TEDSummit
Christopher Soghoian: Your smartphone is a civil rights issue
克里斯多夫 · 瑟勾炎: 智慧型手機的人權問題
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使用智慧型手機不僅反應出個人的品味，也能決定用戶可以被監控的難易度。TED 研究會員和保護個資專家克里斯多夫 · 瑟勾炎詳細闡述蘋果和安卓通信裝置高下立判的加密差異。他建請我們要注意持續擴大的數位安全落差，他認為：「倘若只有付得起高階手機的富人能免於政府的目光灼灼，那就不單是網路安全問題，而是一個人權問題。」
Christopher Soghoian - Privacy researcher and activist
Christopher Soghoian researches and exposes the high-tech surveillance tools that governments use to spy on their own citizens, and he is a champion of digital privacy rights. Full bio
Christopher Soghoian researches and exposes the high-tech surveillance tools that governments use to spy on their own citizens, and he is a champion of digital privacy rights. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
In the spring of 2016,
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2016 年春天
00:15
a legal battle between Apple
and the Federal Bureau of Investigation
and the Federal Bureau of Investigation
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蘋果和聯邦調查局間的法規戰，
00:19
captured the world's attention.
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獲得了全世界的注意。
00:21
Apple has built security features
into its mobile products
into its mobile products
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蘋果在自家的行動通信產品上
建置了安全特性，
建置了安全特性，
00:24
which protect data on its devices
from everyone but the owner.
from everyone but the owner.
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保護其裝置上的數據
自外於非物主的其他人。
自外於非物主的其他人。
00:28
That means that criminals, hackers
and yes, even governments
and yes, even governments
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這意味著壞蛋、駭客－
甚至連政府都不得其門而入；
00:33
are all locked out.
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00:35
For Apple's customers,
this is a great thing.
this is a great thing.
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對蘋果的客戶而言這是美事，
00:38
But governments are not so happy.
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但是政府就沒那麼開心了。
00:41
You see, Apple has made
a conscious decision
a conscious decision
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蘋果早已自覺地不涉入監控業務，
00:43
to get out of the surveillance business.
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00:46
Apple has tried to make surveillance
as difficult as possible
as difficult as possible
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蘋果想方設法使得監控對政府
和任何角色來說極盡困難。
和任何角色來說極盡困難。
00:49
for governments and any other actors.
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00:53
There are really two
smartphone operating systems
smartphone operating systems
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全球智慧手機市場有兩大作業系統：
00:56
in the global smartphone market:
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00:57
iOS and Android.
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iOS 以及「安卓」；
00:59
iOS is made by Apple.
Android is made by Google.
Android is made by Google.
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iOS 出自蘋果、安卓來自谷歌。
01:03
Apple has spent a lot of time and money
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蘋果花費很多時間和金錢
01:06
to make sure that its products
are as secure as possible.
are as secure as possible.
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確保其產品極盡安全，
01:10
Apple encrypts all data
stored on iPhones by default,
stored on iPhones by default,
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蘋果把儲存在 iPhone 上的
所有數據預設加密，
所有數據預設加密，
01:13
and text messages sent from one
Apple customer to another Apple customer
Apple customer to another Apple customer
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蘋果用戶間寄送的簡訊也預設加密，
01:17
are encrypted by default
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01:19
without the user having
to take any actions.
to take any actions.
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毋需用戶去動根手指。
01:22
What this means is that,
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這意味著
01:24
if the police seize an iPhone
and it has a password,
and it has a password,
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如果警察查扣一支
設有密碼的 iPhone，
設有密碼的 iPhone，
01:28
they'll have a difficult time
getting any data off of it,
getting any data off of it,
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他們就得吃些苦頭來取得裡頭的數據－
01:32
if they can do it at all.
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要是他們做得到的話。
01:34
In contrast, the security of Android
just really isn't as good.
just really isn't as good.
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相較之下安卓的安全性沒那麼好，
01:38
Android phones, or at least
most of the Android phones
most of the Android phones
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安卓手機－
至少大多數已賣出的安卓手機，
01:41
that have been sold to consumers,
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沒有預設加密儲存於該裝置的數據，
01:43
do not encrypt data stored
on the device by default,
on the device by default,
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01:46
and the built-in text messaging app
in Android does not use encryption.
in Android does not use encryption.
