TEDxCambridge
Linda Hill: How to manage for collective creativity
琳達· 希爾: 如何管理集體創造力
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2,413,675 views
解放隱藏在你日常工作中的創造力的秘訣是什麼？怎麼才能給每一個偉大創意創造機會？哈佛教授琳達· 希爾，《集體天才》的合著者，研究了一些全世界最具有創造力的企業，發現了保持偉大創想源源不斷產生的一些工具和策略——從公司裡的每個人那裡獲取創意，而不是簡單地指定「創意」。
Linda Hill - Management professor
Linda Hill studies collective genius -- the way great companies, and great leaders, empower creativity from many. Full bio
Linda Hill studies collective genius -- the way great companies, and great leaders, empower creativity from many. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
I have a confession to make.
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有件事我必須坦白：
00:13
I'm a business professor
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我是一位商學教授，
00:15
whose ambition has been
to help people learn to lead.
to help people learn to lead.
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我亟欲教導人們如何當個領導者。
00:17
But recently, I've discovered
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但最近我發現，
00:19
that what many of us
think of as great leadership
think of as great leadership
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大多數人觀念中優秀的領導能力
00:22
does not work when it comes
to leading innovation.
to leading innovation.
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在創新這方面並不適用。
00:25
I'm an ethnographer.
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我是一名民族誌學者。
00:26
I use the methods of anthropology
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我運用人類學
00:28
to understand the questions
in which I'm interested.
in which I'm interested.
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來了解我感興趣的問題。
00:31
So along with three co-conspirators,
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因此，我與三位夥伴一起，
00:33
I spent nearly a decade observing
up close and personal
up close and personal
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花了將近十年，仔細觀察
00:37
exceptional leaders of innovation.
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優秀的創新領導者。
00:39
We studied 16 men and women,
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我們研究了16位男性與女性，
00:41
located in seven countries
across the globe,
across the globe,
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他們分布於世界上七個不同國家，
00:44
working in 12 different industries.
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投身於十二種不同產業。
00:46
In total, we spent hundreds
of hours on the ground,
of hours on the ground,
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我們總共花了幾百個小時在現場，
00:49
on-site, watching these leaders in action.
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觀察這些領導人的工作情形，
00:53
We ended up with pages and pages
and pages of field notes
and pages of field notes
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記錄下一頁又一頁的實地考察筆記，
00:56
that we analyzed and looked
for patterns in what our leaders did.
for patterns in what our leaders did.
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並且分析這些領導者是否有特定領導模式。
00:59
The bottom line?
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重點是？
01:01
If we want to build organizations
that can innovate time and again,
that can innovate time and again,
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若我們想創立一個能夠持續進行創新的機構，
01:05
we must unlearn our conventional
notions of leadership.
notions of leadership.
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我們就必須跳脫傳統領導觀念的框架。
01:08
Leading innovation is not
about creating a vision,
about creating a vision,
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創新領導不只是創造新視野，
01:11
and inspiring others to execute it.
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並後激勵他人來執行。
01:14
But what do we mean by innovation?
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我們所謂創新，究竟是什麼？
01:16
An innovation is anything
that is both new and useful.
that is both new and useful.
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創新可以是任何新穎、有用的東西。
01:20
It can be a product or service.
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可以是產品，或是服務，
01:21
It can be a process
or a way of organizing.
or a way of organizing.
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可以是過程，也可以是組織的方法，
01:24
It can be incremental,
or it can be breakthrough.
or it can be breakthrough.
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可以是提升，也可以是突破。
01:27
We have a pretty inclusive definition.
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我們對其有許多定義。
01:29
How many of you recognize this man?
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在座有多少人知道此人？
01:31
Put your hands up.
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知道的請舉手。
01:34
Keep your hands up,
if you know who this is.
if you know who this is.
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如果你們也知道這是誰，請繼續舉手。
那⋯這些熟面孔呢？
01:42
How about these familiar faces?
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01:44
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
從大家這些高舉的手，
01:46
From your show of hands,
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01:47
it looks like many of you
have seen a Pixar movie,
have seen a Pixar movie,
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看來很多人都看過皮克斯動畫，
但很少人能認出艾德·凱特穆，
01:50
but very few of you recognized Ed Catmull,
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01:53
the founder and CEO of Pixar --
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也就是「皮克斯動畫」的創辦人兼執行長
——那是我有幸能研究的幾家公司之一。
01:55
one of the companies
I had the privilege of studying.
I had the privilege of studying.
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01:58
My first visit to Pixar was in 2005,
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我第一次拜訪皮克斯動畫是在2005年，
02:01
when they were working on "Ratatouille,"
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當時他們正在製作《料理鼠王》，
02:03
that provocative movie about
a rat becoming a master chef.
a rat becoming a master chef.
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這部備受討論的電影
講述一隻老鼠變成大廚的故事。
講述一隻老鼠變成大廚的故事。
02:06
Computer-generated movies
are really mainstream today,
are really mainstream today,
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在今天，電腦動畫電影儼然已成主流。
02:10
but it took Ed and his
colleagues nearly 20 years
colleagues nearly 20 years
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但艾德和他的同事花了將近20年時間，
才完成第一部完整長度的電腦動畫電影。
02:13
to create the first
full-length C.G. movie.
full-length C.G. movie.
