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Robert Waldinger: What makes a good life? Lessons from the longest study on happiness
羅伯．沃丁格: 是什麼造就美好人生？從最長期對「快樂」之研究而來的前車之鑑
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在我們歷經此生是什麼維持我們開心和健康呢？要是你認為不就是名氣和金錢的話你就有伴了；不過根據精神科醫師羅伯．沃丁格的看法－你們錯了！作為一個 75 年的長久研究－成年人生涯進展－的主導人，沃丁格史無先例的取用在開心和滿意上的研究數據。在這場演說裡他分享三個從研究裡學到的前車之鑑，此外一些如何營造充實又長久的生命既實用又由來已久的智慧。
Robert Waldinger - Psychiatrist, psychoanalyst, Zen priest
Robert Waldinger is the Director of the Harvard Study of Adult Development, one of the most comprehensive longitudinal studies in history. Full bio
Robert Waldinger is the Director of the Harvard Study of Adult Development, one of the most comprehensive longitudinal studies in history. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
What keeps us healthy and happy
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當我們渡此一生時
00:15
as we go through life?
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是什麼讓我們保有健康跟開心呢？
00:18
If you were going to invest now
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為了將來過得最好的自己，
00:21
in your future best self,
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假使你們現在正要下本錢的話，
00:23
where would you put your time
and your energy?
and your energy?
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你會把時間和精力投注在哪兒呢？
00:27
There was a recent survey of millennials
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有個對千禧世代的近期研究
00:29
asking them what their
most important life goals were,
most important life goals were,
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問他們人生最重要的目標是什麼？
00:34
and over 80 percent said
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超過八成說主要的目標是變得富有；
00:36
that a major life goal for them
was to get rich.
was to get rich.
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00:40
And another 50 percent
of those same young adults
of those same young adults
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以及同一批未成氣候的成年人
00:45
said that another major life goal
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另有五成說另一個主要的目標
是變得名聲響亮。
是變得名聲響亮。
00:47
was to become famous.
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00:50
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
00:52
And we're constantly told
to lean in to work, to push harder
to lean in to work, to push harder
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而且我們不斷地聽人講要傾心工作、
更賣力些以及取得更多的成就；
00:58
and achieve more.
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01:00
We're given the impression that these
are the things that we need to go after
are the things that we need to go after
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我們被灌輸概念－為了有美好的生活，
01:04
in order to have a good life.
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這些東西是我們需要追求的。
01:06
Pictures of entire lives,
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周齊的人生圖景－
01:08
of the choices that people make
and how those choices work out for them,
and how those choices work out for them,
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大家做出的選擇以及這些選擇
為他們帶來什麼結果－
為他們帶來什麼結果－
01:13
those pictures
are almost impossible to get.
are almost impossible to get.
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幾乎無從得知；
01:18
Most of what we know about human life
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我們對人生所知道的絕大部份
01:21
we know from asking people
to remember the past,
to remember the past,
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來自於訴請別人記起過往。
01:24
and as we know, hindsight
is anything but 20/20.
is anything but 20/20.
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如同我們所知－事後很容易有後見知明，
但是要預測未來是很難的；
但是要預測未來是很難的；
01:29
We forget vast amounts
of what happens to us in life,
of what happens to us in life,
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我們記不住一生當中
大多數發生在我們身上的事情，
大多數發生在我們身上的事情，
01:33
and sometimes memory
is downright creative.
is downright creative.
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而且有時候記憶是極其不切實際的。
01:36
But what if we could watch entire lives
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不過要是我們能夠看見齊全的人生－
01:41
as they unfold through time?
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當它們穿越時間展開來呢？
01:44
What if we could study people
from the time that they were teenagers
from the time that they were teenagers
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要是我們能夠研究大家
－從他們少年一路直到老朽－
－從他們少年一路直到老朽－
01:48
all the way into old age
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01:50
to see what really keeps people
happy and healthy?
happy and healthy?
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來看是什麼確實讓人保持開心和健康呢？
01:55
We did that.
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我們做過了！
01:57
The Harvard Study of Adult Development
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哈佛大學的成年人生涯進展研究
01:59
may be the longest study
of adult life that's ever been done.
of adult life that's ever been done.
