ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Juan Enriquez - Futurist
Juan Enriquez thinks and writes about the profound changes that genomics and other life sciences will bring in business, technology, politics and society.

Why you should listen

A broad thinker who studies the intersections of these fields, Enriquez has a talent for bridging disciplines to build a coherent look ahead. He is the managing director of Excel Venture Management, a life sciences VC firm. He recently published (with Steve Gullans) Evolving Ourselves: How Unnatural Selection and Nonrandom Mutation Are Shaping Life on Earth. The book describes a world where humans increasingly shape their environment, themselves and other species.

Enriquez is a member of the board of Synthetic Genomics, which recently introduced the smallest synthetic living cell. Called “JCVI-syn 3.0,” it has 473 genes (about half the previous smallest cell). The organism would die if one of the genes is removed. In other words, this is the minimum genetic instruction set for a living organism.

More profile about the speaker
Juan Enriquez | Speaker | TED.com
TED Talks Live

Juan Enriquez: We can reprogram life. How to do it wisely

胡安.安立奎: 如何明智地運用我們改造生命的超能力

Filmed:
2,107,612 views

40 億年以來,兩條準則決定了地球上生物的生死:天擇與隨機突變。接著,人類出現改變了這一切──我們雜交作物、配種動物、改變環境,甚至有目的性地讓自己演化。胡安.安立奎對生命改造技術越來越強大的未來,提出了五個指導原則。「這是人類史中最令人興奮的冒險旅程。」安立奎如是說。「這是人類前所未有且最為強大的超能力。」
- Futurist
Juan Enriquez thinks and writes about the profound changes that genomics and other life sciences will bring in business, technology, politics and society. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:12
So, there's an actor演員
called Dustin達斯汀 Hoffman霍夫曼.
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有一位演員叫做達斯汀.霍夫曼。
00:16
And years年份 ago, he made製作 this movie電影
which哪一個 some of you may可能 have heard聽說 of,
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多年前,他拍過一部電影,
你們可能有人聽過,
片名叫《畢業生》。
00:19
called "The Graduate畢業."
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00:21
And there's two key scenes場景 in that movie電影.
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片中有兩個關鍵場景。
00:24
The first one is the seduction誘惑 scene現場.
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第一個場景是色誘。
00:26
I'm not going to talk about that tonight今晚.
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但我今晚不會談這個。
(笑聲)
00:28
(Laughter笑聲)
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00:30
The second第二 scene現場 is where he's taken採取 out
by the old guy to the pool,
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第二個場景是,
他被一個長者帶到泳池邊,
那長者對這年輕的大學畢業生
基本上只說了一個字,
00:34
and as a young年輕 college學院 graduate畢業,
the old guy basically基本上 says one word,
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就一個字。
00:39
just one word.
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當然,你們都知道是哪個字。
00:41
And of course課程, all of you know
what that word is.
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00:44
It's "plastics塑料."
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「塑膠」。
00:45
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
00:47
And the only problem問題 with that is,
it was completely全然 the wrong錯誤 advice忠告.
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那件事唯一的問題就是,
它根本是個錯誤的建議。
00:51
(Laughter笑聲)
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[大錯特錯!]
(笑聲)
00:53
Let me tell you why it was so wrong錯誤.
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讓我告訴你錯在哪。
那個字應該改成「矽」。
00:55
The word should have been "silicon."
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00:58
And the reason原因 it should have been silicon
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而它必須改成矽的原因是:
當時半導體技術剛被研發出來,
01:00
is because the basic基本 patents專利
for semiconductors半導體 had already已經 been made製作,
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01:05
had already已經 been filed提交,
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專利已經送件,
01:06
and they were already已經 building建造 them.
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並開始生產。
01:08
So Silicon Valley was just
being存在 built內置 in 1967,
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1967 年這部片上映時,
01:11
when this movie電影 was released發布.
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矽谷才剛起步。
電影上映後的隔年,
01:13
And the year after the movie電影 was released發布,
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01:15
Intel英特爾 was founded成立.
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英特爾才創立。
那畢業生當年要是聽到了對的字,
01:17
So had the graduate畢業 heard聽說
the right one word,
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01:20
maybe he would have ended結束 up
onstage在舞台上 -- oh, I don't know --
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也許今天在台上的就是他,
搞不好……
還是跟這兩個傢伙。
01:23
maybe with these two.
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01:24
(Laughter笑聲)
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[史蒂夫.賈伯斯和比爾.蓋茲]
(笑聲)
01:31
So as you're thinking思維 of that,
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當你在思考這件事時,
01:34
let's see what bit of advice忠告
we might威力 want to give
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讓我們順便想想該給什麼建議,
01:38
so that your next下一個 graduate畢業 doesn't become成為
a Tupperware特百惠 salesman推銷員.
