ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Clifford Stoll - Astronomer, educator, skeptic
Astronomer Clifford Stoll helped to capture a notorious KGB hacker back in the infancy of the Internet. His agile mind continues to lead him down new paths -- from education and techno-skepticism to the making of zero-volume bottles.

Why you should listen

When Clifford Stoll speaks, you can't help but listen. Full of restless energy, he jumps from one topic to the next, darting back and forth across the stage. You may not be sure where he's going, but the ride is always part of the adventure.

An astronomer (though his astronomy career took a turn when he noticed a bookkeeping error that ultimately led him to track down a notorious hacker), researcher and internationally recognized computer security expert -- who happens to be a vocal critic of technology -- Stoll makes a sharp, witty case for keeping computers out of the classroom. Currently teaching college-level physics to eighth graders at a local school, he stays busy in his spare time building Klein bottles.

More profile about the speaker
Clifford Stoll | Speaker | TED.com
TED2006

Clifford Stoll: The call to learn

Clifford Stoll on ... 無所不談

Filmed:
3,213,274 views

Clifford Stoll 用一個又一個狂野有活力的軼事、觀察、演說甚至是科學實驗深深的擄獲他的聽眾,當然,用他對自我的評價:我是一位科學家。"當我正在著手一件事情時,我已經在想下一件事情了"。
- Astronomer, educator, skeptic
Astronomer Clifford Stoll helped to capture a notorious KGB hacker back in the infancy of the Internet. His agile mind continues to lead him down new paths -- from education and techno-skepticism to the making of zero-volume bottles. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:12
I'm delighted欣喜的 to be here.
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我非常高興來到這裡。
00:14
I'm honored榮幸 by the invitation請帖, and thanks謝謝.
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受到邀請我感到非常榮幸,謝謝。
00:17
I would love to talk about stuff東東 that I'm interested有興趣 in,
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我想談論一些我感興趣的事情,
00:20
but unfortunately不幸, I suspect疑似 that what I'm interested有興趣 in
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但遺憾的是我猜測大多數的人,
00:22
won't慣於 interest利益 many許多 other people.
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不會對這些事情感興趣。
00:25
First off, my badge徽章 says I'm an astronomer天文學家.
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首先,識別證上說我是位天文學家。
00:27
I would love to talk about my astronomy天文學,
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我很想談論我的天文學,
00:29
but I suspect疑似 that the number of people who are interested有興趣 in radiative輻射 transfer轉讓
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不過我懷疑對輻射轉移、
00:32
in non-gray非灰 atmospheres氣氛
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非灰色大氣層、
00:34
and polarization極化 of light in Jupiter's木星 upper atmosphere大氣層
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和木星上層大氣層的光偏振感興趣的人數
00:36
are the number of people who'd誰願意 fit適合 in a bus總線 shelter庇護.
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是不是足夠塞滿一整個公車候車站。
00:38
So I'm not going to talk about that.
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所以,我不打算去談那些。
00:40
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
00:42
It would be just as much fun開玩笑
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有件值得一提的趣事,
00:44
to talk about some stuff東東 that happened發生 in 1986 and 1987,
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一件發生在1986和1987的事情,
00:47
when a computer電腦 hacker黑客 is breaking破壞 into our systems系統
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當時有個電腦駭客正在入侵我們的電腦系統
00:50
over at Lawrence勞倫斯 Berkeley伯克利 Labs實驗室.
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嘗試駭進我們在羅倫斯‧柏克萊(Lawrence Berkeley)的實驗室。
00:52
And I caught抓住 the guys,
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然後我抓到了那些人,
00:54
and they turned轉身 out to be working加工 for what was then the Soviet蘇聯 KGB克格勃,
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發現原來他們正在替前蘇聯國家安全委員會(情報單位)工作,
00:58
and stealing偷竊行為 information信息 and selling銷售 it.
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他們竊取資料,並兜售它們。
01:00
And I'd love to talk about that -- and it'd它會 be fun開玩笑 --
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我很想說說那件事情──而且一定會很有趣──
01:04
but, 20 years年份 later後來 ...
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但是,20年後‧‧‧
01:07
I find computer電腦 security安全, frankly坦率地說, to be kind of boring無聊.
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我發現電腦安全這個領域,老實說,有點無聊。
01:09
It's tedious乏味.
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非常的乏善可陳。
01:11
I'm --
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我‧‧‧
01:12
The first time you do something, it's science科學.
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當你第一次做一件事情的時候,它就像是一門科學。
01:16
The second第二 time, it's engineering工程.
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第二次做時,它就變成了一項工程。
01:19
A third第三 time, it's just being存在 a technician技術員.
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第三次時,你就只是個技術員。
01:22
I'm a scientist科學家. Once一旦 I do something, I do something else其他.
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我是一位科學家。當我正在著手一件事情時,我已經在想下一件事情了。
01:25
So, I'm not going to talk about that.
