TEDMED 2015
Dorothy Roberts: The problem with race-based medicine
桃樂西．羅伯茨: 種族醫學的問題
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社會正義提倡者與法律學家桃樂西．羅伯茨有精確有力的信息：種族醫學是不好的醫學。即使今日，仍有許多醫生使用人種當作醫療捷徑；他們對許多事 ──例如耐痛度── 作重要決定時，是依據病人的膚色而不是醫學觀察與測量。在此尖銳的演講中，羅伯茨提出了種族醫學反覆出現的問題，且邀請我們成為終止它的一份子。「現在比以前更加刻不容緩須徹底停止這個落伍傳統，」她說，「藉著終結這真正分裂我們的社會不平等，來肯定我們共同的人性。」
Dorothy Roberts - Professor, author and social justice advocate
Global scholar, University of Pennsylvania civil rights sociologist and law professor Dorothy Roberts exposes the myths of race-based medicine. Full bio
Global scholar, University of Pennsylvania civil rights sociologist and law professor Dorothy Roberts exposes the myths of race-based medicine. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
15 years ago, I volunteered
to participate in a research study
to participate in a research study
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15 年前我志願參加一項有關於
00:18
that involved a genetic test.
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基因測試的研究調查。
00:20
When I arrived at the clinic to be tested,
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當我到達門診準備接受測試時，
00:22
I was handed a questionnaire.
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我拿到一張問卷表。
00:25
One of the very first questions
asked me to check a box for my race:
asked me to check a box for my race:
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前面幾個問題之一
是要我勾選我的人種：
是要我勾選我的人種：
00:29
White, black, Asian, or Native American.
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白人、黑人、
亞洲人、美洲原住民。
亞洲人、美洲原住民。
00:33
I wasn't quite sure
how to answer the question.
how to answer the question.
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我不確定該如何回答這問題。
00:37
Was it aimed at measuring the diversity
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它是否旨在衡量
00:39
of research participants'
social backgrounds?
social backgrounds?
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測試者社會背景的差異？
00:43
In that case, I would answer
with my social identity,
with my social identity,
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如果是那樣，
我就會用我的社會身份回答
我就會用我的社會身份回答
00:46
and check the box for "black."
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並勾選「黑人」。
00:49
But what if the researchers
were interested in investigating
were interested in investigating
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但如果是研究人員想調查
00:53
some association between ancestry
and the risk for certain genetic traits?
and the risk for certain genetic traits?
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世系與某些基因特徵的風險
之關聯性呢？
之關聯性呢？
00:59
In that case, wouldn't they want to know
something about my ancestry,
something about my ancestry,
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如果是那樣，那他們不就是
要知道一些有關我世系的事情，
要知道一些有關我世系的事情，
01:03
which is just as much European as African?
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那既有歐洲的，也有非洲的。
01:07
And how could they make
scientific findings about my genes
scientific findings about my genes
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如果我寫我的社會身份是黑人婦女，
他們要怎樣根據我的基因下科學結論？
他們要怎樣根據我的基因下科學結論？
01:11
if I put down my social identity
as a black woman?
as a black woman?
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01:16
After all, I consider myself
a black woman with a white father
a black woman with a white father
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畢竟，我認為我自己是一位
有白人父親的黑人婦女，
有白人父親的黑人婦女，
01:21
rather than a white woman
with a black mother
with a black mother
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而不是一位有黑人母親的白人婦女，
01:25
entirely for social reasons.
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完全基於社會的緣故。
01:27
Which racial identity I check
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我勾選那個人種身份
01:30
has nothing to do with my genes.
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和我的基因一點都不相干。
01:34
Well, despite the obvious
importance of this question
importance of this question
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儘管這問題對那項研究的
科學有效性十分重要，
科學有效性十分重要，
01:37
to the study's scientific validity,
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01:40
I was told, "Don't worry about it,
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他們告訴我：「別擔心，
01:42
just put down however
you identify yourself."
you identify yourself."
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只要寫下你怎麼認定
你自己就可以。」
你自己就可以。」
01:46
So I check "black,"
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所以我勾了「黑人」，
01:48
but I had no confidence
in the results of a study
in the results of a study
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但我對這研究結果實在毫無信心，
因為它對一個重要變項
處理得這麼不科學。
處理得這麼不科學。
01:52
that treated a critical variable
so unscientifically.
so unscientifically.