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好讓未來的畢業生
不會變成特百惠的業務員。
(笑聲)
01:41
(Laughter笑聲)
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01:43
So in 2015, what word of advice忠告
would you give people,
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在 2015 年,當你把一位大學
畢業生叫到泳池邊的時候,
01:47
when you took a college學院
graduate畢業 out by the pool
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你會給他們什麼建議?
你只能說一個字,就一個字。
01:50
and you said one word, just one word?
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01:52
I think the answer回答 would be "lifecodelifecode."
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我認為答案是「生物工程」。
「生物工程」是什麼?
01:55
So what is "lifecodelifecode?"
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01:56
LifecodeLifecode is the various各個 ways方法
we have of programming程序設計 life.
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它代表我們能用來
設計生命的各種途徑。
01:59
So instead代替 of programming程序設計 computers電腦,
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設計的不再是電腦程式,
02:01
we're using運用 things to program程序 viruses病毒
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而是用生物科技來設計病毒、
反轉錄病毒、蛋白質、
02:03
or retroviruses逆轉錄病毒 or proteins蛋白質
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DNA、RNA、
02:05
or DNA脫氧核糖核酸 or RNARNA
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植物、動物或各種各樣的生物。
02:08
or plants植物 or animals動物,
or a whole整個 series系列 of creatures生物.
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02:11
And as you're thinking思維
about this incredible難以置信 ability能力
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這樣的神奇能力
02:14
to make life do what you want it to do,
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──讓生命為你所用,
照著設計運作──
02:16
what it's programmed程序 to do,
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從本質上來說,
02:18
what you end結束 up doing
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其實是幾千年來,
我們一直在做的事,
02:20
is taking服用 what we've我們已經 been doing
for thousands數千 of years年份,
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像是育種、修改、
02:23
which哪一個 is breeding配種, changing改變,
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02:27
mixing混合, matching匹配
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雜交、配對
各種的生命形式,
02:29
all kinds of life-forms生命形式,
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只不過速度大幅加快了。
02:31
and we accelerate加速 it.
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02:32
And this is not something new.
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這不是什麼新概念。
這個不起眼的野生甘藍已被改造:
02:34
This humble謙卑 mustard芥末 weed野草 has been modified改性
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02:37
so that if you change更改 it in one way,
you get broccoli西蘭花.
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用第一種方式改造它,
你會得到青花菜;
用第二種方式,你會得到羽衣甘藍;
02:40
And if you change更改 it
in a second第二 way, you get kale羽衣甘藍.
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用第三種方式的話,
02:43
And if you change更改 it in a third第三 way,
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你會得到花椰菜。
02:45
you get cauliflower菜花.
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02:47
So when you go to these
all-natural全天然, organic有機 markets市場,
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所以,當你走進這些
純天然有機蔬果市場時,
02:51
you're really going to a place地點
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你實際上進的
02:52
where people have been changing改變
the lifecodelifecode of plants植物 for a long time.
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是個植物生命已被
長時間改造的地方。
不同以往的是
02:57
The difference區別 today今天,
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──挑個政治正確的字眼──
02:58
to pick a completely全然
politically政治上 neutral中性 term術語 --
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[智慧設計]
03:00
[Intelligent智能 design設計]
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03:02
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
03:03
We're beginning開始 to practice實踐
intelligent智能 design設計.
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我們已經開始使用智慧設計。
03:06
That means手段 that instead代替
of doing this at random隨機
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這意味著,不同於以往的隨機
和依靠世代交替進行演化,
03:09
and seeing眼看 what happens發生 over generations,
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我們插入特定的基因,
插入特定的蛋白質,
03:11
we're inserting插入 specific具體 genes基因,
we're inserting插入 specific具體 proteins蛋白質,
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開始非常刻意、
有目的性地改造生命。
03:14
and we're changing改變 lifecodelifecode
for very deliberate商榷 purposes目的.
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03:18
And that allows允許 us to accelerate加速
how this stuff東東 happens發生.
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這讓我們能夠加速變化的發生。
讓我舉個例子吧!
03:22
Let me just give you one example.
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03:26
Some of you occasionally偶爾
might威力 think about sex性別.
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「性行為」可能偶爾會略過你的腦海。
03:31
And we kind of take it for granted理所當然
how we've我們已經 changed sex性別.
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我們視如今性事的樣貌為理所當然,
而且對這樣的改變習以為常。
03:34
So we think it's perfectly完美 normal正常
and natural自然 to change更改 it.