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所以,我不打算去談那些。(關於駭客的事情)
01:27
Nor也不 am I going to talk about what I think are obvious明顯 statements聲明 from my first book,
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我也不會去談論那些在我第一本書(Silicon Snake Oil)裡頭我認為很明顯的論點,
01:34
"Silicon Snake Oil," or my second第二 book,
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或者我的第二本書,
01:38
nor也不 am I going to talk about
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我也不會去說明
01:40
why I believe computers電腦 don't belong屬於 in schools學校.
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為什麼我會堅持電腦不應該出現在校園。
01:43
I feel that there's a massive大規模的 and bizarre奇異的 idea理念 going around
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我覺得有個具有巨大影響力且奇怪的想法正在蔓延
01:47
that we have to bring帶來 more computers電腦 into schools學校.
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那就是我們要在學校中設立更多電腦。
01:51
My idea理念 is: no! No!
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我的想法是:錯!錯!
01:53
Get them out of schools學校, and keep them out of schools學校.
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讓那些電腦遠離學校,讓它們離校園遠遠的。
01:57
And I'd love to talk about this,
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雖然我會想討論這個議題,
01:59
but I think the argument論據 is so obvious明顯 to anyone任何人 who's誰是 hung around a fourth第四 grade年級 classroom課堂
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不過我認為我的論點對於任何一個上過小學四年級的人來說,是如此明顯的
02:04
that it doesn't need much talking about --
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以至於我不需要過多的描述──
02:08
but I guess猜測 I may可能 be very wrong錯誤 about that,
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不過我猜想我在這上面的觀點可能是錯的離譜,
02:10
and everything else其他 that I've said.
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甚至我以上所說的可能全都是錯的。
02:11
So don't go back and read my dissertation論文.
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所以也不需要回頭去讀我的論文。
02:13
It probably大概 has lies in it as well.
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也許當中也有著錯誤的訊息。
02:15
Having said that, I outlined概述 my talk about five minutes分鐘 ago.
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說到這,剛剛五分鐘前我把我的演說列了幾個項目。
02:19
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
02:22
And if you look at it over here,
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然後假如你看這裡,
02:24
the main主要 thing I wrote on my thumb拇指 was the future未來.
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寫在我大拇指上,最重要的東西未來。
02:27
I'm supposed應該 to talk about the future未來, yes?
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我應該要討論一下未來,對嗎?
02:30
Oh, right. And my feeling感覺 is, asking me to talk about the future未來 is bizarre奇異的,
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噢,對。我的感覺是,要我去談論未來會有點奇怪。
02:37
because I've got gray灰色 hair頭髮,
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因為我已經滿頭白髮了,
02:39
and so, it's kind of silly愚蠢 for me to talk about the future未來.
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所以對我來說,要我去討論未來是一件很蠢的事情。
02:45
In fact事實, I think that if you really want to know what the future's期貨 going to be,
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事實上,我認為如果你真的想知道未來會變成什麼樣,
02:49
if you really want to know about the future未來,
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如果你真的想要知道關於未來的一切,
02:51
don't ask a technologist技術專家, a scientist科學家, a physicist物理學家.
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不要去問工程師、科學家、物理學家。
02:55
No! Don't ask somebody who's誰是 writing寫作 code.
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不!不要去問那些寫程式碼的傢伙。
03:02
No, if you want to know what society's社會 going to be like in 20 years年份,
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如果你想知道20年後的社會會變成什麼樣子,
03:07
ask a kindergarten幼兒園 teacher老師.
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去問幼稚園老師。
03:09
They know.
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他們知道。
03:12
In fact事實, don't ask just any kindergarten幼兒園 teacher老師,
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事實上,也不要隨便抓一個幼稚園老師來問。
03:15
ask an experienced有經驗的 one.
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問有經驗的幼稚園老師。
03:17
They're the ones那些 who know what society社會 is going to be like in another另一個 generation.
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他們就是那個知道下一代的社會會變成什麼樣子的人。
03:21
I don't. Nor也不, I suspect疑似,
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不是我,我猜測也不會是那些,
03:23
do many許多 other people who are talking about what the future未來 will bring帶來.
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那些在談論未來會變怎樣的人。
03:26
Certainly當然, all of us can imagine想像 these cool new things
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當然啦,我們所有人都可以想像這些超酷的新事物
03:30
that are going to be there.
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那些將要出現的新事物。
03:31
But to me, things aren't the future未來.
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但是對我來說,新事物並不等於未來。
03:35
What I ask myself is, what's society社會 is going to be like,
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我問我自己的是,當現今的小孩們厲害熟練地傳著簡訊
03:38
when the kids孩子 today今天 are phenomenally驚人 good at text文本 messaging消息
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並且花很多時間待在電腦螢幕前,
03:44
and spend a huge巨大 amount of on-screen在屏幕上 time,
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卻從未一起去打過保齡球,
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but have never gone走了 bowling保齡球 together一起?
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未來將會變成什麼樣?
03:53
Change更改 is happening事件, and the change更改 that is happening事件
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改變正在發生,而且那些正在發生的改變
03:56
is not one that is in software軟件.
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不是存在於電腦軟體裡的那些。
03:59
But that's not what I'm going to talk about.
