TEDxStanford
David Camarillo: Why helmets don't prevent concussions -- and what might
大衛卡馬里奧: 為什麼頭盔竟無法防止腦震盪發生 -- 怎麼可能
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什麼是腦震盪？也許不是你了解的一回事。大衛卡馬里奧 -- 生物工程師（前美式足球運動員）在這次研究過程中，顯示了腦震盪到底是如何發生---為什麼一個標準運動頭盔竟無法阻止事情發生。以下可以看到將來應怎樣預防腦震盪。
David Camarillo - Bioengineer
David Camarillo's research focuses on understanding and preventing traumatic brain injury. Full bio
David Camarillo's research focuses on understanding and preventing traumatic brain injury. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
The word concussion evokes a fear
these days more so than it ever has,
these days more so than it ever has,
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現在聽到腦震盪這詞
比起以往更加恐懼，
比起以往更加恐懼，
00:17
and I know this personally.
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這是我個人感受。
00:19
I played 10 years of football,
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我打美式足球已經有十年了，
00:22
was struck in the head thousands of times.
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頭部被擊中數千次。
00:24
And I have to tell you, though,
what was much worse than that
what was much worse than that
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不過我想告訴你，
比起這事還有更糟的
比起這事還有更糟的
00:28
was a pair of bike accidents I had
where I suffered concussions,
where I suffered concussions,
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就是被兩架單車撞致腦震盪，
00:33
and I'm still dealing with the effects
of the most recent one
of the most recent one
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這件事近期仍然影響我日常生活
00:36
today as I stand in front of you.
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幸好今日我可如常站在你們面前。
00:39
There is a fear around concussion
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對於腦震盪仍然圍繞著恐懼
00:42
that does have some evidence behind it.
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因為背後確實有些證據。
00:45
There is information
that a repeated history of concussion
that a repeated history of concussion
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還有一些資訊
重複顯示腦震盪的歷史
重複顯示腦震盪的歷史
00:48
can lead to early dementia,
such as Alzheimer's,
such as Alzheimer's,
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可能會導致早期老年癡呆症，
例如:阿爾茨海默氏症，
例如:阿爾茨海默氏症，
00:52
and chronic traumatic encephalopathy.
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以及慢性創傷性腦病。
00:54
That was the subject
of the Will Smith movie "Concussion."
of the Will Smith movie "Concussion."
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由威爾‧史密斯主演的《震盪效應》是一部2015年美式足球傳記劇情片，就是今日的主題。
00:58
And so everybody is caught up in football
and what they see in the military,
and what they see in the military,
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電影中講述每個人都要了解美式足球
就好像在軍中所看到平凡事一樣，
就好像在軍中所看到平凡事一樣，
01:02
but you may not know
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可能你未必知道
01:03
that bike riding is the leading cause
of concussion for kids,
of concussion for kids,
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對於兒童來說踏單車
是引致腦震盪的主要原因，
是引致腦震盪的主要原因，
01:07
sports-related concussion, that is.
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那麼，運動與腦震盪是有關連。
01:11
And so another thing
that I should tell you
that I should tell you
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還有另一件事我應該告訴你
01:13
that you may not know
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可能你未必知道
01:14
is that the helmets that are worn
in bicycling and football
in bicycling and football
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踏單車也好，踢美式足球也好
都必須配戴頭盔
都必須配戴頭盔
01:17
and many activities,
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還有其他戶外運動亦需要配戴，
01:19
they're not designed or tested
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由於現時的運動頭盔
並沒有仔細設計或進行測試
並沒有仔細設計或進行測試
01:22
for how well they can protect
your children against concussion.
your children against concussion.
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故此難易保護兒童防止腦震盪發生。
01:26
They're in fact designed and tested
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實際上在設計及測試方面
01:27
for their ability to protect
against skull fracture.
against skull fracture.
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應要有預防及保護頭骨骨折能力。
01:31
And so I get this question
all the time from parents,
all the time from parents,
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所以每時每刻
我都從家長那兒得到這個問題，
我都從家長那兒得到這個問題，
01:37
and they ask me,
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他們問我，
01:39
"Would you let your own child
play football?"
play football?"
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"你會讓你的孩子踢美式足球嗎？"
01:41
Or, "Should I let my child play soccer?"
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又或者會問，"我應該讓我的孩子踢美式足球嗎？
01:44
And I think that as a field,
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作為一個前美式足球員，
01:47
we're a long way from giving an answer
with any kind of confidence there.
with any kind of confidence there.
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當中要找到答案
的確還有很長的路要走。
的確還有很長的路要走。
01:53
So I look at that question
from a bit of a different lens,
from a bit of a different lens,
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稍為從不同的角度
去看這條問題，
去看這條問題，
01:57
and I want to know,
how can we prevent concussion?
how can we prevent concussion?
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我們應如何預防腦震盪？
02:00
Is that even possible?
