TED2015
Donald Hoffman: Do we see reality as it is?
Donald Hoffman: 我們看到的真的是現實麼?
Filmed:
Readability: 4.5
2,949,831 views
認知科學家 Donald Hoffman 嘗試去回答這個寬泛的問題: 我們經歷的是這個世界真實的樣子麼......還是我們需要它稱為的樣子? 在這個激動人心的演講中，他深入思考了我們的想法如何的創造現實。
Donald Hoffman - Cognitive scientist
Donald Hoffman studies how our visual perception, guided by millions of years of natural selection, authors every aspect of our everyday reality. Full bio
Donald Hoffman studies how our visual perception, guided by millions of years of natural selection, authors every aspect of our everyday reality. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
我愛各種玄妙的東西
00:12
I love a great mystery,
0
835
2066
00:14
and I'm fascinated by the greatest
unsolved mystery in science,
unsolved mystery in science,
1
2901
4412
並且被一个科學界深奧的未解之謎深深吸引
00:19
perhaps because it's personal.
2
7313
1958
大概因爲它切身攸關吧。
00:21
It's about who we are,
3
9681
1858
它是關於我們是誰。
00:23
and I can't help but be curious.
4
11539
2117
我忍不住要探個究竟。
00:26
The mystery is this:
5
14186
2089
這是什麽迷呢？
00:28
What is the relationship
between your brain
between your brain
6
16275
3435
是這两者的關係：
你的大腦
你的大腦
和你的有意識的體驗。
00:31
and your conscious experiences,
7
19710
1511
00:33
such as your experience
of the taste of chocolate
of the taste of chocolate
8
21221
2670
例如你嘗到
巧克力味道的體驗
巧克力味道的體驗
00:35
or the feeling of velvet?
9
23891
1774
或天鹅绒的手感。
00:38
Now, this mystery is not new.
10
26805
1584
這個迷倒不是新的。
00:40
In 1868, Thomas Huxley wrote,
11
28999
3599
早在1868年，Thomas Huxley 寫到：
00:44
"How it is that anything so remarkable
as a state of consciousness comes about
as a state of consciousness comes about
12
32598
5294
"爲啥一些妙不可言的東西
如人的清醒意識
如人的清醒意識
其形成竟是來自刺激性神經組織，
00:49
as the result of irritating nervous tissue
13
37892
3367
00:53
is just as unaccountable
14
41259
2066
實在莫名其妙，
跟阿拉丁擦擦他的油燈
精靈就出現了一樣無法解釋"。
精靈就出現了一樣無法解釋"。
00:55
as the appearance of the genie
when Aladdin rubbed his lamp."
when Aladdin rubbed his lamp."
15
43325
4053
01:01
Now, Huxley knew that brain activity
16
49268
2277
Huxley熟知大腦的活動
01:03
and conscious experiences are correlated,
17
51545
3274
和有意識體驗是有關係的，
01:06
but he didn't know why.
18
54819
2159
他衹是不知道原因是何。
01:08
To the science of his day,
it was a mystery.
it was a mystery.
19
56978
3321
在其時代的科學界裡
這是個迷。
這是個迷。
01:12
In the years since Huxley,
20
60299
2136
Huxley之後的這些年，
01:14
science has learned a lot
about brain activity,
about brain activity,
21
62435
3366
科學界對大腦活動
有了很多的發現。
有了很多的發現。
01:17
but the relationship
between brain activity
between brain activity
22
65801
2021
但是兩者的關係
即大腦活動
即大腦活動
01:19
and conscious experiences
is still a mystery.
is still a mystery.
23
67822
3088
和有意識的體驗
仍然是個迷。
仍然是個迷。
01:22
Why? Why have we made so little progress?
24
70910
3645
爲何？爲何我們還未搞懂多少這個迷？
01:26
Well, some experts think
that we can't solve this problem
that we can't solve this problem
25
74555
4859
有專家認爲
這迷是解不了的了
這迷是解不了的了
01:31
because we lack the necessary
concepts and intelligence.
concepts and intelligence.
26
79414
3799
因我們缺乏必要的
概念和智慧。
概念和智慧。
01:35
We don't expect monkeys to solve
problems in quantum mechanics,
problems in quantum mechanics,
27
83883
4069
我們不指望猴子去排解
量子力學的問題，
量子力學的問題，
01:39
and as it happens, we can't expect
our species to solve this problem either.
our species to solve this problem either.
28
87952
4165
同樣，我們也不能指望
自己的物種去化解這個迷。
自己的物種去化解這個迷。
01:44
Well, I disagree. I'm more optimistic.
29
92527
3134
我不同意這説法。
我樂觀多了。
我樂觀多了。
01:47
I think we've simply
made a false assumption.
made a false assumption.
30
95661
3042
我認爲我們衹是
用了個錯誤的假設而已。
用了個錯誤的假設而已。
01:50
Once we fix it, we just
might solve this problem.
might solve this problem.
31
98703
3506
糾正了假設後，我們
很可能就能把這迷解了。
很可能就能把這迷解了。
01:54
Today, I'd like tell you
what that assumption is,
what that assumption is,
32
102209
2417
今天，我想和大家說一下
這個假設是什麽，
這個假設是什麽，
01:56
why it's false, and how to fix it.
33
104626
2758
爲何它是錯誤的，我們可以
怎樣加以糾正。
怎樣加以糾正。
01:59
Let's begin with a question:
34
107874
1694
先來個問題：
02:01
Do we see reality as it is?
35
109778
3088
我們眼睛看見的，是現實的真貌嗎？
02:04
I open my eyes
36
112866
1695
我睜大雙眼
02:06
and I have an experience that I describe
as a red tomato a meter away.
as a red tomato a meter away.
37
114561
4937
就有這體驗：
一公尺外有個紅色的番茄。
一公尺外有個紅色的番茄。
02:12
As a result, I come to believe
that in reality,
that in reality,
38
120606
3243
結果是，我相信
在現實中，
在現實中，
02:15
there's a red tomato a meter away.
39
123849
2642
有個紅色的番茄在一公尺之外。
02:18
I then close my eyes, and my experience
changes to a gray field,
changes to a gray field,
40
126751
4864
然後我閉上雙眼，我的體驗
就變了是一片灰色的面了。
就變了是一片灰色的面了。
02:24
but is it still the case that in reality,
there's a red tomato a meter away?
there's a red tomato a meter away?
41
132425
5166
這意味著在現實中，
仍有這麽一個紅番茄在一公尺之外嗎？
仍有這麽一個紅番茄在一公尺之外嗎？
02:30
I think so, but could I be wrong?
42
138361
3552
是的。但這念頭會不會是錯的呢？
02:33
Could I be misinterpreting
the nature of my perceptions?
the nature of my perceptions?
43
141913
4598
會不會我錯誤地詮釋了
知覺的實質呢？
知覺的實質呢？
02:39
We have misinterpreted
our perceptions before.
our perceptions before.
44
147351
3200
我們有過錯誤地詮釋了
知覺的先例。
知覺的先例。
02:42
We used to think the Earth is flat,
because it looks that way.
because it looks that way.
45
150551
3459
我們曾以爲地球是扁的，
以爲它看起來就是扁的。
以爲它看起來就是扁的。
02:46
Pythagorus discovered that we were wrong.
