about that.
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只想著那件事。
13:00
So this raises加薪 the question:
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隨之而來的問題是:
13:02
Would you sacrifice犧牲 thousands數千 of lives生活
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你會願意犧牲上千條人命
13:05
to save保存 your little finger手指?
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1969
來拯救自己的小指頭嗎?
13:07
Now answer回答 this in the privacy隱私 of your own擁有 head,
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自己在腦袋裡回答這個問題,
13:09
but Smith工匠 says, absolutely絕對 not,
347
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2919
但斯密說,當然不願意,
13:12
what a horrid可怕的 thought.
348
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那種想法太恐怖了。
13:14
And so this raises加薪 the question,
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2031
因此針對那個問題
13:16
and so, as Smith工匠 puts看跌期權 it,
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1374
斯密歸納:
13:17
"When our passive被動 feelings情懷 are almost幾乎 always
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「當我們的被動想法總是
13:19
so sordid污穢 and so selfish自私,
352
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1448
極度可悲與自私時,
13:21
how comes it that our active活性 principles原則
353
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1465
我們的主動原則怎能
13:22
should often經常 be so generous慷慨 and so noble高貴?"
354
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2533
時常表現得如此大方又高貴呢?」
13:25
And Smith's史密斯 answer回答 is, "It is reason原因,
355
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2050
而斯密回應:
「是因為理性、原則和意識
13:27
principle原理, conscience良心.
356
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1775
13:29
[This] calls電話 to us,
357
797138
1541
召喚我們,
13:30
with a voice語音 capable of astonishing驚人
the most presumptuous放肆 of our passions激情,
358
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3425
用駭人口吻對非常冒失的自己說,
13:34
that we are but one of the multitude,
359
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1677
不過是芸芸眾生的我們,
13:35
in no respect尊重 better than any other in it."
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2441
可不比任何人還高尚。」
13:38
And this last part部分 is what is often經常 described描述
361
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2125
最後一部分常被稱為
13:40
as the principle原理 of impartiality公正性.
362
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3208
公平原則。
13:43
And this principle原理 of impartiality公正性 manifests艙單 itself本身
363
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2629
公平原則在世上所有的宗教中
13:46
in all of the world's世界 religions宗教,
364
814184
1747
13:47
in all of the different不同 versions版本 of the golden金色 rule規則,
365
815951
2258
以各種不同版本的黃金法則顯現,
13:50
and in all of the world's世界 moral道德 philosophies哲學,
366
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2454
也在世上所有的道德哲學中
13:52
which哪一個 differ不同 in many許多 ways方法
367
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1307
以各種方式呈現,
13:53
but share分享 the presupposition前提
that we should judge法官 morality道德
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2994
但卻都有同樣的前提,
13:56
from sort分類 of an impartial公正 point of view視圖.
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2985
即我們應該公正無私地衡量道德。
13:59
The best最好 articulation關節 of this view視圖
370
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1822
這種觀點的最佳說法
14:01
is actually其實, for me, it's not from
a theologian神學家 or from a philosopher哲學家,
371
829771
3085
對我來說其實不是
以神學家或哲學家的身分,
14:04
but from Humphrey漢弗萊 Bogart博加特
372
832856
1357
而是以一種亨弗萊.鮑嘉
14:06
at the end結束 of "Casablanca卡薩布蘭卡."
373
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1547
在《北非諜影》中的說法。
14:07
So, spoiler擾流板 alert警報, he's telling告訴 his lover情人
374
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3776
注意我要爆雷了,
他告訴情人,為了大家好,
我們還是分手吧。
14:11
that they have to separate分離
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1140
14:12
for the more general一般 good,
376
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1593
14:14
and he says to her, and I won't慣於 do the accent口音,
377
842269
1864
我不會模仿他的腔調,他對她說:
14:16
but he says to her, "It doesn't take much to see
378
844133
1782
「三個小人物的問題
14:17
that the problems問題 of three little people
379
845915
1359
14:19
don't amount to a hill爬坡道 of beans in this crazy world世界."
380
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3111
在這瘋狂世界裡根本微不足道。」
14:22
Our reason原因 could cause原因 us to override覆蓋 our passions激情.
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3280
我們的理智可能會讓自己無視熱情。
14:25
Our reason原因 could motivate刺激 us
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1716
我們的理智可能會促使自己
14:27
to extend延伸 our empathy同情,
383
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1221
變得更有同理心,
14:28
could motivate刺激 us to write a
book like "Uncle叔叔 Tom's湯姆 Cabin,"
384
856602
2327
可能激勵我們寫本
《湯姆叔叔的小屋》之類的書,
14:30
or read a book like "Uncle叔叔 Tom's湯姆 Cabin,"
385
858929
1723
或是讀本那樣的書,
14:32
and our reason原因 can motivate刺激 us to create創建
386
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2694
我們的理智可能激勵大家
建立習俗、戒律或法令,
14:35
customs海關 and taboos禁忌 and laws法律
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1962
14:37
that will constrain壓抑 us
388
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1810
限制自己不會衝動行事,
14:39
from acting演戲 upon our impulses衝動
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1676
14:40
when, as rational合理的 beings眾生, we feel
390
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1589
身為理智的人類,
14:42
we should be constrained受限.
391
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1395
我們自認應該受限。
14:43
This is what a constitution憲法 is.
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2013
憲法即是如此。
14:45
A constitution憲法 is something
which哪一個 was set up in the past過去
393
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2921
憲法是過去建立,
14:48
that applies適用 now in the present當下,
394
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1307
並在當代運用,
14:50
and what it says is,
395
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985
憲法明訂
14:51
no matter how much we might威力 to reelect改選
396
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2227
無論我們多想再次投票給
大受歡迎的總統,
14:53
a popular流行 president主席 for a third第三 term術語,
397
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2603
讓他做第三任,
14:55
no matter how much white白色 Americans美國人 might威力 choose選擇
398
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2095
不管美國白人多麼想
14:57
to feel that they want to reinstate恢復
the institution機構 of slavery奴隸制度, we can't.
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4068
恢復奴隸制度,我們都無能為力。
15:01
We have bound ourselves我們自己.
400
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1676
我們已限制自己。
15:03
And we bind捆綁 ourselves我們自己 in other ways方法 as well.
401
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2417
我們也在其它方面限制自己。
15:06
We know that when it comes to choosing選擇 somebody
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2758
我們知道在談到要選擇某人
15:08
for a job工作, for an award,
403
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2951
任職、獲獎時,
15:11
we are strongly非常 biased by their race種族,
404
899799
2958
我們會輕易因他們的種族而有偏見,
15:14
we are biased by their gender性別,
405
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2296
因他們的性別而有偏見,
15:17
we are biased by how attractive有吸引力 they are,
406
905053
2215
因他們的外貌而有偏見,
15:19
and sometimes有時 we might威力 say,
"Well fine, that's the way it should be."
407
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2651
有時我們會說:
「好吧,事情就該是這樣。」
15:21
But other times we say, "This is wrong錯誤."
408
909919
2307
但有時候我們會說:「那錯了。」
15:24
And so to combat戰鬥 this,
409
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1889
為了抵抗這件事,
15:26
we don't just try harder更難,
410
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2251
我們不只是要更努力,
15:28
but rather what we do is we set up situations情況
411
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3001
而是要開創某些情境,
15:31
where these other sources來源
of information信息 can't bias偏壓 us,
412
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3039
如此其它訊息來源就不會誤導我們,
15:34
which哪一個 is why many許多 orchestras樂團
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1315
這也是為何許多管弦樂隊
15:35
audition面試 musicians音樂家 behind背後 screens屏幕,
414
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2645
甄選樂手時要在幕後,
15:38
so the only information信息 they have
415
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1244
這樣他們接收到的
就只會是重要的訊息。
15:39
is the information信息 they believe should matter.
416
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2693
15:42
I think prejudice偏見 and bias偏壓
417
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我認為成見與偏見
15:44
illustrate說明 a fundamental基本的 duality二元性 of human人的 nature性質.
418
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3094
闡明了人性根本的二元論。
15:47
We have gut腸道 feelings情懷, instincts本能, emotions情緒,
419
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3776
我們有直覺、本能、情感,
15:51
and they affect影響 our judgments判斷 and our actions行動
420
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2161
而這些感受都會影響我們的評斷與行動,
15:53
for good and for evil邪惡,
421
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2331
不論那是好是壞,
15:55
but we are also capable of rational合理的 deliberation審議
422
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3622
但我們也都有理性深思熟慮的能力,
15:59
and intelligent智能 planning規劃,
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1435
聰明規畫的能力,
16:01
and we can use these to, in some cases,
424
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2817
在某些情況下,我們能以此
16:03
accelerate加速 and nourish滋養 our emotions情緒,
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1943
刺激與培養我們的情緒,
16:05
and in other cases staunch堅定 them.
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在其它情況下則阻止情緒爆發。
16:08
And it's in this way
427
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1234
也因此,理智幫助我們
建立更美好的世界。
16:09
that reason原因 helps幫助 us create創建 a better world世界.
428
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16:12
Thank you.
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謝謝。
16:14
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
Translated by Marssi Draw
Reviewed by Coco Shen