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真的有可能嗎？
02:02
And most experts think that it's not,
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大多數專家認為這是不可能的，
02:06
but the work that we're doing in my lab
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不過在這項研究已經在我的實驗室進行中
02:08
is starting to reveal more
of the details around concussion
of the details around concussion
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我會開始披露更多
與腦震盪有關的細節
與腦震盪有關的細節
02:13
so that we can have
a better understanding.
a better understanding.
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讓我們有更好的理解。
02:15
The reason we're able
to prevent skull fracture with helmets
to prevent skull fracture with helmets
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我們之所以配戴頭盔
主要用來預防頭骨破裂
主要用來預防頭骨破裂
02:18
is because it's pretty simple.
We know how it works.
We know how it works.
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就是這麼簡單。
我們明明知道頭盔的作用。
我們明明知道頭盔的作用。
02:21
Concussion has been
much more of a mystery.
much more of a mystery.
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可惜腦震盪仍然充滿著謎團。
你會覺得腦震盪沒可能發生的，
02:24
So to give you a sense of what might
be happening in a concussion,
be happening in a concussion,
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我想在這裡放影少少片段
你亦可以鍵入到谷歌，
02:29
I want to show you the video here
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02:31
that you see when you type into Google,
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鍵入"什麼是腦震盪？"
02:33
"What is a concussion?"
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02:35
The CDC website comes up,
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也可在疾病預防控制中心的網站上找到，
02:36
and this video essentially
tells the whole story.
tells the whole story.
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整個足本的影片。
現在留意這個頭部向前移動，
大腦先向後撞到，
02:40
What you see is the head moves forward,
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02:42
the brain lags behind,
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02:44
then the brain catches up
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然後大腦再向後傾
02:46
and smashes into the skull.
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並撞向頭骨。
02:48
It rebounds off the skull
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再回彈到頭骨
02:50
and then proceeds to run
into the other side of the skull.
into the other side of the skull.
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然後繼續進行
到了另一邊的頭骨。
到了另一邊的頭骨。
02:55
And what you'll notice is highlighted
in this video from the CDC,
in this video from the CDC,
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由疾控中心提供這影片當中
顯然你都注意到，
顯然你都注意到，
02:58
which I'll note was funded by the NFL,
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這是國家美式足球聯盟贊助，
03:01
is that the outer surface of the brain,
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那是大腦表面的四周，
03:04
where it was to have
smashed into the skull,
smashed into the skull,
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頭骨明顯被撞擊，
03:07
looks like it's been damaged or injured,
so it's on the outer surface of the brain.
so it's on the outer surface of the brain.
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看起來大腦表面周邊，
像已損毀或受創。
像已損毀或受創。
03:11
And what I'd like to do with this video
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我估計做這段影片
03:13
is to tell you that there are
some aspects that are probably right,
some aspects that are probably right,
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目的想告訴你
某些觀點可能是對的，
某些觀點可能是對的，
03:17
indicative of what the scientists
think happens with concussion,
think happens with concussion,
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表明了有科學家認為
曾經產生過腦震盪，
曾經產生過腦震盪，
03:20
but there's probably more
that's wrong with this video.
that's wrong with this video.
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不過這段影片中
有很多地方弄錯了。
有很多地方弄錯了。
03:23
So one thing that I do agree with,
and I think most experts would,
and I think most experts would,
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有一件事我與大多數專家都認同的，
03:26
is that the brain
does have these dynamics.
does have these dynamics.
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就是大腦曾有動力學的變化。
03:28
It does lag behind the skull
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確實頭骨先向後
03:30
and then catch up and move
back and forth and oscillate.
back and forth and oscillate.
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再向前繼而前後擺動。
03:33
That we think is true.
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我認為這是事實。
03:35
However, the amount of motion
you see in the brain in this video
you see in the brain in this video
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然而，從影片中
可以看到大腦擺動次數
可以看到大腦擺動次數
03:39
is probably not right at all.
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但這點可能沒根據。
03:40
There's very little room
in the cranial vault,
in the cranial vault,
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在大腦與頭頂骨之間
有一個很細的空間，
有一個很細的空間，
03:44
only a few millimeters,
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只有幾毫米，
03:45
and it's filled entirely
with cerebral spinal fluid,
with cerebral spinal fluid,
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而且完全充滿腦脊髓液，
03:49
which acts as a protective layer.
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這角色就是要充當一個保護層。
03:51
And so the brain as a whole probably
moves very little inside the skull.
moves very little inside the skull.
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因為整個大腦
在頭骨內變化得很少。
在頭骨內變化得很少。
03:56
The other problem with this video
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這影片內另一個問題
03:58
is that the brain is shown
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是大腦的顯示
04:00
as a kind of rigid whole
as it moves around,
as it moves around,
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作為一種堅硬的整體
怎可以四處移動，
怎可以四處移動，
04:03
and that's not true either.
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而事實並非如此。
04:05
Your brain is one of the softest
substances in your body,
substances in your body,
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你的大腦是你的身體上
最柔軟的物質之一，
最柔軟的物質之一，
04:09
and you can think of it
kind of like jello.
kind of like jello.