46
154707
2879
Pythagorus發現我們相錯了。
02:49
Then we thought that the Earth
is the unmoving center of the Universe,
is the unmoving center of the Universe,
47
157586
4012
然後我們又以爲地球
是宇宙的固定的中心。
是宇宙的固定的中心。
02:53
again because it looks that way.
48
161603
1903
也是因爲當時看來就那樣。
02:56
Copernicus and Galileo discovered,
again, that we were wrong.
again, that we were wrong.
49
164406
4906
Copernicus 和 Galileo 再次發現
我們又錯了。
我們又錯了。
Galileo 接著琢磨是否我們
錯誤地詮釋了自己的體驗，
錯誤地詮釋了自己的體驗，
03:01
Galileo then wondered if we might
be misinterpreting our experiences
be misinterpreting our experiences
50
169312
4088
03:05
in other ways.
51
173400
1508
在其他方面出錯了。
03:06
He wrote: "I think that tastes,
odors, colors, and so on
odors, colors, and so on
52
174908
5009
他寫到："我認爲味道、
氣味、顔色等等
氣味、顔色等等
03:11
reside in consciousness.
53
179917
2004
是存在於意識當中的。
03:14
Hence if the living creature were removed,
all these qualities would be annihilated."
all these qualities would be annihilated."
54
182291
5752
正是如此，如果活體沒有了，
所有這些特質也會化爲烏有了。"
所有這些特質也會化爲烏有了。"
03:20
Now, that's a stunning claim.
55
188955
1839
這可是個大膽的斷言。
03:23
Could Galileo be right?
56
191184
1811
Galileo會不會是對的呢？
03:24
Could we really be misinterpreting
our experiences that badly?
our experiences that badly?
57
192995
4598
我們會不會真的非常錯誤地
詮釋自己的體驗呢？
詮釋自己的體驗呢？
03:29
What does modern science
have to say about this?
have to say about this?
58
197593
2561
當今的科學研究能
對此有什麽看法呢？
對此有什麽看法呢？
03:32
Well, neuroscientists tell us
that about a third of the brain's cortex
that about a third of the brain's cortex
59
200704
5224
神經科學們說
我們的大腦的三分之一
我們的大腦的三分之一
03:37
is engaged in vision.
60
205928
1858
都有用在視覺上面。
03:39
When you simply open your eyes
and look about this room,
and look about this room,
61
207786
3506
我們衹要單單地睜開眼睛
環視一下這講座間，
環視一下這講座間，
03:43
billions of neurons
and trillions of synapses are engaged.
and trillions of synapses are engaged.
62
211292
4272
數億神經元和
數萬億突觸就已經被用上了。
數萬億突觸就已經被用上了。
03:47
Now, this is a bit surprising,
63
215564
1608
這稍微有點意想不到。
03:49
because to the extent that
we think about vision at all,
we think about vision at all,
64
217172
2641
因爲衹從視覺這點來説，
03:51
we think of it as like a camera.
65
219813
2837
我們衹把當作是照相機。
03:54
It just takes a picture
of objective reality as it is.
of objective reality as it is.
66
222650
3940
它拍個照
把現實客觀地呈現出來。
把現實客觀地呈現出來。
03:58
Now, there is a part of vision
that's like a camera:
that's like a camera:
67
226590
3700
我們視覺的一部分
確實像一照相機：
確實像一照相機：
04:02
the eye has a lens that focuses
an image on the back of the eye
an image on the back of the eye
68
230290
4639
眼睛有個晶體能調焦
把物像聚焦到眼睛後部。
把物像聚焦到眼睛後部。
04:06
where there are 130 million
photoreceptors,
photoreceptors,
69
234929
3390
後部有1億3千萬個
光感受器，
光感受器，
04:10
so the eye is like a 130-megapixel camera.
70
238319
3900
因此我們的眼睛就像個
1億3千萬像素的攝影機。
1億3千萬像素的攝影機。
04:14
But that doesn't explain
the billions of neurons
the billions of neurons
71
242219
3483
但是這個解釋不了
數億神經元
數億神經元
04:17
and trillions of synapses
that are engaged in vision.
that are engaged in vision.
72
245702
3622
和數萬億突觸
在視覺上到底起什麽作用。
在視覺上到底起什麽作用。
04:21
What are these neurons up to?
73
249324
2299
這些神經元到底在做什麽呢？
04:23
Well, neuroscientists tell us
that they are creating, in real time,
that they are creating, in real time,
74
251623
4207
神經科學家們說
它們在實時地生造
它們在實時地生造
04:27
all the shapes, objects, colors,
and motions that we see.
and motions that we see.
75
255830
4330
我們正目睹著的各種形狀、物體、顔色
和行進中的東西。
和行進中的東西。
04:32
It feels like we're just taking a snapshot
of this room the way it is,
of this room the way it is,
76
260160
3491
就像是我們衹是在
如實地抓拍這個房間。
如實地抓拍這個房間。
04:35
but in fact, we're constructing
everything that we see.
everything that we see.
77
263651
3575
但事實是，我們看見的所有東西
都是構建出來的。
都是構建出來的。
04:39
We don't construct
the whole world at once.
the whole world at once.
78
267226
3181
我們不是一次性地
構建整個物界。
構建整個物界。
04:42
We construct what we need in the moment.
79
270407
2765
我們衹在需要的當時一刻構建。
04:45
Now, there are many demonstrations
that are quite compelling
that are quite compelling
80
273542
3367
有很多演示可以非常
有力地驗證
有力地驗證
04:48
that we construct what we see.
81
276909
1811
我們看見的東西都是構造出來的。
04:50
I'll just show you two.
82
278720
2043
我做兩個演示給大家看看。
04:52
In this example, you see some red discs
with bits cut out of them,
with bits cut out of them,
83
280763
5766
演示一，你看見些紅色的圓形
每個都有缺口的。
每個都有缺口的。
04:58
but if I just rotate
the disks a little bit,
the disks a little bit,
84
286529
2941
如果我把這些圓形稍微
轉動一下，
轉動一下，
05:01
suddenly, you see a 3D cube
pop out of the screen.
pop out of the screen.
85
289470
4737
馬上，你看見的是個立體方塊
從螢幕上脫穎而出。
從螢幕上脫穎而出。
05:06
Now, the screen of course is flat,
86
294207
2833
別忘了，這螢幕是平的哦。
05:09
so the three-dimensional cube
that you're experiencing
that you're experiencing
87
297040
2600
所以你體驗到的這個
三度空間方塊
三度空間方塊
05:11
must be your construction.
88
299640
2977
一定是你構造出來的。
05:15
In this next example,
89
303397
1913
演示二，
05:17
you see glowing blue bars
with pretty sharp edges
with pretty sharp edges
90
305310
4224
你看見些發光的藍條子
邊邊挺鋒利的，
邊邊挺鋒利的，
05:21
moving across a field of dots.
91
309534
3184
不停地在一個很多點的
面上移動。
面上移動。
事實上呢，那些點沒動過。
05:25
In fact, no dots move.
92
313708
3137
05:28
All I'm doing from frame to frame
is changing the colors of dots
is changing the colors of dots
93
316845
4621
我衹是一帧一帧地
轉換小點的顔色
轉換小點的顔色
從藍轉成黑，或從黑轉成藍。
05:33
from blue to black or black to blue.
