TED2016
Adam Grant: The surprising habits of original thinkers
亞當．格蘭特: 原創者異乎尋常的習慣
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富有創造力的人如何想到絕妙的主意？組織心理學家亞當．格蘭特（Adam Grant）研究了「原創者」：那些產生新的點子，並為這想法的實現付之行動的思考者。從這個演講中，我們可以學習到三個原創者異乎尋常的習慣——包括擁抱失敗。格蘭特說，「偉大的原創者往往是那些失敗最多、嘗試最多的人。好主意的誕生，往往需要無數壞主意的相伴。」
Adam Grant - Organizational psychologist
After years of studying the dynamics of success and productivity in the workplace, Adam Grant discovered a powerful and often overlooked motivator: helping others. Full bio
After years of studying the dynamics of success and productivity in the workplace, Adam Grant discovered a powerful and often overlooked motivator: helping others. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
Seven years ago, a student came to me
and asked me to invest in his company.
and asked me to invest in his company.
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七年前，有一個學生來找我，
想要我投資他的公司。
想要我投資他的公司。
00:17
He said, "I'm working with three friends,
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他說，「我正在和三個朋友合作，
00:19
and we're going to try to disrupt
an industry by selling stuff online."
an industry by selling stuff online."
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我們打算透過網路銷售，
來顛覆一個產業。」
來顛覆一個產業。」
00:23
And I said, "OK, you guys spent
the whole summer on this, right?"
the whole summer on this, right?"
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然後我說，「 好啊，你們一整個夏天
都在搞這件事？，對吧？」
都在搞這件事？，對吧？」
00:26
"No, we all took internships
just in case it doesn't work out."
just in case it doesn't work out."
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「 不，我們也在實習，
預防失敗後也有個後路」
預防失敗後也有個後路」
00:29
"All right, but you're going to
go in full time once you graduate."
go in full time once you graduate."
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「 好吧，但是你們畢業之後，
要全身心地投入到這個工作之中」。
要全身心地投入到這個工作之中」。
00:33
"Not exactly. We've all
lined up backup jobs."
lined up backup jobs."
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「 也不全是，我們都安排好了備份的工作」。
六個月過去了，
00:37
Six months go by,
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00:38
it's the day before the company launches,
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已經到了公司開業的前一天，
00:40
and there is still
not a functioning website.
not a functioning website.
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但他們仍沒有一個可以用的網站。
00:43
"You guys realize,
the entire company is a website.
the entire company is a website.
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「 你們要知道，整個公司就是一個網站。
00:45
That's literally all it is."
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實際上，這就是它的全部」。
00:48
So I obviously declined to invest.
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所以，我直接拒絕投資。
00:53
And they ended up
naming the company Warby Parker.
naming the company Warby Parker.
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他們最終給公司取了個名字，
叫 Warby Parke （眼鏡電商）。
叫 Warby Parke （眼鏡電商）。
00:55
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
00:57
They sell glasses online.
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他們在線上賣眼鏡。
01:00
They were recently recognized
as the world's most innovative company
as the world's most innovative company
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最近，他們被認為是世界上
最有創新力的公司，
最有創新力的公司，
且市值已超過了十億美元。
01:03
and valued at over a billion dollars.
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01:05
And now? My wife handles our investments.
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然後現在呢？換我的老婆在管錢了。
01:10
Why was I so wrong?
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為什麼我錯的這麼離譜？
01:13
To find out, I've been studying people
that I come to call "originals."
that I come to call "originals."
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為了找出答案，我一直在研究一群人，
我稱他們為「原創者」。
我稱他們為「原創者」。
01:17
Originals are nonconformists,
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原創者是那些不按常理行事的人，
01:19
people who not only have new ideas
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那些人不僅有新穎的點子，
01:21
but take action to champion them.
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並且付出行動去挑戰它們。
01:23
They are people
who stand out and speak up.
who stand out and speak up.
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這些人敢於站出表達自己的想法。
01:26
Originals drive creativity
and change in the world.
and change in the world.
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原創者駕馭著世上的創造力和改變。
01:29
They're the people you want to bet on.
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這是一群你想要為之下注的人。
01:31
And they look nothing like I expected.
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但是他們看上去並不是你期望的人。
01:34
I want to show you today
three things I've learned
three things I've learned
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我今天想要告訴各位，
我學到的三件事，
我學到的三件事，
01:37
about recognizing originals
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有關於如何辯識原創者，
01:39
and becoming a little bit more like them.
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以及如何變得更像他們。
所以我拒絕 Warby Parker 的第一個原因，
01:42
So the first reason
that I passed on Warby Parker
that I passed on Warby Parker
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是他們的行動真的很慢。
01:45
was they were really slow
getting off the ground.
getting off the ground.
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01:49
Now, you are all intimately familiar
with the mind of a procrastinator.
with the mind of a procrastinator.
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各位應該都知道「拖延者」心理的想法。
01:54
Well, I have a confession for you.