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而且內建的簡訊 app 沒有採用加密。
01:51
So if the police seize an Android phone,
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所以如果警察查扣安卓手機，
他們到時候得以從裡面取得
他們想要的所有數據資料。
他們想要的所有數據資料。
01:54
chances are, they'll be able to get
all the data they want
all the data they want
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01:57
off of that device.
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兩款智慧型手機，
01:59
Two smartphones
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02:01
from two of the biggest
companies in the world;
companies in the world;
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來自世界上兩家最大的公司；
一家預設保護數據，
02:04
one that protects data by default,
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另一家則否。
02:06
and one that doesn't.
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02:08
Apple is a seller of luxury goods.
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蘋果販售高檔貨，
它稱霸高階市場，
02:12
It dominates the high end of the market.
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02:14
And we would expect a manufacturer
of luxury goods to have products
of luxury goods to have products
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而我們預期高檔貨的製造商
有著包含更多特性的產品。
有著包含更多特性的產品。
02:19
that include more features.
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02:21
But not everyone can afford an iPhone.
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但不是人人都買得起 iPhone，
那裡就是安卓稱霸之處：中、低階市場，
02:23
That's where Android
really, really dominates:
really, really dominates:
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02:26
at the middle and low end of the market,
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給十五億人用的智慧手機，
02:29
smartphones for the billion
and a half people
and a half people
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02:32
who cannot or will not spend
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這些人無力或不願
在一支手機上花個六百美元。
02:34
600 dollars on a phone.
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但是安卓的一把抓
02:41
But the dominance of Android
has led to what I call
has led to what I call
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導致我所說的
「數位安全落差」，
02:47
the "digital security divide."
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個資與安全性差隔如今日益擴大－
02:49
That is, there is now increasingly a gap
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02:52
between the privacy
and security of the rich,
and security of the rich,
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介於付得起用預設保障其裝置的有錢人
02:56
who can afford devices
that secure their data by default,
that secure their data by default,
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和其裝置用預設
沒做多少防護的窮人之間。
沒做多少防護的窮人之間。
03:00
and of the poor,
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03:01
whose devices do very little
to protect them by default.
to protect them by default.
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03:07
So, think of the average Apple customer:
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試想一般的蘋果用戶：
03:12
a banker, a lawyer,
a doctor, a politician.
a doctor, a politician.
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銀行家、律師、醫生、政治人物，
03:17
These individuals now increasingly have
smartphones in their pockets
smartphones in their pockets
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這些人野草般地在口袋裡有著智慧手機，
加密他們的通話、簡訊，
03:22
that encrypt their calls,
their text messages,
their text messages,
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03:26
all the data on the device,
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以及其裝置裡所有的資料，
03:27
without them doing really anything
to secure their information.
to secure their information.
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毋需用戶著手守護其資料。
03:32
In contrast, the poor
and the most vulnerable in our societies
and the most vulnerable in our societies
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相較之下社會上的窮人和最弱勢的人，
03:36
are using devices that leave them
completely vulnerable to surveillance.
completely vulnerable to surveillance.
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正用著對上監控必然遭殃的裝置。
03:43
In the United States, where I live,
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在我住的美國，
03:45
African-Americans are more likely
to be seen as suspicious
to be seen as suspicious
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非裔美國人更可能被當嫌犯看，
03:49
or more likely to be profiled,
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或是被建檔列案，
03:51
and are more likely to be targeted
by the state with surveillance.
by the state with surveillance.
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更可能被國家用監控來鎖定。
03:56
But African-Americans
are also disproportionately likely
are also disproportionately likely
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但是非裔美國人們也太過於
可能使用安卓手機，
可能使用安卓手機，
03:58
to use Android devices
that do nothing at all
that do nothing at all
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那玩意兒根本沒下工夫
保護他們不受監控。
保護他們不受監控。
04:01
to protect them from that surveillance.
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04:04
This is a problem.
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這就是個問題！
04:07
We must remember
that surveillance is a tool.
that surveillance is a tool.