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03:37
What's happened發生 with sex性別 over time is --
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性行為最終的結果──
一般來說,是寶寶。
03:40
normally一般, sex性別 equals等於 baby寶寶, eventually終於.
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03:43
But in today's今天的 world世界,
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但,在現今世界,
03:45
sex性別 plus pill equals等於 no baby寶寶.
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性行為搭配避孕藥,就沒有寶寶了。
03:48
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
03:49
And again, we think
that's perfectly完美 normal正常 and natural自然,
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儘管我們對此完全習以為常,
03:52
but that has not been the case案件
for most of human人的 history歷史.
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但在大部分的人類史上並非如此。
對動物而言也不是。
03:55
And it's not the case案件 for animals動物.
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03:57
What it is does is it gives us control控制,
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它賦予了我們控制權,
讓性與受孕得以分離。
03:59
so sex性別 becomes separate分離 from conception概念.
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04:02
And as you're thinking思維
of the consequences後果 of that,
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當你正思考後果的同時,
人類又更進一步,
04:05
then we've我們已經 been playing播放 with stuff東東
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玩起了「ART」。
04:07
that's a little bit more
advanced高級, like art藝術.
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04:09
Not in the sense
of painting繪畫 and sculpture雕塑,
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不是繪畫、雕刻那種藝術(art),
ART 是「輔助生殖技術」的縮寫。
04:11
but in the sense of assisted輔助
reproductive生殖 technologies技術.
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04:17
So what are assisted輔助
reproductive生殖 technologies技術?
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「輔助生殖技術」是什麼?
04:19
Assisted輔助 reproductive生殖 technologies技術
are things like in vitro體外 fertilization受精.
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「輔助生殖技術」包含了體外受精。
04:24
And when you do in vitro體外 fertilization受精,
there's very good reasons原因 to do it.
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做體外受精有很好的理由。
有時候,你就是無法
用其他方法受孕。
04:27
Sometimes有時 you just
can't conceive構想 otherwise除此以外.
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04:31
But when you do that,
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當你這樣做時,
你就把性、受孕、寶寶
彼此分開來了。
04:32
what you’re回覆 doing is separating分離
sex性別, conception概念, baby寶寶.
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04:37
So you haven't沒有 just taken採取 control控制
of when you have a baby寶寶,
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所以,你不僅控制了
什麼時候有寶寶,
還控制了寶寶在何時、何地受精。
04:40
you've separated分離 when the baby寶寶
and where the baby寶寶 is fertilized受精.
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所以,你把寶寶
04:44
So you've separated分離 the baby寶寶
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04:46
from the body身體 from the act法案.
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從身體和行為分開來了。
當你在想我們還做了些什麼的時候,
04:49
And as you're thinking思維
of other things we've我們已經 been doing,
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04:52
think about twins雙胞胎.
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想想雙胞胎吧!
04:55
So you can freeze凍結 sperm精子,
you can freeze凍結 eggs,
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你可以冷凍精子、卵子,
你可以冷凍受精卵。
04:57
you can freeze凍結 fertilized受精 eggs.
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04:59
And what does that mean?
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這代表什麼?
05:01
Well, that's a good thing
if you're a cancer癌症 patient患者.
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若你是位癌症病患,這就是好事。
05:04
You're about to go under chemotherapy化療
or under radiation輻射,
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你可以在做化學治療或放射治療前,
把這些東西存起來,
05:07
so you save保存 these things.
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05:08
You don't irradiate照射 them.
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不讓它們受到輻射。
05:10
But if you can save保存 them
and you can freeze凍結 them,
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但若你可以保存、冷凍它們,
而且還能夠請代理孕母的話,
05:12
and you can have a surrogate代孕 mother母親,
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05:14
it means手段 that you've
decoupled解耦 sex性別 from time.
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代表何時懷胎也控制在我們手中。
也就是說,你可以讓雙胞胎中的
另一個出生在……50 年後?
05:17
It means手段 you can have twins雙胞胎
born天生 -- oh, in 50 years年份?
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05:23
(Laughter笑聲)
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[兄:嘿!兄弟! 弟:你誰啊?]
(笑聲)
可以 100 年後嗎?
05:27
In a hundred years年份?
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200 年後呢?
05:29
Two hundred years年份?
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05:31
And these are three
really profound深刻 changes變化
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而這三項重大改變
05:34
that are not, like, future未來 stuff東東.
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不是未來的事情。
如今這已經廣為人們接受。
05:36
This is stuff東東 we take for granted理所當然 today今天.