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你能想到的它有點像果凍。
04:11
So as your head is moving back and forth,
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所以當你的頭部來來回回移動著，
04:13
your brain is twisting
and turning and contorting,
and turning and contorting,
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你的大腦就會彎彎曲曲的
旋轉和被扭曲，
旋轉和被扭曲，
04:16
and the tissue is getting stretched.
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及組織會被拉長。
04:18
And so most experts, I think, would agree
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所以大多數專家，我想，都會同意
04:21
that concussion is not likely
to be something that's happening
to be something that's happening
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腦震盪不太可能
像這樣子發生的
像這樣子發生的
04:24
on this outer surface of the brain,
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在大腦表面周邊，
04:26
but rather it's something
that's much deeper
that's much deeper
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對比起其他東西
這是更深層
這是更深層
04:28
towards the center of the brain.
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接近大腦中心點。
04:31
Now, the way that we're
approaching this problem
approaching this problem
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現在，用我們的方式
去解說這個問題
去解說這個問題
04:33
to try to understand
the mechanisms of concussion
the mechanisms of concussion
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嘗試去理解
腦震盪的機制
腦震盪的機制
04:36
and to figure out if we can prevent it
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假設我們可以預防
便更要弄清楚
便更要弄清楚
04:38
is we are using a device like this.
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我們使用類似的設備。
04:40
It's a mouthguard.
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這是一個牙套。
04:42
It has sensors in it
that are essentially the same
that are essentially the same
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牙套上有一個感應器
本質是相同的
本質是相同的
04:45
that are in your cell phone:
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這是在你的手機上：
04:47
accelerometers, gyroscopes,
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加速度計，陀螺儀，
04:49
and when someone is struck in the head,
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當有人頭部被擊中，
04:51
it can tell you how their head moved
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這兩部儀器可以告訴你
他們的頭部是怎樣移動
他們的頭部是怎樣移動
04:54
at a thousand samples per second.
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舉例說每秒一千樣。
04:58
The principle behind
the mouthguard is this:
the mouthguard is this:
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背後的原理
該牙套是這樣的：
該牙套是這樣的：
05:01
it fits onto your teeth.
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將牙套套在你的牙齒上。
05:02
Your teeth are one of the hardest
substances in your body.
substances in your body.
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你的牙齒是身體上最堅硬的物質之一。
05:05
So it rigidly couples to your skull
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也是堅固地連接到你的頭骨
05:07
and gives you the most precise
possible measurement
possible measurement
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並為你提供最精確合適的測量
05:10
of how the skull moves.
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頭骨是如何移動的。
05:12
People have tried
other approaches, with helmets.
other approaches, with helmets.
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人們嘗試
其他的方法，配帶頭盔。
其他的方法，配帶頭盔。
05:14
We've looked at other sensors
that go on your skin,
that go on your skin,
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或會利用其他感應器
就是你的皮膚，
就是你的皮膚，
05:18
and they all simply move around too much,
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因為左右走動太多，
05:20
and so we found that this
is the only reliable way
is the only reliable way
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所以我們發現，牙套感應器
是唯一可靠的方法
是唯一可靠的方法
05:23
to take a good measurement.
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也是取得最好的測量方式。
05:27
So now that we've got this device,
we can go beyond studying cadavers,
we can go beyond studying cadavers,
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這個設備我們現在已經擁有了，
並利用屍體作為研究，
並利用屍體作為研究，
05:31
because you can only
learn so much about concussion
learn so much about concussion
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因此想了解更多關於腦震盪
05:34
from studying a cadaver,
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就是只能從屍體上學習，
05:35
and we want to learn
and study live humans.
and study live humans.
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如要從活生生的人類當中研究的話。
05:38
So where can we find
a group of willing volunteers
a group of willing volunteers
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需要找一群志願者
05:42
to go out and smash their heads
into each other on a regular basis
into each other on a regular basis
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定期去粉碎他們的頭部
05:46
and sustain concussion?
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並要認定已遭受了腦震盪？
05:47
Well, I was one of them,
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對吧，我就是他們其中之一，
05:49
and it's your local friendly
Stanford football team.
Stanford football team.
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你們本地友好
斯坦福大學美式足球隊。
斯坦福大學美式足球隊。
05:53
So this is our laboratory,
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就在我的實驗室在中，
05:55
and I want to show you
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我想展示給你們看
05:57
the first concussion
we measured with this device.
we measured with this device.
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我們用這設備進行了
第一次腦震盪測量。
第一次腦震盪測量。
06:00
One of the things that I should point out
is the device has this gyroscope in it,
is the device has this gyroscope in it,
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我想指出今次是利用
陀螺儀裝置設備，
陀螺儀裝置設備，
06:04
and that allows you
to measure the rotation of the head.
to measure the rotation of the head.