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我們必須記住：監控是工具，
04:10
It's a tool used by those in power
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大鯨魚用來對付小蝦米的工具。
04:13
against those who have no power.
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04:17
And while I think it's absolutely great
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當我認為這絕對太棒了，
04:21
that companies like Apple
are making it easy for people to encrypt,
are making it easy for people to encrypt,
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像蘋果這樣的公司使常人容易做加密；
04:26
if the only people
who can protect themselves
who can protect themselves
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若單單富人或強者能保護自己
免於政府的目光灼灼，
免於政府的目光灼灼，
04:30
from the gaze of the government
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04:31
are the rich and powerful,
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04:33
that's a problem.
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那就是個問題！
04:35
And it's not just a privacy
or a cybersecurity problem.
or a cybersecurity problem.
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它不只是個資或網路安全問題，
04:39
It's a civil rights problem.
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這是個人權的問題！
04:42
So the lack of default security in Android
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安卓缺乏預設安全機制，
04:45
is not just a problem
for the poor and vulnerable users
for the poor and vulnerable users
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不只是窮人和弱勢用戶的問題－
他們依賴於這些裝置；
04:51
who are depending on these devices.
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04:53
This is actually a problem
for our democracy.
for our democracy.
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實際上這是個民主的問題，
04:56
I'll explain what I mean.
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我會解釋這是什麼意思。
04:58
Modern social movements
rely on technology --
rely on technology --
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現代社會運動仰仗於科技，
05:01
from Black Lives Matter to the Arab Spring
to Occupy Wall Street.
to Occupy Wall Street.
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從「黑人的生命重要」，
到「阿拉伯之春」、「佔領華爾街」。
05:07
The organizers of these movements
and the members of these movements
and the members of these movements
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這些運動的發起人和成員
05:11
increasingly communicate
and coordinate with smartphones.
and coordinate with smartphones.
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日益多見地用智慧型手機溝通和協調。
05:16
And so, naturally governments
that feel threatened by these movements
that feel threatened by these movements
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政府自然感受到被這些運動所威脅，
05:20
will also target the organizers
and their smartphones.
and their smartphones.
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也將把苗頭指向發起人及其智慧型手機。
05:25
Now, it's quite possible
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相當有可能－
05:27
that a future Martin Luther King
or a Mandela or a Gandhi
or a Mandela or a Gandhi
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未來的馬丁 · 路德 · 金恩、
曼德拉或甘地，
曼德拉或甘地，
05:31
will have an iPhone and be protected
from government surveillance.
from government surveillance.
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會有支 iPhone 以及
受其所保護不被政府的監控；
受其所保護不被政府的監控；
05:36
But chances are,
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但是說不準
05:37
they'll probably have a cheap,
$20 Android phone in their pocket.
$20 Android phone in their pocket.
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在他們口袋裡的可能是支便宜、
二十美元的安卓手機！
二十美元的安卓手機！
05:42
And so if we do nothing
to address the digital security divide,
to address the digital security divide,
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若是我們不著手處理數位安全落差、
05:46
if we do nothing to ensure
that everyone in our society
that everyone in our society
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不去確保社會中的每個人
05:51
gets the same benefits of encryption
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都獲得加密的相同好處，
05:53
and is equally able to protect themselves
from surveillance by the state,
from surveillance by the state,
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而且平等地能保護自己免於國家的監控；
05:57
not only will the poor and vulnerable
be exposed to surveillance,
be exposed to surveillance,
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不只是窮人和弱勢者
將會暴露於監控之下，
將會暴露於監控之下，
06:02
but future civil rights
movements may be crushed
movements may be crushed
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未來的人權運動
可能早在充分發威前即已破局。
06:05
before they ever reach
their full potential.
their full potential.
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06:07
Thank you.
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謝謝！
06:09
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
06:15
Helen Walters: Chris, thank you so much.
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海倫 · 華特斯：非常感謝你克里斯！
06:17
I have a question for you.
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有個問題請教：
06:19
We saw recently in the press
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最近在新聞中看到
06:21
that Mark Zuckerberg from Facebook
covers over his camera
covers over his camera
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臉書的馬克 · 祖克柏
遮蓋了他的筆電鏡頭，
並在耳麥插槽上動手腳。
並在耳麥插槽上動手腳。
06:27
and does something
with his headphone mic jack.
with his headphone mic jack.