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或許是前所未見最長久的
成年人生涯研究，
成年人生涯研究，
02:05
For 75 years, we've tracked
the lives of 724 men,
the lives of 724 men,
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75 年來我們已經追查了
742 位男士的生活，
742 位男士的生活，
02:13
year after year, asking about their work,
their home lives, their health,
their home lives, their health,
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年復一年問及其工作、居家生活、健康，
02:17
and of course asking all along the way
without knowing how their life stories
without knowing how their life stories
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當然了這一路問下來
對他們人生的故事即將如何
翻轉我們也毫不知情。
翻轉我們也毫不知情。
02:22
were going to turn out.
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02:25
Studies like this are exceedingly rare.
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像這樣的研究計畫微乎其微，
02:28
Almost all projects of this kind
fall apart within a decade
fall apart within a decade
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幾乎所有這種研究在十年內就破局了；
02:33
because too many people
drop out of the study,
drop out of the study,
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因為太多人放棄了研究，
02:36
or funding for the research dries up,
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或者金援研究的資金沒了著落，
02:39
or the researchers get distracted,
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或是研究負責人琵琶別抱，
02:41
or they die, and nobody moves the ball
further down the field.
further down the field.
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或是研究負責人死亡
而且無人讓該計畫再做出進展。
而且無人讓該計畫再做出進展。
02:46
But through a combination of luck
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不過透過好運加上幾個世代
研究人員的堅毅，
研究人員的堅毅，
02:48
and the persistence
of several generations of researchers,
of several generations of researchers,
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02:52
this study has survived.
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這個研究並未中斷。
02:54
About 60 of our original 724 men
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我們原先的 724 位男士大約有 60 人
02:59
are still alive,
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仍然還活著、一直參與著這個研究，
03:00
still participating in the study,
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03:02
most of them in their 90s.
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他們大多都 90 多歲了，
03:05
And we are now beginning to study
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而且我們現在正要開始研究
03:07
the more than 2,000 children of these men.
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這些男士 2,000 多名的子女們；
03:11
And I'm the fourth director of the study.
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而我是本研究的第四位主持人了。
03:15
Since 1938, we've tracked the lives
of two groups of men.
of two groups of men.
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從 1938 年來我們已經追蹤了
兩組男士的生活，
兩組男士的生活，
03:20
The first group started in the study
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第一組當他們在哈佛大學二年級時
03:22
when they were sophomores
at Harvard College.
at Harvard College.
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就開始在這個研究裡；
03:25
They all finished college
during World War II,
during World War II,
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二次世界大戰期間他們全部念完大學，
03:27
and then most went off
to serve in the war.
to serve in the war.
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之後大多數都離家效力於戰場上。
03:31
And the second group that we've followed
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第二組我們密切關注的－
03:33
was a group of boys
from Boston's poorest neighborhoods,
from Boston's poorest neighborhoods,
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是一群來自波士頓最窮澀
里坊的男孩子們，
里坊的男孩子們，
03:37
boys who were chosen for the study
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被這研究選到的男孩子們
03:39
specifically because they were
from some of the most troubled
from some of the most troubled
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特別是因為他們來自三零年代
波士頓一些最困頓和弱勢的家庭－
03:43
and disadvantaged families
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03:44
in the Boston of the 1930s.
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03:47
Most lived in tenements,
many without hot and cold running water.
many without hot and cold running water.
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大多數住在低品質的公寓大樓，
很多人家還都沒有自來水和熱水。
很多人家還都沒有自來水和熱水。
03:54
When they entered the study,
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當他們進入這個研究時
03:56
all of these teenagers were interviewed.
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這些十來歲的孩子全都有
接受採訪、做健康檢查、
接受採訪、做健康檢查、
03:59
They were given medical exams.
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04:01
We went to their homes
and we interviewed their parents.
and we interviewed their parents.
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我們去到他們家採訪其雙親。
04:05
And then these teenagers
grew up into adults
grew up into adults
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然後這些青少年長大成人
進入社會各階層，
進入社會各階層，
04:07
who entered all walks of life.
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04:10
They became factory workers and lawyers
and bricklayers and doctors,
and bricklayers and doctors,
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他們成了工廠工人、律師、
泥水匠、醫師，
泥水匠、醫師，
04:16
one President of the United States.
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以及一位美國總統。
04:20
Some developed alcoholism.
A few developed schizophrenia.
A few developed schizophrenia.