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來測量頭部旋轉情況。
06:07
Most experts think
that that's the critical factor
that that's the critical factor
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因為大多數專家認為
這就是關鍵因素
這就是關鍵因素
06:09
that might start to tell us
what is happening in concussion.
what is happening in concussion.
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正式開始告訴我們
腦震盪是如何形成。
腦震盪是如何形成。
06:12
So please watch this video.
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請先觀看這段影片。
06:15
Announcer: Cougars bring
extra people late, but Luck has time,
extra people late, but Luck has time,
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評述員︰ 美洲獅遲遲才帶人來，
但盧克仍有時間，
但盧克仍有時間，
06:18
and Winslow is crushed.
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可惜與溫思勞撞過正面。
06:22
I hope he's all right.
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我希望他沒事。
06:23
(Audience roars)
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（影片中觀眾怒吼一聲）
06:30
Top of your screen,
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請留意螢光幕上方，
06:32
you'll see him come on
just this little post route,
just this little post route,
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他好像沿著一條小小的路線衝過去，
06:34
get separation, safety.
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被撞到彈開了，幸好沒大礙。
06:40
Here it comes at you in real speed.
You'll hear this.
You'll hear this.
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聽說就在這裡才會感受到真正的速度。
06:44
The hit delivered by --
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交由命運安排 --
06:47
David Camarillo: Sorry, three times
is probably a little excessive there.
is probably a little excessive there.
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大衛卡馬里奧：對不起，撞擊三次
實在有一點過分。
實在有一點過分。
06:51
But you get the idea.
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你有什麼想法。
06:52
So when you look at just the film here,
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當你只是在這裡看著的影片時，
06:55
pretty much the only thing you can see
is he got hit really hard and he was hurt.
is he got hit really hard and he was hurt.
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幾乎你可以看見唯一的事情
就是他們真正被撞擊和受傷。
就是他們真正被撞擊和受傷。
06:59
But when we extract the data
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但當我們提取資料時
07:00
out of the mouthguard that he was wearing,
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發現原來他有配戴牙套的，
07:02
we can see much more detail,
much richer information.
much richer information.
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我們可以看到更詳細的，
更豐富的信息。
更豐富的信息。
07:05
And one of the things that we noticed here
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以及我們在這裡看到其中的一件事情發生
07:08
is that he was struck
in the lower left side of his face mask.
in the lower left side of his face mask.
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就是他面具左下方被撞擊到。
07:12
And so that did something first
that was a little counterintuitive.
that was a little counterintuitive.
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第一時間覺得有點不合常理。
07:15
His head did not move to the right.
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他的腦部沒有移動到右邊。
07:17
In fact, it rotated first to the left.
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事實上，腦部應先轉動到左邊。
07:19
Then as the neck began to compress,
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然後隨著頸部開始受壓，
07:21
the force of the blow caused it
to whip back to the right.
to whip back to the right.
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由衝擊力引致腦部迅速撞回右邊。
07:25
So this left-right motion
was sort of a whiplash-type phenomenon,
was sort of a whiplash-type phenomenon,
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所以這個左右移動
類似那種揮鞭現象，
類似那種揮鞭現象，
07:30
and we think that is probably
what led to the brain injury.
what led to the brain injury.
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我們認為就是這樣
導致了腦部受傷。
導致了腦部受傷。
07:35
Now, this device is only limited in such
that it can measure the skull motion,
that it can measure the skull motion,
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由於，這種裝置只局限於
測量頭骨移動，
測量頭骨移動，
07:39
but what we really want to know
is what's happening inside of the brain.
is what's happening inside of the brain.
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所以我們真的很想知道
在大腦內究竟發生了什麼變化。
在大腦內究竟發生了什麼變化。
07:42
So we collaborate with
Svein Kleiven's group in Sweden.
Svein Kleiven's group in Sweden.
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故此我們在瑞典，與斯韋恩·凱文的研究小組合作。
07:46
They've developed a finite element
model of the brain.
model of the brain.
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他們已經利用有限元素法
去探討大腦。
去探討大腦。
07:49
And so this is a simulation
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這是一種模擬狀態
07:51
using the data from our mouthguard
from the injury I just showed you,
from the injury I just showed you,
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研究數據主要來自損壞的牙套資料
就是我剛才這段影片，
就是我剛才這段影片，
07:55
and what you see is the brain --
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從這片段的大腦你可以看到什麼 --
07:57
this is a cross-section right in the front
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前面就是大腦右邊橫切面
07:59
of the brain twisting
and contorting as I mentioned.
and contorting as I mentioned.
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正如我所提及的
大腦有扭曲及被扭斷。
大腦有扭曲及被扭斷。
08:02
So you can see this doesn't
look a lot like the CDC video.
look a lot like the CDC video.
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你們現在看到的
與疾控中心的影片完全不同
與疾控中心的影片完全不同
08:05
Now, the colors that you're looking at
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現在，你看到的顏色
08:07
are how much the brain tissue
is being stretched.
is being stretched.
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有多少腦組織
被撐大了。
被撐大了。
08:11
And so the red is 50 percent.
