TED2008
Robert Ballard: The astonishing hidden world of the deep ocean
羅勃．巴拉德(Robert Ballard)談海洋的探索
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海洋探險家羅勃．巴拉德(Robert Ballard)帶領我們到達一個不為人知，卻又令人耳目一新的水底世界。他在那裡跟其他的研究員，發現出人意表的新生命、新資源，甚至新的山脈。他帶來的嚴肅的探險活動和海底地圖。各位～一起Google海洋嗎？
Robert Ballard - Oceanographer
On more than 120 deep-sea expeditions, Robert Ballard has made many major natural discoveries, such as the deep-sea vents. Oh, and he found the Titanic. Full bio
On more than 120 deep-sea expeditions, Robert Ballard has made many major natural discoveries, such as the deep-sea vents. Oh, and he found the Titanic. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:18
The first question is this.
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第一個問題是
00:20
Our country has two exploration programs.
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我們的國家有兩個探險計畫
00:23
One is NASA, with a mission to explore the great beyond,
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其一是NASA太空總署，而使命是探測太空
00:28
to explore the heavens, which we all want to go to if we're lucky.
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探索那個我們都想去的天堂～如果我們夠幸運的話
00:31
And you can see we have Sputnik, and we have Saturn,
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你可以看到我們有史波尼克(Sputnik)衛星和農神火箭
00:34
and we have other manifestations of space exploration.
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我們有其他探索太空的形式
00:38
Well, there's also another program,
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此外，我們還有一個計畫
00:40
in another agency within our government, in ocean exploration.
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政府有另一個機構負責探索海洋
00:43
It's in NOAA, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
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也就是NOAA，國家海洋與大氣管理局
00:47
And my question is this: "why are we ignoring the oceans?"
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而我的疑問是 -- 我們為什麼忽略海洋？
00:53
Here's the reason, or not the reason, but here's why I ask that question.
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也許這是原因、或者這不是，但這就是我為什麼要問
00:57
If you compare NASA's annual budget to explore the heavens,
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如果比較太空總署探索太空的年度預算
01:02
that one-year budget would fund NOAA's budget
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這一年的預算可以支持NOAA
01:06
to explore the oceans for 1,600 years.
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探索海洋一千六百年
01:11
Why? Why are we looking up? Is it because it's heaven?
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為什麼？為什麼我們往上看？難道是因為天堂在上面？
01:16
And hell is down here? Is it a cultural issue?
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而地獄在下面？這是因為文化的影響嗎？
01:19
Why are people afraid of the ocean?
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為什麼人們害怕海洋？
01:21
Or do they just assume the ocean is just a dark, gloomy place
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或他們認為海洋只是一片漆黑、又陰森的地方
01:27
that has nothing to offer?
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一點貢獻也沒有
01:29
I'm going to take you on a 16-minute trip on 72 percent of the planet, so buckle up.
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繫好安全帶，我將帶領你們在下面16分鐘遊遍這佔地球72％的地方
01:35
OK. And what we're going to do
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好啦～我們接下來將要
01:37
is we're going to immerse ourselves in my world.
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讓大家進入我的世界
01:39
And what I'm going to try -- I hope I make the following points.
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我會試著 -- 我希望可以把以下幾點講清楚
01:42
I'm going to make it right now in case I forget.
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我得現在講以免忘記--
01:45
Everything I'm going to present to you
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每一樣各位即將看到的
01:47
was not in my textbooks when I went to school.
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在我的學校課本裡面都沒有
01:50
And most of all, it was not even in my college textbooks.
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更重要的是，那也沒不在我大學的課本裡
01:54
I'm a geophysicist, and all my Earth science books when I was a student --
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我是地球物理學家而我當學生時的地球科學書籍
01:59
I had to give the wrong answer to get an A.
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我必須填上錯誤的答案才能拿高分
02:03
We used to ridicule continental drift. It was something we laughed at.
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我們曾揶揄大陸板塊飄移，讓我們笑到不行
02:06
We learned of Marshall Kay's geosynclinal cycle, which is a bunch of crap.
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我們學習馬歇爾．凱(Marshall Kay)的地槽圈，那真的是鬼話連篇
02:09
In today's context, it was a bunch of crap,
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今日的課本裡他才是鬼話
02:12
but it was the law of geology, vertical tectonics.
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但它曾是地質學裡垂直地殼運動的定律
02:15
All the things we're going to walk through
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我們即將討論的
02:17
in our explorations and discoveries of the oceans
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是我們在海洋的發現與探索
02:20
were mostly discoveries made by accident.
