ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Margaret Heffernan - Management thinker
The former CEO of five businesses, Margaret Heffernan explores the all-too-human thought patterns -- like conflict avoidance and selective blindness -- that lead organizations and managers astray.

Why you should listen

How do organizations think? In her book Willful Blindness, Margaret Heffernan examines why businesses and the people who run them often ignore the obvious -- with consequences as dire as the global financial crisis and Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster.

Heffernan began her career in television production, building a track record at the BBC before going on to run the film and television producer trade association IPPA. In the US, Heffernan became a serial entrepreneur and CEO in the wild early days of web business. She now blogs for the Huffington Post and BNET.com. Her latest book, Beyond Measure, a TED Books original, explores the small steps companies can make that lead to big changes in their culture.

More profile about the speaker
Margaret Heffernan | Speaker | TED.com
TEDWomen 2015

Margaret Heffernan: Forget the pecking order at work

瑪格麗特·赫弗南: 摒棄職場論資排輩就從現在開始

Filmed:
3,377,127 views

公司組織通常以「超級王牌模式」管理員工,價值都集中在表現超群的明星員工上。但是,這並非高成就團隊的成功因素。企業領袖瑪格麗特·赫弗南觀察到,社會凝聚力──給員工休息時間,讓員工能彼此求助──才是達到成效的重點。這場演說翻轉我們對如何做到最好及什麼是領導的看法。正如赫弗南所說:「公司本身沒有想法,員工才有。」
- Management thinker
The former CEO of five businesses, Margaret Heffernan explores the all-too-human thought patterns -- like conflict avoidance and selective blindness -- that lead organizations and managers astray. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:12
An evolutionary發展的 biologist生物學家
at Purdue普渡 University大學
0
717
3297
普渡大學有一位進化生物學家
00:16
named命名 William威廉 Muir繆爾 studied研究 chickens.
1
4014
3146
名叫威廉·繆爾,他研究雞。
00:19
He was interested有興趣 in productivity生產率 --
2
7520
1729
他對生產力非常有興趣──
00:21
I think it's something
that concerns關注 all of us --
3
9249
2290
我想這是大家都關心的問題──
00:23
but it's easy簡單 to measure測量 in chickens
because you just count計數 the eggs.
4
11539
3288
但是要量雞的生產力很容易,
因為你只要算有多少蛋就好。
00:26
(Laughter笑聲)
5
14827
1700
(笑聲)
00:28
He wanted to know what could make
his chickens more productive生產的,
6
16527
3417
他想知道要怎麼做
才能讓他的雞增進生產力,
00:31
so he devised設計 a beautiful美麗 experiment實驗.
7
19944
2926
所以他設計了一套很妙的實驗。
00:34
Chickens live生活 in groups, so first of all,
he selected just an average平均 flock,
8
22870
4458
雞是群居的動物,所以首先
他選了一群很普通的雞,
00:39
and he let it alone單獨 for six generations.
9
27328
3390
任牠們自由生長、繁衍六代。
00:42
But then he created創建 a second第二 group
10
30718
2089
但是之後他弄了第二群雞,
00:44
of the individually個別地
most productive生產的 chickens --
11
32807
2508
由最有生產力的雞隻組成,
00:47
you could call them superchickenssuperchickens --
12
35315
2955
你可以叫牠們超級王牌雞,
00:50
and he put them together一起 in a superflocksuperflock,
13
38270
2107
然後他把牠們組成超級王牌雞群,
00:52
and each generation, he selected
only the most productive生產的 for breeding配種.
14
40377
4698
他在每一代中只選出
最有生產力的繼續繁殖。
00:57
After six generations had passed通過,
15
45415
2554
經過六代之後,
00:59
what did he find?
16
47969
1748
他發現了什麼?
01:01
Well, the first group, the average平均 group,
was doing just fine.
17
49717
3831
第一群雞,很普通的那群,
表現良好。
01:05
They were all plump豐滿 and fully充分 feathered羽毛
18
53548
2526
牠們各個胖嘟嘟、羽毛豐盈,
01:08
and egg production生產
had increased增加 dramatically顯著.
19
56074
2278
蛋的產量大幅增加。
01:10
What about the second第二 group?
20
58702
1857
第二群雞呢?
01:13
Well, all but three were dead.
21
61419
1874
只剩三隻,其他都死了。
這三隻把其他的都啄死了。
01:16
They'd他們會 pecked the rest休息 to death死亡.