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有的人染上酒癮、
偶有人罹患精神分裂症、
偶有人罹患精神分裂症、
04:25
Some climbed the social ladder
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有一些從社會底層
攀越社會梯階一路飛黃騰達、
攀越社會梯階一路飛黃騰達、
04:27
from the bottom
all the way to the very top,
all the way to the very top,
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04:30
and some made that journey
in the opposite direction.
in the opposite direction.
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有些人則背道而馳了。
04:35
The founders of this study
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這個研究的發起人們絕對意想不到
04:38
would never in their wildest dreams
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－即便最狂縱的夢想中－
04:40
have imagined that I would be
standing here today, 75 years later,
standing here today, 75 years later,
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75 年後的今天我會站在這裡，
04:45
telling you that
the study still continues.
the study still continues.
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正在告訴你們這個研究仍然未中斷。
04:49
Every two years, our patient
and dedicated research staff
and dedicated research staff
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每兩年我們有耐性
跟認真賣力的研究人手
跟認真賣力的研究人手
04:52
calls up our men
and asks them if we can send them
and asks them if we can send them
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致電給我們的研究對象，
問說我們是否能再寄送給他們
一份有關他們生活的問卷。
一份有關他們生活的問卷。
04:56
yet one more set of questions
about their lives.
about their lives.
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05:00
Many of the inner city Boston men ask us,
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許多波士頓化外之地的受訪者問我們：
05:03
"Why do you keep wanting to study me?
My life just isn't that interesting."
My life just isn't that interesting."
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「為什麼你一直想研究我？
我的人生一點就是不精采呀！」；
我的人生一點就是不精采呀！」；
05:08
The Harvard men never ask that question.
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哈佛大學的受訪者們從未問過該問題。
05:11
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
05:20
To get the clearest picture
of these lives,
of these lives,
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為了取得這些人生最清楚的寫照，
05:23
we don't just send them questionnaires.
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我們不只是寄送給他們問券；
05:26
We interview them in their living rooms.
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我們在他們家的客廳做訪談、
05:29
We get their medical records
from their doctors.
from their doctors.
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從他們的醫生那裡取得病歷、
05:32
We draw their blood, we scan their brains,
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跟他們抽血和做腦部掃描、
05:34
we talk to their children.
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跟他們的子女聊、
05:36
We videotape them talking with their wives
about their deepest concerns.
about their deepest concerns.
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拍攝下他們跟老婆談論最憂心的事情。
05:41
And when, about a decade ago,
we finally asked the wives
we finally asked the wives
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然後大約在 10 年前
到頭來我們問了他們的老婆：
到頭來我們問了他們的老婆：
05:45
if they would join us
as members of the study,
as members of the study,
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「妳們是否會參與我們
作為研究受訪者成員呢？」；
作為研究受訪者成員呢？」；
05:47
many of the women said,
"You know, it's about time."
"You know, it's about time."
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許多婦女說：「也該是時候了啦！」
05:50
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
05:51
So what have we learned?
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所以我們學到什麼了呢？
05:53
What are the lessons that come
from the tens of thousands of pages
from the tens of thousands of pages
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從數萬頁的資料－我們已經從
這些人生中收集到－
這些人生中收集到－
05:58
of information that we've generated
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裡面有何前車之鑑呢？
06:01
on these lives?
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06:03
Well, the lessons aren't about wealth
or fame or working harder and harder.
or fame or working harder and harder.
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此前車之鑑與財富、名氣、
賣命工作無關，
賣命工作無關，
06:10
The clearest message that we get
from this 75-year study is this:
from this 75-year study is this:
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我們從這個 75 年的研究裡得到
最明確的訊息是這個：
最明確的訊息是這個：
06:16
Good relationships keep us
happier and healthier. Period.
happier and healthier. Period.
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「良好的緣份在其期間內
讓我們保持更開心、健康！」。
讓我們保持更開心、健康！」。
06:23
We've learned three big lessons
about relationships.
about relationships.
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我們已經學到關於緣份的
三大前車之鑑：
三大前車之鑑：
06:26
The first is that social connections
are really good for us,
are really good for us,
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第一個是人際聯繫確實對我們是好的，
06:30
and that loneliness kills.
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而孤獨是要命的。
06:33
It turns out that people
who are more socially connected
who are more socially connected
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最終發現與家庭、朋友、社群
06:37
to family, to friends, to community,
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較有人際聯繫的人是較為開心、
06:40
are happier, they're physically healthier,
and they live longer
and they live longer
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身理上比較健康的，
而且比起聯繫沒那麼好的人活得較長久。
06:45
than people who are less well connected.