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但是那不是我要說的。
04:00
I'd love to talk about it, it'd它會 be fun開玩笑,
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我很想要講那個,那樣一定會很有趣,
04:03
but I want to talk about what I'm doing now. What am I doing now?
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但是我想要說說關於我正在做的事情,我正在做什麼?
04:06
Oh -- the other thing that I think I'd like to talk about
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噢──另一件我想談論的事情
04:08
is right over here. Right over here.
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在這裡。就在這裡。
04:12
Is that visible可見? What I'd like to talk about is one-sided片面 things.
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這樣可以看見嗎?我想說的是單向性的事物。
04:18
I would dearly深深地 love to talk about
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我非常樂於談論這個
04:20
things that have one side.
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這種單向性的事物。
04:23
Because I love Mobius莫比烏斯 loops循環. I not only love Mobius莫比烏斯 loops循環,
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因為我熱愛莫比烏斯(Mobius)循環。我不只是愛莫比烏斯循環,
04:27
but I'm one of the very few少數 people,
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我也是非常少數人當中,
04:30
if not the only person in the world世界, that makes品牌 Klein克萊恩 bottles瓶子.
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如果世界上不是只有我的話,在製作克萊(Klein)瓶的人
04:33
Right away, I hope希望 that all of your eyes眼睛 glaze over.
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現在,我希望所有人的眼睛仔細看這邊。
04:36
This is a Klein克萊恩 bottle瓶子.
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這就是克萊瓶。
04:39
For those of you in the audience聽眾 who know,
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對知道克萊瓶的觀眾來說,
04:42
you roll your eyes眼睛 and say, yup, I know all about it.
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你會翻個白眼 然後說:對。我都知道。
04:44
It's one sided雙面. It's a bottle瓶子 whose誰的 inside is its outside.
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它是一個面的。它是一個內壁跟外壁是同一面的瓶子。
04:46
It has zero volume. And it's non-orientable非定向.
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它沒有體積。而且它還是不可定向的。
04:49
It has wonderful精彩 properties性能.
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它具有十分奇妙的特性。
04:51
If you take two Mobius莫比烏斯 loops循環 and sew their common共同 edge邊緣 together一起,
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假如你將兩個莫比烏斯循環的相同一邊接合起來,
04:53
you get one of these, and I make them out of glass玻璃.
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你會得到我手裡的這個,我用玻璃做的。
04:56
And I'd love to talk to you about this,
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我很高興可以談論這個,
04:58
but I don't have much in the way of ... things to say because --
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但是這個...我沒有什麼事情可以多說 因為──
05:04
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
05:06
(Chris克里斯 Anderson安德森: I've got a cold.)
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(Chris Anderson:我有感冒耶!)
05:07
However然而, the "D" in TEDTED of course課程 stands站立 for design設計.
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然而,「TED」中的「D」正是代表設計。
05:14
Just two weeks ago I made製作 --
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兩個星期前我剛做了──
05:16
you know, I've been making製造 small, medium and big Klein克萊恩 bottles瓶子 for the trade貿易.
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你知道的,我一直在做小型、中型還有大型的克萊瓶來販售。
05:22
But what I've just made製作 --
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不過我剛剛做了──
05:26
and I'm delighted欣喜的 to show顯示 you, first time in public上市 here.
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而且我很高興可以在這裡第一次公開展現給你們看。
05:35
This is a Klein克萊恩 bottle瓶子 wine紅酒 bottle瓶子,
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這是一支克萊瓶的葡萄酒瓶,
05:40
which哪一個, although雖然 in four dimensions尺寸
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儘管在四維空間
05:43
it shouldn't不能 be able能夠 to hold保持 any fluid流體 at all,
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它沒辦法裝下任何液體,
05:46
it's perfectly完美 capable of doing so
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但是它完全可以這麼做
05:48
because our universe宇宙 has only three spatial空間的 dimensions尺寸.
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因為我們的宇宙只有三維空間。
05:50
And because our universe宇宙 is only three spatial空間的 dimensions尺寸,
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況且因為我們的空間只有三維空間,
05:53
it can hold保持 fluids流體.
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所以它可以存放液體。
05:56
So it's highly高度 -- that one's那些 the cool one.
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所以它非常──它是比較酷的一個。
06:01
That was a month of my life.
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那可是花了我生命中的一個月。
06:06
But although雖然 I would love to talk about topology拓撲 with you, I'm not going to.
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雖然我很想和你們分享拓撲學,但今天我不會。
06:11
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
06:17
Instead代替, I'm going to mention提到 my mom媽媽,
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相反地,我想要提一下我媽,
06:22
who passed通過 away last summer夏季.
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她去年夏天過世了。
06:25
Had collected photographs照片 of me, as mothers母親 will do.
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就像所有母親會做的事情,她收集了我的照片。
06:28
Could somebody put this guy up?
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有人可以把這個傢伙(投影機)打開嗎?
06:30
And I looked看著 over her album專輯
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我瀏覽她的相簿
06:34
and she had collected a picture圖片 of me, standing常設 --
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她有收集了一張我的相片,站著──
06:37
well, sitting坐在 -- in 1969, in front面前 of a bunch of dials錶盤.