22
64253
2160
01:18
(Laughter笑聲)
23
66413
1577
(笑聲)
01:19
The individually個別地 productive生產的 chickens
had only achieved實現 their success成功
24
67990
5511
生產力高的雞隻會成功只是因為
01:25
by suppressing抑制 the productivity生產率
of the rest休息.
25
73501
4663
抑制其他雞隻的產能。
01:30
Now, as I've gone走了 around the world世界
talking about this and telling告訴 this story故事
26
78830
3695
在我環遊世界演講這個主題
說這個故事的時候,
01:34
in all sorts排序 of organizations組織
and companies公司,
27
82525
2252
各種組織及公司的人
01:36
people have seen看到
the relevance關聯 almost幾乎 instantly即刻,
28
84777
2576
都能馬上會意,
01:39
and they come up and they say
things to me like,
29
87353
2306
他們會走過來對我說:
01:41
"That superflocksuperflock, that's my company公司."
30
89659
3091
「那群超級王牌雞,
我的公司就是那樣。」
01:44
(Laughter笑聲)
31
92750
1965
(笑聲)
01:46
Or, "That's my country國家."
32
94715
3511
或是,「我的國家就是那樣。」
01:50
Or, "That's my life."
33
98226
2092
或是,「那就是我的人生寫照。」
01:52
All my life I've been told that the way
we have to get ahead is to compete競爭:
34
100798
3924
我一生都聽到有人說,
如果我們要出人頭地非得競爭:
01:56
get into the right school學校,
get into the right job工作, get to the top最佳,
35
104722
4032
去好學校,找好工作,晉升到頂端,
02:00
and I've really never found發現 it
very inspiring鼓舞人心.
36
108754
3738
但我從來都不覺得
這有什麼啟發性。
02:04
I've started開始 and run businesses企業
because invention發明 is a joy喜悅,
37
112492
4783
我開始開公司是因為
發明是種喜悅,
02:09
and because working加工 alongside並肩
brilliant輝煌, creative創作的 people
38
117275
3320
而且與聰明、
有創意的人一同工作
02:12
is its own擁有 reward獎勵.
39
120595
1480
本身就是一種獎勵。
02:14
And I've never really felt very motivated動機
by pecking orders命令 or by superchickenssuperchickens
40
122755
5642
我從不覺得論資排輩
或超級王牌雞
02:20
or by superstars超級巨星.
41
128397
2569
或超級明星員工制度能夠激勵我。
02:23
But for the past過去 50 years年份,
42
131276
1944
但是過去 50 年,
02:25
we've我們已經 run most organizations組織
and some societies社會
43
133220
4232
我們管理大部分的組織及某些社會
02:29
along沿 the superchickensuperchicken model模型.
44
137452
2318
都是用這種超級王牌模式。
02:31
We've我們已經 thought that success成功 is achieved實現
by picking選擇 the superstars超級巨星,
45
139960
3622
我們都以為成功就是選出超級員工,
02:35
the brightest men男人,
or occasionally偶爾 women婦女, in the room房間,
46
143582
4149
選出公司裡最聰明的人,
偶爾會是女性,
02:39
and giving them all the resources資源
and all the power功率.
47
147731
3359
給他們所有的資源及權力。
02:43
And the result結果 has been just the same相同
as in William威廉 Muir's繆爾 experiment實驗:
48
151430
4063
但結果卻和威廉·繆爾的
實驗一模一樣:
02:47
aggression侵略, dysfunction功能障礙 and waste浪費.
49
155493
4969
侵略、無法發揮功效、浪費。
02:52
If the only way the most productive生產的
can be successful成功
50
160462
4110
如果最有生產力的人僅能以
02:56
is by suppressing抑制
the productivity生產率 of the rest休息,
51
164572
3181
壓抑其他人的生產力來取得成功,
02:59
then we badly need to find
a better way to work
52
167753
3483
那我們真的迫切需要找到
更好的工作方式,
03:03
and a richer更豐富 way to live生活.
53
171236
2774
及更好的生活方式。
03:06
(Applause掌聲)
54
174510
4411
(掌聲)
03:10
So what is it that makes品牌 some groups
55
178921
3994
所以到底是什麼讓某些團體
03:14
obviously明顯 more successful成功
and more productive生產的 than others其他?
56
182915
3475
顯然比其他團體更成功、更有效率?
03:18
Well, that's the question
a team球隊 at MITMIT took to research研究.
57
186700
3274
那正是麻省理工
某個研究團體的主題。
03:21
They brought in hundreds數以百計 of volunteers志願者,
58
189974
2426
他們找了數百位志願者,
03:24
they put them into groups, and they
gave them very hard problems問題 to solve解決.