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此後20年，他們又製作了14部電影。
02:16
In the 20 years hence,
they've produced 14 movies.
they've produced 14 movies.
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我最近也去了皮克斯公司，我可以告訴你：
02:20
I was recently at Pixar,
and I'm here to tell you
and I'm here to tell you
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02:23
that number 15 is sure to be a winner.
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第十五部電影一定會造成轟動。
02:26
When many of us think
about innovation, though,
about innovation, though,
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當我們想到「創新」時，
02:28
we think about an Einstein
having an 'Aha!' moment.
having an 'Aha!' moment.
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腦中可能是愛因斯坦靈光一現時的樣子。
02:31
But we all know that's a myth.
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但我們都知道那只是我們的想像。
02:34
Innovation is not about solo genius,
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創新指的不是一個孤立的天才，
02:37
it's about collective genius.
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它指的是集體才華。
讓我們想想看，需要多少努力
才能造就一部皮克斯動畫電影。
才能造就一部皮克斯動畫電影。
02:40
Let's think for a minute about
what it takes to make a Pixar movie:
what it takes to make a Pixar movie:
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02:44
No solo genius, no flash of inspiration
produces one of those movies.
produces one of those movies.
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單一才華、片刻靈感
皆無法完成任何一部動畫電影。
皆無法完成任何一部動畫電影。
02:49
On the contrary, it takes about
250 people four to five years,
250 people four to five years,
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相反地，大約250人花上四、五年
02:54
to make one of those movies.
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才能完成一部動畫電影。
02:55
To help us understand the process,
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為了讓我們了解製作過程，
02:58
an individual in the studio
drew a version of this picture.
drew a version of this picture.
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一位皮克斯工作室員工畫了這麽一張圖。
03:01
He did so reluctantly,
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他做得很不情願，
03:03
because it suggested that the process
was a neat series of steps
was a neat series of steps
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因為從這張圖我們就可以看出：
製作過程由一系列繁瑣的步驟構成，
製作過程由一系列繁瑣的步驟構成，
03:07
done by discrete groups.
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每個步驟都被嚴謹地分組完成。
03:10
Even with all those arrows,
he thought it failed to really tell you
he thought it failed to really tell you
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即使有這些箭頭的標注，他仍然
覺得這張圖無法真正讓你認識到
覺得這張圖無法真正讓你認識到
03:13
just how iterative, interrelated
and, frankly, messy their process was.
and, frankly, messy their process was.
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這個流程有多麼的迭代、
相互關聯，而且⋯說實話，很混亂。
相互關聯，而且⋯說實話，很混亂。
03:18
Throughout the making of a movie
at Pixar, the story evolves.
at Pixar, the story evolves.
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皮克斯在做電影的過程中，故事會不斷演化。
03:24
So think about it.
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所以我們想一下：
03:26
Some shots go through quickly.
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有些鏡頭過得很快⋯⋯
03:29
They don't all go through in order.
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他們的工作不全是按順序進行的。
03:31
It depends on how vexing
the challenges are
the challenges are
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這取決於他們製作時遇到的挑戰有多惱火。
03:34
that they come up with when they
are working on a particular scene.
are working on a particular scene.
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在製作不同場景時，遇到的挑戰也會不同。
所以，例如《天外奇蹟》裡的一個情景
03:38
So if you think about that scene in "Up"
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03:40
where the boy hands the piece
of chocolate to the bird,
of chocolate to the bird,
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就是那個小男孩抵給鳥巧克力的畫面，
03:44
that 10 seconds took one animator
almost six months to perfect.
almost six months to perfect.
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那十秒的鏡頭，花了一個繪製師
將近六個月去完善它。
將近六個月去完善它。
03:50
The other thing about a Pixar movie
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關於皮克斯電影的另外一件事是：
03:52
is that no part of the movie
is considered finished
is considered finished
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電影的任何部份都不會被當做成品
03:54
until the entire movie wraps.
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直到整個電影製作完工。
03:56
Partway through one production,
an animator drew a character
an animator drew a character
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製作到一半時，繪製師給人物
04:00
with an arched eyebrow that
suggested a mischievous side.
suggested a mischievous side.
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畫了一根拱形的眉毛，
以體現他淘氣的一面。
以體現他淘氣的一面。
04:04
When the director saw that
drawing, he thought it was great.
drawing, he thought it was great.
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當導演看到繪圖的時候，他覺得很棒。
04:07
It was beautiful, but he said,
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很漂亮。但是他說：
「你要裁掉它，它與角色的設定不符」
04:09
"You've got to lose it;
it doesn't fit the character."
it doesn't fit the character."
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04:12
Two weeks later, the director
came back and said,
came back and said,
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兩個星期後，導演回來又說：
「讓我們把那個眉毛
放幾秒鐘在電影裡吧」
放幾秒鐘在電影裡吧」
04:14
"Let's put in those few seconds of film."