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06:48
And the experience of loneliness
turns out to be toxic.
turns out to be toxic.
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孤獨的經歷結果發現到是非常折磨人的，
06:51
People who are more isolated
than they want to be from others
than they want to be from others
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比起自己所設想與外人更無牽扯的人
06:57
find that they are less happy,
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察覺到他們比較不開心，
07:00
their health declines earlier in midlife,
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他們在中年時健康較早下滑、
07:03
their brain functioning declines sooner
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腦功能下滑更快，
07:05
and they live shorter lives
than people who are not lonely.
than people who are not lonely.
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比起不孤獨的人他們比較短命。
07:10
And the sad fact
is that at any given time,
is that at any given time,
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令人遺憾的實情是在任何時點
07:13
more than one in five Americans
will report that they're lonely.
will report that they're lonely.
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多過 1/5 的美國人會白紙黑字
說他們是孤單的！
說他們是孤單的！
07:19
And we know that you
can be lonely in a crowd
can be lonely in a crowd
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我們知道你們有可能在人群裡、
07:21
and you can be lonely in a marriage,
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一段婚姻中是孤單的，
07:24
so the second big lesson that we learned
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所以第二個我們學到的前車之鑑則是：
07:26
is that it's not just
the number of friends you have,
the number of friends you have,
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不只是你擁有的朋友人數、
07:29
and it's not whether or not
you're in a committed relationship,
you're in a committed relationship,
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無關你到底是否正投入
在一段感情之中，
在一段感情之中，
07:33
but it's the quality
of your close relationships that matters.
of your close relationships that matters.
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你緊要緣份的品質才重要。
07:38
It turns out that living in the midst
of conflict is really bad for our health.
of conflict is really bad for our health.
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結果發現到生活在相爭不讓下
對我們的健康實在是不好的，
對我們的健康實在是不好的，
07:43
High-conflict marriages, for example,
without much affection,
without much affection,
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例如沒有太多的情愛、高度爭吵的婚姻
07:47
turn out to be very bad for our health,
perhaps worse than getting divorced.
perhaps worse than getting divorced.
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結果發現對我們的健康是非常不好的，
或許比起離婚還要更糟糕。
或許比起離婚還要更糟糕。
07:53
And living in the midst of good,
warm relationships is protective.
warm relationships is protective.
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而生活在良好、溫暖的
緣份之中是受到保護的。
緣份之中是受到保護的。
07:57
Once we had followed our men
all the way into their 80s,
all the way into their 80s,
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自從我們密切關注完我們的受訪
男士們一路直到他們 80 多歲，
男士們一路直到他們 80 多歲，
08:01
we wanted to look back at them at midlife
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我們想要回過頭來看中年時的他們，
08:04
and to see if we could predict
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來看我們是否能夠預知
08:05
who was going to grow
into a happy, healthy octogenarian
into a happy, healthy octogenarian
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誰將會邁入開心、健康的八旬之年，
08:09
and who wasn't.
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以及誰就不是這樣了。
08:11
And when we gathered together
everything we knew about them
everything we knew about them
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當我們備齊在他們五十歲時
我們已知的每一項東西，
我們已知的每一項東西，
08:15
at age 50,
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08:18
it wasn't their middle age
cholesterol levels
cholesterol levels
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並非是他們中年的膽固醇水準
08:20
that predicted how they
were going to grow old.
were going to grow old.
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預知他們即將如何變老；
08:23
It was how satisfied they were
in their relationships.
in their relationships.
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是他們對於自己的緣份有多滿意－
08:27
The people who were the most satisfied
in their relationships at age 50
in their relationships at age 50
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在 50 歲時最滿意其緣份的人，
08:31
were the healthiest at age 80.
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在 80 歲時是最健康的。
08:35
And good, close relationships
seem to buffer us
seem to buffer us
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良好、緊要的緣份看似舒緩了
我們不住變老的大小打擊變故，
我們不住變老的大小打擊變故，
08:38
from some of the slings and arrows
of getting old.
of getting old.
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08:42
Our most happily partnered men and women
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我們最樂於有人相伴的男士與婦女們指出
08:46
reported, in their 80s,
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－在他們 80 幾歲較多病痛的日子裡
08:48
that on the days
when they had more physical pain,
when they had more physical pain,
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08:51
their mood stayed just as happy.