59
192400
3494
把他們分成幾組,
讓他們解決非常難的問題。
03:27
And what happened發生 was exactly究竟
what you'd expect期望,
60
195894
2731
結果如你所料,
03:30
that some groups were very much
more successful成功 than others其他,
61
198625
3306
某些小組就是比其他小組更成功,
03:33
but what was really interesting有趣
was that the high-achieving成績優異 groups
62
201931
3530
但是耐人尋味的是高成就小組
03:37
were not those where they had
one or two people
63
205461
2647
並不是小組裡有一兩位
03:40
with spectacularly壯觀 high I.Q.
64
208108
3041
超高智商的人,
03:43
Nor也不 were the most successful成功 groups
the ones那些 that had the highest最高
65
211149
3599
也不是總體智商
03:46
aggregate骨料 I.Q.
66
214748
2369
最高的小組。
03:49
Instead代替, they had three characteristics特點,
the really successful成功 teams球隊.
67
217117
5874
相反的,最成功的團隊有三個特質。
03:54
First of all, they showed顯示 high degrees
of social社會 sensitivity靈敏度 to each other.
68
222991
5642
第一,他們對彼此顯示出
高程度的社會敏感性。
04:00
This is measured測量 by something called
the Reading the Mind心神 in the Eyes眼睛 Test測試.
69
228633
3599
這是以眼神測驗法測出。
04:04
It's broadly寬廣地 considered考慮
a test測試 for empathy同情,
70
232232
2485
它是廣為接受的一種同理心測驗,
04:06
and the groups that scored進球 highly高度 on this
71
234717
2197
這項測驗得分高的小組
04:08
did better.
72
236914
1950
表現比較好。
04:10
Secondly其次, the successful成功 groups
gave roughly大致 equal等於 time to each other,
73
238864
5108
第二,成功的小組裡
每個人都分到差不多的上場時間,
04:15
so that no one voice語音 dominated佔主導地位,
74
243972
2345
所以沒有誰的聲音比較大,
04:18
but neither也不 were there any passengers乘客.
75
246317
2786
也沒有不積極的成員。
04:21
And thirdly第三, the more successful成功 groups
76
249103
2717
第三,愈成功的小組
04:23
had more women婦女 in them.
77
251820
2345
女性成員愈多。
04:26
(Applause掌聲)
78
254165
1997
(掌聲)
04:28
Now, was this because women婦女
typically一般 score得分了 more highly高度 on
79
256162
4275
那麼,難道這是因為女人通常
在眼神測驗中得高分,
04:32
the Reading the Mind心神 in the Eyes眼睛 Test測試,
80
260437
1873
04:34
so you're getting得到 a doubling加倍 down
on the empathy同情 quotient?
81
262310
2727
所以同情智商也得高分?
04:37
Or was it because they brought
a more diverse多種 perspective透視?
82
265037
2758
或是因為她們看事情的角度更多變?
04:39
We don't really know, but the striking引人注目
thing about this experiment實驗
83
267795
4156
我們真的不知道答案,
但是這項實驗驚人之處,
04:43
is that it showed顯示 what we know, which哪一個 is
some groups do better than others其他,
84
271951
4429
在於它證實了我們所知,
即某些群體比其他群體表現更好,
04:48
but what's key to that
85
276380
2351
但是要達到如此的關鍵
04:50
is their social社會 connectedness連通
to each other.
86
278731
3647
是他們彼此之間的社會聯結。
04:55
So how does this play out
in the real真實 world世界?
87
283543
2832
所以要怎麼運用在現實生活中呢?
04:58
Well, it means手段 that what happens發生
between之間 people really counts計數,
88
286375
5341
這意味著人與人之間的
互動真的很重要,
05:03
because in groups that are highly高度
attuned合拍 and sensitive敏感 to each other,
89
291716
3808
因為在彼此間
契合度及敏感度高的群組,
05:07
ideas思路 can flow and grow增長.
90
295524
3256
想法可以自由流動及發展,
05:10
People don't get stuck卡住.
They don't waste浪費 energy能源 down dead ends結束.
91
298780
3988
大家不會卡住。
他們不會在死角上浪費精力。
05:14
An example: Arup奧雅納 is one of the world's世界
most successful成功 engineering工程 firms公司,
92
302768
4714
舉例來說:英商奧雅納是世界上
數一數二的工程顧問公司,
05:19
and it was commissioned委託 to build建立
the equestrian騎馬的 center中央
93
307482
2652
它被委託建設馬術中心
05:22
for the Beijing北京 Olympics奧運會.