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04:16
Because that animator
was allowed to share
was allowed to share
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因為那位繪製師有機會分享
04:19
what we referred to
as his slice of genius,
as his slice of genius,
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他的天才點子，
使他能夠幫助導演重新塑造這個角色。
04:22
he was able to help that director
reconceive the character
reconceive the character
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04:26
in a subtle but important way
that really improved the story.
that really improved the story.
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用微小但是重要的方式
切實地改善了故事。
切實地改善了故事。
所以我們從這裡知道，
創新的核心是矛盾的。
創新的核心是矛盾的。
04:30
What we know is, at the heart
of innovation is a paradox.
of innovation is a paradox.
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你既要釋放大家的才能和激情，
04:35
You have to unleash the talents
and passions of many people
and passions of many people
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04:39
and you have to harness them
into a work that is actually useful.
into a work that is actually useful.
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又要控制他們去做有效的事。
04:43
Innovation is a journey.
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創新是道旅程。
04:46
It's a type of collaborative
problem solving,
problem solving,
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是一種協作式的解決方案，
它通常發生在一個
成員各有所長、
成員各有所長、
04:48
usually among people
who have different expertise
who have different expertise
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04:51
and different points of view.
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視角多元化的團隊中。
04:53
Innovations rarely get created full-blown.
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創新很少是一開始就成熟的。
04:56
As many of you know,
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正如你們大多數人所知
04:58
they're the result,
usually, of trial and error.
usually, of trial and error.
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創新本身其實是個「結果」，
是多次試錯之後的結果。
是多次試錯之後的結果。
很多很多錯誤的開始、錯誤的步驟，
還有大量的失誤。
還有大量的失誤。
05:01
Lots of false starts,
missteps and mistakes.
missteps and mistakes.
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05:05
Innovative work can be
very exhilarating,
very exhilarating,
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創造性的工作可以特別過癮，
05:08
but it also can be
really downright scary.
really downright scary.
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也可以特別可怕。
所以當我們在思考
「皮克斯是怎麼做到的」，
「皮克斯是怎麼做到的」，
05:13
So when we look at why it is
that Pixar is able to do what it does,
that Pixar is able to do what it does,
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05:19
we have to ask ourselves,
what's going on here?
what's going on here?
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我們要問我們自己，
究竟發生了什麼？
究竟發生了什麼？
當然，無論是歷史上
還是好萊塢裡，
還是好萊塢裡，
05:23
For sure, history
and certainly Hollywood,
and certainly Hollywood,
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充滿了曾經失敗過的星級團隊。
05:26
is full of star-studded teams
that have failed.
that have failed.
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05:29
Most of those failures are attributed
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幾乎所有的失敗，都歸結於
05:31
to too many stars or too many
cooks, if you will, in the kitchen.
cooks, if you will, in the kitchen.
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團隊裡有過多的明星，
就像一個廚房裡塞進了太多的廚師。
就像一個廚房裡塞進了太多的廚師。
05:36
So why is it that Pixar,
with all of its cooks,
with all of its cooks,
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所以 為什麼皮克斯和它的廚師們，
05:40
is able to be so successful
time and time again?
time and time again?
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可以一次又一次地獲得成功？
當我們在迪拜研究一個伊斯蘭銀行，
05:45
When we studied
an Islamic Bank in Dubai,
an Islamic Bank in Dubai,
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或在韓國研究一個奢侈品牌，
或在非洲研究社交網絡創業公司時，
或在非洲研究社交網絡創業公司時，
05:48
or a luxury brand in Korea,
or a social enterprise in Africa,
or a social enterprise in Africa,
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我們發現這些創新組織，
05:53
we found that innovative organizations
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都擁有三種能力：
05:55
are communities that
have three capabilities:
have three capabilities:
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05:57
creative abrasion, creative
agility and creative resolution.
agility and creative resolution.
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「創意摩擦」、「創造的靈活性」
和「創造性的解決方案」。
和「創造性的解決方案」。
06:02
Creative abrasion is about being able
to create a marketplace of ideas
to create a marketplace of ideas
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「創意摩擦」是通過辯論和討論，
創造一個「創意」的交流平台。
創造一個「創意」的交流平台。
06:07
through debate and discourse.
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在創新機構裡，他們將差異放大，
06:10
In innovative organizations,
they amplify differences,
they amplify differences,
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06:13
they don't minimize them.
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他們並不將差別減小。
06:14
Creative abrasion is not
about brainstorming,
about brainstorming,
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創意摩擦不是腦力激盪。
06:17
where people suspend their judgment.
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（人們只把想法丟出來）
06:19
No, they know how to have very
heated but constructive arguments
heated but constructive arguments
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不，他們知道如何進行激烈而有意義的爭論。
06:23
to create a portfolio of alternatives.
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來創造出大量的不同構想。
06:26
Individuals in innovative organizations
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在創新機構裡的個人，
06:28
learn how to inquire, they learn how
to actively listen, but guess what?
to actively listen, but guess what?
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要學會如何詢問，學會如何時刻聆聽。
但是你知道嗎？
但是你知道嗎？
06:33
They also learn how to
advocate for their point of view.
advocate for their point of view.
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他們還學著如何主張他們自己的觀點。
06:35
They understand that
innovation rarely happens
innovation rarely happens
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他們知道：
如果你不在團隊中保持多樣性和衝突，
創新就很難發生。
創新就很難發生。
06:39
unless you have both
diversity and conflict.
diversity and conflict.
