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Yuval Noah Harari: What explains the rise of humans?
烏瓦爾 · 諾亞 · 哈拉瑞: 人類如何稱霸地球？
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七萬年前，人類的始祖不過是一種平凡無奇的動物，和其他動物在非洲的某個角落共生存。事到如今，很少人會否認人類統治地球的事實；我們遍布各大洲，我們的舉措決定了其它生物的命運（很可能包括地球）。我們是如何走到這一步的？歷史學家哈拉瑞提供一個驚人的理由。
Yuval Noah Harari - Historian, author
In his book "Homo Deus," Yuval Noah Harari explores the future of humankind: the destinies we may set for ourselves and the quests we'll undertake. Full bio
In his book "Homo Deus," Yuval Noah Harari explores the future of humankind: the destinies we may set for ourselves and the quests we'll undertake. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
Seventy-thousand years ago, our ancestors
were insignificant animals.
were insignificant animals.
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七萬年前，我們的先祖
不過是各種動物中的一種。
不過是各種動物中的一種。
00:18
The most important thing to know
about prehistoric humans
about prehistoric humans
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當你想到原人時，最重要的是
00:22
is that they were unimportant.
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他們一點也不重要。
00:24
Their impact on the world was not
much greater than that of jellyfish
much greater than that of jellyfish
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他們對世界的影響力
和水母、螢火蟲、啄木鳥差別不大。
00:29
or fireflies or woodpeckers.
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00:32
Today, in contrast,
we control this planet.
we control this planet.
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今天，我們卻變成地球的霸主。
00:36
And the question is:
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所以問題是：
00:38
How did we come from there to here?
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我們是怎麼走到這一步的？
00:41
How did we turn ourselves
from insignificant apes,
from insignificant apes,
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我們是如何從毫不起眼的人猿，
00:45
minding their own business
in a corner of Africa,
in a corner of Africa,
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在非洲的角落自生自滅，
00:48
into the rulers of planet Earth?
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搖身一變成為地球霸主的？
00:51
Usually, we look for the difference
between us and all the other animals
between us and all the other animals
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通常我們會在個體差異上
檢視我們與其它動物的分別，
00:57
on the individual level.
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00:59
We want to believe -- I want to believe --
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我們想信 － 我想要相信
01:02
that there is something special about me,
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我們與眾不同，
01:06
about my body, about my brain,
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我的身體，我的大腦，
01:09
that makes me so superior
to a dog or a pig, or a chimpanzee.
to a dog or a pig, or a chimpanzee.
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讓我遠比狗、豬，或是黒猩猩優越。
01:15
But the truth is that,
on the individual level,
on the individual level,
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但事實是，就個體差異來說
01:18
I'm embarrassingly similar
to a chimpanzee.
to a chimpanzee.
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我和黑猩猩驚人的相似。
01:22
And if you take me and a chimpanzee
and put us together on some lonely island,
and put us together on some lonely island,
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如果你把我和一頭黒猩猩置於同一孤島
01:27
and we had to struggle for survival
to see who survives better,
to see who survives better,
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看我們之中誰能存活的更好，
01:31
I would definitely place my bet
on the chimpanzee, not on myself.
on the chimpanzee, not on myself.
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我會把籌碼放在黒猩猩身上，
而不是我自己。
而不是我自己。
01:37
And this is not something
wrong with me personally.
wrong with me personally.
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這不是因為我個人的缺陷，
01:40
I guess if they took almost any one
of you, and placed you alone
of you, and placed you alone
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我想如果有人把你們其中任何人
01:44
with a chimpanzee on some island,
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與一頭黒猩猩一起放在孤島上，
01:46
the chimpanzee would do much better.
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黑猩猩絕對會生存的更好。
01:50
The real difference between humans
and all other animals
and all other animals
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真正讓人類與其它動物分別開來的特質
01:55
is not on the individual level;
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不是個體的，
01:57
it's on the collective level.
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而是群體的。
01:59
Humans control the planet
because they are the only animals
because they are the only animals
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人類控制地球，
是因為我們是唯一
是因為我們是唯一
02:04
that can cooperate both flexibly
and in very large numbers.
and in very large numbers.
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可以大規模靈活合作的動物。
02:10
Now, there are other animals --
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其它動物，
02:11
like the social insects,
the bees, the ants --
the bees, the ants --
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那些昆蟲，蜜蜂、螞蟻，
02:15
that can cooperate in large numbers,
but they don't do so flexibly.
but they don't do so flexibly.