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所以,生物工程是一種超能力。
05:38
So this lifecodelifecode stuff東東
turns out to be a superpower超級大國.
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05:42
It turns out to be this incredibly令人難以置信
powerful強大 way of changing改變 viruses病毒,
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這種難以置信的超能力
可以改造病毒、
改造植物、改造動物,
05:46
of changing改變 plants植物, of changing改變 animals動物,
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05:49
perhaps也許 even of evolving進化 ourselves我們自己.
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甚至改造我們自己。
05:52
It's something that Steve史蒂夫 GullansGullans and I
have been thinking思維 about for a while.
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史蒂夫.格蘭斯和我
已經思考這件事一陣子了。
05:56
Let's have some risks風險.
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讓我們冒一些險吧!
05:58
Like every一切 powerful強大 technology技術,
like electricity電力, like an automobile汽車,
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每種強大的科技,像是電力、汽車,
06:02
like computers電腦, this stuff東東
potentially可能 can be misused誤用.
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或是電腦,都有被濫用的可能。
這讓很多人感到恐懼。
06:06
And that scares恐慌 a lot of people.
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06:09
And as you apply應用 these technologies技術,
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當你使用這個技術時,
你也有可能把人類變成奇美拉。
06:10
you can even turn human人的
beings眾生 into chimeras嵌合體.
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06:13
Remember記得 the Greek希臘語 myth神話
where you mix混合 animals動物?
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記得希臘神話裡的混種動物嗎?
06:16
Well, some of these treatments治療
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這個技術中的一些治療方法
最終將改變你的血型。
06:18
actually其實 end結束 up changing改變 your blood血液 type類型.
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06:21
Or they'll他們會 put male cells細胞
in a female body身體 or vice versa反之亦然,
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有時候,他們會把男性細胞
放到女性身體裡面,反之亦然。
聽起來很可怕,
06:26
which哪一個 sounds聲音 absolutely絕對 horrible可怕
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06:27
until直到 you realize實現, the reason原因
you're doing that
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但你必須瞭解這麼做的原因──
有些癌症療程中,會進行骨髓移植。
06:30
is you're substituting bone marrow骨髓
during cancer癌症 treatments治療.
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06:33
So by taking服用 somebody else's別人的 bone marrow骨髓,
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當你移植了他人的骨隨,
你可能會有些本質上的改變,
06:35
you may可能 be changing改變
some fundamental基本的 aspects方面 of yourself你自己,
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06:38
but you're also saving保存 your life.
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但同時也救了自己一命。
06:40
And as you're thinking思維 about this stuff東東,
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在你思考的同時,
06:42
here's這裡的 something
that happened發生 20 years年份 ago.
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我們說說 20 年前的案例吧!
06:45
This is Emma艾瑪 Ott奧特.
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這位是艾瑪.奧特。
06:46
She's a recent最近 college學院 admitteeadmittee.
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她最近成為一位大學錄取生。
她念的是會計。
06:49
She's studying研究 accounting會計.
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06:51
She played發揮 two varsity隊打 sports體育.
She graduated畢業 as a valedictorian告別演說者.
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她是學校兩個校隊的隊員,
畢業時是畢業生代表。
06:55
And that's not particularly尤其 extraordinary非凡,
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然而,她最特別的地方,
在於她是世界第一個
擁有「三親」的人類。
06:57
except that she's the first human人的 being存在
born天生 to three parents父母.
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為何是「三親」?
07:02
Why?
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因為她或許有來自遺傳的
07:03
Because she had a deadly致命
mitochondrial線粒體 disease疾病
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致命線粒體疾病。
07:05
that she might威力 have inherited遺傳.
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07:07
So when you swap交換 out a third第三 person's人的 DNA脫氧核糖核酸
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所以,把第三人的 DNA 抽出,
然後移植過去,
07:09
and you put it in there,
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07:11
you save保存 the lives生活 of people.
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你就挽救了那個人的生命。
07:13
But you also are doing
germline生殖系 engineering工程,
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但你也同時在做生殖工程,
07:16
which哪一個 means手段 her kids孩子,
if she has kids孩子, will be saved保存
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意思就是如果她有孩子,
你也救到了她的孩子,
而且不僅如此。
07:20
and won't慣於 go through通過 this.
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07:21
And [their] kids孩子 will be saved保存,
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她孩子的下一代、
下下一代都因此得救,
07:23
and their grandchildren孫子 will be saved保存,
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並將代代相傳。
07:25
and this passes通行證 on.
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這讓人們緊張。
07:26
That makes品牌 people nervous緊張.
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07:28
So 20 years年份 ago,
the various各個 authorities當局 said,
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所以 20 年前,各方當權者說,
為什麼我們不再研究一下?