I'm the opposite. I'm a precrastinator.
I'm the opposite. I'm a precrastinator.
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有件事我必須向你們承認，我剛好相反，
我是個「提前症患者」。
我是個「提前症患者」。
是的，真有這個字。
02:00
Yes, that's an actual term.
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02:01
You know that panic you feel
a few hours before a big deadline
a few hours before a big deadline
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各位應該了解，
離截止日期只剩幾個小時
離截止日期只剩幾個小時
而你卻還沒做任何事情的恐慌。
02:04
when you haven't done anything yet.
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02:06
I just feel that
a few months ahead of time.
a few months ahead of time.
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而我卻是覺得我提前了幾個月。
02:09
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
02:11
So this started early: when I was a kid,
I took Nintendo games very seriously.
I took Nintendo games very seriously.
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很早前我就是這樣：我小時候，
非常癡迷於任天堂的遊戲。
非常癡迷於任天堂的遊戲。
我會五點鐘起床，
02:18
I would wake up at 5am,
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02:20
start playing and not stop
until I had mastered them.
until I had mastered them.
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一直玩到我完全掌握這個遊戲為止。
02:24
Eventually it got so out of hand
that a local newspaper came
that a local newspaper came
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最後我玩到一個無法控制的地步，
讓當地報紙找到我，
讓當地報紙找到我，
02:27
and did a story on the dark side
of Nintendo, starring me.
of Nintendo, starring me.
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做了一篇任天堂黑暗面
的故事，我主演的。
的故事，我主演的。
02:31
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
02:34
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
02:41
Since then, I have traded hair for teeth.
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從此之後，我就開始
用我的頭髮去換牙齒了。
用我的頭髮去換牙齒了。
02:44
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
02:49
But this served me well in college,
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但這讓我在大學時從中受益，
02:52
because I finished my senior thesis
four months before the deadline.
four months before the deadline.
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因為我在截止期前四個月
就完成了我的畢業論文。
就完成了我的畢業論文。
02:58
And I was proud of that,
until a few years ago.
until a few years ago.
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我非常的驕傲，直到幾年前，
03:01
I had a student named Jihae,
who came to me and said,
who came to me and said,
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我有一個叫做 Jihae 的學生，
找到我對我說：
找到我對我說：
03:05
"I have my most creative ideas
when I'm procrastinating."
when I'm procrastinating."
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「在我拖延的時候，
我的創造力總是噴湧而出」
我的創造力總是噴湧而出」
03:09
And I was like, "That's cute,
where are the four papers you owe me?"
where are the four papers you owe me?"
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然後我說：「你真可愛，
那你欠我的四篇論文呢？」
那你欠我的四篇論文呢？」
03:12
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
03:13
No, she was one
of our most creative students,
of our most creative students,
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不，她是我們最有創造力的學生之一，
03:15
and as an organizational psychologist,
this is the kind of idea that I test.
this is the kind of idea that I test.
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身為一位組織心理學家，
這是我要測試的一種想法。
這是我要測試的一種想法。
03:20
So I challenged her to get some data.
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所以，我質問她，請她拿數據出來。
03:22
She goes into a bunch of companies.
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她去了很多家公司。
03:23
She has people fill out surveys
about how often they procrastinate.
about how often they procrastinate.
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她讓人們填寫了關於
他們拖延頻率的調查問卷。
他們拖延頻率的調查問卷。
03:27
Then she gets their bosses to rate
how creative and innovative they are.
how creative and innovative they are.
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她找到他們的上司，
去給他們的創新力和創造力評分，
去給他們的創新力和創造力評分，
03:31
And sure enough,
the precrastinators like me,
the precrastinators like me,
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然後當然了,
像我這樣喜歡提前的，
每天早早的衝著做事的人，
每天早早的衝著做事的人，
03:33
who rush in and do everything early
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03:35
are rated as less creative
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評分往往低於
03:37
than people who procrastinate moderately.
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那些適當拖延的人。
03:40
So I want to know what happens
to the chronic procrastinators.
to the chronic procrastinators.
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所以我想知道那些慢性拖延症患者
的身上到底發生了什麼。
的身上到底發生了什麼。
03:43
She was like, "I don't know.
They didn't fill out my survey."
They didn't fill out my survey."
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她說「我不知道，他們沒有填寫調查。」
03:46
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
03:49
No, here are our results.
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開個玩笑，這是我們的結果。
03:51
You actually do see that the people
who wait until the last minute
who wait until the last minute
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實際上，你確實看到這些
總是等到最後一分鐘的人。
總是等到最後一分鐘的人。
03:55
are so busy goofing off
that they don't have any new ideas.
that they don't have any new ideas.
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總在忙於消磨時間，
以至於他們沒有仍何新的點子。
以至於他們沒有仍何新的點子。
04:00
And on the flip side,
the people who race in
the people who race in
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而另一面，一直在趕工的人，
04:03
are in such a frenzy of anxiety that they
don't have original thoughts either.
don't have original thoughts either.