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嗯,坐著,在1969年,在一堆調節器前面。
06:42
And I looked看著 at it, and said, oh my god,
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然後我看著這張相片,我說:我的天,
06:45
that was me, when I was working加工 at the electronic電子 music音樂 studio工作室!
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這是我在電子音樂錄音室工作時候的照片!
06:47
As a technician技術員, repairing修復 and maintaining維持
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我當時是一個技師,負責維修和保養
06:51
the electronic電子 music音樂 studio工作室 at SUNYSUNY Buffalo水牛. And wow!
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那間電子音樂工作室在美國紐約州立大學水牛城分校。哇!
06:55
Way back machine. And I said to myself, oh yeah!
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老舊的機器。然後我對自己說:噢 我想起來了!
07:01
And it sent發送 me back.
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那張照片讓我的思緒回到那時。
07:05
Soon不久 after that, I found發現 in another另一個 picture圖片 that she had, a picture圖片 of me.
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不久之後,我在我媽收集的另外一張相片裡發現我。
07:13
This guy over here of course課程 is me.
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在那邊的那個人正是我。
07:17
This man is Robert羅伯特 Moog穆格,
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他是羅伯特‧馬各(Robert Moog),
07:19
the inventor發明者 of the Moog穆格 synthesizer合成,
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馬各合成器(Moog synthesizer)的發明者,
07:21
who passed通過 away this past過去 August八月.
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他去年八月過世了。
07:26
Robert羅伯特 Moog穆格 was a generous慷慨, kind person, extraordinarily異常 competent勝任 engineer工程師.
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羅伯特‧馬格是個慷慨、仁慈的人,除此之外,他還是個超群的工程師。
07:31
A musician音樂家 who took time from his life to teach me,
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他還是個音樂家,他用他生命中很多的時間來教導我,
07:37
a sophomore二年級, a freshman新生 at SUNYSUNY Buffalo水牛.
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教一個還在美國紐約州立大學水牛城分校念大一、大二的我。
07:40
He'd他會 come up from Trumansburg的Trumansburg to teach me
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他會專程從特魯曼斯堡(Trumansburg)來教我
07:45
not just about the Moog穆格 synthesizer合成, but we'd星期三 be sitting坐在 there --
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不只是關於馬各合成器,我們就坐在那裏──
07:49
I'm studying研究 physics物理 at the time. This is 1969, 70, 71.
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我當時在攻讀物理,那時候是1969年、70和71。
07:52
We're studying研究 physics物理, I'm studying研究 physics物理,
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我們一起研究物理,我還在攻讀物理的時候,
07:54
and he's saying, "That's a good thing to do.
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他說:「那是件值得去做的事。
07:56
Don't get caught抓住 up in electronic電子 music音樂 if you're doing physics物理."
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如果你要研究物理,就不要迷上電子音樂。」
07:58
Mentoring指導 me. He'd他會 come up and
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為了指導我,他每次來
08:01
spend hours小時 and hours小時 with me.
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花無數個小時陪我。
08:05
He wrote a letter of recommendation建議 for me to get into graduate畢業 school學校.
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我進研究所的推薦信,也是他幫我寫的。
08:08
In the background背景, my bicycle自行車.
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在背景裡,我的腳踏車。
08:10
I realize實現 that this picture圖片 was taken採取 at a friend's朋友的 living活的 room房間.
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我才發現這張照片是在朋友的客廳照的。
08:13
Bob短發 Moog穆格 came來了 by and hauled拖拉 a whole整個 pile of equipment設備
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羅伯斯‧馬各帶著一大堆儀器來
08:16
to show顯示 Greg格雷格 Flint燧石 and I things about this.
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為了向蓋瑞‧佛林特(Greg Flint )和我展現這些東西。
08:18
We satSAT around talking about Fourier傅立葉 transforms變換,
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我們圍著圈坐,談論傅立葉變換(Fourier transforms)。
08:20
Bessel貝塞爾 functions功能, modulation調製 transfer轉讓 functions功能,
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貝索函數(Bessel functions)、調製轉換函數(modulation transfer functions),
08:23
stuff東東 like this.
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類似這樣的東西。
08:28
Bob's鮑勃的 passing通過 this past過去 summer夏季 has been a loss失利 to all of us.
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對所有人來說,去年夏天羅伯斯‧馬各的死是一大損失。
08:31
Anyone任何人 who's誰是 a musician音樂家 has been profoundly深深 influenced影響 by Robert羅伯特 Moog穆格.
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任何音樂家都深深地被羅伯特‧馬各影響。
08:36
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
08:38
And I'll just say what I'm about to do. What I'm about to do --
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我會說我要做什麼。我將要做的是──
08:43
I hope希望 you can recognize認識 that there's a distorted扭曲 sine正弦 wave,
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我希望你們可以分辨出一種扭曲的正弦波(sine wave),
08:47
almost幾乎 a triangular三角形的 wave upon this Hewlett-Packard惠普 oscilloscope示波器.