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牠們也可以大規模地合作，
但沒有像我們這樣靈活。
但沒有像我們這樣靈活。
02:20
Their cooperation is very rigid.
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牠們的合作方式是固定的。
02:23
There is basically just one way
in which a beehive can function.
in which a beehive can function.
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蜂窩總是用同一種方式運作。
02:27
And if there's a new opportunity
or a new danger,
or a new danger,
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就算遇上新的機會、新的威脅，
02:31
the bees cannot reinvent
the social system overnight.
the social system overnight.
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蜜蜂無法在一夜之間改變分工方式
02:35
They cannot, for example,
execute the queen
execute the queen
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譬如說，牠們無法處死蜂后，
02:38
and establish a republic of bees,
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建立蜜蜂共和國，
02:40
or a communist dictatorship
of worker bees.
of worker bees.
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工蜂也不能組成共產獨裁政權。
02:44
Other animals, like the social mammals --
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其它動物，那些群居的哺乳類動物
02:46
the wolves, the elephants,
the dolphins, the chimpanzees --
the dolphins, the chimpanzees --
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狼、大象、海豚、黒猩猩 －
02:50
they can cooperate much more flexibly,
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牠們的合作性更靈活，
02:53
but they do so only in small numbers,
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但規模有限，
02:56
because cooperation among chimpanzees
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因為黑猩猩合作的基礎是
02:59
is based on intimate knowledge,
one of the other.
one of the other.
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對於彼此的瞭解與認知。
03:03
I'm a chimpanzee and you're a chimpanzee,
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假設你我都是黒猩猩，
03:06
and I want to cooperate with you.
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我想和你合作，
03:08
I need to know you personally.
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我需要先認識你。
03:11
What kind of chimpanzee are you?
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你是哪種黒猩猩？
03:12
Are you a nice chimpanzee?
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你是頭善良的黒猩猩？
03:14
Are you an evil chimpanzee?
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還是邪惡的黒猩猩？
03:15
Are you trustworthy?
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你可靠嗎？
03:17
If I don't know you, how can I
cooperate with you?
cooperate with you?
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如果我不認識你，
我怎麼和你合作呢？
我怎麼和你合作呢？
03:21
The only animal that can combine
the two abilities together
the two abilities together
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唯一擁有這兩種特質
03:25
and cooperate both flexibly
and still do so in very large numbers
and still do so in very large numbers
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既能大規模合作，又能保持靈活的，
03:30
is us, Homo sapiens.
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只有我們，智人。
03:32
One versus one, or even 10 versus 10,
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一比一，甚至十比十，
03:37
chimpanzees might be better than us.
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黒猩猩可能都比我們優秀。
03:40
But, if you pit 1,000 humans
against 1,000 chimpanzees,
against 1,000 chimpanzees,
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但，如果數目提高到
一千個人和一千頭黒猩猩
一千個人和一千頭黒猩猩
03:45
the humans will win easily,
for the simple reason
for the simple reason
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人類就能輕易獲勝，
03:48
that a thousand chimpanzees
cannot cooperate at all.
cannot cooperate at all.
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因為上千頭黒猩猩無法共同合作。
03:53
And if you now try to cram
100,000 chimpanzees
100,000 chimpanzees
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如果你嘗試把十萬頭黒猩猩，
03:57
into Oxford Street,
or into Wembley Stadium,
or into Wembley Stadium,
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塞進牛津街、溫布萊體育館
04:01
or Tienanmen Square or the Vatican,
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天安門廣場或梵諦岡，
04:03
you will get chaos, complete chaos.
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絕對會陷入一片混亂。
04:06
Just imagine Wembley Stadium
with 100,000 chimpanzees.
with 100,000 chimpanzees.
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想像塞滿十萬頭黒猩猩的溫布萊體育館，
04:10
Complete madness.
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那個景象將有多瘋狂。
04:12
In contrast, humans normally
gather there in tens of thousands,
gather there in tens of thousands,
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相對的，成千上萬的人時常一同在那，
04:18
and what we get is not chaos, usually.
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也通常不會陷入混亂。
04:21
What we get is extremely sophisticated
and effective networks of cooperation.
and effective networks of cooperation.