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總是沉浸在緊張與恐慌中，
也沒有任何原創的想法。
也沒有任何原創的想法。
04:09
There's a sweet spot
where originals seem to live.
where originals seem to live.
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看起來似乎有一個
原創力的最佳甜蜜點。
原創力的最佳甜蜜點。
04:13
Why is this?
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為什麼會這樣？
04:15
Maybe original people
just have bad work habits.
just have bad work habits.
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也許原創性格的人，
只是有不好的工作習慣。
只是有不好的工作習慣。
04:18
Maybe procrastinating
does not cause creativity.
does not cause creativity.
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也許拖延並不會引發創造力。
04:22
To find out, we designed some experiments.
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為了找到答案，我們設計了一些實驗。
04:25
We asked people
to generate new business ideas,
to generate new business ideas,
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我要求他們創造出新的商業想法，
04:28
and then we get independent readers
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接著我們找到了一些獨立的讀者，
04:30
to evaluate how creative
and useful they are.
and useful they are.
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去評價這個想法的創新性和實用性。
04:33
And some of them are asked
to do the task right away.
to do the task right away.
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然後，有些人會立即
被要求開始做那項任務。
被要求開始做那項任務。
04:36
Others we randomly assign
to procrastinate
to procrastinate
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另一群人則被指定拖延。
04:39
by dangling Minesweeper in front of them
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讓他們先玩玩掃雷，
04:41
for either five or 10 minutes.
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可能十分鐘，可能十五分鐘。
04:43
And sure enough,
the moderate procrastinators
the moderate procrastinators
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肯定的，那些適當拖延的人，
04:47
are 16 percent more creative
than the other two groups.
than the other two groups.
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創造力比其他兩組高出了百分之十六。
04:51
Now, Minesweeper is awesome,
but it's not the driver of the effect,
but it's not the driver of the effect,
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掃雷十分有趣，但卻不是
這種現象的主因，
這種現象的主因，
04:54
because if you play the game first
before you learn about the task,
before you learn about the task,
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因為，如果你在知道這個任務之前
就先玩遊戲，
就先玩遊戲，
04:58
there's no creativity boost.
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創造力並不會提高。
04:59
It's only when you're told that you're
going to be working on this problem,
going to be working on this problem,
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只有當你在被告知，
你要去解決這個問題的時候，
你要去解決這個問題的時候，
05:03
and then you start procrastinating,
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然後你開始拖延，
05:04
but the task is still active
in the back of your mind,
in the back of your mind,
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但這個任務會在你的腦中運轉著。
05:07
that you start to incubate.
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然後你開始醞釀，
05:09
Procrastination gives you time
to consider divergent ideas,
to consider divergent ideas,
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拖延給了你時間，去發散你的思維，
05:12
to think in nonlinear ways,
to make unexpected leaps.
to make unexpected leaps.
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用一種非線性的方式去思考，
來達到意想不到的成效。
來達到意想不到的成效。
05:16
So just as we were finishing
these experiments,
these experiments,
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所以，在我們結束這些實驗的時候，
05:18
I was starting to write
a book about originals,
a book about originals,
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我開始著手寫一本
有關原創者的書，
有關原創者的書，
05:21
and I thought, "This is the perfect time
to teach myself to procrastinate,
to teach myself to procrastinate,
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然後我在想：「當我在寫『拖延』這個章節的時候，
就是我教我自己學會拖延的最佳時機了」。
05:26
while writing a chapter
on procrastination."
on procrastination."
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05:28
So I metaprocrastinated,
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所以我要跟拖延見面，
05:32
and like any self-respecting
precrastinator,
precrastinator,
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就像每一個自尊心很強的
提前症患者一樣，
提前症患者一樣，
05:35
I woke up early the next morning
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第二天我就起了個大早，
05:37
and I made a to-do list
with steps on how to procrastinate.
with steps on how to procrastinate.
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做了一個如何拖延
的執行清單。
的執行清單。
05:39
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
05:43
And then I worked diligently
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然後我開始認真的去執行
05:47
toward my goal of not making
progress toward my goal.
progress toward my goal.
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「不做任何進展」的目標。
05:52
I started writing
the procrastination chapter,
the procrastination chapter,
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我開始寫拖延這個章節，
05:54
and one day -- I was halfway through --
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然後有一天，我寫到一半的時候，
05:56
I literally put it away in mid-sentence
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我硬是把寫到一半的句子放了下來，
05:58
for months.
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放了一個月。
05:59
It was agony.
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真是痛苦啊。
06:02
But when I came back to it,
I had all sorts of new ideas.
I had all sorts of new ideas.
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但是當我回到創作中的時候，
腦子裡已經充滿各樣新的想法。
腦子裡已經充滿各樣新的想法。
06:06
As Aaron Sorkin put it,
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就像Aaron Sorkin所說，
06:07
"You call it procrastinating.