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很多是意外發現的
02:24
Mostly discoveries made by accident.
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很多新發現都來自意外
02:26
We were looking for something and found something else.
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我們想找某樣東西，卻發現了另一樣
02:29
And everything we're going to talk about
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而我們即將要講的每件事情
02:31
represents a one tenth of one percent glimpse, because that's all we've seen.
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都這只是驚鴻一瞥中的十分之一，因為我們也只看到這些
02:37
I have a characterization.
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我有個描述
02:39
This is a characterization of what it would look like if you could remove the water.
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是說，這是你想像中把全部的水都移開以後的樣子
02:43
It gives you the false impression it's a map.
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讓你誤認這是張地圖
02:45
It is not a map.
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這不是地圖
02:47
In fact, I have another version at my office
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我有另一個版本在我辦公室裡
02:50
and I ask people, "Why are there mountains here, on this area here,
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而我問人們：「為什麼這裡，這塊區域有山脈」
02:55
but there are none over here?" And they go, "Well, gee,
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「而那邊卻沒有呢？」他們通常都會說：「嗯～天啊」
02:58
I don't know," saying,
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「我不知道耶」
03:00
"Is it a fracture zone? Is it a hot spot?"
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「這是地質脆弱地區嗎？它是熱點嗎？」
03:02
No, no, that's the only place a ship's been.
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不不～那些地方只有船去過
03:06
Most of the southern hemisphere is unexplored.
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大部分的南半球都沒有被探索過
03:09
We had more exploration ships down there
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我們曾有很多探測船隻在那裡
03:12
during Captain Cook's time than now. It's amazing.
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是在庫克船長的時代，比現代還多，這真叫人吃驚！
03:15
All right. So we're going to immerse ourselves
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好啦～我們現在即將潛入
03:18
in the 72 percent of the planet because, you know,
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這星球的另外72％是因為，你知道嗎
03:21
it's really naive to think that the Easter Bunny
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如果你認為復活節的兔子
03:25
put all the resources on the continents.
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會把所有的好東西都放在大陸上嗎，就太天真了
03:28
(Laughter)
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（眾笑）
03:30
You know, it's just ludicrous.
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你知道嗎～這真是太荒誕不羈了
03:33
We are always, constantly playing the zero sum game.
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我們老是玩著零和遊戲
03:38
You know, we're going to do this, we're going to take it away from something else.
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知道嗎，現在我們要試試看別的路子
03:41
I believe in just enriching the economy.
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我相信這可以振興經濟
03:43
And we're leaving so much on the table, 72 percent of the planet.
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我們還有很多籌碼，這72％的地球資源
03:47
And as I will point out later in the presentation,
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而我會在之後演講中一一指出
03:49
50 percent of the United States of America lies beneath the sea.
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美國有50％的領域在海平面以下
03:55
50 percent of our country that we own, have all legal jurisdiction,
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我們國家擁有的50％，依法管轄
03:58
have all rights to do whatever we want, lies beneath the sea
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而可以任意處置的，都在海洋底下
04:01
and we have better maps of Mars than that 50 percent.
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而火星的地圖卻比這50%更仔細
04:05
Why? OK. Now, I began my explorations the hard way.
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為什麼？好吧，剛開始探險的時候很辛苦
04:13
Back then -- actually my first expedition
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在過去 -- 事實上我第一次的探險
04:15
was when I was 17 years old. It was 49 years ago.
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是49年前，在我十七歲的時候
04:18
Do the math, I'm 66. And I went out to sea on a Scripps ship
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算算看吧，現在我66歲。當我跟著Scripps的船出海
04:22
and we almost got sunk by a giant rogue wave,
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還差點因為瘋狗浪而沉沒
04:26
and I was too young to be -- you know, I thought it was great!
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當時我太年輕了 -- 你知道的，我想說這超棒的！
04:28
I was a body surfer and I thought, "Wow, that was an incredible wave!"
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我用身體衝浪，還想著「哇～這個浪頭真棒」
04:31
And we almost sank the ship, but I became enraptured
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而我們差點因此沉船，但是後來我漸漸為此著迷
04:35
with mounting expeditions. And over the last 49 years,
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經歷很多探險活動，在後來這49年間
04:38
I've done about 120, 121 -- I keep doing them -- expeditions.
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我一共經歷了120、121次探險 -- 而我還繼續的從事這項工作
04:42
But in the early days, the only way I could get to the bottom
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不過，早年唯一能讓我到達海底的方式
04:45
was to crawl into a submarine, a very small submarine,
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就是爬進潛水艇，非常小的潛水艇
04:48
and go down to the bottom.
