ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Fredy Peccerelli - Forensic anthropologist
Fredy Peccerelli works with families whose loved ones “disappeared” in the 36-year armed conflict in Guatemala. The executive director of the Guatemalan Forensic Anthropology Foundation, he helps locate bodies and give back identities to those buried in mass graves.

Why you should listen

In Guatemala’s brutal civil war, 200,000 civilians were killed — and more than 40,000 of them were never found. They are referred to as the “disappeared,” and since the end of the conflict, their bodies have been found in unmarked mass graves with very little information to identify them. 

Fredy Peccerelli has a personal connection to this tragic story. He was born in Guatemala, but when his father received threats from a death squad, his family left for the United States. It was 1980 and Peccerelli was 9. He quickly adapted to life in Brooklyn, New York. But in 1994, while a college student, he heard a presentation on the emerging field of forensic anthropology. The speakers talked about exhuming bodies from mass graves in Guatemala, and Peccerelli was fascinated. He wanted to help.

Peccerelli founded the Guatemalan Forensic Anthropology Foundation, which meets with the families of the “disappeared,” listens to their stories and takes DNA samples to match to exhumed bodies. In this way, they are able to piece together narratives of what happened — in order to give families closure and to provide evidence for the trials of those involved in the deaths. 

Pecerrelli has been profiled on PBS, in The New York Times and more. He recently launched the “No More Missing” campaign to raise money for an interactive website to tell the stories of the Guatemalan "disappeared" on the global stage. He wants people across the world to see the connection between what happened Guatemala and what is happening today in countries like Mexico. 

More profile about the speaker
Fredy Peccerelli | Speaker | TED.com
TEDYouth 2014

Fredy Peccerelli: A forensic anthropologist who brings closure for the "disappeared"