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他們的心情維持就是一樣開心；
08:54
But the people who were
in unhappy relationships,
in unhappy relationships,
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不過處於不開心之緣份的人，
08:57
on the days when they
reported more physical pain,
reported more physical pain,
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在該期間他們說有較多的病痛－
09:00
it was magnified by more emotional pain.
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病痛因情緒的苦楚增烈了。
09:04
And the third big lesson that we learned
about relationships and our health
about relationships and our health
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還有我們學到有關緣份
與健康的第三個前車之鑑就是：
與健康的第三個前車之鑑就是：
09:08
is that good relationships
don't just protect our bodies,
don't just protect our bodies,
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「良好的緣份不光保護我們的肉體，
09:12
they protect our brains.
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它們還保護了我們的腦筋」。
09:14
It turns out that being
in a securely attached relationship
in a securely attached relationship
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最終結果是在你八十幾歲時
09:19
to another person in your 80s
is protective,
is protective,
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與另一個人處於
安穩依靠的緣份是有保護的，
安穩依靠的緣份是有保護的，
09:23
that the people who are in relationships
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處於確實覺得需要的時候
09:25
where they really feel they can count
on the other person in times of need,
on the other person in times of need,
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可以仰賴另一方之緣份的人，
09:29
those people's memories
stay sharper longer.
stay sharper longer.
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那些人的記憶力維持較明晰、更久遠；
09:32
And the people in relationships
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處於感到無法仰賴另一方之緣份的人，
09:34
where they feel they really
can't count on the other one,
can't count on the other one,
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09:37
those are the people who experience
earlier memory decline.
earlier memory decline.
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那些人蒙受比較早的記憶力衰退。
09:42
And those good relationships,
they don't have to be smooth all the time.
they don't have to be smooth all the time.
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而那些良好的緣份
不必隨時隨地都是很融洽的；
不必隨時隨地都是很融洽的；
09:46
Some of our octogenarian couples
could bicker with each other
could bicker with each other
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有些我們的八旬夫妻們可能
日復一日與彼此在小事上爭執，
日復一日與彼此在小事上爭執，
09:49
day in and day out,
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09:51
but as long as they felt that they
could really count on the other
could really count on the other
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但是就跟他們覺得可以真的在日益險峻的
情勢中仰賴另一方的時候般長久，
情勢中仰賴另一方的時候般長久，
09:54
when the going got tough,
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09:56
those arguments didn't take a toll
on their memories.
on their memories.
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這些爭端無損於他們的記憶力！
10:01
So this message,
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所以這則訊息：
10:04
that good, close relationships
are good for our health and well-being,
are good for our health and well-being,
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「良好、緊要的緣份對
我們的健康與福分是有益的」，
我們的健康與福分是有益的」，
10:10
this is wisdom that's as old as the hills.
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這是由來已久的智慧，
10:13
Why is this so hard to get
and so easy to ignore?
and so easy to ignore?
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為什麼該訊息如此難得
卻又這麼容易輕忽掉呢？
卻又這麼容易輕忽掉呢？
10:17
Well, we're human.
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這麼說吧－我們是人類！
10:19
What we'd really like is a quick fix,
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我們真正喜歡的東西是便宜之計，
10:21
something we can get
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某種我們可以到手
10:23
that'll make our lives good
and keep them that way.
and keep them that way.
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會使得我們的生活變好
以及保持下去的東西；
以及保持下去的東西；
10:27
Relationships are messy
and they're complicated
and they're complicated
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緣份是棘手又複雜的，
10:30
and the hard work of tending
to family and friends,
to family and friends,
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以及要留心家人
與朋友這等不輕鬆的事情，
與朋友這等不輕鬆的事情，
10:34
it's not sexy or glamorous.
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這檔事並不迷人或扣人心弦，
10:37
It's also lifelong. It never ends.
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它還是一生長久的事情、永遠沒完沒了。
10:40
The people in our 75-year study
who were the happiest in retirement
who were the happiest in retirement
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在我們長達 75 年的研究裡
退休後最快活的受訪人
退休後最快活的受訪人
10:45
were the people who had actively worked
to replace workmates with new playmates.
to replace workmates with new playmates.