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01:58
That personal experience
with the use of race in genetic testing
with the use of race in genetic testing
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這次在基因測試上
使用人種的個人經驗，
使用人種的個人經驗，
02:02
got me thinking:
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讓我思考到：
02:04
Where else in medicine is race used
to make false biological predictions?
to make false biological predictions?
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在醫學還有那些地方是用到人種，
而作出錯誤的生物預測？
而作出錯誤的生物預測？
02:10
Well, I found out that race runs deeply
throughout all of medical practice.
throughout all of medical practice.
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我發現在整個醫學應用上，
「人種」還涉入頗深的呢。
「人種」還涉入頗深的呢。
02:17
It shapes physicians' diagnoses,
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它也影響醫生的診斷、
02:20
measurements, treatments,
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測量、治療、
02:22
prescriptions,
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用藥處方、
02:24
even the very definition of diseases.
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甚至疾病的定義都有影響。
02:28
And the more I found out,
the more disturbed I became.
the more disturbed I became.
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我發現越多就越覺得不安，
02:33
Sociologists like me have long explained
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像我一樣的社會學家長久以來
闡明種族是一種社會結構。
闡明種族是一種社會結構。
02:36
that race is a social construction.
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02:39
When we identify people as black,
white, Asian, Native American, Latina,
white, Asian, Native American, Latina,
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當我們將人區分為黑人、白人、
亞洲人、美洲原住民、拉丁美洲人，
亞洲人、美洲原住民、拉丁美洲人，
02:46
we're referring to social groupings
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這是在指隨時間改變
我們所劃分出來的社會群組，
我們所劃分出來的社會群組，
02:49
with made up demarcations
that have changed over time
that have changed over time
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02:52
and vary around the world.
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而在世界各地劃分法也不同。
02:55
As a legal scholar, I've also studied
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身為一個法律學者，我也研究了
02:58
how lawmakers, not biologists,
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立法者──而不是生物學家──
03:01
have invented the legal
definitions of races.
definitions of races.
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如何定義法律上的種族。
03:06
And it's not just the view
of social scientists.
of social scientists.
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而這不只是社會學家的觀點而已。
03:10
You remember when the map
of the human genome
of the human genome
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你記得當人類基因組的圖譜，
03:12
was unveiled at a White House
ceremony in June 2000?
ceremony in June 2000?
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於 2000 年六月
在白宮的典禮被公開時嗎？
在白宮的典禮被公開時嗎？
03:17
President Bill Clinton famously declared,
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比爾．克林頓總統著名的宣告：
03:20
"I believe one of the great truths
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「我相信從長期
成功地研究人類基因組，
成功地研究人類基因組，
03:22
to emerge from this triumphant expedition
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所得到的重大事實之一，
在基因方面來說，
在基因方面來說，
03:26
inside the human genome
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03:27
is that in genetic terms,
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03:29
human beings, regardless of race,
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人類──不分種族──
03:32
are more than 99.9 percent the same."
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有超過 99.9% 是相同的。」
03:36
And he might have added
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他也許還要再說：
03:38
that that less than one percent
of genetic difference
of genetic difference
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「少於 1% 的基因差異，
03:42
doesn't fall into racial boxes.
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不會落在人種這個框架裡。」
03:45
Francis Collins, who led
the Human Genome Project
the Human Genome Project
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法蘭西斯．柯林斯領導了
「人類基因組計畫」，
「人類基因組計畫」，
03:49
and now heads NIH,
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現為美國國立衛生研究院院長，
03:50
echoed President Clinton.
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響應了克林頓總統：
03:52
"I am happy that today,
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「我今天很高興，
03:54
the only race we're talking about
is the human race."
is the human race."
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因為我們今日所討論的
唯一人種就是人類。」
唯一人種就是人類。」
04:00
Doctors are supposed to practice
evidence-based medicine,
evidence-based medicine,
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醫生本應依照實證醫學進行診療，
04:04
and they're increasingly called
to join the genomic revolution.
to join the genomic revolution.
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要求他們參與基因組改革的
呼聲日漸增加，
呼聲日漸增加，
04:08
But their habit of treating patients
by race lags far behind.
by race lags far behind.
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但他們遠遠落後停在習慣性
以人種區分來治療病患。
以人種區分來治療病患。
04:14
Take the estimate
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就拿評估
04:15
of glomerular filtration rate, or GFR.
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腎小球濾過率（GFR）來說，
04:18
Doctors routinely interpret GFR,
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醫生例行判讀腎小球濾過率
04:22
this important indicator
of kidney function, by race.
of kidney function, by race.