費樂迪·裴色瑞利: 一位為消失者蓋棺論定的法醫人類學家 | 費樂迪·裴色瑞利 | TEDYouth 2014

Filmed:
797,463 views

在瓜地馬拉的36年的內部衝突中,20萬人民慘遭殺害 ﹣﹣ 超過4萬人尚未確認身份。法醫人類學的先鋒專家費樂迪·裴色瑞利和他的團隊用DNA,考古學和講故事的方式幫助被害者的家庭找到他們鍾愛家人的屍體。那是一個發人深省的任務,但它可以帶給人心安 ﹣﹣ 有時,甚至是正義。
- Forensic anthropologist
Fredy Peccerelli works with families whose loved ones “disappeared” in the 36-year armed conflict in Guatemala. The executive director of the Guatemalan Forensic Anthropology Foundation, he helps locate bodies and give back identities to those buried in mass graves. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:12
Guatemala危地馬拉 is recovering恢復 from
a 36-year-年 armed武裝 conflict衝突.
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瓜地馬拉正在
從36年前的武力衝突中恢復過來
00:16
A conflict衝突 that was fought戰鬥
during the Cold War戰爭.
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這個衝突是在冷戰期間發生的
00:18
It was really just
a small leftist左派分子 insurgency暴動
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那其實只是一個很小的左翼暴動
00:22
and a devastating破壞性的 response響應 by the state.
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和一個政府方面
具有極端破壞性的反應
00:25
What we have as a result結果
is 200,000 civilian平民 victims受害者,
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結果是20萬的人民受害
00:28
160,000 of those
killed殺害 in the communities社區:
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其中16萬人在他們的社區內被殺
00:32
small children孩子, men男人, women婦女,
the elderly老年 even.
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小孩,男人,女人,甚者老人
此外,還有4萬人失踪
00:36
And then we have
about 40,000 others其他, the missing失踪,
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00:39
the ones那些 we're still looking for today今天.
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我們至今仍在尋找這些人
00:42
We call them the Desaparecidos失踪者.
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我們稱他們為“消失者”
00:44
Now, 83 percent百分 of the victims受害者
are Mayan瑪雅 victims受害者,
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有百分之八十三的受害者是馬雅人
00:47
victims受害者 that are the descendants後人
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這些馬雅受害者是
中美洲原始住民的後代
00:50
of the original原版的 inhabitants居民 of
Central中央 America美國.
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00:52
And only about 17 percent百分 are of
European歐洲的 descent降落.
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只有差不多百分之十七
是歐洲人的後代
00:56
But the most important重要 thing here is that
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但是最重要的是
00:58
the very people who are supposed應該 to
defend保衛 us, the police警察, the military軍事,
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那些應該是要保護我們的人,
警察和軍隊
01:04
are the ones那些 that committed提交
most of the crimes犯罪.
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正是殺害這些人民的罪魁禍首
01:08
Now the families家庭,
they want information信息.
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現在受害者的家人們想要知道
01:11
They want to know what happened發生.
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到底發生了什麼事?
01:12
They want the bodies身體 of their loved喜愛 ones那些.
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他們要取回他們所愛的家人的屍體
01:15
But most of all,
what they want is they want you,
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但最重要的是,他們想要你們
01:18
they want everyone大家 to know
that their loved喜愛 ones那些 did nothing wrong錯誤.
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他們要每個人都知道
他們所愛的家人並沒有做錯任何事
01:23
Now, my case案件 was that my father父親
received收到 death死亡 threats威脅 in 1980.
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我家的情況是
我父親在1980年受到死亡威脅
01:29
And we left.
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我們就離開瓜地馬拉來到這裡
01:30
We left Guatemala危地馬拉 and we came來了 here.
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01:32
So I grew成長 up in New York紐約,
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所以我是在紐約長大的
01:33
I grew成長 up in Brooklyn布魯克林 as a matter of fact事實,
and I went to New Utrecht烏得勒支 High School學校
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實際上我是在布魯克林區長大的
我上過新優翠特高中
01:37
and I graduated畢業 from Brooklyn布魯克林 College學院.
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然後畢業於布魯克林學院
01:39
The only thing was that
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唯一的一件事是
01:40
I really didn't know what
was happening事件 in Guatemala危地馬拉.
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我真的不知道在瓜地馬拉
究竟發生了什麼事
01:44
I didn't care關心 for it; it was too painful痛苦.
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我也不想知道;因為太痛苦了
01:47
But it wasn't till直到 1995 that I decided決定
to do something about it.
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一直到1995年
我才決定要為它做點什麼
01:51
So I went back.
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所以我回去了
01:52
I went back to Guatemala危地馬拉,
to look for the bodies身體,
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我回到瓜地馬拉
去尋找那些被殺害者的屍體
01:56
to understand理解 what happened發生
and to look for part部分 of myself as well.
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去了解事件的真相
也去尋找我自己的一部分
02:02
The way we work is that
we give people information信息.
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我們工作的方式是:
由我們給大家資訊
02:05
We talk to the family家庭 members會員
and we let them choose選擇.
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和家人討論,讓他們選擇
02:08
We let them decide決定 to tell
us the stories故事,