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一路沉到海底
04:50
I dove in a whole series of different deep diving submersibles.
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在一系列的活動我藉著各式潛艇到達各種深度
04:52
Alvin and Sea Cliff and Cyana,
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艾文號、海蝕崖號以及Cyana號
04:54
and all the major deep submersibles we have, which are about eight.
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以及其他八艘深海潛水艇為主力
04:58
In fact, on a good day, we might have four or five human beings
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事實上，天氣好的時候我們大約有四到五位人員
05:04
at the average depth of the Earth --
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在海洋深處
05:06
maybe four or five human beings out of whatever billions we've got going.
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大約四到五位人員正在進行任何一項探險
05:09
And so it's very difficult to get there, if you do it physically.
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親身去做這些工作非常的辛苦
05:12
But I was enraptured, and in my graduate years
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但我深深著迷，而在我畢業的那幾年
05:18
was the dawn of plate tectonics. And we realized
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正是板塊構造學說的啟蒙時期，而我們已經知道
05:21
that the greatest mountain range on Earth lies beneath the sea.
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最偉大的山脈其實躺在海洋底下
05:23
The mid-ocean ridge runs around like the seam on a baseball.
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大西洋中洋脊就像棒球上的縫線一般跨越地球
05:26
This is on a Mercator projection.
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這是在麥卡托投影下的地圖
05:28
But if you were to put it on an equal area projection,
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如果你把放在等區域投影地圖上
05:31
you'd see that the mid-ocean ridge covers 23 percent
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你會發現中洋脊佔據相當於23％
05:34
of the Earth's total surface area.
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地球上陸地的面積
05:36
Almost a quarter of our planet is a single mountain range
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幾乎四分之一的地球被一個山脈佔據
05:39
and we didn't enter it until after Neil Armstrong
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而我們一直等到尼爾．阿姆斯壯(Neil Armstrong)
05:41
and Buzz Aldrin went to the moon.
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和巴茲．艾德林(Buzz Aldrin)上了月球之後才發現
05:43
So we went to the moon, played golf up there,
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我們上了月球，在上面玩了一下高爾夫
05:45
before we went to the largest feature on our own planet.
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在這之前我們卻沒有去過我們星球上最大的一個地貌
05:50
And our interest in this mountain range, as Earth scientists in those days,
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當時的地球科學家們對於這山脈的最大興趣
05:53
was not only because of its tremendous size, dominating the planet,
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不只是因為山脈在這星球上佔據極大面積
05:56
but the role it plays in the genesis of the Earth's outer skin.
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而是山脈在地球外層形成時所扮演的角色
05:59
Because it's along the axis of the mid-ocean ridge
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因為他是中洋脊的軸線
06:01
where the great crustal plates are separating.
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大型地殼向兩邊分離開來
06:03
And like a living organism, you tear it open,
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像是有機體一般，當你把它撕開
06:06
it bleeds its molten blood, rises up to heal that wound
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它將會流出古老的熔岩之血，來癒合這個傷口
06:09
from the asthenosphere, hardens, forms new tissue and moves laterally.
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岩漿來自軟流圈，硬化形成新的組織，向側面擴散
06:14
But no one had actually gone down
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但是從來沒有人真正到下面去
06:16
into the actual site of the boundary of creation as we call it --
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到這我們稱作「創造的邊界」的地方
06:19
into the Rift Valley -- until a group of seven of us
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進入這個裂谷 -- 直到我們七人小組
06:21
crawled in our little submarines in the summer of 1973, 1974
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在1973～1974年夏天爬近我們小小的潛水艇
06:26
and were the first human beings to enter the Great Rift Valley.
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而這是人類史上第一次抵達大裂谷
06:29
We went down into the Rift Valley.
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我們下到這個裂谷
06:31
This is all accurate except for one thing -- it's pitch black.
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一切描述都十分正確，除了一件事情 -- 下面一片漆黑
06:34
It's absolutely pitch black, because
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完全沒有任何光線
06:36
photons cannot reach the average depth of the ocean,
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因為光子不能到達這麼深的海洋
06:39
which is 12,000 feet. In the Rift Valley, it's 9,000 feet.
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一萬兩千英呎(3,657.6公尺)，而裂谷則位於九千英呎(2,743.2公尺)
06:42
Most of our planet does not feel the warmth of the sun.
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地球大部分地方都感受不到太陽的溫暖
06:46
Most of our planet is in eternal darkness.