94
310134
1866
給北京奧運使用。
05:24
Now, this building建造 had to receive接收
95
312000
1826
這座建築物必須能容納及照顧
05:25
two and a half thousand
really highly高度 strung串起 thoroughbred純種 horses馬匹
96
313826
5294
二千五百匹十分緊張的純種馬,
05:31
that were coming未來 off long-haul長途 flights航班,
97
319120
2089
因為牠們歷經長途飛行,
05:33
highly高度 jet-lagged噴射滯後,
not feeling感覺 their finest最好的.
98
321209
3483
時差很嚴重,不在最佳狀態。
05:36
And the problem問題
the engineer工程師 confronted面對 was,
99
324692
3412
工程師面對的問題是,
05:40
what quantity數量 of waste浪費 to cater迎合 for?
100
328104
3676
要處理多少量的排泄物?
05:44
Now, you don't get taught this
in engineering工程 school學校 -- (Laughter笑聲) --
101
332540
4644
工學院不會教你這個,
(笑聲)
05:49
and it's not really the kind of thing
you want to get wrong錯誤,
102
337184
3204
而你也絕不想搞砸這部分,
05:52
so he could have spent花費 months個月
talking to vets獸醫, doing the research研究,
103
340388
3465
工程師大可花數個月
與獸醫討論、做研究、
05:55
tweaking扭捏 the spreadsheet電子表格.
104
343853
1801
在試算表上東改西改。
05:57
Instead代替, he asked for help
105
345654
3145
然而,他卻去找人幫忙,
06:00
and he found發現 someone有人 who had designed設計
the Jockey騎師 Club俱樂部 in New York紐約.
106
348799
4486
他在紐約找到一位
曾設計過北美馬會的人。
06:05
The problem問題 was solved解決了 in less than a day.
107
353285
4119
這個問題不到一天的時間就解決了。
06:09
Arup奧雅納 believes相信 that
the culture文化 of helpfulness樂於助人
108
357404
2787
奧雅納相信樂於助人的文化
06:12
is central中央 to their success成功.
109
360191
2768
是他們成功的核心。
06:15
Now, helpfulness樂於助人 sounds聲音 really anemic貧血的,
110
363279
4121
樂於助人聽起來真的很沒力,
06:19
but it's absolutely絕對 core核心
to successful成功 teams球隊,
111
367400
4098
但這絕對是團隊成功的核心,
06:23
and it routinely常規 outperforms性能優於
individual個人 intelligence情報.
112
371498
5209
而且往往比個人智商還厲害。
06:29
Helpfulness樂於助人 means手段 I don't
have to know everything,
113
377117
3205
樂於助人意味著
我不需要全知全能,
06:32
I just have to work among其中 people
who are good at getting得到 and giving help.
114
380322
5278
我只需要與很會求助
及善於助人者一起工作就好。
06:37
At SAP樹液, they reckon估計 that you can answer回答
any question in 17 minutes分鐘.
115
385600
5761
在德商 SAP,他們算出
你可以在 17 分鐘內回答任何問題。
06:44
But there isn't a single
high-tech高科技 company公司 I've worked工作 with
116
392131
2995
但是我合作過的高科技公司,
06:47
that imagines不可想像 for a moment時刻
that this is a technology技術 issue問題,
117
395126
5445
沒有一家想過這是科技面的問題,
06:52
because what drives驅動器 helpfulness樂於助人
is people getting得到 to know each other.
118
400571
4470
因為樂於助人的風氣,
在於大家彼此熟悉。
06:57
Now that sounds聲音 so obvious明顯, and we think
it'll它會 just happen發生 normally一般,
119
405771
5011
這聽起來很顯而易見,
我們都以為這會自然發生,
07:02
but it doesn't.
120
410782
1628
卻並非如此。
07:04
When I was running賽跑
my first software軟件 company公司,
121
412410
3294
我開第一家軟體公司的時候,
07:07
I realized實現 that we were getting得到 stuck卡住.
122
415704
2034
我意識到我們卡住了。
07:09
There was a lot of friction摩擦,
but not much else其他,
123
417738
3785
公司裡除了有很多摩擦,
什麼都沒有。
07:13
and I gradually逐漸 realized實現 the brilliant輝煌,
creative創作的 people that I'd hired僱用
124
421523
4876
我漸漸了解到我僱用這些
既聰明又有創意的人
07:18
didn't know each other.