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所顯示50%紅色。
08:13
That means the brain has been stretched
to 50 percent of its original length,
to 50 percent of its original length,
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就是意味著大腦被撐大程度
比起原來的大出50%
比起原來的大出50%
08:16
the tissue in that particular area.
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這組織在該特定區域。
08:18
And the main thing I want to draw
your attention to is this red spot.
your attention to is this red spot.
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我想用這個紅點來引起你們注意。
08:21
So the red spot is very close
to the center of the brain,
to the center of the brain,
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紅點是非常接近大腦中心，
08:25
and relatively speaking,
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相對來說，
08:26
you don't see a lot of colors like that
on the exterior surface
on the exterior surface
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在外層表面並沒看到太多類似的顏色
08:31
as the CDC video showed.
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從疾控中心的影片中顯示。
08:34
Now, to explain a little more detail
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但現在，我需要來解釋更多細節
08:36
about how we think
concussion might be happening,
concussion might be happening,
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關於我們認為發生腦震盪的可能性，
08:40
one thing I should mention
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有一件事我必須要提及
08:41
is that we and others have observed
that a concussion is more likely
that a concussion is more likely
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就是我們和其他人已經觀察到
有傾向腦震盪的跡象
有傾向腦震盪的跡象
08:44
when you're struck and your head
rotates in this direction.
rotates in this direction.
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當你被撞擊時
你的頭部會從這個方向旋轉。
你的頭部會從這個方向旋轉。
08:48
This is more common
in sports like football,
in sports like football,
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這種情況普遍性發生
在美式足球運動內，
在美式足球運動內，
08:51
but this seems to be more dangerous.
So what might be happening there?
So what might be happening there?
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似乎相比其他運動更加危險。
那裡會有什麼事發生呢？
那裡會有什麼事發生呢？
08:54
Well, one thing that you'll notice
in the human brain
in the human brain
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好吧，有件事你要注意
就是人類的大腦
就是人類的大腦
08:57
that is different than other animals
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與其他動物不同
08:59
is we have these two very large lobes.
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我們有兩個非常大的額葉。
09:01
We have the right brain
and the left brain.
and the left brain.
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我們有右腦和左腦。
09:04
And the key thing
to notice in this figure here
to notice in this figure here
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請留意圖中最關鍵的事情
09:07
is that right down the center
of the right brain and the left brain
of the right brain and the left brain
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就是右腦與左的腦的中間位置
09:10
there's a large fissure
that goes deep into the brain.
that goes deep into the brain.
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這裡一個大裂縫
竟然深進入大腦。
竟然深進入大腦。
09:13
And in that fissure,
what you can't see in this image,
what you can't see in this image,
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那裂縫，
你不能在此圖片中看到，
你不能在此圖片中看到，
09:16
you'll have to trust me,
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請相信我，
09:17
there is a fibrous sheet of tissue.
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那是纖維組織表。
09:19
It's called the falx,
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被稱為大腦鐮
09:20
and it runs from the front of your head
all the way to the back of your head,
all the way to the back of your head,
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大腦鐮從你的腦前額開始運行
然後用盡任何方式走到你的後腦，
然後用盡任何方式走到你的後腦，
09:24
and it's quite stiff.
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而且非常僵硬。
09:25
And so what that allows for
is when you're struck
is when you're struck
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當你受到撞擊你還等什麼
09:28
and your head rotates
in this left-right direction,
in this left-right direction,
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你的大腦左右旋轉的情況下，
09:31
forces can rapidly transmit
right down to the center of your brain.
right down to the center of your brain.
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這個撞擊力迅速傳遞
直到你的大腦中心。
直到你的大腦中心。
09:35
Now, what's there
at the bottom of this fissure?
at the bottom of this fissure?
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那麼，裂縫的底部究竟有什麼？
09:39
It's the wiring of your brain,
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這是你大腦的路徑，
09:41
and in fact this red bundle
here at the bottom of that fissure
here at the bottom of that fissure
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事實上紅色一束束
是裂縫的底部
是裂縫的底部
09:46
is the single largest fiber bundle
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是單一最大的神經纖維束
09:49
that is the wiring that connects
the right and left sides of your brain.
the right and left sides of your brain.
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聯繫左右兩側大腦的主要路徑。
09:53
It's called the corpus callosum.
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被稱為胼胝體。
09:55
And we think that this might be
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我們認為這可能是
09:57
one of the most common
mechanisms of concussion,
mechanisms of concussion,
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其中最常見的腦震盪機制，
10:01
and as the forces move down,
they strike the corpus callosum,
they strike the corpus callosum,
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當撞擊力向下移，
便會撞擊胼胝體，
便會撞擊胼胝體，
10:06
it causes a dissociation
between your right and your left brain
between your right and your left brain
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你的左右腦之間會引致分裂
10:09
and could explain some
of the symptoms of concussion.
of the symptoms of concussion.