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大部分永遠都在黑暗中
06:48
And for that reason, you do not have photosynthesis in the deep sea.
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因此，在深海沒有辦法行光合作用
06:52
And with the absence of photosynthesis
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由於缺乏光合作用
06:54
you have no plant life, and as a result,
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所以沒有植物，因此
06:56
you have very little animal life living in this underworld.
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在這個世界裡很少有生物生活
06:59
Or so we thought. And so in our initial explorations,
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至少我們是這麼認為的，在最初的幾次探險中
07:02
we were totally focused on exploring the boundary of creation,
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我們全部心力都放在探索這正在形成的邊界
07:06
looking at the volcanic features running along that entire 42,000 miles.
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在42000英哩(67,592公里)的海裏找尋著火山地形
07:12
Running along this entire 42,000 miles
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在這42000英哩的地方有著
07:15
are tens of thousands of active volcanoes.
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成千上萬的活火山
07:17
Tens of thousands of active volcanoes.
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成千上萬的活火山
07:19
There are more active volcanoes beneath the sea
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而海平面之下有更多的活躍的火山
07:22
than on land by two orders of magnitude.
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強度比陸地還大兩倍
07:24
So, it's a phenomenally active region,
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它是完全是個活躍區
07:26
it's not just a dark, boring place. It's a very alive place.
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而不是一個漆黑又無聊的地方，充滿了生命
07:31
And it's then being ripped open.
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而且正被撕裂著
07:33
But we were dealing with a particular scientific issue back then.
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不過我們當時正著手於特定的科學研究
07:36
We couldn't understand why you had a mountain under tension.
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不懂為什麼在這個充滿張力的地方有高山
07:39
In plate tectonic theory, we knew that if you had plates collide,
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在板塊構造理論裏我們知道，如果地殼碰撞
07:42
it made sense: they would crush into one another,
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會相互的擠壓，這還蠻可以理解
07:45
you would thicken the crust, you'd uplift it.
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這會使地殼變厚，然後把它抬高
07:47
That's why you get, you know, you get seashells up on Mount Everest.
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這就是為什麼海裡的貝殼會出現在聖母峰上
07:50
It's not a flood, it was pushed up there.
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不是因為洪水，而是被擠壓到那裡
07:52
We understood mountains under compression,
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我們了解山脈是由擠壓產生
07:54
but we could not understand why we had a mountain under tension.
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但我們不明白為什麼山脈會在拉扯中形成
07:57
It should not be. Until one of my colleagues said,
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不該是這樣，直到一位我的同事說
08:00
"It looks to me like a thermal blister, and the mid-ocean ridge
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「看起來像是在高溫下產生的水泡，在這中洋脊上」
08:02
must be a cooling curve." We said, "Let's go find out."
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「一定是一個冷卻的過程」我們說，「去看看吧」
08:05
We punched a bunch of heat probes. Everything made sense,
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我們把地熱探針插進去，一切真相大白
08:08
except, at the axis, there was missing heat. It was missing heat.
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除了在軸線以外，其他地方都不夠熱，熱量不見了
08:11
It was hot. It wasn't hot enough.
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那很熱，但不足以融化
08:13
So, we came up with multiple hypotheses:
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因此我們想出很多個假設
08:15
there's little green people down there taking it;
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在那個下面一定有小綠人在掌控著
08:17
there's all sorts of things going on.
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所有在那裡發生的事情
08:19
But the only logical [explanation] was that there were hot springs.
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不過，最合理的假設是下面一定有熱泉
08:21
So, there must be underwater hot springs.
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所以一定是海底熱泉
08:23
We mounted an expedition to look for the missing heat.
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我們開始一趟尋找失落的熱度之旅
08:25
And so we went along this mountain range, in an area along Galapagos Rift,
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沿著加拉巴哥斷層的山脈邊緣尋找
08:30
and did we find the missing heat.
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而我們的確發現了那失落的熱度
08:32
It was amazing. These giant chimneys, huge giant chimneys.
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看起來很驚人，這些巨大的煙囪，龐然巨物般的煙囪
08:36
We went up to them with our submersible.
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我們駕著潛艇靠近他們
08:38
We wanted to get a temperature probe, we stuck it in there,
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想把溫度探針伸進去，卻卡住了
08:40
looked at it -- it pegged off scale.
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仔細一看 -- 溫度探針破表了
08:42
The pilot made this great observation: "That's hot."