I call it thinking."
I call it thinking."
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「你說這是拖延，我認為這是思考」。
06:12
And along the way I discovered
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在創作途中我認識到，
06:13
that a lot of great originals
in history were procrastinators.
in history were procrastinators.
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歷史上有許多原創的人，
他們都是拖延的人，
他們都是拖延的人，
06:17
Take Leonardo da Vinci.
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例如萊昂納多．達．芬奇。
06:19
He toiled on and off for 16 years
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他在蒙娜麗莎畫像上，
辛苦創作了十六年。
06:23
on the Mona Lisa.
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06:24
He felt like a failure.
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他在自己的日記上常常提到，
06:26
He wrote as much in his journal.
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他覺得自己是個失敗者。
06:30
But some of the diversions
he took in optics
he took in optics
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但是他分散在光學上的精力，
06:32
transformed the way that he modeled light
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改變了他形塑光的方式，
06:34
and made him into a much better painter.
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這使他變成了一個更傑出的畫家。
06:37
What about Martin Luther King, Jr.?
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馬丁．路德．金呢？
06:40
The night before
the biggest speech of his life,
the biggest speech of his life,
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在他生命中規模最大演講的前一夜，
06:42
the March on Washington,
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三月的華盛頓，
06:44
he was up past 3am, rewriting it.
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他凌晨三點鐘起床，
重寫了他的演講稿。
重寫了他的演講稿。
06:46
He's sitting in the audience
waiting for his turn to go onstage,
waiting for his turn to go onstage,
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他坐在觀眾席中，
等後輪到他上台的演講，
等後輪到他上台的演講，
06:50
and he is still scribbling notes
and crossing out lines.
and crossing out lines.
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他仍在記著筆記，畫著線。
06:54
When he gets onstage, 11 minutes in,
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當他上台後十一分鐘，
06:56
he leaves his prepared remarks
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他放下了他的筆記，
06:58
to utter four words
that changed the course of history:
that changed the course of history:
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說出了改變歷史的四個字：
07:01
"I have a dream."
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「我有一個夢想」（I have a dream）
07:04
That was not in the script.
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這不在稿子中。
07:07
By delaying the task of finalizing
the speech until the very last minute,
the speech until the very last minute,
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藉由拖延總結演講任務
的最後幾分鐘，
的最後幾分鐘，
07:11
he left himself open
to the widest range of possible ideas.
to the widest range of possible ideas.
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他讓自己置身於最大範圍的想法當中。
07:15
And because the text wasn't set in stone,
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正因為他的稿子十分靈活，
07:17
he had freedom to improvise.
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他可以自由的發揮。
07:20
Procrastinating is a vice
when it comes to productivity,
when it comes to productivity,
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當談及生產的時候，拖延是一種惡習，
07:23
but it can be a virtue for creativity.
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但對於創造力來說，拖延卻是一種優點。
07:27
What you see with a lot of great originals
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你所看到的許多偉大的原創者，
07:29
is that they are quick to start
but they're slow to finish.
but they're slow to finish.
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他們都是迅速的開始，卻緩慢的結束。
07:33
And this is what I missed
with Warby Parker.
with Warby Parker.
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這就是為什麼我錯失掉
Warby Parker的原因。
Warby Parker的原因。
07:35
When they were dragging
their heels for six months,
their heels for six months,
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在他們拖沓的六個月中，
07:38
I looked at them and said,
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我看著他們然後說，
07:40
"You know, a lot of other companies
are starting to sell glasses online."
are starting to sell glasses online."
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「你們應該知道，許多其他公司已經
開始在網路上銷售眼鏡了」
開始在網路上銷售眼鏡了」
07:43
They missed the first-mover advantage.
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他們錯過了搶占先機的優勢。
07:46
But what I didn't realize was
they were spending all that time
they were spending all that time
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但我沒意識到的是，他們花了很多時間，
07:49
trying to figure out how to get people
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試圖找出讓顧客，
可以舒適的在網上訂購眼鏡的方法。
07:51
to be comfortable ordering glasses online.
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事實證明，搶占先機的
優勢其實是虛的。
優勢其實是虛的。
07:53
And it turns out the first-mover
advantage is mostly a myth.
advantage is mostly a myth.
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07:56
Look at a classic study
of over 50 product categories,
of over 50 product categories,
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看這個對五十多種產品的經典研究。
07:59
comparing the first movers
who created the market
who created the market
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將搶先機創造市場的人
08:02
with the improvers who introduced
something different and better.
something different and better.
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與那些做出更好改變的改進者相比。
08:06
What you see is that the first movers
had a failure rate of 47 percent,
had a failure rate of 47 percent,
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你可以看到率先行動者的
失敗率高達百分之四十七。
失敗率高達百分之四十七。
08:10
compared with only 8 percent
for the improvers.
for the improvers.