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為重要的腎功能指標，
但依人種而異。
但依人種而異。
04:27
As you can see in this lab test,
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就如你現在看到這張檢驗報告，
04:31
the exact same creatinine level,
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完全相同的肌酸酐數值，
04:36
the concentration
in the blood of the patient,
in the blood of the patient,
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也就是肌酸酐在血中濃度，
04:40
automatically produces
a different GFR estimate
a different GFR estimate
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會自動產生不同的 GFR 預測值，
04:45
depending on whether or not
the patient is African-American.
the patient is African-American.
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依病人是否為非裔美國人而定。
04:51
Why?
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為什麼呢？
04:53
I've been told it's based on an assumption
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他們告訴我這是基於一種假設：
04:56
that African-Americans
have more muscle mass
have more muscle mass
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非裔美國人比其他人種的
肌肉量較多。
肌肉量較多。
04:59
than people of other races.
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05:02
But what sense does it make
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但是醫師直接假設我比一位女性
健美員的肌肉量多，這是什麼道理？
健美員的肌肉量多，這是什麼道理？
05:04
for a doctor to automatically assume
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05:08
I have more muscle mass
than that female bodybuilder?
than that female bodybuilder?
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05:12
Wouldn't it be far more accurate
and evidence-based
and evidence-based
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如果用目測來估計一個人的肌肉量，
不會來得更有根據、更準確嗎？
不會來得更有根據、更準確嗎？
05:16
to determine the muscle mass
of individual patients
of individual patients
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05:20
just by looking at them?
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05:24
Well, doctors tell me
they're using race as a shortcut.
they're using race as a shortcut.
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醫生告訴我，
他們用人種當做一種捷徑，
他們用人種當做一種捷徑，
05:27
It's a crude but convenient proxy
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對一些比較重要的因素，
它是個粗略簡便的替代法，
它是個粗略簡便的替代法，
05:30
for more important factors,
like muscle mass,
like muscle mass,
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例如肌肉量、酶的濃度、基因特徵，
05:33
enzyme level, genetic traits
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05:36
they just don't have time to look for.
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他們時間有限，無法一一去查。
05:39
But race is a bad proxy.
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但人種是個很不好的替代法，
05:42
In many cases, race adds
no relevant information at all.
no relevant information at all.
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許多情況下，
人種根本不會增加相關資訊。
人種根本不會增加相關資訊。
05:46
It's just a distraction.
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它只會讓人轉移注意力而已。
05:49
But race also tends to overwhelm
the clinical measures.
the clinical measures.
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但人種往往會蓋過臨床評估，
05:55
It blinds doctors to patients' symptoms,
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醫生因而疏忽病人症狀、
05:59
family illnesses,
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家族病史、
06:02
their history, their own illnesses
they might have --
they might have --
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病人病史、
病人自己可能有的疾病等，
病人自己可能有的疾病等，
06:06
all more evidence-based
than the patient's race.
than the patient's race.
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這些都比病人的人種更有據可依。
06:11
Race can't substitute
for these important clinical measures
for these important clinical measures
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人種不能取代這些重要的臨床評估，
06:16
without sacrificing patient well-being.
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否則會犧牲病人的健康。
06:21
Doctors also tell me
race is just one of many factors
race is just one of many factors
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醫生還告訴我，人種只是他們
考量的許多因素之一，
考量的許多因素之一，
06:25
they take into account,
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06:27
but there are numerous medical tests,
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還有許多醫學檢驗
06:29
like the GFR,
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如同 GFR 一樣
06:30
that use race categorically
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使用人種分類，
06:34
to treat black, white,
Asian patients differently
Asian patients differently
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對黑人、白人、亞裔病人
以不同方式處理，
以不同方式處理，
06:38
just because of their race.
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只因為他們的種族。
06:41
Race medicine also leaves
patients of color especially vulnerable
patients of color especially vulnerable
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種族醫學也讓有色病患
特別容易遭到
特別容易遭到
06:47
to harmful biases and stereotypes.
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有害的偏見與陳規。
06:50
Black and Latino patients
are twice as likely
are twice as likely
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黑人和拉丁美洲病患
幾乎兩倍於白人，
幾乎兩倍於白人，
06:53
to receive no pain medication as whites
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面對相同疼痛的長骨骨折時，
沒有止痛藥治療；
沒有止痛藥治療；
06:57
for the same painful long bone fractures
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07:02
because of stereotypes
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因為陳舊觀念認為
07:04
that black and brown people
feel less pain,
feel less pain,
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黑人及棕色皮膚病患較能忍受疼痛、
07:08
exaggerate their pain,
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誇大他們的痛感、
07:10
and are predisposed to drug addiction.