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06:43
Creative agility is about being able
to test and refine that portfolio of ideas
to test and refine that portfolio of ideas
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「創造的靈活性」是指，能夠通過快速的
追索、反應和調整，來檢驗和提煉那些創想。
追索、反應和調整，來檢驗和提煉那些創想。
06:48
through quick pursuit,
reflection and adjustment.
reflection and adjustment.
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這是一種探索式的學習，
06:52
It's about discovery-driven learning
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06:53
where you act, as opposed to plan,
your way to the future.
your way to the future.
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你不必按照計劃行事，
未來的事沒有什麼是安排好的。
未來的事沒有什麼是安排好的。
06:57
It's about design thinking where
you have that interesting combination
you have that interesting combination
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是一種結合了科學方法和藝術過程的
有趣的設計思維。
有趣的設計思維。
07:00
of the scientific method
and the artistic process.
and the artistic process.
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它是進行一系列的實驗，
而不是制定一系列的指導規範。
而不是制定一系列的指導規範。
07:04
It's about running a series of
experiments, and not a series of pilots.
experiments, and not a series of pilots.
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「實驗」往往就是學習的過程。
07:08
Experiments are usually about learning.
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07:10
When you get a negative outcome,
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當你得到負面結果時，
07:12
you're still really learning something
that you need to know.
that you need to know.
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你至少學到了這樣做是行不通的。
07:15
Pilots are often about being right.
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而指導規範往往意味著絕對正確，
07:17
When they don't work,
someone or something is to blame.
someone or something is to blame.
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如果你不按照指導的去做，
就有人或事要被責怪了。
就有人或事要被責怪了。
07:22
The final capability
is creative resolution.
is creative resolution.
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最後一點是「創造性的解決方案」。
這是關於決策制定的。
07:25
This is about doing decision making
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07:26
in a way that you can actually combine
even opposing ideas
even opposing ideas
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你甚至要把截然相反的創想結合起來，
07:30
to reconfigure them in new combinations
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重新塑造它們，做成新的組合。
07:33
to produce a solution
that is new and useful.
that is new and useful.
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從而產生一個既新穎又有用的解決方案。
07:36
When you look at innovative organizations,
they never go along to get along.
they never go along to get along.
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當你在研究創新機構時，你會發現
他們既不與人隔絕，也不好好相處，
他們既不與人隔絕，也不好好相處，
07:40
They don't compromise.
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他們就是不妥協。
07:42
They don't let one group
or one individual dominate,
or one individual dominate,
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他們不讓任何一個人或者團隊做主，
07:45
even if it's the boss,
even if it's the expert.
even if it's the expert.
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即使是老闆也不行，
即使是專家也不行。
即使是專家也不行。
07:50
Instead, they have developed
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相反，他們創造了
07:51
a rather patient and more inclusive
decision making process
decision making process
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一種更加有耐心和包容力的決策方式，
07:55
that allows for both/and
solutions to arise
solutions to arise
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使得最後的解決方案
不僅僅是從幾個創想中挑出一個，
不僅僅是從幾個創想中挑出一個，
07:59
and not simply either/or solutions.
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還有可能是同時用上好幾個創想。
08:01
These three capabilities are why we see
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這三種能力，就是
08:05
that Pixar is able to do what it does.
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皮克斯能夠做到現在這樣的原因。
我來給你們另外一個例子，
08:10
Let me give you another example,
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08:12
and that example is the
infrastructure group of Google.
infrastructure group of Google.
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那是Google的基礎設施部門。
08:14
The infrastructure group
of Google is the group
of Google is the group
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Google的基礎設施部門
08:17
that has to keep the website
up and running 24/7.
up and running 24/7.
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負責網站每天24小時都運作。
08:21
So when Google was about
to introduce Gmail and YouTube,
to introduce Gmail and YouTube,
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所以當Google要推出 Gmail 和 YouTube 時，
08:25
they knew that their data storage
system wasn't adequate.
system wasn't adequate.
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他們意識到，他們現有的
數據存儲容量不夠用了。
數據存儲容量不夠用了。
08:28
The head of the engineering group
and the infrastructure group at that time
and the infrastructure group at that time
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當時，工程組和基礎設施組的組長
08:32
was a man named Bill Coughran.
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是一個叫Bill Coughran的人。
08:35
Bill and his leadership team,
who he referred to as his brain trust,
who he referred to as his brain trust,
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Bill和他的領導小組——也就是他的智囊團，
08:39
had to figure out what to do
about this situation.
about this situation.
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需要想方法解決這個問題。
08:43
They thought about it for a while.
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他們想了一段時間。
08:44
Instead of creating a group
to tackle this task,
to tackle this task,
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最終，他們不是為此
建一個小組去處理問題；
建一個小組去處理問題；
08:48
they decided to allow groups
to emerge spontaneously
to emerge spontaneously
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而是讓大家根據自己支持的觀點，
自然地分組。
自然地分組。
08:52
around different alternatives.
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08:54
Two groups coalesced.