07:30
why don't we study研究 this for a while?
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一件事情做了會有風險,
不做也有其風險。
07:33
There are risks風險 to doing stuff東東,
and there are risks風險 to not doing stuff東東,
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這個技術已經實際拯救了很多人,
07:37
because there were a couple一對 dozen people
saved保存 by this technology技術,
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而我們已花了過去的 20 年在思考。
07:41
and then we've我們已經 been thinking思維 about it
for the next下一個 20 years年份.
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當我們思考,
07:45
So as we think about it,
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並說:「嘿!我們應該
要做更長時間的研究;
07:46
as we take the time to say, "Hey,
maybe we should have longer studies學習,
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我們應該要做這個跟那個……」
07:50
maybe we should do this,
maybe we should do that,"
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07:52
there are consequences後果 to acting演戲,
and there are consequences後果 to not acting演戲.
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同時必須意識到,採取行動
有其後果,不採取行動也是。
像是治療致命的疾病──
07:57
Like curing養護 deadly致命 diseases疾病 --
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當然,完全是非自然的方式。
07:59
which哪一個, by the way,
is completely全然 unnatural不自然.
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人類染上流行傳染病死亡很正常,
08:02
It is normal正常 and natural自然
for humans人類 to be felled砍伐
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小兒麻痺症、天花、肺結核
都是著名的例子。
08:06
by massive大規模的 epidemics流行病 of polio脊髓灰質炎,
of smallpox天花, of tuberculosis結核.
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08:10
When we put vaccines疫苗 into people,
we are putting unnatural不自然 things
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當我們注射疫苗時,
就是把非天然的東西
08:13
into their body身體
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放進人體,
因為我們認為注射疫苗的
利益大過於風險。
08:15
because we think the benefit效益
outweighs勝過 the risk風險.
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08:20
Because we've我們已經 built內置 unnatural不自然 plants植物,
unnatural不自然 animals動物,
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因為我們創造了
非天然的植物、動物,
08:23
we can feed飼料 about seven billion十億 people.
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我們得以餵飽 70 億人口。
我們可以創造出新的生命形式。
08:26
We can do things
like create創建 new life-forms生命形式.
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這聽起來讓人提心吊膽,
08:30
And as you create創建 new life-forms生命形式,
again, that sounds聲音 terribly可怕 scary害怕
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且坐立難安,
08:33
and terribly可怕 bothersome傷腦筋,
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08:35
until直到 you realize實現 that those life-forms生命形式
live生活 on your dining用餐 room房間 table.
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直到你意識到,這樣的生命
就存在於你的餐桌上。
08:39
Those flowers花卉 you've got
on your dining用餐 room房間 table --
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你餐桌上的花──
它們一點也不天然,
08:42
there's not a lot
that's natural自然 about them,
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因為人們已經把這些花,
育種成特定顏色、
08:44
because people have been breeding配種
the flowers花卉 to make this color顏色,
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特定大小、能活一星期。
08:47
to be this size尺寸, to last for a week.
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你不太會送你的愛人野花,
08:49
You don't usually平時 give
your loved喜愛 one wildflowers野花
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08:51
because they don't last
a whole整個 lot of time.
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因為它們沒辦法活很久。
08:56
What all this does
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這些事,
完全顛覆了達爾文的理論。
08:58
is it flips翻轉 Darwin達爾文 completely全然 on his head.
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40 億年以來,
09:01
See, for four billion十億 years年份,
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兩條準則決定了地球上生物的生死:
09:02
what lived生活 and died死亡 on this planet行星
depended依賴 on two principles原則:
193
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09:06
on natural自然 selection選擇 and random隨機 mutation突變.
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「天擇」和「隨機突變」。
09:10
And so what lived生活 and died死亡,
what was structured結構化的,
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什麼會活著、死去或是被建構,
09:13
has now been flipped翻轉 on its head.
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這樣的準則如今已被徹底改變。
我們所做所為,
09:16
And what we've我們已經 doneDONE
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09:17
is created創建 this completely全然
parallel平行 evolutionary發展的 system系統
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創造了完全平行的演化系統,
進行「人擇」與「非隨機突變」。
09:20
where we are practicing unnatural不自然
selection選擇 and non-random非隨機 mutation突變.
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讓我稍做說明。
09:23
So let me explain說明 these things.
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這是天擇。
09:25
This is natural自然 selection選擇.
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09:27
This is unnatural不自然 selection選擇.