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相比而言，改進者失敗率只有百分之八。
08:15
Look at Facebook,
waiting to build a social network
waiting to build a social network
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看一看Facebook，
他們一直等到的Myspace和Friendster之後，
才開始建立社交網絡。
才開始建立社交網絡。
08:17
until after Myspace and Friendster.
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08:21
Look at Google, waiting for years
after Altavista and Yahoo.
after Altavista and Yahoo.
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再看谷歌，他們是在 Altavista 和 Yahoo
發展幾年之後才創立的。
發展幾年之後才創立的。
08:24
It's much easier to improve
on somebody else's idea
on somebody else's idea
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相比創新的難度，
08:27
than it is to create
something new from scratch.
something new from scratch.
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改進他人的觀點會更加的簡單。
08:30
So the lesson I learned is that
to be original you don't have to be first.
to be original you don't have to be first.
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因此我學到的是，要成為一個原創的人，
並不意味著你要成為第一個創新的人。
並不意味著你要成為第一個創新的人。
你只需要變得不同，變得更好。
08:35
You just have to be different and better.
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08:38
But that wasn't the only reason
I passed on Warby Parker.
I passed on Warby Parker.
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但這不是我拒絕
Warby Parker的唯一原因，
Warby Parker的唯一原因，
08:41
They were also full of doubts.
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他們滿身都是謎團。
08:43
They had backup plans lined up,
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他們已經有後備的計劃，
08:45
and that made me doubt
that they had the courage to be original,
that they had the courage to be original,
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而這又讓我懷疑，他們有勇氣要原創，
08:49
because I expected that originals
would look something like this.
would look something like this.
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因為這才是我所期望的原創者的樣子。
08:55
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
08:58
Now, on the surface,
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現在，從表面上來講，
09:00
a lot of original people look confident,
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1976
許多原創的人都非常自信，
09:02
but behind the scenes,
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但是在看不到的地方，
09:03
they feel the same fear and doubt
that the rest of us do.
that the rest of us do.
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他們也感到恐懼和困惑，
就像其他的人一樣。
就像其他的人一樣。
09:06
They just manage it differently.
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只是他們處理的方式不同，
09:08
Let me show you: this is a depiction
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1736
讓我告訴你，
09:10
of how the creative process
works for most of us.
works for most of us.
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這是一個對我們大多數人
創作過程的描述。
創作過程的描述。
階段一：棒透了。二：不好處理。三：這是廢物。
四：我是廢物。五：好像還行。六：棒透了（笑聲）
四：我是廢物。五：好像還行。六：棒透了（笑聲）
09:16
(Laughter)
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09:20
Now, in my research, I discovered
there are two different kinds of doubt.
there are two different kinds of doubt.
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在我研究裡，我發現了
兩種不同類型的懷疑。
兩種不同類型的懷疑。
09:23
There's self-doubt and idea doubt.
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對自我的懷疑和對想法的懷疑。
09:25
Self-doubt is paralyzing.
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對自我的懷疑會讓你麻痺，
09:26
It leads you to freeze.
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它會讓你動彈不得。
09:28
But idea doubt is energizing.
184
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但對想法的懷疑會讓你充滿動力，
09:30
It motivates you to test,
to experiment, to refine,
to experiment, to refine,
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它驅使著你去測試，去實驗，去改善。
09:33
just like MLK did.
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2056
就像馬丁路德金所做的一樣，
09:35
And so the key to being original
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所以要成為原創的關鍵，
09:38
is just a simple thing
188
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1736
只要簡單的避開掉
09:40
of avoiding the leap
from step three to step four.
from step three to step four.
189
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3376
階段三到階段四。
09:43
Instead of saying, "I'm crap,"
190
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1816
比起說「我是個廢物」
09:45
you say, "The first few drafts
are always crap,
are always crap,
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不如說「一開始的草稿都是廢物，
09:48
and I'm just not there yet."
192
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1400
我只是還沒有達到那個程度罷了。」
09:50
So how do you get there?
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所以如何變得具有原創性？
09:52
Well, there's a clue, it turns out,
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好，這裡有一個提示，就是，
09:54
in the Internet browser that you use.
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1960
在你使用的網路瀏覽器中，
09:57
We can predict your job performance
and your commitment
and your commitment
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2616
我們只要知道你用哪一種網路瀏覽器，
09:59
just by knowing what web browser you use.
197
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我們就可以預測你的工作表現和你的投入。
10:03
Now, some of you are not
going to like the results of this study --
going to like the results of this study --
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你們有些人可能不會喜歡
這個研究的結果。
這個研究的結果。
10:06
(Laughter)
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1336
（笑聲）
10:08
But there is good evidence
that Firefox and Chrome users
that Firefox and Chrome users
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但有聽說，火狐和
谷歌瀏覽器的用戶，
谷歌瀏覽器的用戶，
10:11
significantly outperform
Internet Explorer and Safari users.
Internet Explorer and Safari users.