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潛艇駕駛有了大發現：「它好燙」
08:44
(Laughter)
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（眾笑）
08:46
And then we realized our probe was made out of the same stuff --
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突然之間我們都明白了，探針跟噴出物是同一種物質
08:49
it could have melted. But it turns out the exiting temperature
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它被融化了，不過測出的實際溫度
08:51
was 650 degrees F, hot enough to melt lead.
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是華式650度(攝氏343度)，熱得可以將鉛融化
08:54
This is what a real one looks like, on the Juan de Fuca Ridge.
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這是皇安德富卡(Juan de Fuca)斷層實際的樣子
08:57
What you're looking at is an incredible pipe organ
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你看到的是那不可思議的管風琴
08:59
of chemicals coming out of the ocean.
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從海洋中噴發出各種化學物質
09:01
Everything you see in this picture is commercial grade:
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每一樣你在畫面中看到的都具有商業價值
09:03
copper, lead, silver, zinc and gold.
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銅、鉛、銀、鋅和黃金
09:05
So the Easter Bunny has put things in the ocean floor,
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所以我們知道復活節兔子真的有放東西在海底
09:09
and you have massive heavy metal deposits
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而且是大量的金屬蘊藏
09:11
that we're making in this mountain range.
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是在這個山脈發現的
09:13
We're making huge discoveries of large commercial-grade ore
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還有更巨大的發現，以及大量具有商業價值的礦物
09:16
along this mountain range, but it was dwarfed by what we discovered.
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在這個山脈地區，不過跟我們整體所發現的相比，這只是一小塊
09:20
We discovered a profusion of life,
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我們發現了豐富的生命
09:22
in a world that it should not exist [in]. Giant tube worms, 10 feet tall.
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根本不應該在這個地方出現，巨大的管蟲，10英呎(3公尺)高
09:27
I remember having to use vodka -- my own vodka -- to pickle it
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我記得我們用伏特加來保存它 -- 我自己喝的伏特加
09:29
because we don't carry formaldehyde.
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因為我們並沒有帶福馬林
09:31
We went and found these incredible clam beds
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然後我們發現不可思議的蚌群
09:33
sitting on the barren rock. Large clams,
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附在這不毛的岩石上 -- 巨大的蚌類
09:36
and when we opened them, they didn't look like a clam.
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當我們打開他的時候，看起來又不像蚌類
09:39
And when we cut them open, they didn't have the anatomy of a clam.
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解剖時發現它們根本沒有蚌類的構造
09:42
No mouth, no gut, no digestive system.
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沒有嘴、沒有內臟、沒有消化系統
09:44
Their bodies had been totally taken over
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他們的身體完全被另一種有機體接管
09:47
by another organism, a bacterium, that had figured out
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一種細菌，而這種細菌
09:50
how to replicate photosynthesis in the dark,
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學會了怎麼在黑暗中行光合作用
09:53
through a process we now call chemosynthesis.
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經過一個叫化學合成的過程
09:56
None of it in our textbooks. None of this in our textbooks.
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這根本就不曾在我們的教科書中出現
09:59
We did not know about this life system.
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我們根本不了解這種生物系統
10:01
We were not predicting it.
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也不可能憑空臆測出來
10:03
We stumbled on it, looking for some missing heat.
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而是在搜尋熱源的時候，不經意的撞上了它
10:06
So, we wanted to accelerate this process.
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為了深入研究這個過程
10:09
We wanted to get away from this silly trip, up and down on a submarine:
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我們想結束這愚蠢的潛艇上上下下的程序
10:12
average depth of the ocean, 12,000 feet;
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平均海洋深度將近12000英呎
10:14
two and half hours to get to work in the morning;
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早上花兩到兩個半小時來上班
10:16
two and half hours to get to home. Five hour commute to work.
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兩到兩個半小時回家，花五個小時通勤
10:19
Three hours of bottom time, average distance traveled -- one mile.
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只在海底待三個小時，平均移動距離 -- 一英哩(1.6公里)
10:22
(Laughter)
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（眾笑）
10:24
On a 42,000 mile mountain range. Great job security, but not the way to go.
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要探索42000英哩的海底山脈，這工作真有保障，但是這樣不是辦法
10:28
So, I began designing a new technology of telepresence,
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因此我開始設計一種新的遠端臨場科技
10:31
using robotic systems to replicate myself,
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使用機器人來代替我自己
10:34
so I wouldn't have to cycle my vehicle system.
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這樣就不用一直重複減壓過程
10:37
We began to introduce that in our explorations,
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我們開始在探險中使用它
10:39
and we continued to make phenomenal discoveries
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而持續有重大發現
10:41
with our new robotic technologies. Again, looking for something else,
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應用我們新的機器人科技，再一次尋找某些東西
10:44
moving from one part of the mid-ocean ridge to another.