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在這個惠普示波器上,幾乎像是一個三角形的波纹。
08:53
Oh, cool. I can get to this place地點 over here, right?
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噢!酷!我可以換到這個話題了嗎?
08:58
Kids童裝. Kids童裝 is what I'm going to talk about -- is that okay?
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孩子們。孩子們是我下一個話題──這樣跳可以嗎?
09:00
It says kids孩子 over here, that's what I'd like to talk about.
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它說下一個就是孩子們了,那就是我下一個要說的話題了。
09:04
I've decided決定 that, for me at least最小,
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我已經決定了,至少對我來說,
09:08
I don't have a big enough足夠 head.
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我沒有太多的創意點子。
09:13
So I think locally本地 and I act法案 locally本地.
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所以我思考小地方,也從小地方著手。
09:16
I feel that the best最好 way I can help out anything is to help out very, very locally本地.
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我覺得我可以幫助任何小孩子的最好辦法就是幫助小區域的孩子,非常非常小的部份。
09:20
So Ph博士.D. this, and degree there, and the yaddayadda yaddayadda.
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所以不論是博士,還是任何學位,還是之類的。
09:25
I was talking about this stuff東東 to
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大約一年前,我和一些學校老師
09:29
some schoolteachers教師 about a year ago.
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討論了這個議題。
09:31
And one of them, several一些 of them would come up to me and say,
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其中一位老師,一些老師過來跟我說,
09:33
"Well, how come you ain't teaching教學?"
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「嗯,你怎麼不試著教書呢?」
09:35
And I said, "Well, I've taught graduate畢業 --
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我回答:「嗯,我以前教過研究生──
09:36
I've had graduate畢業 students學生們, I've taught undergraduate大學本科 classes."
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我以前有教過研究生,我也教過大學生。」
09:39
No, they said, "If you're so into kids孩子 and all this stuff東東,
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他們說:「不,如果你這麼熱衷於孩子的事情,
09:41
how come you ain't over here on the front面前 lines?
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你怎麼還能夠不去站在教育的最前線呢?
09:44
Put your money where you mouth is."
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不要說大話,身體力行吧!」
09:48
Is true真正. Is true真正. I teach eighth-grade八年級 science科學 four days a week.
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沒錯。沒錯。我一星期有四天在教國二學生理化。
09:54
Not just showing展示 up every一切 now and then.
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不光只是偶爾出現而已。
09:56
No, no, no, no, no. I take attendance.
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不,不,不,不,不!我上課要點名的。
10:00
I take lunch午餐 hour小時. (Applause掌聲)
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我還有午休時間。(掌聲)
10:03
This is not -- no, no, no, this is not claps拍手.
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這不是──不,不,不,不需要為我鼓掌。
10:06
I strongly非常 suggest建議 that this is a good thing for each of you to do.
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這是件好事,我強烈建議你們所有人去做。
10:10
Not just show顯示 up to class every一切 now and then.
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不只光只是偶爾出席課堂而已。
10:12
Teach a solid固體 week. Okay, I'm teaching教學 three-quarters四分之三 time, but good enough足夠.
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一整個星期扎實地教學。嗯,一星期我有四分之三的時間在教書,但已經夠好了。
10:16
One of the things that I've doneDONE for my science科學 students學生們
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我為了我理化課學生做的其中一件事情是
10:18
is to tell them, "Look, I'm going to teach you college-level本科 physics物理.
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告訴他們:「聽著!我打算要教你們大學程度的物理了。
10:21
No calculus結石, I'll cut out that.
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不會有微積分,我會把那部份拿掉。
10:23
You won't慣於 need to know trigTRIG.
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你也不需要知道三角函數。
10:25
But you will need to know eighth-grade八年級 algebra代數,
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但是你需要懂得國二的代數,
10:28
and we're going to do serious嚴重 experiments實驗.
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然後我們就要做真正的實驗。
10:30
None沒有 of this open-to-chapter-seven-and-do-all-the-odd-problem-sets開到章七和-DO-ALL-的奇數問題集.
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不會是『翻開第七章,做所有奇數的習題。』
10:33
We're going to be doing genuine真正 physics物理."
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我們將要做的是真正的物理。」
10:36
And that's one of the things I thought I'd do right now.
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接下來我要做的是,我帶他們做過的實驗中的一項。
10:38
(High-pitched高亢 tone)
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(高音頻)
10:41
Oh, before I even turn that on,
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噢!在我打開之前,
10:43
one of the things that we did about three weeks ago in my class --
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三個星期前,我在課程上做過一件事情──
10:47
this is through通過 the lens鏡片, and one of the things we used a lens鏡片 for
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透鏡的其中一向用途是:透過透鏡,
10:49
was to measure測量 the speed速度 of light.
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去測量光速。
10:51
My students學生們 in El薩爾瓦多 Cerrito塞里托 -- with my help, of course課程,
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在愛瑟利托(El Cerrito )高中的學生,在我的協助下,
10:54
and with the help of a very beat擊敗 up oscilloscope示波器 --
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和非常老舊的示波器幫助下,
10:57
measured測量 the speed速度 of light.