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我們有效率、有制度地合作。
04:28
All the huge achievements
of humankind throughout history,
of humankind throughout history,
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人類在歷史上達成的巨大成就，
04:33
whether it's building the pyramids
or flying to the moon,
or flying to the moon,
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無論是金字塔還是上月球，
04:36
have been based not
on individual abilities,
on individual abilities,
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都不是建立在個體的能力，
04:39
but on this ability to cooperate
flexibly in large numbers.
flexibly in large numbers.
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而是群體的靈活合作。
04:43
Think even about this very talk
that I'm giving now:
that I'm giving now:
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就像現在，我在這裡演講，
04:47
I'm standing here in front of an audience
of about 300 or 400 people,
of about 300 or 400 people,
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面對三、四百個觀眾，
04:53
most of you are complete strangers to me.
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絕大多數我都不認識。
04:56
Similarly, I don't really know
all the people who have organized
all the people who have organized
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同樣的，我不認識所有策劃
05:01
and worked on this event.
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或參與這個活動的人員。
05:03
I don't know the pilot
and the crew members of the plane
and the crew members of the plane
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我不認識昨日帶我飛抵倫敦的
05:07
that brought me over here,
yesterday, to London.
yesterday, to London.
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駕駛員和機組人員。
05:11
I don't know the people
who invented and manufactured
who invented and manufactured
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我不認識這些設備的發明和製造者，
05:15
this microphone and these cameras,
which are recording what I'm saying.
which are recording what I'm saying.
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但錄影機和麥克風正在拍攝這段演講。
05:20
I don't know the people
who wrote all the books and articles
who wrote all the books and articles
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為了準備這段演講，
我讀了不少書和文章，
我讀了不少書和文章，
05:23
that I read in preparation for this talk.
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卻不認識這些作者。
05:26
And I certainly don't know all the people
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我當然更不認識這場演講的
網路觀眾，
網路觀眾，
05:29
who might be watching this talk
over the Internet,
over the Internet,
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05:32
somewhere in Buenos Aires or in New Delhi.
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此刻可能正在布宜諾斯艾利斯、
或新德里。
或新德里。
05:36
Nevertheless, even though
we don't know each other,
we don't know each other,
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然而，我們雖不認識彼此，
05:39
we can work together to create
this global exchange of ideas.
this global exchange of ideas.
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卻能合作創造這個世界平台，
互相交流。
互相交流。
05:46
This is something chimpanzees cannot do.
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這是黑猩猩所做不到的。
05:49
They communicate, of course,
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當然，牠們也能溝通，
05:50
but you will never catch a chimpanzee
traveling to some distant chimpanzee band
traveling to some distant chimpanzee band
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但你絕不會看到一隻黑猩猩
遠渡重洋
遠渡重洋
05:56
to give them a talk about bananas
or about elephants,
or about elephants,
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對另一群黑猩猩講解香蕉或大象，
06:00
or anything else that might
interest chimpanzees.
interest chimpanzees.
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或任何黑猩猩有興趣的事。
06:05
Now cooperation is, of course,
not always nice;
not always nice;
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合作自然不是只有好事，
06:08
all the horrible things humans
have been doing throughout history --
have been doing throughout history --
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人類歷史上所有恐怖的事件 －
06:12
and we have been doing
some very horrible things --
some very horrible things --
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我們的確做過一些非常恐怖的事 －
06:15
all those things are also based
on large-scale cooperation.
on large-scale cooperation.
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同樣也是用大規模合作達成的。
06:20
Prisons are a system of cooperation;
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監獄是一種合作系統，
06:23
slaughterhouses are a system
of cooperation;
of cooperation;
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屠宰場是一種合作系統，
06:26
concentration camps
are a system of cooperation.
are a system of cooperation.
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集中營是一種合作系統，
06:29
Chimpanzees don't have slaughterhouses
and prisons and concentration camps.
and prisons and concentration camps.
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黒猩猩沒有屠宰場、監獄、或集中營。
06:36
Now suppose I've managed
to convince you perhaps that yes,
to convince you perhaps that yes,
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現在或許我已經說服你
我們的確掌控了世界，
因為我們能大規模靈活合作。
因為我們能大規模靈活合作。
06:40
we control the world because we can
cooperate flexibly in large numbers.
cooperate flexibly in large numbers.
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06:45
The next question that immediately arises
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下一個問題隨之而來，
06:48
in the mind of an inquisitive listener is:
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好奇的聽眾心裡想：
06:51
How, exactly, do we do it?
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我們是怎麼做到的？
06:54
What enables us alone, of all the animals,
to cooperate in such a way?
to cooperate in such a way?