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是積極地用新玩伴取代同事的受訪人們。
10:51
Just like the millennials
in that recent survey,
in that recent survey,
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就像千禧世代在最近的調查，
10:54
many of our men when they
were starting out as young adults
were starting out as young adults
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許多我們的受訪人當他們身為
未成氣候的成年人開始出社會時
未成氣候的成年人開始出社會時
10:58
really believed that fame and wealth
and high achievement
and high achievement
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確實曾深信「名氣、財富與高成就」
11:02
were what they needed to go after
to have a good life.
to have a good life.
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是他們為了要有美好的人生需要追求的。
11:06
But over and over, over these 75 years,
our study has shown
our study has shown
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但是長達這 75 年來我們的
研究接二連三呈現出
研究接二連三呈現出
11:10
that the people who fared the best were
the people who leaned in to relationships,
the people who leaned in to relationships,
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過日子過得最好的受訪人
是傾重於與家人、朋友、
社群之緣份的人。
社群之緣份的人。
11:16
with family, with friends, with community.
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11:21
So what about you?
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那麼你又如何呢？
11:23
Let's say you're 25,
or you're 40, or you're 60.
or you're 40, or you're 60.
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假定說你是 25 歲、40 歲、60 歲吧，
11:27
What might leaning in
to relationships even look like?
to relationships even look like?
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傾重於人與人的緣份會是如何的呢？
11:31
Well, the possibilities
are practically endless.
are practically endless.
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可能性幾乎是無限大的，
11:35
It might be something as simple
as replacing screen time with people time
as replacing screen time with people time
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它也許是如同以真人來取代
螢幕的時間般簡單的一些事，
螢幕的時間般簡單的一些事，
11:41
or livening up a stale relationship
by doing something new together,
by doing something new together,
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或共同做些新鮮事來為
了無新意的緣份增添幾分顏色－
了無新意的緣份增添幾分顏色－
11:46
long walks or date nights,
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長行漫步或是夜間約會。
11:49
or reaching out to that family member
who you haven't spoken to in years,
who you haven't spoken to in years,
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或是找上你已好幾年
沒講過話的家庭成員；
沒講過話的家庭成員；
11:54
because those all-too-common family feuds
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因為那些司空見慣的家庭紛擾
11:57
take a terrible toll
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在放不下嫌隙之人的身上
造成嚴重的損害。
造成嚴重的損害。
12:00
on the people who hold the grudges.
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12:04
I'd like to close with a quote
from Mark Twain.
from Mark Twain.
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我想要帶著馬克．吐溫的
一句引言來收尾，
一句引言來收尾，
12:09
More than a century ago,
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100 多年前他在回顧人生的當下，
12:11
he was looking back on his life,
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12:14
and he wrote this:
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他寫下這引言：
12:16
"There isn't time, so brief is life,
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「生命如此短暫，我們沒有時間
12:20
for bickerings, apologies,
heartburnings, callings to account.
heartburnings, callings to account.
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添進吵鬧、辯解、怒火中燒、克盡職志；
12:26
There is only time for loving,
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時間僅是用來愛人，
12:29
and but an instant,
so to speak, for that."
so to speak, for that."
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不過稍縱即逝，
看在愛的份上就說出來。」
看在愛的份上就說出來。」
12:34
The good life is built
with good relationships.
with good relationships.
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好樣的人生建立在良好的緣份上！
12:39
Thank you.
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謝謝大家！
12:40
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Robert Waldinger - Psychiatrist, psychoanalyst, Zen priestRobert Waldinger is the Director of the Harvard Study of Adult Development, one of the most comprehensive longitudinal studies in history.
Why you should listen
Robert Waldinger is a psychiatrist, psychoanalyst and Zen priest. He is Clinical Professor of Psychiatry at Harvard Medical School and directs the Harvard Study of Adult Development, one of the longest-running studies of adult life ever done. The Study tracked the lives of two groups of men for over 75 years, and it now follows their Baby Boomer children to understand how childhood experience reaches across decades to affect health and wellbeing in middle age. He writes about what science and Zen can teach us about healthy human development.
Dr. Waldinger is the author of numerous scientific papers as well as two books. He teaches medical students and psychiatry residents at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston, and he is a Senior Dharma Teacher in Boundless Way Zen.
To keep abreast of research findings, insights and more, visit robertwaldinger.com.
Robert Waldinger | Speaker | TED.com