94
321466
2461
05:35
But when I do this quickly,
95
323927
1834
當我轉得快的時候，
05:37
your visual system creates
the glowing blue bars
the glowing blue bars
96
325761
3715
你的視覺系統就生造了
發光的藍條子，
發光的藍條子，
05:41
with the sharp edges and the motion.
97
329476
2671
邊邊挺鋒利的，不斷行進著。
05:44
There are many more examples,
but these are just two
but these are just two
98
332147
2670
有很多這樣的例子的。
這裏衹是兩個
這裏衹是兩個
05:46
that you construct what you see.
99
334817
2763
演示了你在構建所見東西。
05:49
But neuroscientists go further.
100
337580
2375
神經科學家們還說了更進一步的。
他們說我們重新構建了現實。
05:53
They say that we reconstruct reality.
101
341395
5101
05:58
So, when I have an experience
that I describe as a red tomato,
that I describe as a red tomato,
102
346496
4226
當我有一項可以被説成是
紅色的番茄的體驗時
紅色的番茄的體驗時
06:02
that experience is actually
an accurate reconstruction
an accurate reconstruction
103
350722
4133
這體驗其實是
你如實地構建了
你如實地構建了
06:06
of the properties of a real red tomato
104
354855
2115
一個真的紅色番茄的屬性，
06:08
that would exist
even if I weren't looking.
even if I weren't looking.
105
356970
3295
即使我不看著的時候
它也存在的屬性。
它也存在的屬性。
06:13
Now, why would neuroscientists
say that we don't just construct,
say that we don't just construct,
106
361595
3221
現在要問了，爲何神經科學家說
我們不單衹構建，
我們不單衹構建，
06:16
we reconstruct?
107
364816
1880
我們還重新構建？
06:18
Well, the standard argument given
108
366696
2531
標準論點都是
06:21
is usually an evolutionary one.
109
369227
2554
屬於進化理論的。
我們的祖先當中
誰視力更精確
誰視力更精確
06:24
Those of our ancestors
who saw more accurately
who saw more accurately
110
372941
2439
誰就比視力沒那麽精確的
更有競爭優勢，
更有競爭優勢，
06:27
had a competitive advantage compared
to those who saw less accurately,
to those who saw less accurately,
111
375380
4853
於是他們有更大機會
傳宗接代。
傳宗接代。
06:32
and therefore they were more likely
to pass on their genes.
to pass on their genes.
112
380233
2756
06:34
We are the offspring of those
who saw more accurately,
who saw more accurately,
113
382989
3391
我們是那些視力更精確的
祖先的後代，
祖先的後代，
06:38
and so we can be confident that,
in the normal case,
in the normal case,
114
386380
2769
故可以很有信心地相信
在正常情況下，
在正常情況下，
06:41
our perceptions are accurate.
115
389149
2531
我們的知覺是精確的。
06:43
You see this in the standard textbooks.
116
391680
3695
這個在標準課本都能看到。
06:47
One textbook says, for example,
117
395375
1994
例如有本課本說：
06:49
"Evolutionarily speaking,
118
397369
1971
"從進化角度說，
視覺有用恰恰是因爲
它精確無疑。“
它精確無疑。“
06:51
vision is useful precisely
because it is so accurate."
because it is so accurate."
119
399340
4043
06:55
So the idea is that accurate perceptions
are fitter perceptions.
are fitter perceptions.
120
403383
4798
即是說，精確的知覺
是更優良的知覺。
是更優良的知覺。
07:00
They give you a survival advantage.
121
408181
2144
它能給你生存的優勢。
07:02
Now, is this correct?
122
410325
1915
問題是，這説法正確嗎？
是對進化理論的
正確的詮釋嗎？
正確的詮釋嗎？
07:04
Is this the right interpretation
of evolutionary theory?
of evolutionary theory?
123
412240
2659
07:06
Well, let's first look at a couple
of examples in nature.
of examples in nature.
124
414899
3381
我們可以先看看兩個
自然界的例子。
自然界的例子。
07:10
The Australian jewel beetle
125
418800
2438
澳洲的珠甲蟲
07:13
is dimpled, glossy and brown.
126
421238
3111
樣子帶點、帶亮澤、呈棕色。
07:16
The female is flightless.
127
424349
2345
雌性的不能飛。
07:18
The male flies, looking,
of course, for a hot female.
of course, for a hot female.
128
426694
4017
雄性的能飛、四處尋找
魅力無限的雌蟲。
魅力無限的雌蟲。
07:22
When he finds one, he alights and mates.
129
430711
3948
每找到一隻，牠就騎其上，與之交配。
07:26
There's another species in the outback,
130
434659
2471
在荒野上還有另一個物種，
07:29
Homo sapiens.
131
437130
1334
叫智人類。
07:30
The male of this species
has a massive brain
has a massive brain
132
438464
3067
這物種的男性
腦袋奇大，
腦袋奇大，
07:33
that he uses to hunt for cold beer.
133
441531
3948
都用在四處找冰鎮啤酒的功夫上了。
07:37
(Laughter)
134
445889
1279
(笑聲)
07:39
And when he finds one, he drains it,
135
447168
2374
每找到一瓶他就喝一瓶，
07:41
and sometimes throws the bottle
into the outback.
into the outback.
136
449542
3390
有時喝完就把瓶子
撩荒野上了。
撩荒野上了。
07:44
Now, as it happens, these bottles
are dimpled, glossy,
are dimpled, glossy,
137
452932
4248
無巧不成書，這些瓶子也是
樣子帶點、帶亮澤、
樣子帶點、帶亮澤、
07:49
and just the right shade of brown
to tickle the fancy of these beetles.
to tickle the fancy of these beetles.
138
457180
4140
而棕色的色度也剛好能
讓這些珠甲蟲幻想連天的。
讓這些珠甲蟲幻想連天的。
07:54
The males swarm all over
the bottles trying to mate.
the bottles trying to mate.
139
462772
3463
雄甲蟲見啤酒瓶就騎
上上下下要與之交配。
上上下下要與之交配。
07:59
They lose all interest
in the real females.
in the real females.
140
467582
2787
如是，牠們對真格的
雌蟲倒沒丁點兒興趣了。
雌蟲倒沒丁點兒興趣了。
08:02
Classic case of the male
leaving the female for the bottle.
leaving the female for the bottle.
141
470369
4203
典型的雄性爲了酒瓶
疏遠了雌性的案例。
疏遠了雌性的案例。
08:06
(Laughter) (Applause)
142
474572
2947
(笑聲)(掌聲)
08:11
The species almost went extinct.
143
479402
2371
該物種幾乎絕種。
08:14
Australia had to change its bottles
to save its beetles.
to save its beetles.
144
482443
4309
澳洲得把瓶子改了
才挽救了珠甲蟲。
才挽救了珠甲蟲。
08:18
(Laughter)
145
486752
3000
(笑聲)
08:21
Now, the males had successfully
found females for thousands,
found females for thousands,
146
489752
4208
那些雄蟲幾千年來
都能準確無誤的找到雌蟲，
都能準確無誤的找到雌蟲，
08:25
perhaps millions of years.
147
493960
2438
很可能幾百萬年都如此。
08:28
It looked like they saw reality
as it is, but apparently not.
as it is, but apparently not.
148
496398
4434
似乎牠們見到的就是現實的本貌。
很顯然，事實並不如此。
很顯然，事實並不如此。
08:32
Evolution had given them a hack.