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測量光速。
10:58
We were off by 25 percent百分. How many許多 eighth第八 graders平地機 do you know of
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雖然我們的實驗有25%的誤差,但就你所知
11:03
who have measured測量 the speed速度 of light?
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有多少國二生測量過光速?
11:05
In addition加成 to that, we've我們已經 measured測量 the speed速度 of sound聲音.
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除此之外,我們還測量過音速。
11:08
I'd love to measure測量 the speed速度 of light here.
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我想現在就測量光速給你們看。
11:10
I was all set to do it and I was thinking思維, "Aw man,"
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我早就準備好一切測量的儀器,我想:「哇!老天。」
11:12
I was just going to impose強加 upon the powers權力 that be,
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我只是想不斷加強這方面的能力,
11:15
and measure測量 the speed速度 of light.
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來測量光速。
11:16
And I'm all set to do it. I'm all set to do it,
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我已經都準備好了。我已經都準備好了。
11:20
but then it turns out that to set up here, you have like 10 minutes分鐘 to set up!
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但是要把儀器在這裡設好,大該需要十分鐘!
11:24
And there's no time to do it.
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現在沒有這個時間。
11:26
So, next下一個 time, maybe, I'll measure測量 the speed速度 of light!
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所以,下次,也許吧,我會測量光速給你們看!
11:28
But meanwhile與此同時, let's measure測量 the speed速度 of sound聲音!
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不過現在,讓我們來測量音速吧!
11:30
Well, the obvious明顯 way to measure測量 the speed速度 of sound聲音
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嗯,要測量音速最簡單的方法
11:32
is to bounce彈跳 sound聲音 off something and look at the echo迴聲.
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是讓聲音反彈,然後測量它的回音。
11:35
But, probably大概 -- one of my students學生們, Ariel阿里爾 [unclear不明], said,
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不過,也可能──我有一個學生,艾里爾(Ariel)說:
11:40
"Could we measure測量 the speed速度 of light using運用 the wave equation方程?"
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「我們可以用波的公式來測量光速嗎?」
11:43
And all of you know the wave equation方程 is
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你們都知道的波的公式是:
11:45
the frequency頻率 times the wavelength波長 of any wave ...
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頻率乘以任何波的波長…
11:51
is a constant不變. When the frequency頻率 goes up,
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會得到一個常數。當頻率升高,
11:54
the wavelength波長 comes down. Wavelength波長 goes up,
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波長就會變短。波長變長,
11:57
frequency頻率 goes down. So, if we have a wave here --
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頻率就會下降。所以如果我們有一個波──
12:02
over here, that's what's interesting有趣 --
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看這裡,那是之所以有趣的地方──
12:06
as the pitch瀝青 goes up, things get closer接近,
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當音調升高,波紋就會變的集中,
12:09
pitch瀝青 goes down, things stretch伸展 out.
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當音調降低,波紋就會分散。
12:13
Right? This is simple簡單 physics物理.
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不是嗎?這是簡單的物理。
12:15
All of you know this from eighth第八 grade年級, remember記得?
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你們在國二的時候都學過,記得嗎?
12:18
What they didn't tell you in physics物理 -- in eighth-grade八年級 physics物理 --
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但他們在國二物理課沒告訴你
12:22
but they should have, and I wish希望 they had,
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但應該要告訴你──而且我希望他們有告訴你──
12:25
was that if you multiply the frequency頻率 times the wavelength波長 of sound聲音
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的是如果你將頻率乘以聲音波長
12:29
or light, you get a constant不變.
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或光的波長,你會得到一個常數。
12:33
And that constant不變 is the speed速度 of sound聲音.
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那個常數就是音速。
12:36
So, in order訂購 to measure測量 the speed速度 of sound聲音,
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所以想要測量音速,
12:39
all I've got to do is know its frequency頻率. Well, that's easy簡單.
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我們只需要知道頻率就好。嗯,就是這麼簡單。
12:43
I've got a frequency頻率 counter計數器 right here.
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我這裡有一台頻率測量儀。
12:45
Set it up to around A, above以上 A, above以上 A. There's an A, more or less.
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將它設定在A這裡,大概在A這裡。
12:50
Now, so I know the frequency頻率.
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現在,我就知道它的頻率了。
12:55
It's 1.76 kilohertz千赫. I measure測量 its wavelength波長.
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是 1.76 千赫。我來測量波長。
13:00
All I need now is to flip翻動 on another另一個 beam光束,
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我現在只需要去打開另外一個開關,
13:03
and the bottom底部 beam光束 is me talking, right?
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下面那個輸入端就可以聽到我的聲音,對嗎?
13:06
So anytime任何時候 I talk, you'd see it on the screen屏幕.
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只要我說話,你就可以在螢幕上看到波動。
13:11
I'll put it over here, and as I move移動 this away from the source資源,
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我把麥克風放在這裡,然後當我漸漸的將它遠離聲源。
13:15
you'll你會 notice注意 the spiral螺旋.
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你會注意到螺旋形的波紋。
13:20
The slinky緊身 moves移動. We're going through通過 different不同 nodes節點 of the wave,
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接近地移動。我們正在通過不同的波的節點。
13:25
coming未來 out this way.