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我們讓他們決定
要不要將他們的故事告訴我們
02:11
to tell us what they saw,
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告訴我們他們看到的
02:13
to tell us about their loved喜愛 ones那些.
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告訴我們關於他們所愛的家人的事
02:15
And even more important重要,
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更重要的是
02:16
we let them choose選擇 to
give us a piece of themselves他們自己.
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我們讓他們決定
是否給我們他們自己的一部分
02:20
A piece, an essence本質, of who they are.
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主要是,”他們是誰“的一部分
02:23
And that DNA脫氧核糖核酸 is what we're
going to compare比較
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那些DNA就是我們要用來比對
02:25
to the DNA脫氧核糖核酸 that comes
from the skeletons骷髏.
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骨骸的DNA
02:28
While we're doing that, though雖然,
we're looking for the bodies身體.
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在做那個的同時
我們也在找受害者的屍體
02:31
And these are skeletons骷髏 by now,
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那些現在都已成為骨骸了
02:33
most of these crimes犯罪
happened發生 32 years年份 ago.
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大多數的罪行發生在32年前
02:36
When we find the grave,
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當我們找到墳墓時
02:37
we take out the dirt污垢 and eventually終於 clean清潔
the body身體, document文件 it, and exhume發掘 it.
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我們清掉泥土,最後清潔身體,
做資料,再取出來
02:41
We literally按照字面 bring帶來 the
skeleton骨架 out of the ground地面.
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我們真的是從地下取出骨骸
02:45
Once一旦 we have those bodies身體, though雖然,
we take them back to the city, to our lab實驗室,
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拿到這些屍體後, 我們將他們
帶回到我們所在城市的實驗室
02:49
and we begin開始 a process處理 of trying
to understand理解 mainly主要 two things:
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然後我們開始試著去
了解主要的兩點:
02:52
One is how people died死亡.
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第一點是他們是怎麼死的
02:54
So here you see a gunshot槍擊
wound傷口 to the back of the head
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這裡你看到的是從頭後面開槍的傷口
02:57
or a machete彎刀 wound傷口, for example.
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或者例如是用彎刀砍的傷口
03:00
The other thing we want to understand理解
is who they are.
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另一點我們要了解的是他們是誰
03:03
Whether是否 it's a baby寶寶,
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是一個嬰兒?
03:07
or an adult成人.
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或是一個成人?
03:08
Whether是否 it's a woman女人 or a man.
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是女人? 還是男人?
03:10
But when we're doneDONE
with that analysis分析
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但是當我們完成分析後
03:12
what we'll do is we'll take a small
fragment分段 of the bone
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我們會拿骨頭的一小碎片
03:15
and we'll extract提取 DNA脫氧核糖核酸 from it.
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然後從那裡抽取出DNA
我們再拿那個DNA
03:18
We'll take that DNA脫氧核糖核酸
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03:19
and then we'll compare比較 it with the
DNA脫氧核糖核酸 of the families家庭, of course課程.
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和他們家人的DNA做比對
03:24
The best最好 way to explain說明 this to you
is by showing展示 you two cases.
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為各位解釋這一點的最好方法
就是讓你們看兩個例子
03:27
The first is the case案件
of the military軍事 diary日記.
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第一個是是軍方日記
03:30
Now this is a document文件 that was smuggled走私
out of somewhere某處 in 1999.
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這個是在1999年
從某處偷渡出來的文件
03:34
And what you see there
is the state following以下 individuals個人,
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然後你這裡看到的是政府追踪一個人
03:39
people that, like you,
wanted to change更改 their country國家,
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一個像你一樣
想要改變他們的國家的人
03:43
and they jotted everything down.
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他們將每件事記錄下來
03:46
And one of the things that they wrote
down is when they executed執行 them.
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他們寫下來的其中一件事是
他們殺害這些人的日期
03:50
Inside that yellow黃色 rectangle長方形,
you see a code,
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在那個黃色的方塊內
03:53
it's a secret秘密 code: 300.
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有一個密碼:300
03:56
And then you see a date日期.
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然後你看到一個日期
03:57
The 300 means手段 "executed執行" and the date日期
means手段 when they were executed執行.
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那個300是指“已殺害”
那個日期是他們被殺害的日期
04:01
Now that's going to come
into play in a second第二.
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等一下你就會知道關聯了
我們在2003年做了一次墳墓挖掘
04:05
What we did is we conducted進行
an exhumation發掘 in 2003,
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04:08
where we exhumed挖出 220 bodies身體
from 53 graves墳墓 in a military軍事 base基礎.
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那次我們在一個軍事基地內的
53個墳墓挖出了220個屍體
04:14
Grave 9, though雖然, matched匹配 the family家庭
of Sergio塞爾吉奧 Saul索爾 Linares利納雷斯.
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而從第九號墳墓堆出來的