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這樣可以解釋到一些
腦震盪的症狀。
腦震盪的症狀。
10:12
This finding is also consistent
of what we've seen
of what we've seen
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調查結果發現與我們見到的
也是一致
也是一致
10:15
in this brain disease that I mentioned,
chronic traumatic encephalopathy.
chronic traumatic encephalopathy.
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在這個腦疾病中提及到，
慢性創傷性腦病。
慢性創傷性腦病。
10:19
So this is an image of a middle-aged
ex-professional football player,
ex-professional football player,
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圖中是一位中年人的腦部
前職業美式足球運動員，
前職業美式足球運動員，
10:25
and the thing that I want to point out
is if you look at the corpus callosum,
is if you look at the corpus callosum,
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你看看他的胼胝體，我想指出一點，
10:29
and I'll page back here so you can see
the size of a normal corpus callosum
the size of a normal corpus callosum
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先回到這頁，你可以看到
正常的胼胝體的大小
正常的胼胝體的大小
10:33
and the size of the person here
who has chronic traumatic encephalopathy,
who has chronic traumatic encephalopathy,
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與這位中年人的胼胝體的大小
那一位真正患有慢性創傷性腦病，
那一位真正患有慢性創傷性腦病，
10:37
it is greatly atrophied.
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大腦萎縮得非常。
10:40
And the same goes
for all of the space in the ventricles.
for all of the space in the ventricles.
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也是這樣
對於所有的腦室的空間。
對於所有的腦室的空間。
10:43
These ventricles are much larger.
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這些腦室非常大。
10:45
And so all of this tissue
near the center of the brain
near the center of the brain
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因此，所有這類組織
當靠近大腦中心時
當靠近大腦中心時
10:47
has died off over time.
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隨著時間便會死亡。
10:49
So what we're learning
is indeed consistent.
is indeed consistent.
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與我們學習的確實一致。
10:53
Now, there is some good news here,
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不過在這裡還有好的消息的，
10:56
and I hope to give you a sense
of hope by the end of this talk.
of hope by the end of this talk.
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我希望透過這次演說
帶給你們有希望的感覺。
帶給你們有希望的感覺。
10:59
One of the things that we've noticed,
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我們注意到一件事
11:01
specifically about
this mechanism of injury,
this mechanism of injury,
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整體來說
這種受傷的機制，
這種受傷的機制，
11:04
is although there's a rapid transmission
of the forces down this fissure,
of the forces down this fissure,
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雖然那種撞擊力
快速傳輸到這裂縫處，
快速傳輸到這裂縫處，
11:08
it still takes a defined amount of time.
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仍然需要用時間來定義。
11:11
And what we think is that if we can
slow the head down just enough
slow the head down just enough
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我們的想法是，如果我們可以
剛好將頭部減速
剛好將頭部減速
11:15
so that the brain
does not lag behind the skull
does not lag behind the skull
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大腦便不會落後於頭骨
11:19
but instead it moves
in synchrony with the skull,
in synchrony with the skull,
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相反與頭骨同步移動，
11:22
then we might be able to prevent
this mechanism of concussion.
this mechanism of concussion.
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我們也許能夠防止
這種腦震盪發生。
這種腦震盪發生。
11:25
So how can we slow the head down?
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但如何將頭部慢下來？
11:30
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
11:32
A gigantic helmet.
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一個巨大的頭盔。
11:35
So with more space, you have more time,
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因此需要更多空間，更多時間，
11:38
and this is a bit of a joke,
but some of you may have seen this.
but some of you may have seen this.
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這一點開玩笑，
但你們當中可能已經看得出來。
但你們當中可能已經看得出來。
11:41
This is bubble soccer,
and it's a real sport.
and it's a real sport.
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這是泡泡足球
也是運動的一種。
也是運動的一種。
11:43
In fact, I saw some young adults
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事實上，我看到一些年輕人
11:45
playing this sport down the street
from my house the other day,
from my house the other day,
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在我家中附近的街道玩這運動，
11:48
and as far as I know
there have been no reported concussions.
there have been no reported concussions.
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並就我所知
沒有發生過腦震盪的報導。
沒有發生過腦震盪的報導。
11:51
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
11:52
But in all seriousness,
this principle does work,
this principle does work,
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原則上這是高危運動，
11:56
but this has gone too far.
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不能走得太遠。
11:58
This isn't something that's practical
for bike riding or playing football.
for bike riding or playing football.
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對於騎單車或踢足球來說
泡泡足球是不需要練習。
泡泡足球是不需要練習。
12:03
And so we are collaborating
with a company in Sweden called Hövding.
with a company in Sweden called Hövding.
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因此，我在瑞典
與一家名為Hövding的公司携手合作。
與一家名為Hövding的公司携手合作。
12:07
Some of you may have seen their work,
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你們當中可能已經
知道關於他們的工作，
知道關於他們的工作，
12:10
and they're using the same principle
of air to give you some extra space
of air to give you some extra space
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他們使用同樣充氣的道理
額外加上一些空間
額外加上一些空間
12:14
to prevent concussion.