202
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這是人擇。
(笑聲)
09:28
(Laughter笑聲)
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09:31
So what happens發生 with this stuff東東 is,
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狗的人擇過程是這樣的:
人類幾千年前在中亞開始養狼,
09:34
we started開始 breeding配種 wolves
thousands數千 of years年份 ago
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將牠們馴化成了狗。
09:37
in central中央 Asia亞洲 to turn them into dogs小狗.
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接著把牠們變成大狗,
09:39
And then we started開始
turning車削 them into big dogs小狗
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變成小狗。
09:41
and into little dogs小狗.
208
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09:43
But if you take one of the chihuahuas吉娃娃
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但若你把紐約第五大道上
09:45
you see in the Herm赫姆ès bags包裝袋 on Fifth第五 Avenue大街
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2848
愛馬仕包包裡的吉娃娃,
拿去非洲大草原野放,
09:48
and you let it loose疏鬆 on the African非洲人 plain,
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你就能看到天擇的運作了。
09:50
you can watch natural自然 selection選擇 happen發生.
212
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1984
09:52
(Laughter笑聲)
213
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(笑聲)
09:58
Few少數 things on Earth地球
are less natural自然 than a cornfield麥田.
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地球上很少有東西
能比玉米田更不自然。
你怎麼都不可能在原始森林裡,
10:02
You will never, under any scenario腳本,
walk步行 through通過 a virgin處女 forest森林
215
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3573
10:05
and see the same相同 plant
growing生長 in orderly整齊的 rows
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看到植物排列得如此整齊、
生長得如此一致、
10:08
at the same相同 time,
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生物相又這麼單一。
10:09
nothing else其他 living活的 there.
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10:12
When you do a cornfield麥田,
219
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在玉米田裡,
你決定了什麼活、什麼死。
10:13
you're selecting選擇 what lives生活 and what dies.
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你做的就是人擇。
10:16
And you're doing that
through通過 unnatural不自然 selection選擇.
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麥田、稻田裡的狀況也是一樣的。
10:18
It's the same相同 with a wheat小麥 field領域,
it's the same相同 with a rice白飯 field領域.
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城市、郊區裡的狀況仍是一樣的。
10:21
It's the same相同 with a city,
it's the same相同 with a suburb市郊.
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實際上,地球表面有一半
10:24
In fact事實, half the surface表面 of Earth地球
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已經被人類改變,
10:26
has been unnaturally非自然 engineered工程
225
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什麼活、什麼死
都取決於我們的念頭。
10:27
so that what lives生活 and what dies
there is what we want,
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這也是你在曼哈頓市中心
10:30
which哪一個 is the reason原因 why
you don't have grizzly灰熊 bears
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10:33
walking步行 through通過 downtown市中心 Manhattan曼哈頓.
228
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1927
看不到灰熊逛大街的原因。
10:37
How about this random隨機 mutation突變 stuff東東?
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那隨機突變是什麼?
這就是隨機突變。
10:38
Well, this is random隨機 mutation突變.
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10:40
This is Antonio安東尼奧 AlfonsecaAlfonseca.
231
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1340
這位是安東尼奧.艾方塞卡。
他有個綽號叫「章魚」。
10:42
He's otherwise除此以外 known已知
as the Octopus章魚, his nickname暱稱.
232
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10:45
He was the Relief浮雕 Pitcher投手
of the Year in 2000.
233
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他是 2000 年的最佳救援投手。
10:47
And he had a random隨機 mutation突變
that gave him six fingers手指
234
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隨機突變讓他的雙手
10:50
on each hand,
235
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2228
各有六根指頭。
10:52
which哪一個 turns out to be really useful有用
if you're a pitcher投手.
236
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2642
事實證明,這突變對投手很有用。
(笑聲)
10:55
(Laughter笑聲)
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10:58
How about non-random非隨機 mutation突變?
238
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1730
那非隨機突變是什麼?
11:00
A non-random非隨機 mutation突變 is beer啤酒.
239
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2973
非隨機突變有:啤酒、
酒、優格。
11:03
It's wine紅酒. It's yogurt酸奶.
240
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1698
11:05
How many許多 times have you walked
through通過 the forest森林
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2336
各位有幾次走過森林時,
11:08
and found發現 all-natural全天然 cheese起司?
242
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1563
看到純天然的起司?
11:10
Or all-natural全天然 yogurt酸奶?
243
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1243
或純天然的優格?
11:13
So we've我們已經 been engineering工程 this stuff東東.
244
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1785
我們改造這些東西很久了。
11:14
Now, the interesting有趣 thing is,
245
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有趣的是,
我們技術因此更加純熟。
11:16
we get to know the stuff東東 better.