是沙基歐·沙無·李拿瑞斯
04:18
Now Sergio塞爾吉奧 was a professor教授
at the university大學.
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沙基歐是一位大學教授
04:21
He gradutedgraduted from Iowa愛荷華州 State University大學
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他畢業於愛荷華州立大學
04:23
and went back to Guatemala危地馬拉
to change更改 his country國家.
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回到瓜地馬拉去改變他的國家
04:26
And he was captured捕獲 on
February二月 23, 1984.
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他在1984年2月23日被抓走
如果你看得到的話
他是在1984年3月29日被殺的
04:30
And if you can see there, he was
executed執行 on March遊行 29, 1984,
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04:34
which哪一個 was incredible難以置信.
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真是不可思議
04:35
We had the body身體, we had the family's家庭的
information信息 and their DNA脫氧核糖核酸,
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我們有屍體,家人資料
和他們的DNA
04:38
and now we have documents文件
that told us exactly究竟 what happened發生.
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現在我們也有文件資料
告訴我們發生的事情
04:42
But most important重要 is about
two weeks later後來,
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但更重要的,大約兩星期後
04:45
we go another另一個 hit擊中, another另一個 match比賽
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我們有找到另一個成功的配對
04:47
from the same相同 grave to Amancio阿曼西奧 Villatoro比利亞托羅.
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也是在同一個墳墓
叫做阿曼西歐·威亞頭羅
那個屍體的DNA
也和那個家人配對成功
04:52
The DNA脫氧核糖核酸 of that body身體
also matched匹配 the DNA脫氧核糖核酸 of that family家庭.
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04:55
And then we noticed注意到
that he was also in the diary日記.
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然後我們也注意到
他也被記載在日記裡
04:58
But it was amazing驚人 to see that he was
also executed執行 on March遊行 29, 1984.
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驚人的是 他也是在
1984年3月29日被殺的
05:03
So that led us to think, hmm,
how many許多 bodies身體 were in the grave?
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那讓我們開始思考,
到底那個墳墓有幾個屍體
05:08
Six.
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有6個
05:09
So then we said, how many許多 people
were executed執行 on March遊行 29, 1984?
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然後我們就在想到底有幾個人
在1984年3月29日被殺呢
05:18
That's right, six as well.
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沒錯,也是六個
05:21
So we have Juan胡安 de Dios奧斯, Hugo雨果,
Moises莫伊塞斯 and Zoilo索伊洛.
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我們找到璜·德·蒂歐斯,
烏鉤,摩伊瑟斯和索依樓
05:26
All of them executed執行 on the same相同 date日期,
all captured捕獲 at different不同 locations地點
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他們在不同地方被抓
但都是在同一天被殺
05:30
and at different不同 moments瞬間.
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不同的時間被殺
05:32
All put in that grave.
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都放在同一個墳墓
05:33
The only thing we needed需要 now
was the DNA脫氧核糖核酸 of those four families家庭
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我們只需要這個四個家人的DNA
05:36
So we went and we looked看著 for them
and we found發現 them.
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我們就去找他們,而我們也找到了
05:39
And we identified確定 those six bodies身體
and gave them back to the families家庭.
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我們確認了那六個屍體
然後還給他們的家人
05:44
The other case案件 I want to tell you about
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另一個我要告訴你們的案例是
05:46
is that of a military軍事 base基礎
called CREOMPAZCREOMPAZ.
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一個名為哥列偶安巴斯的軍事基地
05:50
It actually其實 means手段, "to believe in peace和平,"
but the acronym縮寫 really means手段
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它的意思其實是“相信和平”
但是這條大寫縮寫代表的是
05:55
Regional區域性 Command命令 Center中央
for Peacekeeping維和 Operations操作.
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維持和平作業地區指揮中心
05:58
And this is where the Guatemalan危地馬拉 military軍事
trains火車 peacekeepers維和部隊 from other countries國家,
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這是瓜地馬拉軍方
訓練其他國家來的和平維持者的地方
06:03
the ones那些 that serve服務 with the U.N.
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這些人為聯合國服務
06:06
and go to countries國家
like Haiti海地 and the Congo剛果.
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然後他們去像海地和剛果這樣的國家
06:09
Well, we have testimony見證 that said that
within this military軍事 base基礎,
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我們有證詞說,在這個軍事基地裡
有屍體和墳墓
06:12
there were bodies身體, there were graves墳墓.
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06:14
So we went in there with a search搜索 warrant保證
and about two hours小時 after we went in,
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所以我們拿著搜查令去到那裡
我們進去兩小時後
06:18
we found發現 the first of 84 graves墳墓,
a total of 533 bodies身體.
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我們發現84座墳墓中的第一座,
裡面總共有533個屍體
06:24
Now, if you think about that,
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你想想看
06:26
peacekeepers維和部隊 being存在 trained熟練
on top最佳 of bodies身體.
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和平維持者是在屍體的上面受訓的
06:30
It's very ironic具有諷刺意味.
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實在是很諷刺!
06:33
But the bodies身體 -- face面對 down, most of them,
hands tied behind背後 their backs,