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結果他們合併出了兩個組合。
08:57
One became known as Big Table,
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一個被成為 Big Table (大桌子)，
09:00
the other became known
as Build It From Scratch.
as Build It From Scratch.
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另一個叫 Build it From Scratch (無中生有)。
Big Table小組建議他們
在現有的系統基礎上再建，
在現有的系統基礎上再建，
09:03
Big Table proposed that they
build on the current system.
build on the current system.
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09:06
Build It From Scratch proposed
that it was time for a whole new system.
that it was time for a whole new system.
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Build it From Scratch小組則覺得
是時候把整個系統換成全新的了。
是時候把整個系統換成全新的了。
這兩組分別投入時間去
09:10
Separately, these two teams
were allowed to work full-time
were allowed to work full-time
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按照各自的想法工作。
09:14
on their particular approach.
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09:16
In engineering reviews,
Bill described his role as,
Bill described his role as,
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從工程的角度來看，Bill 稱他的角色是
09:19
"Injecting honesty into
the process by driving debate."
the process by driving debate."
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「通過引起辯論，向工作進程中注入真誠」。
09:24
Early on, the teams were encouraged
to build prototypes so that they could
to build prototypes so that they could
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早些時候，每隊被鼓勵去造出樣品，
這樣他們就能和現實做比較，
09:28
"bump them up against reality
and discover for themselves
and discover for themselves
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並且發現他們自己
和對手之間的強項和弱點。
和對手之間的強項和弱點。
09:32
the strengths and weaknesses
of their particular approach."
of their particular approach."
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09:35
When Build It From Scratch shared
their prototype with the group
their prototype with the group
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當Build it From Scratch分享他們的模型時
（如果網站出現問題時，它通過傳呼機報警。
但如果發生在半夜，有些人的傳呼機是關閉的）
但如果發生在半夜，有些人的傳呼機是關閉的）
09:38
whose beepers would have
to go off in the middle of the night
to go off in the middle of the night
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09:41
if something went wrong
with the website,
with the website,
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他們被明確的告知這個設計缺陷。
09:43
they heard loud and clear about the
limitations of their particular design.
limitations of their particular design.
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當對解決方案的需要越來越緊急時，
09:48
As the need for a solution
became more urgent
became more urgent
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09:51
and as the data, or the
evidence, began to come in,
evidence, began to come in,
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——而且大量數據已經開始進入系統，
09:54
it became pretty clear
that the Big Table solution
that the Big Table solution
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很明顯的，Big Table的解決方案
09:57
was the right one for the moment.
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是對當前來說更適合的。
10:00
So they selected that one.
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所以他們選擇了Big Table。
10:02
But to make sure that
they did not lose the learning
they did not lose the learning
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但是為了確保他們沒有丟失
向Build it From Scratch小組學習的機會，
10:04
of the Build it From Scratch team,
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Bill讓Build it From Scratch的兩名隊員
和Big Table一起組建了一個新的團隊，
和Big Table一起組建了一個新的團隊，
10:06
Bill asked two members of that team
to join a new team that was emerging
to join a new team that was emerging
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10:10
to work on the next-generation system.
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去開發下一代系統。
這整個過程花了將近兩年，
10:13
This whole process took nearly two years,
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10:17
but I was told that they were
all working at breakneck speed.
all working at breakneck speed.
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但我聽說他們每個成員都在極速工作。
過程的早期，一個工程師曾對Bill說：
10:21
Early in that process, one of the
engineers had gone to Bill and said,
engineers had gone to Bill and said,
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「這個沒有效率的平行實驗，
讓我們每個人都忙得焦頭爛額。」
讓我們每個人都忙得焦頭爛額。」
10:24
"We're all too busy
for this inefficient system
for this inefficient system
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10:27
of running parallel experiments."
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隨著工作進程的展開，他也開始明白了
10:30
But as the process unfolded,
he began to understand
he began to understand
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10:33
the wisdom of allowing talented
people to play out their passions.
people to play out their passions.
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這種，讓有才能的人
發揮自己熱情的智慧。
發揮自己熱情的智慧。
10:37
He admitted, "If you had forced us
to all be on one team,
to all be on one team,
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他承認，「如果你只讓我們關注一個小組，
我們有可能只會關注誰對誰贏，
10:41
we might have focused on proving
who was right, and winning,
who was right, and winning,
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10:44
and not on learning and discovering
what was the best answer for Google."
what was the best answer for Google."
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而不會去學習和發現對Google最有利的答案」
所以，為什麼皮克斯和Google可以不斷地創新？
10:50
Why is it that Pixar and Google
are able to innovate time and again?
are able to innovate time and again?
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10:53
It's because they've mastered
the capabilities required for that.
the capabilities required for that.
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這是因為他們已經掌握了所需的能力。
10:57
They know how to do
collaborative problem solving,
collaborative problem solving,
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他們知道如何創造協同解決方案，
10:59
they know how to do
discovery-driven learning
discovery-driven learning
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他們知道如何探索性地學習，
11:01
and they know how to do
integrated decision making.
integrated decision making.