125
426399
1965
他們並不認識彼此。
07:20
They were so focused重點
on their own擁有 individual個人 work,
126
428364
3877
他們太專注於自己手上的工作,
07:24
they didn't even know
who they were sitting坐在 next下一個 to,
127
432241
3729
以至於他們根本不知道
隔壁桌坐的是誰,
直到我堅持我們一定要
放下手邊的工作、
07:27
and it was only when I insisted堅持
that we stop working加工
128
435970
2571
07:30
and invest投資 time in getting得到
to know each other
129
438541
2584
花時間彼此瞭解認識後,
07:33
that we achieved實現 real真實 momentum動量.
130
441125
3098
我們才產生真正的動力。
07:36
Now, that was 20 years年份 ago,
and now I visit訪問 companies公司
131
444813
2596
那是 20 年前的事了,
我現在去幾家公司拜訪,
07:39
that have banned取締 coffee咖啡 cups at desks書桌
132
447409
2902
看到他們禁止在桌上擺咖啡杯,
07:42
because they want people to hang out
around the coffee咖啡 machines
133
450311
3994
因為他們想要大家
聚在咖啡機旁混一混,
07:46
and talk to each other.
134
454305
1834
彼此聊聊天。
07:48
The Swedes瑞典人 even have
a special特別 term術語 for this.
135
456139
2508
瑞典人甚至還為此
發明了一個名詞。
07:50
They call it fika菲卡, which哪一個 means手段
more than a coffee咖啡 break打破.
136
458647
3360
他們說這叫啡咖,
這不僅是指休息時間而已。
07:54
It means手段 collective集體 restoration恢復.
137
462007
3606
這還意味著集體復元。
07:57
At IdexxIDEXX, a company公司 up in Maine緬因州,
138
465613
3111
愛德士這家位於緬因的公司,
08:00
they've他們已經 created創建 vegetable蔬菜 gardens花園
on campus校園 so that people
139
468724
2792
在公司園區闢了幾座菜園,
08:03
from different不同 parts部分 of the business商業
140
471516
2252
所以不同部門的人
可以一起種菜,
08:05
can work together一起 and get to know
the whole整個 business商業 that way.
141
473768
4876
藉由互相認識
而對公司產生整體概念。
08:10
Have they all gone走了 mad?
142
478644
2345
他們都瘋了嗎?
08:12
Quite相當 the opposite對面 -- they've他們已經 figured想通 out
that when the going gets得到 tough強硬,
143
480989
3553
恰恰相反。他們明白一個道理:
情況棘手時,
如果你的工作正面臨重大突破,
情況總是很棘手,
08:16
and it always will get tough強硬
144
484542
2043
08:18
if you're doing breakthrough突破 work
that really matters事項,
145
486585
2716
08:21
what people need is social社會 support支持,
146
489301
2671
大家需要的是社交支援,
08:23
and they need to know who to ask for help.
147
491972
3227
而且他們必須知道可以向誰求助。
08:27
Companies公司 don't have ideas思路;
only people do.
148
495199
4737
公司本身沒有想法;員工才有。
08:31
And what motivates能夠激勵 people
149
499936
2600
而能激勵員工的
08:34
are the bonds債券 and loyalty忠誠 and trust相信
they develop發展 between之間 each other.
150
502536
4494
是彼此之間建立的關係、
忠誠與信任。
08:39
What matters事項 is the mortar砂漿,
151
507566
3694
重要的是水泥,
08:43
not just the bricks磚塊.
152
511260
2289
而不只是磚頭。
08:46
Now, when you put all of this together一起,
153
514299
1974
你把這些結合在一起,
08:48
what you get is something
called social社會 capital首都.
154
516273
3158
就會得到所謂的社會資本。
08:51
Social社會 capital首都 is the reliance依賴
and interdependency相互依存 that builds建立 trust相信.
155
519431
5549
社會資本是建立信任
所需的信賴及相互依賴。
這個名詞來自於一群社會學家,
08:56
The term術語 comes from sociologists社會學家
who were studying研究 communities社區
156
524980
3491
他們研究在逆境下
適應力特別好的社群。
09:00
that proved證實 particularly尤其 resilient彈性
in times of stress強調.
157
528471
4268
09:05
Social社會 capital首都 is what
gives companies公司 momentum動量,
158
533409
4551
社會資本賦予公司動力,
09:09
and social社會 capital首都
is what makes品牌 companies公司 robust強大的.
159
537960
5262
社會資本也讓公司健全。
09:16
What does this mean in practical實際的 terms條款?
160
544182
2260
這有什麼實際意義呢?
09:18
It means手段 that time is everything,
161
546852
3907
這意味著時間就是一切,
09:22
because social社會 capital首都
compounds化合物 with time.