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明顯勝過了IE瀏覽器和Safiri瀏覽器。
10:15
Yes.
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是的！
10:17
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
10:19
They also stay in their jobs
15 percent longer, by the way.
15 percent longer, by the way.
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另外，他們工作的時間
也多出了百分之十五。
也多出了百分之十五。
10:23
Why? It's not a technical advantage.
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為什麼？這不是因為技術上的優勢。
10:25
The four browser groups
on average have similar typing speed
on average have similar typing speed
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四個瀏覽器用戶的平均
打字速度都近乎相同，
打字速度都近乎相同，
10:28
and they also have similar levels
of computer knowledge.
of computer knowledge.
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3136
他們的電腦知識水平也是相同。
10:31
It's about how you got the browser.
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這和你如何得到你的瀏覽器有關。
10:34
Because if you use
Internet Explorer or Safari,
Internet Explorer or Safari,
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2456
因為如果你用IE或Safari瀏覽器，
10:36
those came preinstalled on your computer,
210
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2536
它們可能提前就安裝在你的電腦裡了，
10:39
and you accepted the default option
that was handed to you.
that was handed to you.
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2800
然後你接受了初始設定，
10:42
If you wanted Firefox or Chrome,
you had to doubt the default
you had to doubt the default
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3016
如果你想用火狐或谷歌瀏覽器，
你不得不對初始設定產生懷疑。
你不得不對初始設定產生懷疑。
然後問，有其他的選項嗎。
10:45
and ask, is there
a different option out there,
a different option out there,
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2256
10:47
and then be a little resourceful
and download a new browser.
and download a new browser.
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2960
然後你會變得有點鬼靈精怪，
接著又下載了一個新的瀏覽器。
接著又下載了一個新的瀏覽器。
10:51
So people hear about this study
and they're like,
and they're like,
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所以，當人們聽到這個研究後，他們說：
10:54
"Great, if I want to get better at my job,
I just need to upgrade my browser?"
I just need to upgrade my browser?"
216
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3696
「太好了，如果我想在工作中做的更好
我只需要升級我的瀏覽器就好了？」
我只需要升級我的瀏覽器就好了？」
10:57
(Laughter)
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1016
（笑聲）
10:58
No, it's about being the kind of person
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2096
不，這跟你是不是一種
11:01
who takes the initiative
to doubt the default
to doubt the default
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2416
一開始就懷疑初始設定，
11:03
and look for a better option.
220
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2136
並尋找更好選擇的人有關。
11:05
And if you do that well,
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如果你能做好這件事。
11:07
you will open yourself up
to the opposite of déjà vu.
to the opposite of déjà vu.
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你將會把自己置於
「似曾相似」的對立面。
「似曾相似」的對立面。
11:10
There's a name for it.
It's called vuja de.
It's called vuja de.
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它有一個名字
叫做vuja de（原詞déjà vu）
叫做vuja de（原詞déjà vu）
11:13
(Laughter)
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2000
(笑聲)
11:16
Vuja de is when you look at something
you've seen many times before
you've seen many times before
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3176
Vuja de是指，當你在看一個
你之前看過很多次東西的時候，
你之前看過很多次東西的時候，
11:20
and all of a sudden
see it with fresh eyes.
see it with fresh eyes.
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突然對它產生全新體悟。
有一個編劇，
11:23
It's a screenwriter
who looks at a movie script
who looks at a movie script
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2616
看著半個多世紀都沒被
審核通過的電影劇本。
審核通過的電影劇本。
11:26
that can't get the green light
for more than half a century.
for more than half a century.
228
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2976
11:29
In every past version,
the main character has been an evil queen.
the main character has been an evil queen.
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在過去的所有版本中，
主角都是一位邪惡的女王。
主角都是一位邪惡的女王。
11:34
But Jennifer Lee starts to question
whether that makes sense.
whether that makes sense.
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但 Jennifer Lee開始質疑
這是否合理。
這是否合理。
11:37
She rewrites the first act,
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1456
她重寫了第一幕，
11:38
reinvents the villain as a tortured hero
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2616
將一個壞蛋重塑成了
受盡折磨的英雄，
受盡折磨的英雄，
11:41
and Frozen becomes
the most successful animated movie ever.
the most successful animated movie ever.
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然後「冰雪奇緣」變成了
史上最成功的動畫電影。
史上最成功的動畫電影。
11:45
So there's a simple message
from this story.
from this story.
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2096
這個故事中有一個簡單的信息：
11:47
When you feel doubt, don't let it go.
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2600
當你感到困惑的時候，不能就這樣算了。
11:50
(Laughter)
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2280
（笑聲）（let it go 是冰雪奇緣主題曲的副歌）
11:53
What about fear?
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恐懼又怎麼處理呢？
11:55
Originals feel fear, too.