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大多數的屍體,面向下,
手被綁在背後
06:38
blindfolded蒙住眼睛, all types類型 of trauma外傷 --
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眼睛被蒙住,各種各樣的傷痕 -
06:41
these were people who were defenseless手無寸鐵
who were being存在 executed執行.
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這些人在被殺時是完全沒有抵抗力的
06:44
People that 533 families家庭 are looking for.
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他們是533個家庭在找的家人
06:48
So we're going to focus焦點 on Grave 15.
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我們現在要談談第十五號墳墓
06:51
Grave 15, what we noticed注意到,
was a grave full充分 of women婦女 and children孩子,
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第15號墳墓,我們注意到,
是一個滿是女人和小孩子的墳墓
06:54
63 of them.
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共63人
06:57
And that immediately立即 made製作 us think,
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那讓我們馬上想到
07:00
my goodness善良, where is there
a case案件 like this?
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我的天,哪曾有這樣的案件?
07:02
When I got to Guatemala危地馬拉 in 1995,
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當我1995年到達瓜地馬拉時
07:05
I heard聽說 of a case案件 of a massacre屠殺
that happened發生 on May可能 14, 1982,
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我聽說有一件
在1982年5月14日發生的屠殺
07:09
where the army軍隊 came來了 in, killed殺害 the men男人,
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軍隊去到那裡,殺掉男人
07:13
and took the women婦女 and children孩子
in helicopters直升機 to an unknown未知 location位置.
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將女人和小孩子們
用直升機載到不明地點
07:18
Well, guess猜測 what?
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你猜怎麼樣?
07:18
The clothing服裝 from this grave matched匹配 the
clothing服裝 from the region地區
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這個墳墓裡的衣服
和那個地區的服裝吻合
07:23
where these people were taken採取 from,
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也就是他們被帶走的地區
07:24
where these women婦女 and children孩子
were taken採取 from.
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這些女人和小孩子們被帶走的地區
07:27
So we conducted進行 some DNA脫氧核糖核酸 analysis分析,
and guess猜測 what?
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所以我們做了一些DNA分析,
你猜怎麼了?
07:30
We identified確定 Martina瑪蒂娜 Rojas羅哈斯
and Manuel曼努埃爾 Chen.
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我們對到了瑪爾丁娜.羅哈斯
和曼努爾.陳
07:33
Both of them disappeared消失 in that case案件,
and now we could prove證明 it.
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這兩個人都是在那裡失踪的,
現在我們可以證明
07:36
We have physical物理 evidence證據 that
proves證明 that this happened發生
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我們有物證可以證明
這個事件的確曾發生
以及這些人的確是被帶到了這個基地
07:39
and that those people
were taken採取 to this base基礎.
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07:41
Now, Manuel曼努埃爾 Chen was three years年份 old.
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曼努爾·陳才三歲
07:45
His mother母親 went to the river to wash
clothes衣服, and she left him with a neighbor鄰居.
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他的母親將他託付給一個鄰居
然後去河邊洗衣服
07:49
That's when the army軍隊 came來了
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那時軍隊來到
07:51
and that's when he was taken採取 away in
a helicopter直升機 and never seen看到 again
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那時他被直升機帶走後
就沒有人再見到他
07:55
until直到 we found發現 him in Grave 15.
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直到我們在第15號墳墓裡發現他
07:57
So now with science科學, with archaeology考古學,
with anthropology人類學, with genetics遺傳學,
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所以現在用科學,考古學,
人類學,和遺傳學
08:02
what we're doing is, we're
giving a voice語音 to the voiceless無聲.
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我們所做的是
我們讓無聲者發出聲音
08:05
But we're doing more than that.
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但我們所做的還更多
08:07
We're actually其實 providing提供
evidence證據 for trials試驗,
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我們實際上在為審判提供證據
08:09
like the genocide種族滅絕 trial審訊 that happened發生
last year in Guatemala危地馬拉
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例如瓜地馬拉去年舉行的
種族屠殺的審判
08:13
where General一般os Montt蒙特 was found發現 guilty有罪
of genocide種族滅絕 and sentenced判刑 to 80 years年份.
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利歐斯·蒙特將軍被判
種族屠殺罪和80年的監禁
08:18
So I came來了 here to tell you today今天
that this is happening事件 everywhere到處 --
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所以我今天來這裡告訴你們
這是每個地方都在發生的事
08:21
it's happening事件 in Mexico墨西哥
right in front面前 of us today今天 --
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就在我們的眼前,在墨西哥發生
08:24
and we can't let it go on anymore.
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我們不能再讓它繼續發生了
08:26
We have to now come together一起 and decide決定
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我們現在必須聯合起來並決定
08:29
that we're not going to have
any more missing失踪.
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我們絕不再讓任何人失踪
08:31
So no more missing失踪, guys.
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不再有人失踪
08:32
Okay? No more missing失踪.
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好嗎?不再有人失踪!謝謝
08:35
Thank you.
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(掌聲)
08:36
(Applause掌聲)
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Translated by Melody Tang
Reviewed by Sherry Chen