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去預防腦震盪。
12:17
Kids, don't try this at home please.
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不過小朋友們請勿在家中嘗試。
12:20
This stuntman does not have a helmet.
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這個特技演員並沒有戴頭盔。
12:24
He instead has a neck collar,
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他用了頸圈代替，
12:26
and this neck collar has sensors in it,
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他的頸圈有一個感應器，
12:29
the same type of sensors
that are in our mouthguard,
that are in our mouthguard,
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與我們用在牙套上的感應器相同，
12:32
and it detects when he's likely
to have a fall,
to have a fall,
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在他下墜在情形下便可檢測到，
12:35
and there's an airbag
that explodes and triggers,
that explodes and triggers,
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那是具有爆炸力和觸發器的氣袋
12:38
the same way that an airbag
works in your car, essentially.
works in your car, essentially.
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基本上與你車上的安全氣袋用法一樣，
12:42
And in the experiments
we've done in my lab with their device,
we've done in my lab with their device,
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這個實驗早已在我的實驗室完成了，
12:44
we found that it can greatly reduce
the risk of concussion in some scenarios
the risk of concussion in some scenarios
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我們發現利用氣袋技術
可以大大減少腦震盪的風險
可以大大減少腦震盪的風險
12:48
compared to a normal bicycle helmet.
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相對於正常的單車頭盔。
12:50
So it's a pretty exciting development.
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的確進展令人興奮。
12:53
But in order for us to actually realize
the benefits of technology
the benefits of technology
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為了讓我們真正實現
氣袋技術的好處
氣袋技術的好處
12:58
that can prevent concussion,
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是可以防止腦震盪的，
13:00
it needs to meet regulations.
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仍需要多點規條。
13:03
That's a reality.
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這是事實。
13:05
And this device is for sale in Europe
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這設備在歐洲銷售
13:08
but is not for sale in the US,
and probably won't be any time soon.
and probably won't be any time soon.
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而不在美國發售，可能時間不合適。
13:11
So I wanted to tell you why.
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我想告訴你們原因。
13:13
There are some good reasons and then
there are some not so good reasons.
there are some not so good reasons.
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有一些好的理由，然後
有一些不太好的原因。
有一些不太好的原因。
13:17
Bike helmets are federally regulated.
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單車頭盔是聯邦政府監管。
13:19
The Consumer Product Safety Commission
has been given jurisdiction
has been given jurisdiction
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消費者產品安全委員會
得到了司法管轄權
得到了司法管轄權
13:23
to approve any bike helmet for sale,
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批准任何單車頭盔出售，
13:25
and this is the test they use.
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以及他們使用前的測試。
13:26
This is back to what I was telling you
at the beginning about skull fracture.
at the beginning about skull fracture.
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回顧由我開始講述頭骨骨折。
13:30
That's what this test is for.
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這是種測試可以為你做些什麼。
13:31
And that's an important thing to do.
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還有一些重要的事項要做。
13:33
It can save your life,
but it's not sufficient, I would say.
but it's not sufficient, I would say.
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我會說氣袋技術可以挽救你的生命，
但這還是不足夠。
但這還是不足夠。
13:36
So for example, one thing
this test doesn't evaluate
this test doesn't evaluate
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舉個例子，
如沒有評估這次測試
如沒有評估這次測試
13:39
is it doesn't tell you
is that airbag going to trigger
is that airbag going to trigger
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沒有人可以告訴你
那氣袋將會碰上觸發器
那氣袋將會碰上觸發器
13:41
at the right time and place,
and not trigger when it doesn't need to?
and not trigger when it doesn't need to?
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在適當的時間和地點，
當沒有這需要時便不會觸發到？
當沒有這需要時便不會觸發到？
13:45
Similarly, it's not going to tell you
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同樣地，誰都不會告訴你
13:47
is this helmet likely
to prevent concussion or not?
to prevent concussion or not?
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就好像這個頭盔
能防止腦震盪嗎？
能防止腦震盪嗎？
13:51
And if you look at football helmets,
which aren't regulated,
which aren't regulated,
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如果你看到這不合規格的美式足球頭盔，
13:55
they still have a very similar test.
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他們仍然有類同的測試。
13:57
They're not regulated
by the government, anyway.
by the government, anyway.
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不管怎麼辦說他們不受政府監管。
13:59
They have an industry body,
which is the way most industries work.
which is the way most industries work.
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這是大多數行業的工作的方式。
14:02
But this industry body, I can tell you,
has been quite resistant
has been quite resistant
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但這類機構，我可以告訴你，
非常有抵禦力
非常有抵禦力
14:06
to updating their standards.
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常更新標準。
14:07
So in my lab, we are working on not only
the mechanism of concussion,
the mechanism of concussion,
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所以在我的實驗室，我們正在研究不僅
腦震盪的機制，
腦震盪的機制，
14:10
but we want to understand
how can we have better test standards?
how can we have better test standards?