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1920
原創者也會感到恐懼，
11:57
They're afraid of failing,
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1856
他們害怕失敗。
11:59
but what sets them apart
from the rest of us
from the rest of us
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2096
但是把他們與我們
其他人不同的地方是，
其他人不同的地方是，
12:01
is that they're even more
afraid of failing to try.
afraid of failing to try.
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2616
他們更加害怕沒有嘗試過。
12:04
They know you can fail
by starting a business that goes bankrupt
by starting a business that goes bankrupt
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他們知道，你做事業
可能會因為破產而失敗，
可能會因為破產而失敗，
12:07
or by failing to start a business at all.
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或是打從一開始就失敗。
他們知道，長遠來看，
我們最大的遺憾往往不是因為我們行動了，
我們最大的遺憾往往不是因為我們行動了，
12:10
They know that in the long run,
our biggest regrets are not our actions
our biggest regrets are not our actions
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3536
而是因為我們沒有行動。
12:14
but our inactions.
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12:15
The things we wish we could redo,
if you look at the science,
if you look at the science,
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2858
那些我們渴望重新去做的事，
如果你看一下科學界，
如果你看一下科學界，
12:18
are the chances not taken.
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2200
有那些是沒有把握機會的。
12:21
Elon Musk told me recently,
he didn't expect Tesla to succeed.
he didn't expect Tesla to succeed.
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3656
伊隆．馬斯克最近告訴我，
他沒想到特斯拉會成功，
他沒想到特斯拉會成功，
12:25
He was sure the first few SpaceX launches
249
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他確認一開始的幾個SpaceX發射計劃，
12:28
would fail to make it to orbit,
let alone get back,
let alone get back,
250
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不會進入正確的軌道，更不用說回收。
12:31
but it was too important not to try.
251
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2200
但是這個計劃太重要了，不嘗試不行。
12:34
And for so many of us,
when we have an important idea,
when we have an important idea,
252
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對於我們絕大多數人來說，
當我們有了一個重要的想法，
當我們有了一個重要的想法，
12:36
we don't bother to try.
253
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我們會不厭其煩的嘗試它。
12:38
But I have some good news for you.
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但我要告訴各位一些好消息，
12:41
You are not going to get judged
on your bad ideas.
on your bad ideas.
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你將不會再去審視你的糟糕想法。
12:43
A lot of people think they will.
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但大多數的人以為他們會這樣做。
12:45
If you look across industries
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如果你跑遍產業界，
12:46
and ask people about their biggest idea,
their most important suggestion,
their most important suggestion,
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去詢問他們最偉大的想法
和他們最重要的建議。
和他們最重要的建議。
12:50
85 percent of them stayed silent
instead of speaking up.
instead of speaking up.
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百分之八十五的人都會選擇沉默，
而非滔滔不絕。
而非滔滔不絕。
12:55
They were afraid of embarrassing
themselves, of looking stupid.
themselves, of looking stupid.
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他們害怕使自己陷入
看上去很蠢的尷尬。
看上去很蠢的尷尬。
12:58
But guess what? Originals
have lots and lots of bad ideas,
have lots and lots of bad ideas,
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但是你猜怎麼著？
原創者有著大量的糟糕想法。
原創者有著大量的糟糕想法。
13:02
tons of them, in fact.
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實際上一大堆啊！
13:04
Take the guy who invented this.
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就拿發明這個東西的傢伙舉例。
13:07
Do you care that he came up
with a talking doll so creepy
with a talking doll so creepy
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你會去在意，他發明了一個不僅嚇到小孩，
13:10
that it scared not only kids
but adults, too?
but adults, too?
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連大人也都被嚇到的驚悚說話娃娃嗎？
13:13
No. You celebrate Thomas Edison
for pioneering the light bulb.
for pioneering the light bulb.
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不！你會為愛迪生發明了燈泡而歡呼。
13:18
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
13:20
If you look across fields,
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如果你去看不同的領域，
13:23
the greatest originals
are the ones who fail the most,
are the ones who fail the most,
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最偉大的原創者，
往往是那些失敗最多的人。
往往是那些失敗最多的人。
13:26
because they're the ones who try the most.
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因為他們是嘗試最多的人。
13:28
Take classical composers,
the best of the best.
the best of the best.
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就拿古典作曲家來說，
他們是精英中的精英。
他們是精英中的精英。
為什麼他們中有一些人，
能在百科全書中，占到比別人更多的頁面，
能在百科全書中，占到比別人更多的頁面，
13:31
Why do some of them get more pages
in encyclopedias than others
in encyclopedias than others
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他們的歌曲為什麼能
多次的被錄製出來呢？
多次的被錄製出來呢？
13:34
and also have their compositions
rerecorded more times?
rerecorded more times?
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13:38
One of the best predictors
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其中一個最好的猜測是，
13:39
is the sheer volume
of compositions that they generate.
of compositions that they generate.
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他們創作出很多首曲子。
13:43
The more output you churn out,
the more variety you get
the more variety you get
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你越積極的去創作，
你得到的變化也就越多，
你得到的變化也就越多，
13:46
and the better your chances
of stumbling on something truly original.
of stumbling on something truly original.