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在所有動物中，
為什麼只有我們這樣合作？
為什麼只有我們這樣合作？
07:01
The answer is our imagination.
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答案是我們的想像力。
07:04
We can cooperate flexibly
with countless numbers of strangers,
with countless numbers of strangers,
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我們之所以能和無數陌生人
靈活的合作，
靈活的合作，
07:10
because we alone, of all
the animals on the planet,
the animals on the planet,
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因為在這星球上的所有動物中，
07:14
can create and believe fictions,
fictional stories.
fictional stories.
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只有我們能創造和相信虛構的故事。
07:19
And as long as everybody believes
in the same fiction,
in the same fiction,
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只要大家相信同一個故事，
07:23
everybody obeys and follows
the same rules,
the same rules,
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每個人服從並執行一樣的規則，
07:27
the same norms, the same values.
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一樣的基準，一樣的價值觀。
07:30
All other animals use
their communication system
their communication system
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其它動物的溝通，
07:34
only to describe reality.
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只限於描述真實的物事。
07:37
A chimpanzee may say, "Look!
There's a lion, let's run away!"
There's a lion, let's run away!"
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黒猩猩說：「看啊！有獅子！快跑！」
07:41
Or, "Look! There's a banana tree
over there! Let's go and get bananas!"
over there! Let's go and get bananas!"
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或是：「看啊！有棵香蕉樹！
去摘香蕉吧！」
去摘香蕉吧！」
07:45
Humans, in contrast, use their language
not merely to describe reality,
not merely to describe reality,
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而人類呢，我們的語言
不只是用來描述現實，
不只是用來描述現實，
07:52
but also to create new realities,
fictional realities.
fictional realities.
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更能用來創造新的現實，
想像的現實。
想像的現實。
07:57
A human can say, "Look,
there is a god above the clouds!
there is a god above the clouds!
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人可以說：「看啊！雲上有神！
08:01
And if you don't do what I tell you to do,
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如果你不聽從命令，
08:03
when you die, God will punish you
and send you to hell."
and send you to hell."
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你死後，神會懲罰你下地獄。」
08:06
And if you all believe this story
that I've invented,
that I've invented,
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如果你們都相信我發明的故事，
08:10
then you will follow the same
norms and laws and values,
norms and laws and values,
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就會依循一樣的基準、法則、價值觀，
08:14
and you can cooperate.
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你們就會合作。
08:16
This is something only humans can do.
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這件事只有人類做得到。
08:19
You can never convince a chimpanzee
to give you a banana
to give you a banana
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你永遠無法說服一隻黑猩猩交出香蕉，
08:23
by promising him, "... after you die,
you'll go to chimpanzee heaven ..."
you'll go to chimpanzee heaven ..."
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就算你承諾牠：「死後，
你會上黑猩猩天堂..... 」
你會上黑猩猩天堂..... 」
08:26
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
08:27
"... and you'll receive lots and lots
of bananas for your good deeds.
of bananas for your good deeds.
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「... 到時候你的善行
會為你贏得無數的香蕉。
會為你贏得無數的香蕉。
08:31
So now give me this banana."
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現在，快把香蕉給我。」
08:32
No chimpanzee will ever
believe such a story.
believe such a story.
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沒有任何黑猩猩會相信這種故事，
08:35
Only humans believe such stories,
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只有人類會相信這種故事。
08:38
which is why we control the world,
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這就是我們稱霸世界，
08:40
whereas the chimpanzees are locked up
in zoos and research laboratories.
in zoos and research laboratories.
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4845
而黑猩猩卻淪落到
動物園和實驗室的原因。
動物園和實驗室的原因。
08:46
Now you may find it acceptable that yes,
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或許你同意，
的確，在宗教領域，
08:49
in the religious field, humans cooperate
by believing in the same fictions.
by believing in the same fictions.
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人們因為信仰相同而彼此合作，
08:56
Millions of people come together
to build a cathedral or a mosque
to build a cathedral or a mosque
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百萬人同心合力建造教堂、清真寺，
09:01
or fight in a crusade or a jihad, because
they all believe in the same stories
they all believe in the same stories
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奮身投入各種聖戰，
全都是因為對於
神、天堂與地獄有著相同的信仰。
神、天堂與地獄有著相同的信仰。
09:06
about God and heaven and hell.