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還想要瞭解
如何可以有更好的測試標準？
如何可以有更好的測試標準？
14:14
And we hope that the government
can use this type of information
can use this type of information
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我們希望政府
可以使用這種類型的資訊
可以使用這種類型的資訊
14:18
to encourage innovation
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鼓勵創新
14:20
by letting consumers know
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好讓消費者知道
14:22
how protected are you with a given helmet.
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頭盔應該是如何保護你。
14:25
And I want to bring this back finally
to the original question I asked,
to the original question I asked,
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最後我想帶回來這原來的問題，
14:29
which is, would I feel comfortable
letting my child play football
letting my child play football
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就是我可以舒舒服服
讓我孩子踢美式足球
讓我孩子踢美式足球
14:32
or ride a bicycle?
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或騎單車嗎？
14:34
And this might be just a result
of my own traumatic experience.
of my own traumatic experience.
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從我自己的創傷經歷中得到這答案。
14:37
I'm much more nervous
about my daughter, Rose, riding a bicycle.
about my daughter, Rose, riding a bicycle.
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我更緊張我的女兒，露斯，騎單車。
14:42
So she's a year and a half old,
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所以在她以一歲半時，
14:44
and she's already, well, wants to anyway,
race down the streets of San Francisco.
race down the streets of San Francisco.
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她已經做好準備，
隨時在三藩市街道上比賽。
隨時在三藩市街道上比賽。
14:50
This is the bottom
of one of these streets.
of one of these streets.
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這是一條街的盡頭。
14:52
And so my personal goal
is to -- and I believe this is possible --
is to -- and I believe this is possible --
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所以我個人的目標
是的 — — 相信這是可能的 — —
是的 — — 相信這是可能的 — —
14:57
is to further develop these technologies,
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再進一步發展這些技術，
14:59
and in fact, we're working
on something in my lab in particular
on something in my lab in particular
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事實上，我們正在努力
特別是在我實驗室裡的東西
特別是在我實驗室裡的東西
15:02
that really makes optimal use
of the given space of a helmet.
of the given space of a helmet.
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給頭盔一個機會
真正好好地使用，
真正好好地使用，
15:05
And I am confident
that we will be able to,
that we will be able to,
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我很有信心將來我可以，
15:08
before she's ready to ride a two-wheeler,
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在露斯要準備騎單車時，
15:11
have something available
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有一樣可以用的東西
15:12
that can in fact really reduce
the risk of concussion
the risk of concussion
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實際真正可以減少
腦震盪的風險
腦震盪的風險
15:16
and comply with regulatory bodies.
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並遵守自己身體的法規。
15:19
And so what I'd like to do --
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所以這就是我想做的 — —
15:21
and I know that this is for some of you
of more immediate nature,
of more immediate nature,
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我知道可以為你們直接做多一些，
15:24
I've got a couple years here --
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我已經有幾年在這裡 — —
15:26
is to be able to tell parents
and grandparents when I'm asked,
and grandparents when I'm asked,
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是要當有人問我
而又能告訴父母和祖父母，
而又能告訴父母和祖父母，
15:30
it is safe and healthy for your children
to engage in these activities.
to engage in these activities.
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鼓勵你的孩子在運動時
應注意安全和健康。
應注意安全和健康。
15:34
And I'm very fortunate
to have a wonderful team at Stanford
to have a wonderful team at Stanford
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我非常慶倖我在斯坦福大學
有一個隊令人讚嘆的團隊
有一個隊令人讚嘆的團隊
15:37
that's working hard on this.
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為這份工作努力。
15:39
So I hope to come back in a few years
with the final story,
with the final story,
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隨著故事的發展
我希望能在幾年後回來，
我希望能在幾年後回來，
15:43
but for now I will tell you,
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但現在我會告訴你，
15:45
please don't just be afraid
when you hear the word concussion.
when you hear the word concussion.
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當你聽見腦震盪這個名詞請不要害怕。
15:48
There is hope.
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這裡仍然有希望。
15:49
Thank you.
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多謝。
15:51
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
David Camarillo - BioengineerDavid Camarillo's research focuses on understanding and preventing traumatic brain injury.
Why you should listen
Dr. David Camarillo, Ph.D., is Assistant Professor of Bioengineering and (by courtesy) Mechanical Engineering at Stanford University. He holds a B.S.E in Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering from Princeton University (2001), a Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from Stanford University (2008) and completed his postdoctoral research fellowship in Biophysics at the University of California, San Francisco in 2011.
Camarillo worked in the surgical robotics industry at Intuitive Surgical and Hansen Medical, before launching his laboratory at Stanford in 2012. His current research focuses on designing force measurement devices for multiple clinical and scientific applications including embryo development, brain trauma and cardiac therapy.
Camarillo was recently awarded the Hellman Fellowship for his work in robot-assisted reproduction as well as the Office of Naval Research Young Investigator Program award for his research in brain biomechanics.
David Camarillo | Speaker | TED.com