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而且他們還知道如何做整合性的決策。
11:04
Some of you may be sitting there
and saying to yourselves right now,
and saying to yourselves right now,
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你們中有些人有可能正坐在那裡，對自己說：
11:07
"We don't know how to do
those things in my organization.
those things in my organization.
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「我們並不知道怎麼在我的機構裡做那些事情。
11:10
So why do they know how to
do those things at Pixar,
do those things at Pixar,
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所以，為什麼皮克斯會知道那麼做？
11:13
and why do they know how to
do those things at Google?"
do those things at Google?"
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為什麼Google也知道該這麼做？」
當很多為Bill工作過的人告訴我們，
11:16
When many of the people
that worked for Bill told us,
that worked for Bill told us,
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11:19
in their opinion, that Bill was one
of the finest leaders in Silicon Valley,
of the finest leaders in Silicon Valley,
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他們覺得，Bill是矽谷最出色的領導人之一。
11:25
we completely agreed;
the man is a genius.
the man is a genius.
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我們完全贊同，那個人是個天才。
11:29
Leadership is the secret sauce.
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領導力是一種秘密調料。
11:32
But it's a different kind of leadership,
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但是那是一種不一樣的領導力，
11:34
not the kind many of us think about
when we think about great leadership.
when we think about great leadership.
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不是那種，我們都會想到的偉大的領導力。
11:40
One of the leaders I met with
early on said to me,
early on said to me,
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我之前見到的一位領導者告訴我，
11:42
"Linda, I don't read books on leadership.
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「Linda，我不看講領導力的書。
11:46
All they do is make me feel bad."
(Laughter)
(Laughter)
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它們只會讓我感覺不好。」
(笑聲)
(笑聲)
11:49
"In the first chapter they say
I'm supposed to create a vision.
I'm supposed to create a vision.
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「第一章 他們說我應該創造一個景象。
11:52
But if I'm trying to do something
that's truly new, I have no answers.
that's truly new, I have no answers.
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但是如果我是真的在嘗試新的東西，
我想像不出來。
我想像不出來。
11:56
I don't know what
direction we're going in
direction we're going in
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我不知道我們的方向，
11:58
and I'm not even sure I know
how to figure out how to get there."
how to figure out how to get there."
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而且我都不知道怎麼達到目標。」
12:01
For sure, there are times
when visionary leadership
when visionary leadership
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當然，有時候，有預見性的領導力
12:04
is exactly what is needed.
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是非常重要的。
12:06
But if we want to build organizations
that can innovate time and again,
that can innovate time and again,
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但是如果我們想建造
有創新力的機構，
有創新力的機構，
12:09
we must recast our understanding
of what leadership is about.
of what leadership is about.
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我們必須重新認識什麼是領導力。
12:14
Leading innovation is about
creating the space
creating the space
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領導創新，等於創造一個空間
12:17
where people are willing
and able to do the hard work
and able to do the hard work
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——讓大家願意，並且能夠
努力工作，去創新性解決問題。
努力工作，去創新性解決問題。
12:20
of innovative problem solving.
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此時，你們中一些人有可能在想：
12:23
At this point, some of you
may be wondering,
may be wondering,
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12:27
"What does that leadership
really look like?"
really look like?"
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「那種領導力到底是什麼樣子的？」
12:29
At Pixar, they understand
that innovation takes a village.
that innovation takes a village.
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在皮克斯，它們很清楚
創新需要的東西很多。
創新需要的東西很多。
12:34
The leaders focus on building
a sense of community
a sense of community
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領導者關注於建造一種社區感
和培養那三個能力
(創意摩擦，創造的靈活性
和創造性的解決方案)
(創意摩擦，創造的靈活性
和創造性的解決方案)
12:37
and building those three capabilities.
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12:40
How do they define leadership?
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他們是怎麼定義領導力的？
他們說領導力就是創造一個世界，
12:42
They say leadership
is about creating a world
is about creating a world
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12:44
to which people want to belong.
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一個人們想存在的世界。
12:46
What kind of world do people
want to belong in at Pixar?
want to belong in at Pixar?
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在皮克斯工作的人
想存在與哪樣的世界呢？
想存在與哪樣的世界呢？
12:49
A world where you're
living at the frontier.
living at the frontier.
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一個你永遠處於前端的世界。
12:51
What do they focus their time on?
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他們把時間都用在哪裡了？
12:53
Not on creating a vision.
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不是在創造理念上。
12:55
Instead they spend
their time thinking about,
their time thinking about,
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取而代之，他們把時間用在思考
12:57
"How do we design a studio that has
the sensibility of a public square
the sensibility of a public square
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「我們怎麼才能設計出一個工作室，
它能創造出一個能
激起人們交流慾望的公共空間？」
激起人們交流慾望的公共空間？」
13:02
so that people will interact?
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我們來定一個規矩：任何人，不看職位和角色
13:04
Let's put in a policy that anyone,
no matter what their level or role,
no matter what their level or role,
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13:08
is allowed to give notes to the director
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都能直接向導演反應意見。
13:09
about how they feel
about a particular film.
about a particular film.
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表達他們對某部電影的想法。
13:12
What can we do to make sure
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我們怎麼樣才能確保
13:14
that all the disruptors, all the
minority voices in this organization,
minority voices in this organization,
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所有的反對者，所有弱勢群體的聲音
能在我們這個組織發出和被聽見呢？
13:18
speak up and are heard?