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Paul Bloom - Psychologist
Paul Bloom explores some of the most puzzling aspects of human nature, including pleasure, religion, and morality.

Why you should listen

In Paul Bloom’s last book, How Pleasure Works, he explores the often-mysterious enjoyment that people get out of experiences such as sex, food, art, and stories. His latest book, Just Babies, examines the nature and origins of good and evil. How do we decide what's fair and unfair? What is the relationship between emotion and rationality in our judgments of right and wrong? And how much of morality is present at birth? To answer these questions, he and his colleagues at Yale study how babies make moral decisions. (How do you present a moral quandary to a 6-month-old? Through simple, gamelike experiments that yield surprisingly adult-like results.)  

Paul Bloom is a passionate teacher of undergraduates, and his popular Introduction to Psychology 110 class has been released to the world through the Open Yale Courses program. He has recently completed a second MOOC, “Moralities of Everyday Life”, that introduced moral psychology to tens of thousands of students. And he also presents his research to a popular audience though articles in The Atlantic, The New Yorker, and The New York Times. Many of the projects he works on are student-initiated, and all of them, he notes, are "strongly interdisciplinary, bringing in theory and research from areas such as cognitive, social, and developmental psychology, evolutionary theory, linguistics, theology and philosophy." 

He says: "A growing body of evidence suggests that humans do have a rudimentary moral sense from the very start of life."

More profile about the speaker
Paul Bloom | Speaker | TED.com