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09:09
But what I want to emphasize
is that exactly the same mechanism
is that exactly the same mechanism
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但我想說的是同樣的運作機制，
09:15
underlies all other forms
of mass-scale human cooperation,
of mass-scale human cooperation,
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5864
存在於所有人類的大規模合作，
09:21
not only in the religious field.
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不限於宗教領域。
09:23
Take, for example, the legal field.
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譬如，法治概念。
09:26
Most legal systems today in the world
are based on a belief in human rights.
are based on a belief in human rights.
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現在世界上大部分的法律，
都以人權為基礎。
都以人權為基礎。
09:33
But what are human rights?
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但人權是什麼？
09:35
Human rights, just like God and heaven,
are just a story that we've invented.
are just a story that we've invented.
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人權，就像神和天堂，
都是我們發明的故事。
都是我們發明的故事。
09:40
They are not an objective reality;
152
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2318
不是客觀的事實；
09:42
they are not some biological effect
about homo sapiens.
about homo sapiens.
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也不是智人的某種生理反應。
09:46
Take a human being,
cut him open, look inside,
cut him open, look inside,
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解剖人體，往裡探看，
09:50
you will find the heart, the kidneys,
neurons, hormones, DNA,
neurons, hormones, DNA,
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5127
裡面有心臟、腎臟、神經元、
荷爾蒙、基因，
荷爾蒙、基因，
09:55
but you won't find any rights.
156
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但找不到什麼權利。
09:58
The only place you find rights
are in the stories
are in the stories
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權利只存在於故事裡，
10:02
that we have invented and spread around
over the last few centuries.
over the last few centuries.
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我們在近代世紀裡創造、散播的故事。
10:06
They may be very positive stories,
very good stories,
very good stories,
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這些故事可能很正面、很好，
10:11
but they're still just fictional stories
that we've invented.
that we've invented.
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3563
但仍然是我們虛構的。
10:15
The same is true of the political field.
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2520
政治領域也一樣。
10:18
The most important factors
in modern politics are states and nations.
in modern politics are states and nations.
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國族是今日政治裡最重要的元素。
10:25
But what are states and nations?
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但國族是什麼？
10:27
They are not an objective reality.
164
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2125
它並不是客觀事實。
10:29
A mountain is an objective reality.
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2713
山嶽才是客觀事實。
10:32
You can see it, you can touch it,
you can ever smell it.
you can ever smell it.
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3284
你看得到，摸得到，甚至聞得到。
10:36
But a nation or a state,
167
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1772
但國族，
10:38
like Israel or Iran or France or Germany,
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像以色列、伊朗、法國或德國，
10:41
this is just a story that we've invented
169
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2740
只是我們創造的故事，
10:44
and became extremely attached to.
170
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1974
並且變得深信不疑。
10:46
The same is true of the economic field.
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2504
經濟領域也一樣。
10:49
The most important actors today
in the global economy
in the global economy
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今日全球經濟的主角
10:53
are companies and corporations.
173
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2262
是公司和企業。
10:56
Many of you today, perhaps, work
for a corporation,
for a corporation,
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3731
你們當中可能有許多人為企業工作，
11:00
like Google or Toyota or McDonald's.
175
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3050
像谷歌或豐田汽車或麥當勞。
11:03
What exactly are these things?
176
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1818
這些到底是什麼？
11:05
They are what lawyers call legal fictions.
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律師叫它們法人。
11:10
They are stories invented and maintained
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3476
是虛構並且需要維持的故事，
11:13
by the powerful wizards we call lawyers.
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3333
由厲害的巫師負責－
不過我們叫他們律師。
不過我們叫他們律師。
11:17
(Laughter)
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1445
（笑聲）
11:18
And what do corporations do all day?
181
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企業都在做些什麼？
11:22
Mostly, they try to make money.
182
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2853
他們最大的目的是賺錢圖利。
11:25
Yet, what is money?
183
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1333
但錢是什麼？
11:26
Again, money is not an objective reality;
it has no objective value.
it has no objective value.
184
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錢也不是客觀事實；
沒有任何客觀價值。
沒有任何客觀價值。
11:31
Take this green piece
of paper, the dollar bill.
of paper, the dollar bill.
185
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3317
這張綠色的紙，一元鈔票，
11:35
Look at it -- it has no value.
186
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2377
根本一文不值。
11:37
You cannot eat it, you cannot drink it,
187
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2234
不能拿來吃，不能拿來喝，
11:39
you cannot wear it.