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13:20
And, finally, let's bestow credit
in a very generous way."
in a very generous way."
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所以最後，讓我們大方的授予功勞吧。
13:24
I don't know if you've ever looked
at the credits of a Pixar movie,
at the credits of a Pixar movie,
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我不知道你們有沒有看過
皮克斯電影里的「感謝名單」，
皮克斯電影里的「感謝名單」，
13:27
but the babies born during
a production are listed there.
a production are listed there.
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在製片期間出生的新生兒也列在名單上。
13:30
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
13:31
How did Bill think about
what his role was?
what his role was?
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那麼，Bill是如何看待自己的角色的呢？
13:34
Bill said, "I lead
a volunteer organization.
a volunteer organization.
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Bill 說「我帶領的是一個『志願組織』。
13:38
Talented people don't want
to follow me anywhere.
to follow me anywhere.
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有才能的人才不想總聽我的指示。
13:42
They want to cocreate
with me the future.
with me the future.
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他們（留在公司裡），是想和我一起創造未來。
我的工作是把他們從下層扶持到頂峰，
13:45
My job is to nurture the bottom-up
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13:48
and not let it degenerate into chaos."
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並且避免這個過程中發生混亂。」
13:51
How did he see his role?
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他是如何看到他自己的角色的呢?
13:52
"I'm a role model,
I'm a human glue,
I'm a human glue,
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「我是一個榜樣，一個人類膠水，
13:55
I'm a connector,
I'm an aggregator of viewpoints.
I'm an aggregator of viewpoints.
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我是一個連接體，我是一個觀點的聚集者，
13:58
I'm never a dictator of viewpoints."
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我從來不是觀點的獨裁者。」
14:00
Advice about how you exercise the role?
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實踐你的角色的忠告呢？
14:02
Hire people who argue with you.
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「招聘能和你爭論的人。」
14:05
And, guess what?
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還有一點，你猜是什麼？
14:06
Sometimes it's best to be
deliberately fuzzy and vague.
deliberately fuzzy and vague.
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「有時候，最好故意把態度表現得含糊不清。」
14:11
Some of you may
be wondering now,
be wondering now,
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你們其中有些人現在有可能在想，
14:12
what are these people thinking?
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「這些人都在想些什麼？」
14:14
They're thinking,
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他們在想，
14:15
"I'm not the visionary,
I'm the social architect.
I'm the social architect.
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我不是一個有遠見的領導者，
我是個社會建築師。
我是個社會建築師。
14:18
I'm creating the space where
people are willing and able
people are willing and able
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我在創造一個人們願意並且能夠
14:22
to share and combine
their talents and passions."
their talents and passions."
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分享和結合他們的才能和熱情的空間。
14:25
If some of you are worrying now
that you don't work at a Pixar,
that you don't work at a Pixar,
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如果在座的有人在擔心：我既不在皮克斯工作，
14:28
or you don't work at a Google,
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也不在Google工作。
14:30
I want to tell you there's still hope.
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我想告訴你，還有希望。
14:33
We've studied many organizations
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我們研究了很多機構，
14:35
that were really not
organizations you'd think of
organizations you'd think of
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一些你想不到的機構，
14:37
as ones where a lot of innovation happens.
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那裡同樣出現了很多創新。
14:40
We studied a general counsel
in a pharmaceutical company
in a pharmaceutical company
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我們研究了一個製藥公司的主管。
14:43
who had to figure out how
to get the outside lawyers,
to get the outside lawyers,
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他在想辦法讓外面的律師，
14:46
19 competitors,
to collaborate and innovate.
to collaborate and innovate.
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19個競爭對手，去合作和創新。
14:48
We studied the head of marketing
at a German automaker
at a German automaker
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我們研究了一個德國汽車商的銷售主管。
14:52
where, fundamentally, they believed
that it was the design engineers,
that it was the design engineers,
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他們從根本上認為，設計工程師才是
需要創新的。而不僅是那些銷售人員。
需要創新的。而不僅是那些銷售人員。
14:55
not the marketeers,
who were allowed to be innovative.
who were allowed to be innovative.
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我們也研究了在HCL科技工作的Vineet Nayar。
14:59
We also studied Vineet Nayar
at HCL Technologies,
at HCL Technologies,
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15:03
an Indian outsourcing company.
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HCL是一家印度外包公司。
15:05
When we met Vineet,
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但我們見到Vinnet的時候，
15:06
his company was about, in his
words, to become irrelevant.
words, to become irrelevant.
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對於他來說，他的公司正變得無關緊要。
15:10
We watched as he turned that company
into a global dynamo of I.T. innovation.
into a global dynamo of I.T. innovation.
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我們親眼見證他把他的公司
變成了一個全球IT創新的發電機。
變成了一個全球IT創新的發電機。
15:16
At HCL technologies,
like at many companies,
like at many companies,
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在HCL科技，像很多公司一樣，
15:19
the leaders had learned to see
their role as setting direction
their role as setting direction
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領導者需要清楚他們自己
是負責設定目標的角色，
是負責設定目標的角色，
15:23
and making sure that
no one deviated from it.
no one deviated from it.