149
500832
2857
進化讓牠們習得的是一項行技而已。
08:35
A female is anything dimpled,
glossy and brown,
glossy and brown,
150
503689
4736
雌甲蟲就是帶點的、
帶亮澤的、呈棕色、
帶亮澤的、呈棕色、
08:40
the bigger the better.
151
508425
2276
越大越好。
08:42
(Laughter)
152
510701
1834
(笑聲)
08:44
Even when crawling all over the bottle,
the male couldn't discover his mistake.
the male couldn't discover his mistake.
153
512535
4840
哪怕把整個啤酒瓶都爬完了，
那雄蟲就是沒法知道自己錯那兒。
那雄蟲就是沒法知道自己錯那兒。
08:49
Now, you might say, beetles, sure,
they're very simple creatures,
they're very simple creatures,
154
517945
3645
也許你會說，甲蟲嘛，當然啦，
簡單低等，
簡單低等，
08:53
but surely not mammals.
155
521590
1858
哺乳動物肯定不會。
08:55
Mammals don't rely on tricks.
156
523448
2717
哺乳動物不需依賴伎倆。
08:58
Well, I won't dwell on this,
but you get the idea. (Laughter)
but you get the idea. (Laughter)
157
526165
6013
這我就不多説了，
你們懂的。(笑聲)
你們懂的。(笑聲)
09:04
So this raises an important
technical question:
technical question:
158
532178
3158
因此這就引出一重要的
技術上的問題：
技術上的問題：
09:07
Does natural selection really favor
seeing reality as it is?
seeing reality as it is?
159
535336
5991
自然篩選真的偏袒
所見如實嗎？
所見如實嗎？
09:13
Fortunately, we don't have
to wave our hands and guess;
to wave our hands and guess;
160
541877
3536
幸好，我們無需
揮舞雙手東猜西猜；
揮舞雙手東猜西猜；
09:17
evolution is a mathematically
precise theory.
precise theory.
161
545413
3181
進化論是一項數學根據
精確的理論。
精確的理論。
09:20
We can use the equations of evolution
to check this out.
to check this out.
162
548594
3553
我們可以用進化等式
來探究一下。
來探究一下。
09:24
We can have various organisms
in artificial worlds compete
in artificial worlds compete
163
552147
4153
我們可以把不同生物放到
放到多個人造物界裏競爭，
放到多個人造物界裏競爭，
09:28
and see which survive and which thrive,
164
556300
1953
看看誰生存下來，
誰茁壯成長，
誰茁壯成長，
09:30
which sensory systems are more fit.
165
558253
3553
哪一個感官系統更優良。
09:33
A key notion in those
equations is fitness.
equations is fitness.
166
561806
4085
這裏面各個等式中
最關鍵的元素是體良。
最關鍵的元素是體良。
09:37
Consider this steak:
167
565891
2695
看看這枚牛排：
對於某動物的體良來説
這牛排起什麽作用？
這牛排起什麽作用？
09:41
What does this steak do
for the fitness of an animal?
for the fitness of an animal?
168
569956
2962
09:45
Well, for a hungry lion looking to eat,
it enhances fitness.
it enhances fitness.
169
573438
6016
對於一隻正在尋食的獅子來説，
它能促進體良。
它能促進體良。
09:52
For a well-fed lion looking to mate,
it doesn't enhance fitness.
it doesn't enhance fitness.
170
580179
4594
對於一喫飽了的、衹想交配的獅子呢，
它不會促進體良。
它不會促進體良。
09:58
And for a rabbit in any state,
it doesn't enhance fitness,
it doesn't enhance fitness,
171
586053
3871
對於一隻任何狀態下的兔子來説呢，
它不促進體良。
它不促進體良。
10:01
so fitness does depend
on reality as it is, yes,
on reality as it is, yes,
172
589924
4124
如此，體良是有賴於
所見如實，對的，
所見如實，對的，
但同時也有賴於有機體本身、
其狀態及行動。
其狀態及行動。
10:06
but also on the organism,
its state and its action.
its state and its action.
173
594048
4188
10:10
Fitness is not the same thing
as reality as it is,
as reality as it is,
174
598236
3553
體良和能見現實真貌
不是一碼事。
不是一碼事。
10:13
and it's fitness,
and not reality as it is,
and not reality as it is,
175
601789
3483
是體良，
而不是現實真貌，
而不是現實真貌，
10:17
that figures centrally
in the equations of evolution.
in the equations of evolution.
176
605272
4179
占據了進化論等式
的中心位置。
的中心位置。
10:21
So, in my lab,
177
609451
3191
在我的實驗室裏，
我們操運過成百上千個
進化游戲模擬，
進化游戲模擬，
10:24
we have run hundreds of thousands
of evolutionary game simulations
of evolutionary game simulations
178
612642
3775
10:28
with lots of different
randomly chosen worlds
randomly chosen worlds
179
616417
3065
配有衆多不同的
隨機選出的物界，
隨機選出的物界，
10:31
and organisms that compete
for resources in those worlds.
for resources in those worlds.
180
619482
4179
各物界裏各種有機體
進行競爭，占獲資源。
進行競爭，占獲資源。
10:35
Some of the organisms
see all of the reality,
see all of the reality,
181
623661
4319
一部分有機體
能看見全部物界的真貌，
能看見全部物界的真貌，
其他有機體則衹看到現實的一部分，
10:39
others see just part of the reality,
182
627980
1889
還有的對現實的真貌熟視無睹，
10:41
and some see none of the reality,
183
629869
2105
10:43
only fitness.
184
631974
1766
衹看見體良一樣東西。
10:46
Who wins?
185
634240
1580
誰贏了呢?
10:48
Well, I hate to break it to you,
but perception of reality goes extinct.
but perception of reality goes extinct.
186
636290
5965
説來你也許不信，
能看見現實真貌的都絕種了。
能看見現實真貌的都絕種了。
10:54
In almost every simulation,
187
642255
1909
在每一個模擬中，
10:56
organisms that see none of reality
188
644164
2182
對現實熟視無睹的，
10:58
but are just tuned to fitness
189
646346
2090
衹單單看到體良的那些有機體
11:00
drive to extinction all the organisms
that perceive reality as it is.
that perceive reality as it is.
190
648436
5224
把能看到現實真貌的有機體
都趕到絕種了。
都趕到絕種了。
11:05
So the bottom line is, evolution
does not favor vertical,
does not favor vertical,
191
653660
4590
説到底，進化既不
眷顧高低向知覺，
眷顧高低向知覺，
11:10
or accurate perceptions.
192
658250
1656
也不眷顧精密知覺。
11:11
Those perceptions of reality go extinct.
193
659906
3762
能看得見現實真貌的都絕種了。
11:15
Now, this is a bit stunning.
194
663668
2020
好吧，這觀察有點驚人。
11:17
How can it be that not seeing
the world accurately
the world accurately
195
665688
3682
不能精確看到現實真貌
爲何能
爲何能
11:21
gives us a survival advantage?
196
669370
1820
使我們有生存的優勢？
11:23
That is a bit counterintuitive.
197
671190
2113
這有點反直覺。
11:25
But remember the jewel beetle.