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及較傾向於有毒癮。
07:14
The Food and Drug Administration has even
approved a race-specific medicine.
approved a race-specific medicine.
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美國食品與藥物管理局甚至
許可使用一種特定種族用藥，
許可使用一種特定種族用藥，
07:20
It's a pill called BiDil
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這名叫 BiDil 的藥片
07:22
to treat heart failure in self-identified
African-American patients.
African-American patients.
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用在治療自稱為非裔美國人的
心臟衰竭患者。
心臟衰竭患者。
07:27
A cardiologist developed this drug
without regard to race or genetics,
without regard to race or genetics,
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研發這種藥的心臟科醫師
並沒有考慮人種或基因，
並沒有考慮人種或基因，
07:33
but it became convenient
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但基於方便商業的理由
07:36
for commercial reasons
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07:38
to market the drug to black patients.
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將此藥銷售給黑人病患。
07:42
The FDA then allowed
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那時 FDA 同意
07:44
the company, the drug company,
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製藥公司
07:47
to test the efficacy in a clinical trial
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做臨床實驗以測其藥效，
07:51
that only included
African-American subjects.
African-American subjects.
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而對象只用在非裔美國人身上。
07:56
It speculated
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它推斷
07:58
that race stood in as a proxy
for some unknown genetic factor
for some unknown genetic factor
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人種可作為一些
未知基因因素的替代項目，
未知基因因素的替代項目，
這未知因素會
影響心臟病或是對藥的反應。
影響心臟病或是對藥的反應。
08:04
that affects heart disease
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08:07
or response to drugs.
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08:11
But think about
the dangerous message it sent,
the dangerous message it sent,
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但想想它傳遞的危險訊息，
08:15
that black people's bodies
are so substandard,
are so substandard,
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黑人的身體
是低於標準的（很差的），
是低於標準的（很差的），
08:19
a drug tested in them
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在他們身上試驗的藥物
08:21
is not guaranteed
to work in other patients.
to work in other patients.
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並不保證對其他病人也有效。
08:26
In the end, the drug company's
marketing scheme failed.
marketing scheme failed.
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最後製藥公司的銷售計劃失敗了。
08:30
For one thing, black patients
were understandably wary
were understandably wary
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不難了解，一個原因是黑人病患
對這只能用於黑人的藥十分機警。
對這只能用於黑人的藥十分機警。
08:34
of using a drug just for black people.
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08:38
One elderly black woman stood up
in a community meeting and shouted,
in a community meeting and shouted,
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一位年長的黑人婦女
在一個社區會議站起來高喊：
在一個社區會議站起來高喊：
08:42
"Give me what the white
people are taking!"
people are taking!"
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「給我白人使用的藥！」
08:44
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
08:47
And if you find race-specific
medicine surprising,
medicine surprising,
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如果你對特定人種用藥很吃驚，
08:52
wait until you learn
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那麼你會更訝異於
08:54
that many doctors in the United States
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美國許多醫生
仍在用一種診斷方法，
仍在用一種診斷方法，
08:57
still use an updated version
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那是在奴隸時期
一位醫師所制定的更新版本。
一位醫師所制定的更新版本。
09:00
of a diagnostic tool
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09:02
that was developed by a physician
during the slavery era,
during the slavery era,
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09:06
a diagnostic tool that is tightly linked
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這診斷方法與
「蓄奴的正當性」有密切關聯。
「蓄奴的正當性」有密切關聯。
09:09
to justifications for slavery.
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09:13
Dr. Samuel Cartwright graduated
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賽繆爾．卡特賴特醫生畢業於
09:16
from the University
of Pennsylvania Medical School.
of Pennsylvania Medical School.
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賓夕法尼亞大學醫學院。
09:19
He practiced in the Deep South
before the Civil War,
before the Civil War,
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在南北戰爭前，
他執業於美國深南部，
他執業於美國深南部，
09:23
and he was a well-known expert
on what was then called "Negro medicine."
on what was then called "Negro medicine."
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他是當時所謂的「黑人醫學」名醫。
09:28
He promoted the racial concept of disease,
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他發起了人種疾病的概念，
09:31
that people of different races
suffer from different diseases
suffer from different diseases
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也就是不同人種感染的疾病也不同，
09:35
and experience
common diseases differently.
common diseases differently.