246
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1618
我們從優格裡面發現了
11:18
We found發現 one of the single most powerful強大
gene-editing基因編輯 instruments儀器,
247
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CRISPR 這個強大的
基因編輯工具。
11:22
CRISPRCRISPR, inside yogurt酸奶.
248
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1787
11:25
And as we start開始 engineering工程 cells細胞,
249
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1990
開始自行設計細胞後,
前十名暢銷藥物中
有八種靠此技術生產,
11:27
we're producing生產 eight out of the top最佳 10
pharmaceutical製藥 products製品,
250
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4280
11:32
including包含 the stuff東東 that you use
to treat對待 arthritis關節炎,
251
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包括你用來治療關節炎的
11:34
which哪一個 is the number one
best-selling最暢銷 drug藥物, Humira阿達木單抗.
252
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2426
第一名暢銷藥──復邁。
11:37
So this lifecodelifecode stuff東東.
253
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1451
生物工程這玩意兒。
它真的是種超能力,
11:40
It really is a superpower超級大國.
254
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是種設計生命的方法。
11:42
It really is a way of programming程序設計 stuff東東,
255
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1914
沒有什麼東西,比生物工程
11:44
and there's nothing
that's going to change更改 us
256
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2557
11:46
more than this lifecodelifecode.
257
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更能衝擊我們生活。
11:49
So as you're thinking思維 of lifecodelifecode,
258
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1981
思考生物工程時,
讓我們用五大原則,
11:51
let's think of five principles原則
259
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1689
作為我們起步的指引。
11:54
as to how we start開始 guiding主導,
260
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1855
11:56
and I'd love you to give me more.
261
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1619
我以此拋磚引玉。
11:58
So, principle原理 number one:
262
706315
1502
原則一:
我們必須扛起用這技術的責任。
12:00
we have to take responsibility責任
for this stuff東東.
263
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我們必須扛起責任,
12:03
The reason原因 we have to take responsibility責任
264
711042
2551
12:05
is because we're in charge收費.
265
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1361
因為我們是掌控者。
這並非隨機突變。
12:07
These aren't random隨機 mutations突變.
266
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1913
這是我們的行為和選擇。
12:08
This is what we are doing,
what we are choosing選擇.
267
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12:11
It's not, "Stuff東東 happened發生."
268
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1699
這不是,「啊就發生了啊!」
它不會隨機發生。
12:12
It didn't happen發生 at random隨機.
269
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1473
12:14
It didn't come down
by a verdict判決書 of somebody else其他.
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2604
它不會是他人的決定。
是我們使用了這技術,
12:17
We engineer工程師 this stuff東東,
271
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1817
12:18
and it's the Pottery陶器 Barn穀倉 rule規則:
you break打破 it, you own擁有 it.
272
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3245
就像賣場裡的原則:
你把東西弄壞了,你就得買。
原則二:
12:22
Principle原理 number two:
273
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1529
12:24
we have to recognize認識 and celebrate慶祝
diversity多樣 in this stuff東東.
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我們必須體認到多樣性的重要。
12:27
There have been at least最小
33 versions版本 of hominids原始人
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3134
曾有至少 33 種原始人,
12:30
that have walked around this Earth地球.
276
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1722
遍佈世界各地。
除了我們其他大部分都絕跡了。
12:32
Most all of them went extinct絕種 except us.
277
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但正常且自然的狀態,
12:35
But the normal正常 and natural自然
state of this Earth地球
278
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2161
12:37
is we have various各個 versions版本 of humans人類
walking步行 around at the same相同 time,
279
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3387
是地球上同時存在不同人種。
這也是為什麼多數人
有些尼安德塔人的血統。
12:41
which哪一個 is why most of us
have some Neanderthal尼安德特人 in us.
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部分人有些丹尼索瓦人血統。
12:44
Some of us have some Denisova傑尼索娃 in us.
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在華府有些人這血統特別濃厚。
(華府與丹尼索瓦洞縮寫同為 D.C.)
12:47
And some in Washington華盛頓
have a lot more of it.
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12:49
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
12:51
Principle原理 number three:
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原則三:
12:53
we have to respect尊重 other people's人們 choices選擇.
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我們必須尊重別人的選擇。
12:56
Some people will choose選擇 to never alter改變.
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有些人選擇絕不改造。
12:58
Some people will choose選擇 to alter改變 all.
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有些人選擇改造一切。
有些人選擇改植物,不改動物。
13:00
Some people will choose選擇
to alter改變 plants植物 but not animals動物.
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有些人選擇改造他們自己。
13:03
Some people will choose選擇
to alter改變 themselves他們自己.