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Fredy Peccerelli - Forensic anthropologist
Fredy Peccerelli works with families whose loved ones “disappeared” in the 36-year armed conflict in Guatemala. The executive director of the Guatemalan Forensic Anthropology Foundation, he helps locate bodies and give back identities to those buried in mass graves.

Why you should listen

In Guatemala’s brutal civil war, 200,000 civilians were killed — and more than 40,000 of them were never found. They are referred to as the “disappeared,” and since the end of the conflict, their bodies have been found in unmarked mass graves with very little information to identify them. 

Fredy Peccerelli has a personal connection to this tragic story. He was born in Guatemala, but when his father received threats from a death squad, his family left for the United States. It was 1980 and Peccerelli was 9. He quickly adapted to life in Brooklyn, New York. But in 1994, while a college student, he heard a presentation on the emerging field of forensic anthropology. The speakers talked about exhuming bodies from mass graves in Guatemala, and Peccerelli was fascinated. He wanted to help.

Peccerelli founded the Guatemalan Forensic Anthropology Foundation, which meets with the families of the “disappeared,” listens to their stories and takes DNA samples to match to exhumed bodies. In this way, they are able to piece together narratives of what happened — in order to give families closure and to provide evidence for the trials of those involved in the deaths. 

Pecerrelli has been profiled on PBS, in The New York Times and more. He recently launched the “No More Missing” campaign to raise money for an interactive website to tell the stories of the Guatemalan "disappeared" on the global stage. He wants people across the world to see the connection between what happened Guatemala and what is happening today in countries like Mexico. 

More profile about the speaker
Fredy Peccerelli | Speaker | TED.com