162
550759
4667
因為社會資本由時間建構。
09:27
So teams球隊 that work together一起 longer
get better, because it takes time
163
555426
5108
合作愈久的團隊表現愈好,
因為你需要花時間
09:32
to develop發展 the trust相信 you need
for real真實 candor直率 and openness透明度.
164
560534
5507
才能建立信任感,
而有坦率而開放的風氣。
09:38
And time is what builds建立 value.
165
566461
3464
而且時間能夠建立價值。
09:42
When Alex亞歷克斯 Pentland彭特蘭
suggested建議 to one company公司
166
570625
2253
當麻省理工教授潘特蘭
建議一家公司
09:44
that they synchronize同步 coffee咖啡 breaks休息
167
572878
2716
把員工的休息時間調整到同步,
09:47
so that people would have time
to talk to each other,
168
575594
3901
讓員工有時間彼此聊聊,
09:51
profits利潤 went up 15 million百萬 dollars美元,
169
579495
3483
公司的利潤增加了一千五百萬美金,
09:54
and employee僱員 satisfaction滿意
went up 10 percent百分.
170
582978
3854
員工滿意度增加了 10%。
09:58
Not a bad return返回 on social社會 capital首都,
171
586832
3101
以社會資本的角度看
這樣的投資報酬率還不錯,
10:01
which哪一個 compounds化合物 even as you spend it.
172
589933
4027
即使你花錢還能增值。
10:05
Now, this isn't about chumminess親密關係,
and it's no charter憲章 for slackers懶蟲,
173
593960
6062
這與友好無關,
也不是給懶人豁免權,
10:12
because people who work this way
tend趨向 to be kind of scratchy發癢的,
174
600022
4634
因為以這種方式做事的人
通常講話很毒、
10:16
impatient不耐煩, absolutely絕對 determined決心
to think for themselves他們自己
175
604656
4034
沒耐心、完全只想到為自己打算,
10:20
because that's what their contribution貢獻 is.
176
608690
3990
因為那就是他們的貢獻。
10:24
Conflict衝突 is frequent頻繁
because candor直率 is safe安全.
177
612680
5299
衝突很正常,
因為率直不會被暗算。
10:30
And that's how good ideas思路
turn into great ideas思路,
178
618280
5191
這就是好想法
如何變成絕妙的想法,
10:35
because no idea理念 is born天生 fully充分 formed形成.
179
623471
3100
因為沒有什麼想法
從一開始就是完美的。
10:38
It emerges出現 a little bit
as a child兒童 is born天生,
180
626571
3329
好點子冒出頭來就像孩子出生,
10:41
kind of messy and confused困惑,
but full充分 of possibilities可能性.
181
629900
4589
有點混亂、有點迷惑,
但是充滿了機會。
10:46
And it's only through通過 the generous慷慨
contribution貢獻, faith信仰 and challenge挑戰
182
634489
6121
只有透過慷慨的貢獻、
信念及挑戰,
10:52
that they achieve實現 their potential潛在.
183
640610
3282
他們才能發揮潛能。
10:55
And that's what social社會 capital首都 supports支持.
184
643892
4063
而這就是社會資本所支持的。
11:01
Now, we aren't really used
to talking about this,
185
649455
2773
現在這真的已經是老生常談,
11:04
about talent天賦, about creativity創造力,
in this way.
186
652228
3970
用這種方式談才能及創意。
11:08
We're used to talking about stars明星.
187
656198
3734
我們很習慣超級明星的說法。
11:12
So I started開始 to wonder奇蹟,
well, if we start開始 working加工 this way,
188
660262
4109
所以我想知道,
如果我們以這種方式做事,
11:16
does that mean no more stars明星?
189
664371
2224
是否意味著超級明星就不復存在?
11:19
So I went and I satSAT in on the auditions試鏡
190
667445
2360
所以我就去位於倫敦的
皇家戲劇藝術學院,
11:21
at the Royal王室的 Academy學院
of Dramatic戲劇性 Art藝術 in London倫敦.
191
669805
3856
坐在裡面看他們的甄選會。
11:25
And what I saw there really surprised詫異 me,
192
673661
3225
而我看到的讓我非常吃驚,
11:28
because the teachers教師 weren't looking
for individual個人 pyrotechnics煙火.
193
676886
4900
因為老師不是在找魅力四射的個人。
11:33
They were looking for what happened發生
between之間 the students學生們,
194
681786
4690
他們在看學生之間的互動,
11:38
because that's where the drama戲劇 is.