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13:05
Some people will choose選擇
to evolve發展 themselves他們自己.
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有些人選擇讓自己演化。
多樣性並非壞事,
13:07
Diversity多樣 is not a bad thing,
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13:09
because even though雖然 we think
of humans人類 as very diverse多種,
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因為即使我們認為人類非常多樣,
我們離滅種卻曾無比接近,
13:12
we came來了 so close to extinction滅絕
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以致我們都是同一個
非洲母親的後嗣,
13:14
that all of us descend降落
from a single African非洲人 mother母親
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後果就是,
13:16
and the consequence後果 of that
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光 55 隻非洲的猩猩
所帶有的基因多樣性
13:18
is there's more genetic遺傳 diversity多樣
in 55 African非洲人 chimpanzees黑猩猩
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13:22
than there are in seven billion十億 humans人類.
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就勝過了 70 億人所帶有的。
原則四:
13:26
Principle原理 number four:
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我們應該保留地球的四分之一,
13:29
we should take about
a quarter25美分硬幣 of the Earth地球
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讓生物在這些地方完全自然地演化。
13:31
and only let Darwin達爾文 run the show顯示 there.
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那些地域無須毗鄰,
13:34
It doesn't have to be contiguous鄰近的,
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13:36
doesn't have to all be tied together一起.
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也沒必要都綁在一起。
應該有部分海洋,部分陸地。
13:38
It should be part部分
in the oceans海洋, part部分 on land土地.
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我們不應控制這星球上的
每個演化決定。
13:40
But we should not run every一切
evolutionary發展的 decision決定 on this planet行星.
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我們要讓人工演化系統運作,
13:44
We want to have
our evolutionary發展的 system系統 running賽跑.
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13:46
We want to have Darwin's達爾文
evolutionary發展的 system系統 running賽跑.
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也要讓自然演化系統運作。
13:49
And it's just really important重要 to have
these two things running賽跑 in parallel平行
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讓這兩個系統並行真的很重要,
13:53
and not overwhelm壓倒 evolution演化.
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不要讓它失衡了。
13:54
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
14:02
Last thing I'll say.
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最後一點:
這是人類史中
最令人興奮的冒險旅程。
14:04
This is the single most exciting扣人心弦
adventure冒險 human人的 beings眾生 have been on.
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這是人類前所未有的強大超能力。
14:07
This is the single greatest最大 superpower超級大國
humans人類 have ever had.
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14:11
It would be a crime犯罪 for you
not to participate參加 in this stuff東東
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不參與其中並不明智──
14:13
because you're scared害怕 of it,
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就因為你害怕它,
就因為你逃避它。
14:15
because you're hiding from it.
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14:17
You can participate參加 in the ethics倫理.
You can participate參加 in the politics政治.
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你可以參與它的
道德研討、政策制定,
或者是事業經營。
14:20
You can participate參加 in the business商業.
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你可以想想醫學的未來、
14:22
You can participate參加 in just thinking思維
about where medicine醫學 is going,
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14:25
where industry行業 is going,
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產業的未來,
希望將這個世界引領何處。
14:26
where we're going to take the world世界.
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14:28
It would be a crime犯罪 for all of us
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這將是我們所有人的失職──
14:30
not to be aware知道的 when somebody
shows節目 up at a swimming游泳的 pool
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若你未曾意識到那個泳池邊的人,
14:34
and says one word, just one word,
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告訴你的那個字,就一個字,
是否就是「生物工程」。
14:37
if you don't listen
if that word is "lifecodelifecode."
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非常感謝各位。
14:39
Thank you very much.
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(掌聲)
14:41
(Applause掌聲)
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Translated by Yi-Fan Yu
Reviewed by Kuan-Yi Li

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Juan Enriquez - Futurist
Juan Enriquez thinks and writes about the profound changes that genomics and other life sciences will bring in business, technology, politics and society.

Why you should listen

A broad thinker who studies the intersections of these fields, Enriquez has a talent for bridging disciplines to build a coherent look ahead. He is the managing director of Excel Venture Management, a life sciences VC firm. He recently published (with Steve Gullans) Evolving Ourselves: How Unnatural Selection and Nonrandom Mutation Are Shaping Life on Earth. The book describes a world where humans increasingly shape their environment, themselves and other species.

Enriquez is a member of the board of Synthetic Genomics, which recently introduced the smallest synthetic living cell. Called “JCVI-syn 3.0,” it has 473 genes (about half the previous smallest cell). The organism would die if one of the genes is removed. In other words, this is the minimum genetic instruction set for a living organism.

More profile about the speaker
Juan Enriquez | Speaker | TED.com