188
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1292
也不能穿在身上。
11:41
But then came along
these master storytellers --
these master storytellers --
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4041
但這些故事高手出現了 －
11:45
the big bankers,
190
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1484
大銀行家、
11:47
the finance ministers,
191
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1440
各國的財政部長、
11:48
the prime ministers --
192
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1354
總理、首相 －
11:50
and they tell us a very convincing story:
193
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2478
他們說著同一個動人的故事：
11:52
"Look, you see this green piece of paper?
194
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1958
「你們看到這張綠色的紙嗎？
11:54
It is actually worth 10 bananas."
195
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2583
它可以換十根香蕉。」
11:57
And if I believe it, and you believe it,
196
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如果我信了，你也信了，
11:59
and everybody believes it,
197
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大家都信了，
12:01
it actually works.
198
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1864
手段就成功了。
12:03
I can take this worthless piece of paper,
199
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2913
我可以拿著這張一文不值的紙，
12:06
go to the supermarket,
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1637
到任何超市，
12:07
give it to a complete stranger
whom I've never met before,
whom I've never met before,
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4007
把它交給一位素昧平生的陌生人，
12:11
and get, in exchange, real bananas
which I can actually eat.
which I can actually eat.
202
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4685
換到真的香蕉，可以給我吃。
12:16
This is something amazing.
203
724870
1721
這未免太神奇了！
12:18
You could never do it with chimpanzees.
204
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2078
黑猩猩可辦不到。
12:20
Chimpanzees trade, of course:
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728717
1945
當然，黑猩猩也懂得交換：
12:22
"Yes, you give me a coconut,
I'll give you a banana."
I'll give you a banana."
206
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2750
「你給我一顆椰子，我給你一根香蕉」
12:25
That can work.
207
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1238
也行。
12:26
But, you give me
a worthless piece of paper
a worthless piece of paper
208
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2992
但如果你給我一張廢紙，
12:29
and you except me to give you a banana?
209
737738
2014
然後要我給你一根香蕉？
12:31
No way!
210
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1152
做夢吧你！
12:32
What do you think I am, a human?
211
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1581
你把我當什麼了，人類嗎？
12:34
(Laughter)
212
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2373
（笑聲）
12:36
Money, in fact, is
the most successful story
the most successful story
213
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4119
錢，其實是人類史上，
12:41
ever invented and told by humans,
214
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2656
最成功的故事。
12:43
because it is the only story
everybody believes.
everybody believes.
215
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4343
因為它是唯一一個所有人都相信的故事。
12:48
Not everybody believes in God,
216
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2790
不是每個人都相信神，
12:51
not everybody believes in human rights,
217
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3025
不是每個人都追求人權，
12:54
not everybody believes in nationalism,
218
762555
2785
不是每個人都愛國，
12:57
but everybody believes in money,
and in the dollar bill.
and in the dollar bill.
219
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3743
但每個人都相信錢，相信現金。
13:01
Take, even, Osama Bin Laden.
220
769514
1981
就像賓拉登。
13:03
He hated American politics
and American religion
and American religion
221
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3687
他憎恨美國的政策和信仰，
13:07
and American culture,
222
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1449
美國文化，
13:08
but he had no objection
to American dollars.
to American dollars.
223
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2806
但他完全不排斥美金，
13:11
He was quite fond of them, actually.
224
779533
2095
其實挺愛的。
13:13
(Laughter)
225
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1903
（笑聲）
13:16
To conclude, then:
226
784166
1700
結論是：
13:17
We humans control the world
because we live in a dual reality.
because we live in a dual reality.
227
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5768
人類稱霸世界，
因為我們活在雙重現實裡。
因為我們活在雙重現實裡。
13:24
All other animals live
in an objective reality.
in an objective reality.
228
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3913
其它動物活在客觀事實裡。
13:28
Their reality consists
of objective entities,
of objective entities,
229
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4552
牠們的真實世界存在於客觀現實，
13:33
like rivers and trees
and lions and elephants.
and lions and elephants.
230
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3943
像河流、樹木、獅子和大象。
13:38
We humans, we also live
in an objective reality.
in an objective reality.
231
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3683
我們人類也活在客觀現實裡。
13:41
In our world, too, there are rivers
and trees and lions and elephants.
and trees and lions and elephants.