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在這中洋脊移過來、移過去
10:47
The scientists were off watch and they came across incredible life forms.
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這些科學家遇到、也看到不可思議的生物
10:52
They came across new creatures they had not seen before.
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他們發現了從來沒有看過的新物種
10:55
But more importantly, they discovered
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更重要的是他們在下面發現
10:57
edifices down there that they did not understand.
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無法理解的高樓大廈
10:59
That did not make sense. They were not above a magma chamber.
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這不合理，那位於岩漿庫底下
11:02
They shouldn't be there. And we called it Lost City.
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根本就不該在那兒出現，因此我們稱它為失落的城市
11:06
And Lost City was characterized by these incredible limestone formations
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而失落的城市是由這些不可思議的石灰岩構成
11:10
and upside down pools. Look at that.
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還有反過來的水池，看起來像是這樣
11:13
How do you do that? That's water upside down.
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這是怎麼弄出來的，那水是倒過來的
11:16
We went in underneath and tapped it, and we found that it had the pH of Drano.
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我們跑到它下面去取水，我們發現他的酸鹼值跟通樂一樣
11:21
The pH of 11, and yet it had chemosynthetic bacteria living in it
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PH值高達11，不過居然還有細菌在裡面以化學合成作用生活
11:25
and at this extreme environment.
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在這個極端的環境裡
11:27
And the hydrothermal vents were in an acidic environment.
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這個海底熱泉是酸性的
11:30
All the way at the other end, in an alkaline environment,
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而另一端則是在鹼性的環境
11:33
at a pH of 11, life existed.
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PH值高達11，生命依然存在
11:35
So life was much more creative than we had ever thought.
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因此生命比我們所想像得更有創意
11:38
Again, discovered by accident. Just two years ago
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又一次意外的發現，就在兩年前
11:41
working off Santorini, where people are sunning themselves on the beach,
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我們在聖托里尼外面工作，在海灘上人們做著日光浴
11:45
unbeknownst to them in the caldera nearby,
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卻不知道那附近有個火山口
11:47
we found phenomenal hydrothermal vent systems
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我們發現了巨大的海底熱泉系統
11:50
and more life systems.
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和更多的生物群
11:52
This was two miles from where people go to sunbathe,
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離人們做日光浴的海灘距離約兩英哩
11:55
and they were oblivious to the existence of this system.
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人們完全沒注意到這個系統
11:59
Again, you know, we stop at the water's edge.
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然後，你知道嗎，我們站在水邊
12:03
Recently, diving off -- in the Gulf of Mexico, finding pools of water,
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最近我們在墨西哥灣面潛水，發現了大水池
12:09
this time not upside down, right side up.
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這次不是反過來，而是朝上的
12:11
Bingo. You'd think you're in air, until a fish swims by.
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中了～你想你是在空氣中，直到發現一條魚游過身旁
12:16
You're looking at brine pools formed by salt diapirs.
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你看到的是鹹水池，由鹽份貫入而形成
12:20
Near that was methane. I've never seen volcanoes of methane.
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附近的是甲烷，我從未看過甲烷形成的火山
12:25
Instead of belching out lava, they were belching out
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沒有噴出岩漿卻噴出
12:28
big, big bubbles of methane. And they were creating these volcanoes,
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大大的甲烷泡泡，形成了這個火山
12:32
and there were flows, not of lava,
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那是流體，不是岩漿
12:34
but of the mud coming out of the Earth but driven by --
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而是泥土從地球內冒出來
12:37
I've never seen this before.
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我從來沒有看過這種景象
12:39
Moving on, there's more than just natural history beneath the sea --
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繼續下去，不光是自然史躺在海底下
12:44
human history. Our discoveries of the Titanic.
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也有人類史，我們發現鐵達尼號
12:47
The realization that the deep sea is the largest museum on Earth.
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瞭解到深海是地球上最大的博物館
12:51
It contains more history than all of the museums on land combined.
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它容納的歷史可能是所有陸地上的博物館的總和
12:54
And yet we're only now penetrating it.
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而我們才剛剛走進去
12:57
Finding the state of preservation.
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看到這些保存物的現況
12:59
We found the Bismarck in 16,000 feet. We then found the Yorktown.
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我們在16000英呎(4876.8公尺)發現俾斯麥號戰艦，我們發現約克鎮號航空母艦
13:03
People always ask, "Did you find the right ship?"