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連罹患一般疾病也相異。
09:39
Cartwright argued in the 1850s
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在 1850 年代，卡特賴特辯稱
09:43
that slavery was beneficial
for black people
for black people
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基於醫學理由，
奴隷制度對黑人是有利的。
奴隷制度對黑人是有利的。
09:47
for medical reasons.
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09:49
He claimed that because black people
have lower lung capacity than whites,
have lower lung capacity than whites,
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他宣稱因為黑人的肺活量比白人低，
09:54
forced labor was good for them.
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強迫勞動對他們有好處。
09:57
He wrote in a medical journal,
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他在醫學雜誌上寫道：
10:00
"It is the red vital blood
sent to the brain
sent to the brain
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「在白人的控制下，紅而有力的
血液送到腦部，解放了他們的思想；
血液送到腦部，解放了他們的思想；
10:03
that liberates their minds
when under the white man's control,
when under the white man's control,
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10:07
and it is the want of sufficiency
of red vital blood
of red vital blood
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自由時，缺乏紅而有力的血液，所以
束縛他們的思想，導致無知和野蠻。」
束縛他們的思想，導致無知和野蠻。」
10:11
that chains their minds to ignorance
and barbarism when in freedom."
and barbarism when in freedom."
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10:17
To support this theory,
Cartwright helped to perfect
Cartwright helped to perfect
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為了支持這理論，卡特賴特協助製造
10:20
a medical device for measuring breathing
called the spirometer
called the spirometer
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一種測量呼吸用的醫學儀器，
叫做「肺活量計」，
叫做「肺活量計」，
10:26
to show the presumed deficiency
in black people's lungs.
in black people's lungs.
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用以證明黑人的肺的確比較差。
10:31
Today, doctors still
uphold Cartwright's claim
uphold Cartwright's claim
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如今，醫師仍然
支持卡特賴特的說法，
支持卡特賴特的說法，
10:37
the black people as a race
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即黑人種族比白人肺活量低。
10:40
have lower lung capacity
than white people.
than white people.
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10:44
Some even use a modern day spirometer
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有些甚至使用一種現代肺活量計，
10:48
that actually has a button labeled "race"
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上面竟然有標示「人種」的按鈕，
10:52
so the machine adjusts the measurement
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能依據病人他或她的人種
而調整其測量。
而調整其測量。
10:55
for each patient
according to his or her race.
according to his or her race.
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10:59
It's a well-known function
called "correcting for race."
called "correcting for race."
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這個著名的功能稱為「人種校正」。
11:05
The problem with race medicine
extends far beyond misdiagnosing patients.
extends far beyond misdiagnosing patients.
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種族醫學的問題遠超過誤診病人，
11:11
Its focus on innate
racial differences in disease
racial differences in disease
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它注重疾病上的天生種族差異，
11:16
diverts attention and resources
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轉移了社會決策者的注意
及可獲得的資源，
及可獲得的資源，
11:19
from the social determinants
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11:21
that cause appalling
racial gaps in health:
racial gaps in health:
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導致在醫療保健上
有極驚人的種族落差：
有極驚人的種族落差：
11:25
lack of access
to high-quality medical care;
to high-quality medical care;
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缺乏優質醫療照護、
11:29
food deserts in poor neighborhoods;
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貧民區食物缺乏、
11:33
exposure to environmental toxins;
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暴露於環境毒素、
11:37
high rates of incarceration;
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監禁率高、
11:39
and experiencing the stress
of racial discrimination.
of racial discrimination.
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以及承受種族歧視的壓力。
11:45
You see, race is not a biological category
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你瞧！人種不是一種生物類別，
11:48
that naturally produces
these health disparities
these health disparities
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不會因基因不同
而導致健康上的差異。
而導致健康上的差異。
11:52
because of genetic difference.
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11:55
Race is a social category
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人種是一種社會分類，
11:57
that has staggering
biological consequences,
biological consequences,
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它已很嚴重地影響生物的後果，
只因為人民
醫療保健不均等的衝突所導致，
醫療保健不均等的衝突所導致，
12:01
but because of the impact
of social inequality on people's health.
of social inequality on people's health.
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12:07
Yet race medicine pretends
the answer to these gaps in health
the answer to these gaps in health
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種族醫學仍然假裝
醫療保健的落差
醫療保健的落差
12:11
can be found in a race-specific pill.