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從這邊來。
13:27
Those of you who are physicists物理學家, I hear you rolling壓延 your eyes眼睛,
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對於在座的物理學家們,我知道你們感到無趣,
13:29
but bear with me. (Laughter笑聲)
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但是再忍耐我一下。(笑聲)
13:31
To measure測量 the wavelength波長,
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去測量波長,
13:34
all I need to do is measure測量 the distance距離 from here --
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我只需要去測量從這裡(波峰),
13:40
one full充分 wave -- over to here.
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到這裡(下一個波峰),一整個波的長度。
13:42
From here to here is the wavelength波長 of sound聲音.
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從這裡到這裡,就是聲波的長度。
13:45
So, I'll put a measuring測量 tape膠帶 here, measuring測量 tape膠帶 here, move移動 it back over to here.
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然後,我放了一把捲尺在這裡,將麥克風移動到這裡。
13:53
I've moved移動 the microphone麥克風 20 centimeters公分.
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我移動了麥克風20公分。
13:57
0.2 meters from here, back to here, 20 centimeters公分.
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也就是0.2公尺,從這裡…到後面這裏,總共20公分。
14:04
OK, let's go back to Mr先生. Elmo毛毛.
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好的,我們回去Elmo(投影機)這裡。
14:10
And we'll say the frequency頻率 is 1.76 kilohertz千赫, or 1760.
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我們會說這個頻率是 1.76千赫,或者1760赫茲。
14:17
The wavelength波長 was 0.2 meters.
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波長是0.2公尺。
14:21
Let's figure數字 out what this is.
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我們來看看結果會是什麼。
14:25
(Laughter笑聲) (Applause掌聲)
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(笑聲)(掌聲)
14:33
1.76 times 0.2 over here is 352 meters per second第二.
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1.76乘以0.2得到的是每秒352公尺。
14:40
If you look it up in the book, it's really 343.
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假如你去查書,其實是每秒343公尺。
14:46
But, here with kludgy缺憾 material材料, and lousy糟糕 drink --
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儘管我們受到老舊儀器和難喝的飲料影響──
14:48
we've我們已經 been able能夠 to measure測量 the speed速度 of sound聲音 to --
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我們也還是可以測量出音速──
14:53
not bad. Pretty漂亮 good.
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結果已經不錯了。
14:55
All of which哪一個 comes to what I wanted to say.
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這全部可以總結到我想說的。
15:00
Go back to this picture圖片 of me a million百萬 years年份 ago.
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回到我這張百萬年前的照片。
15:05
It was 1971, the Vietnam越南 War戰爭 was going on,
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當時是1971年,越戰還在打,
15:10
and I'm like, "Oh my God!"
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我的反應是:「我的天啊!」
15:13
I'm studying研究 physics物理: Landau蘭道, Lipschitz李氏, Resnick雷斯尼克 and Halliday哈利迪.
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我在學習物理:藍道(Landau)、利普希茨(Lipschitz)、雷斯尼克(Resnick)和哈利德(Halliday)。
15:16
I'm going home for a midterm期中考試. A riot's騷亂的 going on on campus校園.
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我在考完期中考回家的路上,遇到了校園暴動。
15:18
There's a riot暴動! Hey, Elmo'sElmo的 doneDONE: off.
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是一場暴動耶!嘿,Elmo(投影機)的工作結束了,關掉。
15:27
There's a riot暴動 going on on campus校園,
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那是一場發生在校園裡的暴動,
15:29
and the police警察 are chasing me, right?
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然後警察在追捕我,
15:32
I'm walking步行 across橫過 campus校園. Cop警察 comes and looks容貌 at me and says,
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我經過校園。警察走了過來,看著我說:
15:35
"You! You're a student學生."
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「你!你是個學生。」
15:37
Pulls拉手 out a gun. Goes boom繁榮!
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拔出他的槍。然後「碰!」
15:39
And a tear眼淚 gas加油站 canister the size尺寸 of a Pepsi百事可樂 can goes by my head. Whoosh!
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接著一個百事可樂罐大小的催淚瓦斯彈飛過我頭頂。「呼!」
15:43
I get a breath呼吸 of tear眼淚 gas加油站 and I can't breathe呼吸.
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我吸到一口催淚瓦斯,害我不能呼吸。
15:46
This cop警察 comes after me with a rifle步槍.
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那個警察拿著一把來福槍追著我。
15:48
He wants to clunk悶響 me over the head!
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他想要用槍托打我的頭!
15:50
I'm saying, "I got to clear明確 out of here!"
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我心想:「我一定要逃離這裡!」
15:53
I go running賽跑 across橫過 campus校園 quick as I can. I duck into Hayes海耶斯 Hall大廳.
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我用我最快的速度穿過校園。躲進海斯(Hayes)禮堂。
15:59
It's one of these bell-tower鐘樓 buildings房屋.
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它是學校鐘塔建築之一。
16:01
The cop's警察 chasing me.