195
686476
4110
因為那才是演戲的真正所在。
11:42
And when I talked
to producers生產商 of hit擊中 albums專輯,
196
690586
2289
而且當我與暢銷專輯的製作人談時,
11:44
they said, "Oh sure, we have
lots of superstars超級巨星 in music音樂.
197
692875
3228
他們說道:
「喔當然,音樂界有很多超級巨星,
11:48
It's just, they don't last very long.
198
696103
3117
只是他們都紅不久。
11:51
It's the outstanding優秀 collaborators合作者
who enjoy請享用 the long careers職業生涯,
199
699220
4000
只有優秀的合作者
才能享有長遠的事業,
11:55
because bringing使 out the best最好 in others其他
is how they found發現 the best最好
200
703220
4212
因為讓別人有最好的表現
是他們找出自己最佳狀態的方法。」
11:59
in themselves他們自己."
201
707432
1644
12:01
And when I went to visit訪問 companies公司
that are renowned聞名
202
709686
2429
我去拜訪幾間以獨創性
12:04
for their ingenuity創造力 and creativity創造力,
203
712115
2067
及創意著稱的公司時,
12:06
I couldn't不能 even see any superstars超級巨星,
204
714182
2925
我甚至看不到超級巨星,
12:09
because everybody每個人 there really mattered要緊.
205
717107
4338
因為那裡的每一個人都很重要。
12:13
And when I reflected反射的 on my own擁有 career事業,
206
721445
2883
我反思自己的事業,
12:16
and the extraordinary非凡 people
I've had the privilege特權 to work with,
207
724328
3924
及我有幸合作的那群卓越人才,
12:20
I realized實現 how much more
we could give each other
208
728252
5544
我才明瞭我們可以貢獻
更多東西給彼此的方式很簡單,
12:25
if we just stopped停止 trying
to be superchickenssuperchickens.
209
733796
5121
只要大家試著不當
超級明星雞就可以了。
12:31
(Laughter笑聲) (Applause掌聲)
210
739815
5155
(笑聲)(掌聲)
12:36
Once一旦 you appreciate欣賞
truly how social社會 work is,
211
744970
6376
一旦你真正體會社交是什麼,
12:43
a lot of things have to change更改.
212
751346
3097
很多事都要跟著改變。
12:46
Management管理 by talent天賦 contest比賽
has routinely常規 pitted進站
213
754443
4087
才藝大賽的管理方法就是
12:50
employees僱員 against反對 each other.
214
758530
2461
一直讓員工彼此挖陷阱競爭。
12:52
Now, rivalry對抗 has to be replaced更換
by social社會 capital首都.
215
760991
4514
現在競爭必須以社會資本取代。
12:58
For decades幾十年, we've我們已經 tried試著
to motivate刺激 people with money,
216
766355
3125
數十年來,我們試著以金錢激勵人,
13:01
even though雖然 we've我們已經 got
a vast廣大 amount of research研究 that shows節目
217
769480
2880
即使有大量的研究顯示
13:04
that money erodes溶蝕 social社會 connectedness連通.
218
772360
3831
金錢會侵蝕社會聯結。
13:08
Now, we need to let people
motivate刺激 each other.
219
776851
5335
現在我們必須讓大家彼此激勵。
13:14
And for years年份, we've我們已經 thought that leaders領導者
were heroic英勇 soloists獨唱 who were expected預期,
220
782646
4924
許多年來,我們以為領導者
皆為單打獨鬥的英雄,
13:19
all by themselves他們自己,
to solve解決 complex複雜 problems問題.
221
787570
3156
大家期待他們
能自己解決複雜的問題。
13:22
Now, we need to redefine重新定義 leadership領導
222
790726
3552
現在我們需要重新定義領導力
13:26
as an activity活動 in which哪一個
conditions條件 are created創建
223
794278
4064
為一種行動,在其中創造條件,
13:30
in which哪一個 everyone大家 can do their most
courageous勇敢 thinking思維 together一起.
224
798342
5958
讓所有人都能一同實現
最勇敢的思維。
13:36
We know that this works作品.
225
804300
3520
我們知道這種方法有用。
13:40
When the Montreal蒙特利爾 Protocol協議 called
for the phasing調相 out of CFCs氯氟烴,
226
808210
4295
當蒙特婁議定書
要求大家逐步禁用 CFC,
13:44
the chlorofluorocarbons氯氟烴 implicated牽連
in the hole in the ozone臭氧 layer,
227
812505
4342
即可能造成臭氧層破洞的
氟氯碳化物時,
13:48
the risks風險 were immense巨大.
228
816847
2185
風險十分巨大。
13:51
CFCs氯氟烴 were everywhere到處,
229
819332
2899
氟氯碳化物到處都是,
13:54
and nobody沒有人 knew知道 if a substitute替代
could be found發現.