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可以利用種族特定用藥得到解決。
12:14
It's much easier and more lucrative
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去銷售技術性修正
以解決醫療保健落差，
以解決醫療保健落差，
12:17
to market a technological fix
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12:20
for these gaps in health
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比去處理製造落差的不均等架構，
更是簡單且有利可圖。
更是簡單且有利可圖。
12:22
than to deal with the structural
inequities that produce them.
inequities that produce them.
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12:29
The reason I'm so passionate
about ending race medicine
about ending race medicine
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我熱衷於終止這種族醫學的原因
12:34
isn't just because it's bad medicine.
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不只是因為它是個不好的醫學，
12:37
I'm also on this mission
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我也有這個使命，
12:39
because the way doctors practice medicine
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因為醫生執業行醫的方式
12:42
continues to promote
a false and toxic view of humanity.
a false and toxic view of humanity.
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一直在助長
對人類錯誤及毒害的看法。
對人類錯誤及毒害的看法。
12:48
Despite the many visionary breakthroughs
in medicine we've been learning about,
in medicine we've been learning about,
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儘管我們在醫學上
已有許多前瞻性的突破，
已有許多前瞻性的突破，
12:54
there's a failure of imagination
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但在人種方面仍是個失敗的想像。
12:57
when it comes to race.
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13:00
Would you imagine with me, just a moment:
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請和我一起想像一會兒：
13:04
What would happen if doctors
stopped treating patients by race?
stopped treating patients by race?
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如果醫生不再依人種來對待病患，
你想將會怎麼樣？
你想將會怎麼樣？
13:12
Suppose they rejected
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假使他們拒絕使用
13:14
an 18th-century classification system
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18 世紀的分類系統，
13:18
and incorporated instead
the most advanced knowledge
the most advanced knowledge
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而是加入最先進的知識──
13:22
of human genetic diversity and unity,
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──人類基因多樣化及獨特性，
13:25
that human beings cannot be categorized
into biological races?
into biological races?
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人是不能分類為生物人種，
你想將怎麼樣？
你想將怎麼樣？
13:32
What if, instead of using race
as a crude proxy
as a crude proxy
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如果不用人種作為粗略的替代法
13:37
for some more important factor,
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來處理一些比較重要因素，
13:39
doctors actually investigated
and addressed that more important factor?
and addressed that more important factor?
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而是醫生真正去追查和注意
那更重要的因素，你覺得呢？
那更重要的因素，你覺得呢？
13:46
What if doctors joined the forefront
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如果醫生加入活動的最前線，
13:49
of a movement to end
the structural inequities
the structural inequities
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來終止這因為種族偏見而非基因差異
所導致的不均等架構，你想會怎樣？
所導致的不均等架構，你想會怎樣？
13:53
caused by racism,
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13:55
not by genetic difference?
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14:01
Race medicine is bad medicine,
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種族醫學是有害的醫學，
14:05
it's poor science
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它是劣質科學，
14:07
and it's a false
interpretation of humanity.
interpretation of humanity.
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它是一種對人類錯誤的詮釋。
14:11
It is more urgent than ever
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現在比以前更加刻不容緩
14:14
to finally abandon this backward legacy
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須徹底停止這個落伍傳統，
藉著終結
藉著終結
14:18
and to affirm our common humanity
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這真正分裂我們的社會不平等，
來肯定我們共同的人性。
來肯定我們共同的人性。
14:22
by ending the social inequalities
that truly divide us.
that truly divide us.
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14:28
Thank you.
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謝謝！
14:29
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
14:31
Thank you. Thanks.
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謝謝！謝謝！
14:34
Thank you.
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謝謝！
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Dorothy Roberts - Professor, author and social justice advocateGlobal scholar, University of Pennsylvania civil rights sociologist and law professor Dorothy Roberts exposes the myths of race-based medicine.
Why you should listen
Internationally recognized scholar, public intellectual and social justice advocate Dorothy Roberts studies the interplay of gender, race and class in legal issues. She has been a leader in transforming public thinking and policy on reproductive health, child welfare and bioethics.
Professor of Africana Studies, Law & Sociology at the University of Pennsylvania, Dorothy directs the Penn Program on Race, Science and Society. She has authored and co-edited ten books, including the award-winning Killing the Black Body and Shattered Bonds. Her latest book is Fatal Invention: How Science, Politics, and Big Business Re-create Race in the Twenty-First Century. She received the 2015 Solomon Carter Fuller Award from the American Psychiatric Association for "providing significant benefit for the quality of life for Black people."
Dorothy Roberts | Speaker | TED.com