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也更有機會找出一個真正好聽的原創歌曲。
13:50
Even the three icons of classical music --
Bach, Beethoven, Mozart --
Bach, Beethoven, Mozart --
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就算是古典樂界的泰斗
「巴赫貝多芬，莫扎特」
「巴赫貝多芬，莫扎特」
13:54
had to generate hundreds
and hundreds of compositions
and hundreds of compositions
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為了創作出幾部音樂傑作，
13:57
to come up with a much smaller
number of masterpieces.
number of masterpieces.
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也得寫出成百上千的曲子才行。
14:01
Now, you may be wondering,
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現在，你可能想知道，
14:03
how did this guy become great
without doing a whole lot?
without doing a whole lot?
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為何這些人幾乎不做任何努力，
就變得如此優秀呢?
就變得如此優秀呢?
14:07
I don't know how Wagner pulled that off.
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我不知道 Wanger 是怎麼做到的。
對於我們絕大多數人來說，
如果想要變得更加原創。
如果想要變得更加原創。
14:10
But for most of us,
if we want to be more original,
if we want to be more original,
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14:13
we have to generate more ideas.
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我們必須想出更多的點子。
14:16
The Warby Parker founders, when they
were trying to name their company,
were trying to name their company,
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Warby Parker的創立者,
在給他們公司命名的時候，
在給他們公司命名的時候，
14:20
they needed something sophisticated,
unique, with no negative associations
unique, with no negative associations
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他們需要一個精緻、獨特
又沒有負面含義的零售品牌。
14:23
to build a retail brand,
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14:25
and they tested over 2,000 possibilities
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在他們嘗試了兩千多種可能後，
14:27
before they finally put together
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最後他們把
14:29
Warby and Parker.
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Warby 和 Parker兩個結合起來，
成為了他們的品牌。
成為了他們的品牌。
14:32
So if you put all this together,
what you see is that originals
what you see is that originals
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如果你把這些事放在一起看，
你會看到原創者和我們其他人
其實沒什麼兩樣。
其實沒什麼兩樣。
14:35
are not that different
from the rest of us.
from the rest of us.
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他們也會恐懼和疑惑。
他們會拖延。
他們會拖延。
14:37
They feel fear and doubt.
They procrastinate.
They procrastinate.
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14:40
They have bad ideas.
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他們有糟糕的主意。
14:42
And sometimes, it's not in spite
of those qualities but because of them
of those qualities but because of them
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有時候並不是因為
他們沒有這些缺點，
他們沒有這些缺點，
而是因為他們本身
使得他們成功。
使得他們成功。
14:46
that they succeed.
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14:48
So when you see those things,
don't make the same mistake I did.
don't make the same mistake I did.
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所以當你看到這樣的人的時候，
不要和我犯同一個錯誤。
不要和我犯同一個錯誤。
不要放棄他們。
14:51
Don't write them off.
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14:52
And when that's you,
don't count yourself out either.
don't count yourself out either.
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如果這個人是你，
你也不要一開始就認輸，
你也不要一開始就認輸，
14:55
Know that being quick to start
but slow to finish
but slow to finish
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你要知道，快速開始，慢慢結束，
14:57
can boost your creativity,
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可以增進你的創造力，
14:59
that you can motivate yourself
by doubting your ideas
by doubting your ideas
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你也可以用自疑的方式去激勵自己，
15:02
and embracing the fear of failing to try,
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並擁抱嘗試失敗的恐懼。
15:04
and that you need a lot of bad ideas
in order to get a few good ones.
in order to get a few good ones.
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然後，你需要很多爛點子
去激發出一些好點子出來。
去激發出一些好點子出來。
15:08
Look, being original is not easy,
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你看，要有原創性並不簡單，
15:11
but I have no doubt about this:
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但我對此深信不疑：
15:13
it's the best way
to improve the world around us.
to improve the world around us.
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這是我們改變世界最好的方法。
15:16
Thank you.
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謝謝。
15:17
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Adam Grant - Organizational psychologistAfter years of studying the dynamics of success and productivity in the workplace, Adam Grant discovered a powerful and often overlooked motivator: helping others.
Why you should listen
In his groundbreaking book Give and Take, top-rated Wharton professor Adam Grant upended decades of conventional motivational thinking with the thesis that giving unselfishly to colleagues or clients can lead to one’s own long-term success. Grant’s research has led hundreds of advice seekers (and HR departments) to his doorstep, and it’s changing the way leaders view their workforces.
Grant's book Originals: How Non-Conformists Move the World examines how unconventional thinkers overturn the status quo and champion game-changing ideas.
Grant is the host of the TED original podcast WorkLife, taking us inside unconventional workplaces to explore the ideas we can all use to make work more meaningful and creative.
Adam Grant | Speaker | TED.com