230
822231
2549
而且沒有人知道是否能找到替代物。
13:57
But one team球隊 that rose玫瑰 to the challenge挑戰
adopted採用 three key principles原則.
231
825360
5311
但是有個團隊勇敢面對挑戰,
採取了三個主要原則。
14:03
The first was the head of engineering工程,
Frank坦率 Maslen馬斯蘭, said,
232
831289
3358
第一是工程部的主管,
法蘭克·梅斯蘭說,
14:06
there will be no stars明星 in this team球隊.
233
834647
3333
這個團隊裡不會有明星。
14:09
We need everybody每個人.
234
837980
2277
我們需要每一個人。
14:12
Everybody每個人 has a valid有效 perspective透視.
235
840257
2728
每一個人的觀點都有用。
14:15
Second第二, we work to one standard標準 only:
236
843485
4226
第二,我們只有一項標準:
14:19
the best最好 imaginable想像.
237
847711
2599
做到最好。
14:22
And third第三, he told his boss老闆,
Geoff傑夫 TudhopeTudhope,
238
850590
3042
第三,他告訴老闆傑夫·塔德波,
14:25
that he had to butt屁股 out,
239
853632
1973
他必須放手不管,
14:27
because he knew知道
how disruptive破壞性 power功率 can be.
240
855605
3251
因為他知道老闆的破壞力有多強。
14:30
Now, this didn't mean TudhopeTudhope did nothing.
241
858856
2833
這不是說塔德波沒做任何事。
14:33
He gave the team球隊 air空氣 cover,
242
861689
1741
他幫這個團隊擋下壓力,
14:35
and he listened聽了 to ensure確保
that they honored榮幸 their principles原則.
243
863430
4110
而且他聆聽,
確保他們的確遵守原則。
14:40
And it worked工作: Ahead of all the other
companies公司 tackling搶斷 this hard problem問題,
244
868190
6070
這個方法成功了:他們領先其他
也在解決這個難題的公司,
14:46
this group cracked破解 it first.
245
874260
3258
這個團隊最先找到答案。
14:49
And to date日期, the Montreal蒙特利爾 Protocol協議
246
877738
2601
至今,蒙特婁議定書
14:52
is the most successful成功 international國際
environmental環境的 agreement協議
247
880339
5721
仍是過去曾簽署實施的
國際環境協定中
最成功的一個。
14:58
ever implemented實施.
248
886060
1922
15:01
There was a lot at stake賭注 then,
249
889402
2538
過去有很多勝敗關鍵,
15:03
and there's a lot at stake賭注 now,
250
891940
2739
現在也有很多勝敗關鍵,
15:06
and we won't慣於 solve解決 our problems問題
if we expect期望 it to be solved解決了
251
894679
4528
我們不可能解決問題,
如果我們還在期待這些問題
15:11
by a few少數 supermen超人 or superwomen女超人.
252
899207
2601
只能由超人或超女來解決。
15:13
Now we need everybody每個人,
253
901808
3506
現在我們需要每一個人,
15:17
because it is only when we accept接受
that everybody每個人 has value
254
905314
6226
因為只有當我們承認
每一個人都有價值,
15:23
that we will liberate解放 the energy能源
and imagination想像力 and momentum動量 we need
255
911540
7046
我們才能釋放我們所需的
能量、想像力及動力,
15:30
to create創建 the best最好 beyond measure測量.
256
918586
4774
共同創造無可估量的最佳狀態。
15:35
Thank you.
257
923360
2740
謝謝。
15:38
(Applause掌聲)
258
926100
4000
(掌聲)
Translated by Regina Chu
Reviewed by Marssi Draw

▲Back to top

ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Margaret Heffernan - Management thinker
The former CEO of five businesses, Margaret Heffernan explores the all-too-human thought patterns -- like conflict avoidance and selective blindness -- that lead organizations and managers astray.

Why you should listen

How do organizations think? In her book Willful Blindness, Margaret Heffernan examines why businesses and the people who run them often ignore the obvious -- with consequences as dire as the global financial crisis and Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster.

Heffernan began her career in television production, building a track record at the BBC before going on to run the film and television producer trade association IPPA. In the US, Heffernan became a serial entrepreneur and CEO in the wild early days of web business. She now blogs for the Huffington Post and BNET.com. Her latest book, Beyond Measure, a TED Books original, explores the small steps companies can make that lead to big changes in their culture.

More profile about the speaker
Margaret Heffernan | Speaker | TED.com