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那個警察還在追我。
16:03
Chasing追逐 me up the first floor地板, second第二 floor地板, third第三 floor地板.
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追著我,從一樓,二樓,三樓。
16:05
Chases追逐 me into this room房間.
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把我逼到一個房間。
16:06
The entranceway玄關 to the bell tower.
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那個房間是鐘塔的入口。
16:08
I slam猛撞 the door behind背後 me, climb up,
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我甩上門,開始向上爬,
16:10
go past過去 this place地點 where I see a pendulum ticking滴答.
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一直爬到鐘擺那裡。
16:12
And I'm thinking思維, "Oh yeah,
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突然想到:噢!對了,
16:14
the square廣場 root of the length長度 is proportional成比例的 to its period." (Laughter笑聲)
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鐘擺長度的開根號和鐘擺週期是成正比的。(笑聲)
16:17
I keep climbing攀登 up, go back.
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我繼續往上爬,又退下來。
16:19
I go to a place地點 where a dowel銷子 splits拆分 off.
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我爬到插銷分開的地方。
16:21
There's a clock時鐘, clock時鐘, clock時鐘, clock時鐘.
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四處都是時鐘的一部分。
16:22
The time's時間的 going backwards向後 because I'm inside of it.
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對我來說時間是倒著走的,因為我人在鐘裡面。
16:24
I'm thinking思維 of Lorenz洛倫茨 contractions宮縮 and Einsteinian愛因斯坦 relativity相對論.
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我思考著洛倫茲的收縮論和愛因斯坦的相對論。
16:28
I climb up, and there's this place地點, way in the back,
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我又往上爬,爬到一個地方,在鐘的後面,
16:31
that you climb up this wooden ladder階梯.
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爬上一把木梯。
16:33
I pop流行的 up the top最佳, and there's a cupola沖天.
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我從鐘塔的頂端爬出來,那是個圓頂。
16:35
A dome拱頂, one of these ten-foot十英尺 domes圓頂.
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其中一個十英呎大的圓頂。
16:37
I'm looking out and I'm seeing眼看 the cops警察 bashing students'學生們' heads,
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我從上面看下去,那些警察們正在打學生們的頭,
16:40
shooting射擊 tear眼淚 gas加油站, and watching觀看 students學生們 throwing投擲 bricks磚塊.
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發射催淚瓦斯彈,然後學生們回丟他們磚塊。
16:42
And I'm asking, "What am I doing here? Why am I here?"
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我問我自己:「我在這裡幹麻?為什麼我在這裡?」
16:45
Then I remember記得 what my English英語 teacher老師 in high school學校 said.
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然後我想起了我高中的英文老師說過。
16:48
Namely亦即, that when they cast bells鐘聲,
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他說:當人們鑄造鐘的時候,
16:52
they write inscriptions銘文 on them.
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他們會刻銘文在上面。
16:55
So, I wipe擦拭 the pigeon鴿子 manure肥料 off one of the bells鐘聲, and I look at it.
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所以我把鐘上面的鳥糞擦掉,看著它。
16:59
I'm asking myself, "Why am I here?"
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問我自己:「為什麼我來到這世界?」
17:02
So, at this time, I'd like to tell you the words inscribed
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這次,我要告訴你們在海斯鐘塔上
17:06
upon the Hayes海耶斯 Hall大廳 tower bells鐘聲:
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鐘上的銘文寫著:
17:10
"All truth真相 is one.
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「真理只有一個。
17:15
In this light, may可能 science科學 and religion宗教 endeavor努力 here
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在這道光下,願科學與宗教在此攜手合作
17:21
for the steady穩定 evolution演化 of mankind人類, from darkness黑暗 to light,
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為了全人類的穩定發展,帶領人們從黑暗走向光明,
17:25
from narrowness狹隘 to broad-mindedness博大胸懷, from prejudice偏見 to tolerance公差.
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從狹隘的思想進化成廣闊的胸襟,從偏見到寬容。
17:33
It is the voice語音 of life, which哪一個 calls電話 us to come and learn學習."
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這是生命之聲,呼喚我們前來,在此學習。」
17:41
Thank you very much.
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非常感謝大家。
Translated by 泓翔 王
Reviewed by K. C. Peng

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Clifford Stoll - Astronomer, educator, skeptic
Astronomer Clifford Stoll helped to capture a notorious KGB hacker back in the infancy of the Internet. His agile mind continues to lead him down new paths -- from education and techno-skepticism to the making of zero-volume bottles.

Why you should listen

When Clifford Stoll speaks, you can't help but listen. Full of restless energy, he jumps from one topic to the next, darting back and forth across the stage. You may not be sure where he's going, but the ride is always part of the adventure.

An astronomer (though his astronomy career took a turn when he noticed a bookkeeping error that ultimately led him to track down a notorious hacker), researcher and internationally recognized computer security expert -- who happens to be a vocal critic of technology -- Stoll makes a sharp, witty case for keeping computers out of the classroom. Currently teaching college-level physics to eighth graders at a local school, he stays busy in his spare time building Klein bottles.

More profile about the speaker
Clifford Stoll | Speaker | TED.com