198
673303
1835
但別忘了剛才講到的珠甲蟲。
11:27
The jewel beetle survived
for thousands, perhaps millions of years,
for thousands, perhaps millions of years,
199
675138
3761
珠甲蟲幾千年，可能幾百萬年
都活下來了，
都活下來了，
11:30
using simple tricks and hacks.
200
678899
2694
靠的是簡單的片長薄技。
11:33
What the equations
of evolution are telling us
of evolution are telling us
201
681593
3177
進化制衡向我們顯示的是
11:36
is that all organisms, including us,
are in the same boat as the jewel beetle.
are in the same boat as the jewel beetle.
202
684770
5643
所有的有機體，包括我們，
和珠甲蟲面對的是一樣的。
和珠甲蟲面對的是一樣的。
11:42
We do not see reality as it is.
203
690413
1930
我們看見的不是現實的真貌。
11:44
We're shaped with tricks
and hacks that keep us alive.
and hacks that keep us alive.
204
692343
4272
我們是由那些讓我們活下來的
片長薄技塑造出來的。
片長薄技塑造出來的。
11:48
Still,
205
696615
2020
當然，
11:50
we need some help with our intuitions.
206
698635
2067
我們也需要依靠直覺的某些幫助。
11:52
How can not perceiving
reality as it is be useful?
reality as it is be useful?
207
700702
4783
爲何不看見現實的真貌
會如此有用呢？
會如此有用呢？
11:57
Well, fortunately, we have
a very helpful metaphor:
a very helpful metaphor:
208
705485
3669
很慶幸，我們有個
非常得力的比方：
非常得力的比方：
12:01
the desktop interface on your computer.
209
709154
2832
你電腦上的桌面界面。
12:03
Consider that blue icon
for a TED Talk that you're writing.
for a TED Talk that you're writing.
210
711986
4133
我們來看那個代表你正在寫的
TED Talk稿子的藍色的圖標。
TED Talk稿子的藍色的圖標。
12:08
Now, the icon is blue and rectangular
211
716119
4004
圖標是藍色的，成矩形
12:12
and in the lower right corner
of the desktop.
of the desktop.
212
720123
2381
處在桌面的右下角。
12:15
Does that mean that the text file itself
in the computer is blue,
in the computer is blue,
213
723324
4186
這意味著電腦裏面的文字文件
就是藍色的、
就是藍色的、
12:20
rectangular, and in the lower
right-hand corner of the computer?
right-hand corner of the computer?
214
728200
3755
矩形的、就處在電腦裏的
右手邊角落嗎？
右手邊角落嗎？
12:23
Of course not.
215
731955
1323
當然不是。
12:25
Anyone who thought that misinterprets
the purpose of the interface.
the purpose of the interface.
216
733278
4709
誰要是認爲是的話，就是
誤釋了界面的目的了。
誤釋了界面的目的了。
12:29
It's not there to show you
the reality of the computer.
the reality of the computer.
217
737987
2768
界面的目的不是向你
呈現電腦的真貌。
呈現電腦的真貌。
12:32
In fact, it's there to hide that reality.
218
740755
2925
事實是，界面是爲你
遮蓋電腦的真貌。
遮蓋電腦的真貌。
12:35
You don't want to know about the diodes
219
743680
1875
你並不想知道二極管、
電阻器、軟件的
兆字節之類的。
兆字節之類的。
12:37
and resistors and all
the megabytes of software.
the megabytes of software.
220
745555
2250
12:39
If you had to deal with that,
you could never write your text file
you could never write your text file
221
747805
3131
要是得跟這些打交道的話，
你永遠也沒法寫作文件，
你永遠也沒法寫作文件，
12:42
or edit your photo.
222
750936
1475
或編輯圖片了。
12:44
So the idea is that evolution
has given us an interface
has given us an interface
223
752411
4717
這樣説來，進化給我們有個
界面的意義是
界面的意義是
12:49
that hides reality and guides
adaptive behavior.
adaptive behavior.
224
757128
4315
把現實的真貌隱藏起來，
並指引適應性行爲。
並指引適應性行爲。
12:53
Space and time, as you
perceive them right now,
perceive them right now,
225
761443
3018
你目前知覺到的
空間和時間，
空間和時間，
12:56
are your desktop.
226
764461
2174
就如同你的電腦桌面。
12:58
Physical objects are simply icons
in that desktop.
in that desktop.
227
766635
4737
實質物體也就衹不過
是桌面的圖標而已。
是桌面的圖標而已。
13:04
There's an obvious objection.
228
772192
2221
有個顯而易見的反駁。
13:06
Hoffman, if you think that train
coming down the track at 200 MPH
coming down the track at 200 MPH
229
774413
3948
Hoffman, 如果你認爲對面開來
那輛時速200英里的火車
那輛時速200英里的火車
13:10
is just an icon of your desktop,
230
778361
2461
衹不過是電腦桌面的圖標，
13:12
why don't you step in front of it?
231
780822
2125
不見你一躍而上
擋前面去？
擋前面去？
13:14
And after you're gone,
and your theory with you,
and your theory with you,
232
782947
2293
等你沒命了，
和你的理論一起埋了，
和你的理論一起埋了，
13:17
we'll know that there's more
to that train than just an icon.
to that train than just an icon.
233
785240
3314
我們就知道那輛火車
不單單衹是圖標了。
不單單衹是圖標了。
13:20
Well, I wouldn't step
in front of that train
in front of that train
234
788554
2043
呵，我不會上去
擋著那火車，
擋著那火車，
13:22
for the same reason
235
790597
1556
正猶如
13:24
that I wouldn't carelessly drag
that icon to the trash can:
that icon to the trash can:
236
792153
4295
我不會掉以輕心地
把那圖標拖到回收站。
把那圖標拖到回收站。
13:28
not because I take the icon literally --
237
796448
3181
倒不是因爲我把那個圖標
當成是實物文檔----
當成是實物文檔----
13:31
the file is not literally blue
or rectangular --
or rectangular --
238
799629
3005
那份文件並非真的是藍色的、
或矩形的 ----
或矩形的 ----
13:34
but I do take it seriously.
239
802934
2326
而是我會鄭重對待那個圖標。
13:37
I could lose weeks of work.
240
805260
2031
否則我會丟失一個星期工作的内容。
13:39
Similarly, evolution has shaped us
241
807291
2554
同樣地，進化把我們塑造成
13:41
with perceptual symbols
that are designed to keep us alive.
that are designed to keep us alive.
242
809845
4436
能正確對待知覺上的代符的人
以得以生存下來。
以得以生存下來。
13:46
We'd better take them seriously.
243
814811
2465
所以我們最好不要對其掉以輕心。
13:49
If you see a snake, don't pick it up.
244
817276
2205
看見蛇了，別撿起來。
看見懸崖了，別往下跳。
13:52
If you see a cliff, don't jump off.
245
820391
2759
13:55
They're designed to keep us safe,
and we should take them seriously.
and we should take them seriously.
246
823150
3576
這些都是爲了我們的安全，
我們應該慎重其事。
我們應該慎重其事。
13:58
That does not mean that we
should take them literally.
should take them literally.
247
826726
2691
這不意味著我們應該把
代符與事物等同起來。
代符與事物等同起來。
14:01
That's a logical error.
248
829417
2254
否則就犯邏輯錯誤了。
14:03
Another objection: There's
nothing really new here.
nothing really new here.