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5068
我們也有河流、樹木、獅子和大象。
13:47
But over the centuries,
233
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1845
但幾個世紀來，
13:49
we have constructed on top
of this objective reality
of this objective reality
234
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4727
我們在客觀現實上，
13:54
a second layer of fictional reality,
235
822041
3493
建構了另一個層次的虛構現實，
13:57
a reality made of fictional entities,
236
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3564
一個由虛構元素組成的現實：
14:01
like nations, like gods,
like money, like corporations.
like money, like corporations.
237
829146
4533
國族、神、錢、企業。
14:06
And what is amazing is that
as history unfolded,
as history unfolded,
238
834481
4634
厲害的是在歷史進程裡，
14:11
this fictional reality became
more and more powerful
more and more powerful
239
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5396
這一層虛構的現實日漸強大，
14:16
so that today, the most powerful
forces in the world
forces in the world
240
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4501
直到今日，世界上最強大的力量，
14:21
are these fictional entities.
241
849084
1965
已經被這些虛構的主體把持。
14:23
Today, the very survival of rivers
and trees and lions and elephants
and trees and lions and elephants
242
851715
6794
今天，河流、樹、獅子和大象的存亡，
14:30
depends on the decisions and wishes
of fictional entities,
of fictional entities,
243
858533
5105
端賴於這些虛構主體的決策和慾望，
14:35
like the United States, like Google,
like the World Bank --
like the World Bank --
244
863662
4537
像美國、谷歌、世界銀行 －
14:40
entities that exist only
in our own imagination.
in our own imagination.
245
868223
4039
這些只存在於我們想像中的主體。
14:44
Thank you.
246
872929
1152
謝謝各位。
14:46
(Applause)
247
874105
4571
（掌聲）
14:56
Bruno Giussani: Yuval, you have
a new book out.
a new book out.
248
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2210
Bruno Guissani：烏瓦爾，
你剛出版一本新書
你剛出版一本新書
《人類大歷史》
之後，你又寫了一本，
之後，你又寫了一本，
14:58
After Sapiens, you wrote another one,
249
886533
1803
15:00
and it's out in Hebrew, but not
yet translated into ...
yet translated into ...
250
888360
2587
希伯來文的版本已經出版了，
但還沒翻譯成...
但還沒翻譯成...
15:02
Yuval Noah Harari: I'm working on
the translation as we speak.
the translation as we speak.
251
890971
2929
烏瓦爾：我現在正在翻譯。
15:05
BG: In the book, if I
understand it correctly,
understand it correctly,
252
893924
2168
BG：在這本書裡，
如果我想得沒錯的話，
如果我想得沒錯的話，
15:08
you argue that the amazing breakthroughs
that we are experiencing right now
that we are experiencing right now
253
896116
5629
你認為，當今奇妙的科技突破，
15:13
not only will potentially
make our lives better,
make our lives better,
254
901769
2259
不只會讓我們的生活更好，
15:16
but they will create -- and I quote you --
255
904052
2236
更有可能創造 － 你這麼說 －
15:18
"... new classes and new class struggles,
just as the industrial revolution did."
just as the industrial revolution did."
256
906312
4618
「...新的階級和新的階級鬥爭，
就像工業革命時期一樣。」
就像工業革命時期一樣。」
15:22
Can you elaborate for us?
257
910954
1223
你可以多說一點嗎？
15:24
YNH: Yes. In the industrial revolution,
258
912670
1924
烏瓦爾：好的。
工業革命時期，
工業革命時期，
15:26
we saw the creation of a new class
of the urban proletariat.
of the urban proletariat.
259
914618
4902
創造了城市中的無產階級，
15:31
And much of the political and social
history of the last 200 years involved
history of the last 200 years involved
260
919544
5110
過去兩百年的政治社會史
15:36
what to do with this class,
and the new problems and opportunities.
and the new problems and opportunities.
261
924678
3626
都在處理由此而生的新問題和機會。
15:40
Now, we see the creation of a new
massive class of useless people.
massive class of useless people.
262
928328
4632
現在，沒有用處的人
又形成了一個龐大的新階級。
又形成了一個龐大的新階級。
15:44
(Laughter)
263
932984
1001
（笑聲）
15:46
As computers become better and better
in more and more fields,
in more and more fields,
264
934009
5361
隨著電腦在越來越多的領域壯大，
15:51
there is a distinct possibility that
computers will out-perform us
computers will out-perform us
265
939394
4892
電腦處理許多事務的能力
極可能勝過人類，
15:56
in most tasks and will make
humans redundant.
humans redundant.