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06:30
So I wanted to ask you
a personal question, which is:
a personal question, which is:
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所以我想問你一個私人的問題：
06:32
Do you do that?
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你有這樣做嗎？
06:33
And, on behalf of everyone
here, particularly myself,
here, particularly myself,
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為了大家好－尤其是我－
06:36
Should we be doing that?
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我們應該這樣做嗎？
06:37
Should we be covering these things?
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應該遮蓋這些東西嗎？
06:39
Christopher Soghoian: Putting a sticker --
actually, I like Band-Aids,
actually, I like Band-Aids,
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克里斯多夫 · 瑟勾炎：擺上貼紙吧！
事實上我喜歡邦迪 ok 繃，
06:43
because you can remove them
and put them back on
and put them back on
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因為可以撕下、又貼回去地－
06:46
whenever you want to make
a call or a Skype call.
a call or a Skype call.
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在任何時候想用 Skype 打電話時。
06:48
Putting a sticker over your web cam
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將貼紙黏在網路的攝影鏡頭上，
06:50
is probably the best thing
you can do for your privacy
you can do for your privacy
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大概是看緊荷包下
為了你的個資所能做最好的事。
為了你的個資所能做最好的事。
06:52
in terms of bang for buck.
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06:54
There really is malware,
malicious software out there
malicious software out there
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外頭真有惡意軟體，
06:58
that can take over your web cam,
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能掌控你的網路鏡頭，
07:00
even without the light turning on.
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即便鏡頭的電源燈沒亮。
07:02
This is used by criminals.
This is used by stalkers.
This is used by stalkers.
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該程式被壞蛋、偷窺狂使用，
07:05
You can buy $19.99 "spy
on your ex-girlfriend" software online.
on your ex-girlfriend" software online.
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花 19.99 美元就能在線上
買到「監視前女友」軟體，
買到「監視前女友」軟體，
07:10
It's really terrifying.
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真的很可怕！
07:11
And then, of course,
it's used by governments.
it's used by governments.
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當然也為政府所用，
07:14
And there's obviously
a sexual violence component to this,
a sexual violence component to this,
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其中明顯有性暴力的成分；
07:17
which is that this kind of surveillance
can be used most effectively
can be used most effectively
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就是這樣的監控
最能有效地對付婦女、
最能有效地對付婦女、
07:20
against women and other people
who can be shamed in our society.
who can be shamed in our society.
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以及其他足以在社會上顏面掃地者。
07:28
Even if you think
you have nothing to hide,
you have nothing to hide,
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即使你自認為坦蕩，
07:30
at the very least, if you have
children, teenagers in your lives,
children, teenagers in your lives,
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倘若你身邊有兒童、青少年，
07:35
make sure you put a sticker
on their camera and protect them.
on their camera and protect them.
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至少確定有在他們的網路鏡頭上
貼上貼紙保護他們！
貼上貼紙保護他們！
07:38
HW: Wow. Thank you so much.
CS: Thank you.
CS: Thank you.
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海倫 · 華特斯：非常感謝！
克里斯多夫 · 瑟勾炎：謝謝！
07:40
HW: Thanks, Chris.
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海倫 · 華特斯：謝謝克里斯！
07:41
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Christopher Soghoian - Privacy researcher and activistChristopher Soghoian researches and exposes the high-tech surveillance tools that governments use to spy on their own citizens, and he is a champion of digital privacy rights.
Why you should listen
TED Fellow Christopher Soghoian is a champion of digital privacy rights, with a focus on the role that third-party service providers play in enabling governments to monitor citizens. As the principal technologist at the American Civil Liberties Union, he explores the intersection of federal surveillance and citizen's rights.
Before joining the ACLU, he was the first-ever technologist for the Federal Trade Commision's Division of Privacy and Identity Protection, where he worked on investigations of Facebook, Twitter, MySpace and Netflix. Soghoian is also the creator of Do Not Track, an anti-tracking device that all major web browsers now use, and his work has been cited in court.
Christopher Soghoian | Speaker | TED.com