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人們總是問：「你們真找到那艘船了嗎？」
13:05
It said Yorktown on the stern.
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在船舷上寫著〔約克鎮號〕
13:07
(Laughter)
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（眾笑）
13:09
More recently, finding ancient history.
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最近，我們發現古代歷史
13:12
How many ancient mariners have had a bad day? The number's a million.
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到底有多少古代水手運氣很差？上百萬…
13:16
We've been discovering these along ancient trade routes,
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我們在古代的貿易航路上發現了這些
13:19
where they're not supposed to be.
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他們不該躺在海底
13:21
This shipwreck sank 100 years before the birth of Christ.
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在基督出生前100年這些船就沉了
13:23
This one sank carrying a prefabricated, Home Depot Roman temple.
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這沉船帶著羅馬時代的廟宇的B&Q特力屋
13:28
And then here's one that sank at the time of Homer, at 750 B.C.
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而這艘船在荷馬出生的西元前750年沉沒
13:33
More recently, into the Black Sea, where we're exploring.
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不久之前我們在黑海有所發現
13:36
Because there's no oxygen there, it's the largest reservoir
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因為那兒沒有氧氣，而且是地球上最大的硫化氫倉庫
13:39
of hydrogen sulfide on Earth. Shipwrecks are perfectly preserved.
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沉船保存情況都很好
13:43
All their organics are perfectly preserved. We begin to excavate them.
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所有的有機物質都被保存下來，我們開始挖掘
13:47
We expect to start hauling out the bodies in perfect condition with their DNA.
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期待可以找到依然保存著DNA的遺體
13:51
Look at the state of preservation --
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看看這保存的狀態
13:53
still the ad mark of a carpenter. Look at the state of those artifacts.
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依然看得到木匠所留下的鑿痕，看看這些人造物品
13:57
You still see the beeswax dripping. When they dropped, they sealed it.
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還可以看到這些當密封時滴下來的蜂蠟
14:01
This ship sank 1,500 years ago.
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這艘船已經沉了1500年之久
14:05
Fortunately, we've been able to convince Congress.
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很幸運的，我們說服了國會
14:07
We begin to go on the Hill and lobby.
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我們開始去國會山莊遊說
14:09
And we stole recently a ship from the United States Navy.
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最近從美軍海軍那裡偷了一艘船
14:13
The Okeanos Explorer on its mission.
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The Okeanos Explorer號正在執行任務
14:15
Its mission is as good as you could get.
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你們大概能猜到它的任務
14:17
Its mission is to go where no one has gone before on planet Earth.
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它的任務是前往地球上前人未至的領域
14:21
And I was looking at it yesterday, it's up in Seattle. OK.
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我昨天去看過它，在西雅圖蓄勢待發，一切OK
14:26
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
14:27
It comes online this summer,
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今年的夏天它就會上線
14:30
and it begins its journey of exploration.
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開始它的探險旅程
14:32
But we have no idea what we're going find when we go out there with our technology.
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不過，我們依然不知道將會在探索的過程中發現什麼
14:36
But certainly, it's going to be going to the unknown America.
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當然它將會去探索不為人知的美國
14:39
This is that part of the United States that lies beneath the sea.
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就是那些海底下的美國領域
14:43
We own all of that blue and yet,
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我們所擁有的海洋，卻不曾到過
14:45
like I say, particularly the western territorial trust,
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就像我說的，特別是那些西部的託管島嶼
14:47
we don't have maps of them. We don't have maps of them.
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我們沒有那裏的地圖
14:50
We have maps of Venus, but not of the western territorial trust.
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我們有金星的地圖卻沒有那些島嶼的
14:54
The way we're going to run this -- we have no idea what we're going to discover.
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照我們的計畫不知道我們會發現什麼
14:57
We have no idea what we're going to discover.
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我們不知道我們將要發現什麼
14:59
We're going to discover an ancient shipwreck, a Phoenician off Brazil,
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可能是發現古代的沉船、在巴西外海發現腓尼基人遺跡
15:02
or a new rock formation, a new life.
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或是新的岩石形成結構，新的生命型態
15:04
So, we're going to run it like an emergency hospital.
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因此我們將會像是急診室一樣的經營
15:06
We're going to connect our command center,
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我們將會連接總部
15:08
via a high-bandwidth satellite link to a building we're building
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藉著衛星寬頻連接到一棟正在興建的建築
15:12
at the University of Rhode Island, called the Interspace Center.