266
944310
3603
進而取代人類。
15:59
And then the big political
and economic question
and economic question
267
947937
2737
這個世紀
最大的政治和經濟問題是，
最大的政治和經濟問題是，
16:02
of the 21st century will be,
268
950698
2363
「我們需要人類做什麼？」
16:05
"What do we need humans for?",
269
953085
2162
16:07
or at least, "What do we need
so many humans for?"
so many humans for?"
270
955271
3367
至少是
「我們需要這麼多人做什麼？」
「我們需要這麼多人做什麼？」
16:10
BG: Do you have an answer in the book?
271
958662
2458
BG：書裡會找到答案嗎？
16:13
YNH: At present, the best guess
we have is to keep them happy
we have is to keep them happy
272
961144
4020
烏瓦爾：目前別無他法，
要安頓這些人，
要安頓這些人，
只能暫時用藥物和電腦遊戲吧。
16:17
with drugs and computer games ...
273
965188
1797
16:19
(Laughter)
274
967009
1001
（笑聲）
16:20
but this doesn't sound
like a very appealing future.
like a very appealing future.
275
968034
3271
雖然這前景堪憂。
16:23
BG: Ok, so you're basically saying
in the book and now,
in the book and now,
276
971329
2809
BG：所以你在書裡和在此演講的看法是，
16:26
that for all the discussion
about the growing evidence
about the growing evidence
277
974162
2786
這麼多攀升證據所顯示的
16:28
of significant economic inequality,
we are just kind of at the beginning
we are just kind of at the beginning
278
976972
3763
貧富懸殊、經濟極端不平等，
都只是一個新巨變的開端而已？
16:32
of the process?
279
980759
1157
16:34
YNH: Again, it's not a prophecy;
280
982225
1526
烏瓦爾：我還是要說，這不是預言；
16:35
it's seeing all kinds
of possibilities before us.
of possibilities before us.
281
983775
3943
只是評估眼前的所有可能性。
16:39
One possibility is this creation
of a new massive class of useless people.
of a new massive class of useless people.
282
987742
4982
其中一種可能是
龐大廢人階級的誕生。
龐大廢人階級的誕生。
16:44
Another possibility is
the division of humankind
the division of humankind
283
992748
3140
另一種可能是把人類分工，
16:47
into different biological castes,
284
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分成不同的生物階級。
16:50
with the rich being upgraded
into virtual gods,
into virtual gods,
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富人升級成神，
16:55
and the poor being degraded
to this level of useless people.
to this level of useless people.
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窮人則貶到無用之人的階級。
16:59
BG: I feel there is another TED talk
coming up in a year or two.
coming up in a year or two.
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BG：我想一兩年內會有這個 TED 演說。
17:02
Thank you, Yuval, for making the trip.
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謝謝你遠道而來。
17:04
YNH: Thanks!
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烏瓦爾：謝謝！
17:05
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Yuval Noah Harari - Historian, authorIn his book "Homo Deus," Yuval Noah Harari explores the future of humankind: the destinies we may set for ourselves and the quests we'll undertake.
Why you should listen
In his book, Homo Deus: A Brief History of Tomorrow, Yuval Noah Harari explores the projects, dreams and nightmares that will shape the 21st century -- from overcoming death to creating artificial life. He maps the future and asks fundamental questions: Where do we go from here? How will we protect this fragile world from our own destructive powers? The book has sold four million copies since its publication in 2016.
Harari's previous book, Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind, explores what made homo sapiens the most successful species on the planet. His answer: We are the only animal that can believe in things that exist purely in our imagination, such as gods, states, money, human rights, corporations and other fictions, and we have developed a unique ability to use these stories to unify and organize groups and ensure cooperation. Sapiens has sold eight million copies and been translated into more than 50 languages. Bill Gates, Mark Zuckerberg and President Barack Obama have recommended it as a must-read.
Harari lectures as a Professor of history at The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, where he specializes in world history, medieval history and military history. His current research focuses on macro-historical questions: What is the relationship between history and biology? What is the essential difference between Homo sapiens and other animals? Is there justice in history? Does history have a direction? Did people become happier as history unfolded? Harari has written for newspapers such as The Guardian, Financial Times, the Times, Nature magazine and the Wall Street Journal.
Harari's new book, 21 Lessons for the 21st Century, will take the pulse of our current global climate, focusing on the biggest questions of the present moment: What is really happening right now? What are today’s greatest challenges and choices? What should we pay attention to? The book will be published in multiple languages in September 2018.
Yuval Noah Harari | Speaker | TED.com