249
831671
3205
另外一個反駁：
你説的也不是什麽新發現。
你説的也不是什麽新發現。
14:06
Physicists have told us for a long time
that the metal of that train looks solid
that the metal of that train looks solid
250
834876
3924
物理學家們很早前就說
那輛火車的鐵皮看起來堅實，
那輛火車的鐵皮看起來堅實，
14:10
but really it's mostly empty space
with microscopic particles zipping around.
with microscopic particles zipping around.
251
838800
4388
實質是大體積空間裡
有很多微觀粒子繞一起罷了。
有很多微觀粒子繞一起罷了。
14:15
There's nothing new here.
252
843188
1488
不是什麽新發現。
14:16
Well, not exactly.
253
844676
2204
呵，不全對。
14:18
It's like saying, I know that
that blue icon on the desktop
that blue icon on the desktop
254
846880
4040
這等於說，我知道
那電腦裏面的藍色圖標
那電腦裏面的藍色圖標
14:22
is not the reality of the computer,
255
850920
2299
不是電腦的真實面貌，
14:25
but if I pull out my trusty
magnifying glass and look really closely,
magnifying glass and look really closely,
256
853219
3459
如果我用個精確放大鏡
好好地靠近看清楚，
好好地靠近看清楚，
14:28
I see little pixels,
257
856678
1811
我會看見細小的像素，
14:30
and that's the reality of the computer.
258
858489
2461
那就是電腦的真貌啊。
14:32
Well, not really -- you're still
on the desktop, and that's the point.
on the desktop, and that's the point.
259
860950
3808
呵，也不全對。你仍舊沒離開
桌面本身。此爲問題的中心點了。
桌面本身。此爲問題的中心點了。
14:36
Those microscopic particles
are still in space and time:
are still in space and time:
260
864758
2996
那些微觀粒子仍然存在
於空間和時間裏面：
於空間和時間裏面：
14:39
they're still in the user interface.
261
867754
2391
它們仍舊在用戶的界面。
14:42
So I'm saying something far more radical
than those physicists.
than those physicists.
262
870145
3762
而我在說的比物理學家們說的
有更大顛覆性。
有更大顛覆性。
14:46
Finally, you might object,
263
874727
1473
最後一個反駁：
14:48
look, we all see the train,
264
876200
2559
我們大家都看見那輛火車，
14:50
therefore none of us constructs the train.
265
878759
3042
那火車不是我們當中
任一位構建出來的。
任一位構建出來的。
14:53
But remember this example.
266
881801
2090
不過，還記得這例子吧。
14:55
In this example, we all see a cube,
267
883891
2716
這裏，我們都看見一立體方塊，
但螢幕是平的。
14:59
but the screen is flat,
268
887597
2093
因此你看見的方塊
是你構建出來的。
是你構建出來的。
15:01
so the cube that you see
is the cube that you construct.
is the cube that you construct.
269
889690
2737
15:05
We all see a cube
270
893736
2043
我們都看見一個方塊。
15:07
because we all, each one of us,
constructs the cube that we see.
constructs the cube that we see.
271
895779
4859
因爲這方塊是我們，每一個人，
構建出來的。
構建出來的。
15:12
The same is true of the train.
272
900638
2060
這跟我們建構了那輛火車
是一樣的。
是一樣的。
15:14
We all see a train because
we each see the train that we construct,
we each see the train that we construct,
273
902698
4482
我們都看見一兩火車，因爲
我們每位都看見自己構建出來的火車。
我們每位都看見自己構建出來的火車。
15:19
and the same is true
of all physical objects.
of all physical objects.
274
907180
3553
我們看見的所有物理實體
都緣於這個道理。
都緣於這個道理。
我們都傾向於認爲知覺
就像個窗口，從那能看到現實的真貌。
就像個窗口，從那能看到現實的真貌。
15:24
We're inclined to think that perception
is like a window on reality as it is.
is like a window on reality as it is.
275
912343
5053
15:29
The theory of evolution is telling us
that this is an incorrect interpretation
that this is an incorrect interpretation
276
917396
5004
而進化的理論告訴我們
那是錯誤地詮釋了
那是錯誤地詮釋了
15:34
of our perceptions.
277
922400
1465
我們的知覺。
15:37
Instead, reality is more like a 3D desktop
278
925095
3544
其實，現實更如同是個
3D的桌面，
3D的桌面，
15:40
that's designed to hide
the complexity of the real world
the complexity of the real world
279
928639
3297
目的是把現實的
複雜性遮蓋起來，
複雜性遮蓋起來，
15:43
and guide adaptive behavior.
280
931936
1866
同時爲我們的適應性
行爲做指引。
行爲做指引。
15:46
Space as you perceive it is your desktop.
281
934282
2928
你目睹的空間就是你的桌面。
15:49
Physical objects are just
the icons in that desktop.
the icons in that desktop.
282
937210
3026
物理實體是
桌面上的圖標。
桌面上的圖標。
15:53
We used to think that the Earth is flat
because it looks that way.
because it looks that way.
283
941456
3670
我們以前認爲地球是扁的，
因爲看起來是扁的。
因爲看起來是扁的。
15:57
Then we thought that the Earth
is the unmoving center of reality
is the unmoving center of reality
284
945520
3134
我們又曾認爲地球是
現實世界的不移的中心，
現實世界的不移的中心，
16:00
because it looks that way.
285
948654
1724
因爲看起來如此。
16:02
We were wrong.
286
950378
1142
我們都錯了。
16:03
We had misinterpreted our perceptions.
287
951520
2670
我們都曾經錯誤地詮釋
過我們的知覺。
過我們的知覺。
16:06
Now we believe that spacetime and objects
288
954910
3409
現在呢，我們認爲時空和物體
16:10
are the nature of reality as it is.
289
958319
2614
就是現實界的真貌。
16:13
The theory of evolution is telling us
that once again, we're wrong.
that once again, we're wrong.
290
961453
3924
進化的理論再次告訴我們
我們又錯了。
我們又錯了。
16:17
We're misinterpreting the content
of our perceptual experiences.
of our perceptual experiences.
291
965377
5039
我們錯誤地詮釋了
知覺體驗的内容。
知覺體驗的内容。
16:22
There's something that exists
when you don't look,
when you don't look,
292
970416
2531
世上有些東西是你不看著
也一樣存在的，
也一樣存在的，
16:24
but it's not spacetime
and physical objects.
and physical objects.
293
972947
3403
不過不是時空和物理實體。
16:28
It's as hard for us to let go
of spacetime and objects
of spacetime and objects
294
976350
3028
我們老繞不過時空和物體。
16:31
as it is for the jewel beetle
to let go of its bottle.
to let go of its bottle.
295
979378
3483
如同那些珠甲蟲繞不過
自己看上的啤酒瓶。
自己看上的啤酒瓶。
16:34
Why? Because we're blind
to our own blindnesses.
to our own blindnesses.
296
982861
4418
爲何繞不過？我們看見
自己的看不見自己的盲點。
自己的看不見自己的盲點。
16:40
But we have an advantage
over the jewel beetle:
over the jewel beetle:
297
988409
2347
然而，相比於珠甲蟲，
我們有個優勢：
我們有個優勢：
16:42
our science and technology.