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並且確保沒有人偏離軌道。
15:27
What he did is tell them
it was time for them
it was time for them
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而他所做的是：告訴他們，現在是該他們
15:31
to think about rethinking
what they were supposed to do.
what they were supposed to do.
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重新思考，應該做什麼的時間。
15:34
Because what was happening
is that everybody was looking up
is that everybody was looking up
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因為，在這之前，所有人都在往上看，
15:37
and you weren't seeing
the kind of bottom-up innovation
the kind of bottom-up innovation
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而你卻沒有看到底層的創新。
沒有看到我們在皮克斯和Google看到的那種創新。
15:40
we saw at Pixar or Google.
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15:43
So they began to work on that.
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所以他們開始在這方面下功夫，
15:44
They stopped giving answers, they
stopped trying to provide solutions.
stopped trying to provide solutions.
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他們停止給出答案，他們停止給出解決方式。
15:48
Instead, what they did
is they began to see
is they began to see
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取而代之，他們開始看見
15:51
the people at the bottom of the
pyramid, the young sparks,
pyramid, the young sparks,
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金字塔底端的 年輕的火花。
15:55
the people who were
closest to the customers,
closest to the customers,
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他們是最接近消費者的人，
15:58
as the source of innovation.
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是創新的源泉。
16:00
They began to transfer
the organization's growth
the organization's growth
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他們開始將機構的成長
轉變爲另一個等級。
轉變爲另一個等級。
16:03
to that level.
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16:07
In Vineet's language, this was
about inverting the pyramid
about inverting the pyramid
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用Vinnet的話來說，這是顛倒金字塔。
16:10
so that you could unleash
the power of the many
the power of the many
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這樣就可以釋放多數人的能力，
16:13
by loosening the stranglehold of the few,
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解掉少數人的束縛，
16:16
and increase the quality
and the speed of innovation
and the speed of innovation
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並且增強創新的質量和速度。
16:19
that was happening every day.
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這樣的改變每天都在發生。
16:23
For sure, Vineet and all the
other leaders that we studied
other leaders that we studied
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當然，Vineet和眾多我們研究過的領導者
16:27
were in fact visionaries.
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都是非常有遠見的人。
16:30
For sure, they understood
that that was not their role.
that that was not their role.
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而且，他們也清楚的知道
自己不該是那種總是做決定的人。
自己不該是那種總是做決定的人。
16:35
So I don't think it is accidental
that many of you did not recognize Ed.
that many of you did not recognize Ed.
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所以我並不認為你們大多數人
不認識艾德（皮克斯創始人）是個巧合。
不認識艾德（皮克斯創始人）是個巧合。
16:40
Because Ed, like Vineet, understands
that our role as leaders
that our role as leaders
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因為艾德就像Vinnet一樣，
明白自己作為領導者的角色
明白自己作為領導者的角色
16:44
is to set the stage, not perform on it.
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是去為別人創造一個舞台，
而不是自己一個人的表演。
而不是自己一個人的表演。
16:49
If we want to invent a better future,
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如果我們想打造一個更好的未來，
16:51
and I suspect that's why
many of us are here,
many of us are here,
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（我認為這是大多數我們在場的原因）
16:55
then we need to reimagine our task.
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那麼我們需要重新想像我們的任務。
16:59
Our task is to create the space
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我們的任務是創造空間，
17:01
where everybody's slices of genius
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在那裡
每一個人天才的一面，
每一個人天才的一面，
17:04
can be unleashed and harnessed,
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都會被發覺、被釋放、被利用，
17:08
and turned into works
of collective genius.
of collective genius.
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並且被整合成集體的智慧。
17:11
Thank you.
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謝謝。
17:13
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Linda Hill - Management professorLinda Hill studies collective genius -- the way great companies, and great leaders, empower creativity from many.
Why you should listen
Linda A. Hill is the Wallace Brett Donham Professor of Business Administration at the Harvard Business School. In 2014, Professor Hill co-authored Collective Genius: The Art and Practice of Leading Innovation. It features thick descriptions of exceptional leaders of innovation in a wide range of industries—from information technology to law to design—and geographies—from the US and Europe to the Middle East and Asia. Business Insider named Collective Genius one of “The 20 Best Business Books” in summer 2014.
She is the faculty chair of the Leadership Initiative and has chaired numerous HBS Executive Education programs, including the Young She is the co-author, with Kent Lineback, of Being the Boss: The 3 Imperatives of Becoming a Great Leader and Breakthrough Leadership, a blended cohort-based program that helps organizations transform midlevel managers into more effective leaders. Breakthrough Leadership was the winner of the 2013 Brandon Hall Group Award for Best Advance in Unique Learning Technology. The book was included in the Wall Street Journal as one of the “Five Business Books to Read for Your Career in 2011." She is also the author of Becoming a Manager: How New Managers Master the Challenges of Leadership (2nd Edition). She heads up Harvard's Presidents' Organization Presidents' Seminar and the High Potentials Leadership Program, and was course head during the development of the new Leadership and Organizational Behavior MBA required course.
Linda Hill | Speaker | TED.com