298
990756
1788
即我們的科學和技術。
16:44
By peering through the lens of a telescope
299
992544
2391
透過望遠鏡，
16:46
we discovered that the Earth
is not the unmoving center of reality,
is not the unmoving center of reality,
300
994935
4636
我們發現地球不是
現實的不移中心。
現實的不移中心。
16:51
and by peering through the lens
of the theory of evolution
of the theory of evolution
301
999571
2878
透過進化理論的
望遠鏡，
望遠鏡，
16:54
we discovered that spacetime and objects
302
1002449
2322
我們發現時空和物體
16:56
are not the nature of reality.
303
1004771
2368
不是現實的實質。
16:59
When I have a perceptual experience
that I describe as a red tomato,
that I describe as a red tomato,
304
1007139
4285
當我有被描述爲一個紅番茄
這樣知覺體驗時，
這樣知覺體驗時，
17:03
I am interacting with reality,
305
1011424
2937
我是在和現實活動。
17:06
but that reality is not a red tomato
and is nothing like a red tomato.
and is nothing like a red tomato.
306
1014361
5210
但現實不是那個紅番茄，
也和紅番茄沒有絲毫相似之處。
也和紅番茄沒有絲毫相似之處。
17:11
Similarly, when I have an experience
that I describe as a lion or a steak,
that I describe as a lion or a steak,
307
1019571
5401
同樣地，當我有一個
被描述爲獅子或牛排的體驗時，
被描述爲獅子或牛排的體驗時，
17:16
I'm interacting with reality,
308
1024972
1848
我是在和現實互動。
17:18
but that reality is not a lion or a steak.
309
1026820
3158
但現實不是獅子或牛排。
17:21
And here's the kicker:
310
1029978
2020
其實要説的是這個：
17:23
When I have a perceptual experience
that I describe as a brain, or neurons,
that I describe as a brain, or neurons,
311
1031998
4690
當我有一個被描寫爲
大腦，或神經元的體驗時，
大腦，或神經元的體驗時，
17:28
I am interacting with reality,
312
1036688
2090
我其實是在和現實互動了，
17:30
but that reality is not a brain or neurons
313
1038778
3529
而現實不是大腦或神經元，
17:34
and is nothing like a brain or neurons.
314
1042307
3498
也和大腦或神經元沒有
絲毫相似之處。
絲毫相似之處。
17:37
And that reality, whatever it is,
315
1045805
4779
現實 ----- 不管究竟爲何物，
17:42
is the real source of cause and effect
316
1050584
3611
才是真正的起因和結果的根源，
17:46
in the world -- not brains, not neurons.
317
1054195
4032
物界的根源，並非大腦，也非神經元。
17:50
Brains and neurons
have no causal powers.
have no causal powers.
318
1058227
2600
大腦和神經元沒有
導因之力。
導因之力。
17:52
They cause none of our
perceptual experiences,
perceptual experiences,
319
1060827
2601
兩者都不是導致
我們知覺體驗的根源，
我們知覺體驗的根源，
17:55
and none of our behavior.
320
1063428
1788
也不導致我們行爲的根源。
17:57
Brains and neurons are a species-specific
set of symbols, a hack.
set of symbols, a hack.
321
1065216
5376
大腦和神經元是物種各自獨特
的代符，一種符術。
的代符，一種符術。
18:02
What does this mean
for the mystery of consciousness?
for the mystery of consciousness?
322
1070592
2681
那麽，對於人意識的這個迷，
這結論意味著什麽呢？
這結論意味著什麽呢？
18:05
Well, it opens up new possibilities.
323
1073923
3993
意味著多個新的可能性。
18:09
For instance,
324
1077916
1695
例如，
18:11
perhaps reality is some vast machine
that causes our conscious experiences.
that causes our conscious experiences.
325
1079611
6979
現實可能是個龐大的機器，
是我們的有意識體驗的成因。
是我們的有意識體驗的成因。
18:18
I doubt this, but it's worth exploring.
326
1086590
3670
這個我很懷疑，不過值得探討。
18:22
Perhaps reality is some vast,
interacting network of conscious agents,
interacting network of conscious agents,
327
1090260
5349
現實可能是某種龐大的、
相互間互動的意識代理體的網絡，
相互間互動的意識代理體的網絡，
18:27
simple and complex, that cause
each other's conscious experiences.
each other's conscious experiences.
328
1095609
5573
有簡單的有複雜的，在導致
各自之間的意識體驗。
各自之間的意識體驗。
18:33
Actually, this isn't as crazy
an idea as it seems,
an idea as it seems,
329
1101182
3250
聽起來荒誕，但事實上
並不如此。
並不如此。
18:36
and I'm currently exploring it.
330
1104432
1620
這是我目前正在探索的。
18:38
But here's the point:
331
1106592
2066
論點在這：
18:40
Once we let go of our massively intuitive
332
1108658
3321
一旦我們離棄由完全憑直覺的
18:43
but massively false assumption
about the nature of reality,
about the nature of reality,
333
1111979
3924
但萬分虛假的慣想構成
的所謂現實真貌，
的所謂現實真貌，
18:47
it opens up new ways to think
about life's greatest mystery.
about life's greatest mystery.
334
1115903
4388
就能開拓很多嶄新的探討生命
最深奧的迷的方式方法。
最深奧的迷的方式方法。
18:53
I bet that reality will end up
turning out to be more fascinating
turning out to be more fascinating
335
1121251
4609
我打賭，現實一定會是
一個更引人入勝的、
一個更引人入勝的、
18:57
and unexpected than we've ever imagined.
336
1125860
3974
更出乎意料的東西，
完全超乎我們的想象的。
完全超乎我們的想象的。
19:01
The theory of evolution presents us
with the ultimate dare:
with the ultimate dare:
337
1129834
4388
進化理論給了我們
最終極的挑戰：
最終極的挑戰：
19:06
Dare to recognize that perception
is not about seeing truth,
is not about seeing truth,
338
1134222
5142
挑戰我們去肯認
知覺不是用來窺見真相的，
知覺不是用來窺見真相的，
19:11
it's about having kids.
339
1139364
4096
是引導我們繁衍後代而已。
19:15
And by the way, even this TED
is just in your head.
is just in your head.
340
1143460
4740
順帶一句，這個TED字
也衹是你的大腦使然而已。
也衹是你的大腦使然而已。
19:20
Thank you very much.
341
1148200
2044
謝謝大家。
19:22
(Applause)
342
1150244
3388
(掌聲)
C Anderson: 如果那站著的
真是你，該謝天謝地。
真是你，該謝天謝地。
19:32
Chris Anderson: If that's
really you there, thank you.
really you there, thank you.
343
1160786
3435
19:36
So there's so much from this.
344
1164221
2931
這裏講的真得車載斗量。
19:39
I mean, first of all, some people
may just be profoundly depressed
may just be profoundly depressed
345
1167152
3269
首先，有些人會深陷抑鬱的啊，
19:42
at the thought that,
if evolution does not favor reality,
if evolution does not favor reality,
346
1170421
5549
----- 一旦想到進化不優待
能見現實真貌。
能見現實真貌。
19:47
I mean, doesn't that to some extent
undermine all our endeavors here,
undermine all our endeavors here,
347
1175970
3330
那樣的話，不等於
破壞了我們的心機了嗎，
破壞了我們的心機了嗎，
19:51
all our ability to think
that we can think the truth,
that we can think the truth,
348
1179300
2684
破壞了我們一向認爲的
自己能思考真理的能力
自己能思考真理的能力
19:53
possibly even including
your own theory, if you go there?
your own theory, if you go there?
349
1181984
3506
很可能還包括你自己的
理論呢，假如那樣想下去？
理論呢，假如那樣想下去？
19:57
Donald Hoffman: Well, this does not
stop us from a successful science.
stop us from a successful science.
350
1185490
4454
D Hoffman: 呵，這不會
攔住我們在科學上頻有建樹。
攔住我們在科學上頻有建樹。
20:01
What we have is one theory
that turned out to be false,
that turned out to be false,
351
1189944
2812
這衹不過是發現了一項理論
是錯了的而已。
是錯了的而已。
20:04
that perception is like reality
and reality is like our perceptions.
and reality is like our perceptions.
352
1192756
4459
錯在認爲知覺就是現實，
現實與我們的知覺無二。
現實與我們的知覺無二。
20:09
That theory turns out to be false.
353
1197215
1685
那個理論現在看來錯了。
20:10
Okay, throw that theory away.
354
1198900
1418
把它摒棄就是了。
20:12
That doesn't stop us from now postulating
all sorts of other theories
all sorts of other theories
355
1200318
3254
但不等於會阻礙從此
可以假設其他類別的理論，
可以假設其他類別的理論，
20:15
about the nature of reality,
356
1203572
1358
其他現實實質的理論。
20:16
so it's actually progress to recognize
that one of our theories was false.
that one of our theories was false.
357
1204930
3605
這其實是進步來的，
認識到我們的理論是錯了的。
認識到我們的理論是錯了的。
20:20
So science continues as normal.
There's no problem here.
There's no problem here.
358
1208535
2658
科學照常發展。
並無大礙。
並無大礙。
20:23
CA: So you think it's possible
-- (Laughter) --
-- (Laughter) --
359
1211193
2601
Anderson: 你認爲沒事？
(笑聲)
(笑聲)
20:25
This is cool, but what you're saying
I think is it's possible that evolution
I think is it's possible that evolution
360
1213794
4110
挺瀟灑的。根據你說的，
我認爲，進化還是有可能
我認爲，進化還是有可能
使你學會辯因的。
20:29
can still get you to reason.
361
1217904
2647
Hoffman: 對。非常
到位的一點。
到位的一點。
20:32
DH: Yes. Now that's a very,
very good point.
very good point.
362
1220551
2313
20:34
The evolutionary game simulations that I
showed were specifically about perception,
showed were specifically about perception,
363
1222864
4527
我展示的各種進化游戲模擬
是專爲知覺而設的，
是專爲知覺而設的，
20:39
and they do show that our perceptions
have been shaped
have been shaped
364
1227391
2578
它們均顯示我們的知覺
被塑造成
被塑造成
20:41
not to show us reality as it is,
365
1229969
1880
不是爲了能看見現實真貌的。
20:43
but that does not mean the same thing
about our logic or mathematics.
about our logic or mathematics.
366
1231849
4273
但不等於在邏輯或數學方面
也是如此。
也是如此。
20:48
We haven't done these simulations,
but my bet is that we'll find
but my bet is that we'll find
367
1236122
3622
我們還未做那方面的模擬。
但我相信會發現
但我相信會發現
20:51
that there are some selection pressures
for our logic and our mathematics
for our logic and our mathematics
368
1239744
3622
某些篩選壓力會是
在邏輯和數學方面
在邏輯和數學方面
20:55
to be at least in the direction of truth.
369
1243366
2206
起碼是向著真理的方向發展的。
20:57
I mean, if you're like me,
math and logic is not easy.
math and logic is not easy.
370
1245572
2647
數學和邏輯都不容易掌握。
21:00
We don't get it all right, but at least
the selection pressures are not
the selection pressures are not
371
1248219
3351
我們不能全搞對，但起碼
篩選的壓力
篩選的壓力
21:03
uniformly away from true math and logic.
372
1251570
2338
沒有呈現與數學及邏輯
全綫背道而馳。
全綫背道而馳。
21:05
So I think that we'll find that we have
to look at each cognitive faculty
to look at each cognitive faculty
373
1253908
3320
我認爲我們將要
祥觀每一項認知能力
祥觀每一項認知能力
21:09
one at a time and see
what evolution does to it.
what evolution does to it.
374
1257228
2624
逐項研究，看看
進化對其做是什麽影響。
進化對其做是什麽影響。
21:11
What's true about perception may not
be true about math and logic.
be true about math and logic.
375
1259852
3761
能解釋知覺的不一定能
解釋數學和邏輯。
解釋數學和邏輯。
21:15
CA: I mean, really what you're proposing
is a kind of modern-day Bishop Berkeley
is a kind of modern-day Bishop Berkeley
376
1263613
3994
Anderson: 你的論題提出的
相當於現代Bishop Berkeley
相當於現代Bishop Berkeley
21:19
interpretation of the world:
377
1267607
2391
對物界的詮釋：
21:21
consciousness causes matter,
not the other way around.
not the other way around.
378
1269998
2949
意識引致物質，
不是物質引致意識。
不是物質引致意識。
21:24
DH: Well, it's slightly
different than Berkeley.
different than Berkeley.
379
1272947
2392
Hoffman: 和Berkeley的
少有差異。
少有差異。
21:27
Berkeley thought that, he was a deist,
and he thought that the ultimate
and he thought that the ultimate
380
1275339
3362
神論者轉自然論者
Berkeley 認爲
Berkeley 認爲
21:30
nature of reality is God
and so forth,
and so forth,
381
1278701
2039
最終來説現實是上帝
等等，
等等，
21:32
and I don't need to go
where Berkeley's going,
where Berkeley's going,
382
1280740
3110
而我不需要走
Berkeley那條路。
Berkeley那條路。
21:35
so it's quite a bit
different from Berkeley.
different from Berkeley.
383
1283850
2695
所以和Berkeley
是有頗大異處的。
是有頗大異處的。
21:39
I call this conscious realism.
It's actually a very different approach.
It's actually a very different approach.
384
1287725
3510
我的理論叫意識真實論,
一項非常不同的探究方法。
一項非常不同的探究方法。
21:43
CA: Don, I could literally talk with you
for hours, and I hope to do that.
for hours, and I hope to do that.
385
1291235
3590
Anderson: Don，我倆可以談上
幾個小時。希望能做到。
幾個小時。希望能做到。
21:46
Thanks so much for that.
DH: Thank you. (Applause)
DH: Thank you. (Applause)
386
1294825
2473
非常感謝。
Hoffman: 謝謝。(掌聲)
Hoffman: 謝謝。(掌聲)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Donald Hoffman - Cognitive scientistDonald Hoffman studies how our visual perception, guided by millions of years of natural selection, authors every aspect of our everyday reality.
Why you should listen
In his research to uncover the underlying secrets of human perception, Donald Hoffman has discovered important clues pointing to the subjective nature of reality.
Rather than as a set of absolute physical principles, reality is best understood as a set of phenomena our brain constructs to guide our behavior. To put it simply: we actively create everything we see, and there is no aspect of reality that does not depend on consciousness.
Hoffman is a faculty member at UC Irvine and a recipient of the Troland Award of the US National Academy of Sciences.
Donald Hoffman | Speaker | TED.com