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在羅德島大學裡，我們稱它為內太空中心
15:15
And within that, we're going to run it just like you run a nuclear submarine,
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裡面的運作會像核子潛艇一樣
15:19
blue-gold team, switching them off and on, running 24 hours a day.
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藍班、金班輪值，24小時全天運作
15:23
A discovery is made, that discovery is instantly seen
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一個新發現幾秒後馬上就會被
15:26
in the command center a second later.
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傳送到指揮中心讓大家看見
15:29
But then it's connected through Internet too --
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而這些也會被連上網際網路
15:31
the new Internet highway that makes Internet one
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新的高速網際網路會讓舊的網際網路
15:33
look like a dirt road on the information highway --
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看起來像是一條泥巴路，這高速網際網路
15:36
with 10 gigabits of bandwidth.
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頻寬有10GB
15:38
We'll go into areas we have no knowledge of.
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我們將要進入一個完全未知的地區
15:40
It's a big blank sheet on our planet. We'll map it within hours,
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在我們星球史上一片空白，而我們會在幾小時內把地圖畫上
15:44
have the maps disseminated out to the major universities.
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然後發送到各主要的大學
15:48
It turns out that 90 percent of all the oceanographic intellect
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全美海洋學者的90%
15:52
in this country are at 12 universities. They're all on I-2.
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都在這12所大學內，他們是最優秀的
15:55
We can then build a command center.
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之後我們會建立一個指揮中心
15:57
This is a remote center at the University of Washington.
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這個遠端遙控中心將設在華盛頓大學
15:59
She's talking to the pilot. She's 5,000 miles away, but she's assumed command.
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她正在和駕駛通訊，而她跟駕駛的船隻相距5000英哩遠
16:04
But the beauty of this, too, is we can then disseminate it to children.
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更美妙的是，我們可以將這些訊息散播給孩童
16:07
We can disseminate.
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散播給他們
16:09
They can follow this expedition. I've started a program --
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讓他們跟著一起探險，我已經開始一項計畫
16:12
where are you Jim? Jim Young who helped me start a program
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吉姆你在哪裡？吉姆．楊在計畫開始時幫了不少忙
16:16
called the Jason Project. More recently, we've started a program
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這叫傑森計畫，最近我們又開始了另一個計畫
16:19
with the Boys and Girls Clubs of America,
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和美國的兒童群益會一起
16:21
so that we can use exploration,
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所以我們可以用探險
16:23
and the excitement of live exploration, to motivate them and excite them
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和實地探險的刺激，來激勵並啟發兒童
16:27
and then give them what they're already ready for.
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發揮本來就具備的能力
16:30
I would not let an adult drive my robot.
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我不會讓一個成年人來駕駛機器人
16:32
You don't have enough gaming experience.
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大人們電動打的不夠多
16:34
But I will let a kid with no license take over control of my vehicle system.
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但是我會讓沒有執照的孩子來做，操縱我的水下載具
16:38
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
16:40
Because we want to create --
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因為我們想要建立
16:42
we want to create the classroom of tomorrow.
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一個未來的教室
16:44
We have stiff competition and we need to motivate and it's all being done.
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競爭相當艱難，我們得啟發他們，而這些都已經辦到了
16:49
You win or lose an engineer or a scientist by eighth grade.
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在八年級時就已經決定會不會找到科學家或工程師了
16:54
The game is not over -- it's over by the eighth grade, it's not beginning.
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遊戲還沒結束，那在八年級時就結束了 -- 而不是開始
16:58
We need to be not only proud of our universities.
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我們不只得對我們的大學感到驕傲
17:01
We need to be proud of our middle schools.
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也得為我們的中學感到驕傲
17:03
And when we have the best middle schools in the world,
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我們擁有全世界最好的中學
17:05
we'll have the best kids pumped out of that system, let me tell you.
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最棒的孩子都是從這個教育系統中脫穎而出的
17:08
Because this is what we want. This is what we want.
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因為這就是我們所要的
17:12
This is a young lady, not watching a football game,
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這個小女孩不是在看足球賽
17:15
not watching a basketball game.
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不是在看籃球賽
17:17
Watching exploration live from thousands of miles away,
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她正看著幾千哩之外傳回來的探索現場畫面
17:20
and it's just dawning on her what she's seeing.
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而這是只是她所看見的開端
17:23
And when you get a jaw drop, you can inform.
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當你發現她對這一切感到吃驚時，你會知道
17:26
You can put so much information into that mind, it's in full [receiving] mode.
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她正全力接收著，可以盡量把資訊灌輸到她腦海
17:30
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
17:32
This, I hope, will be a future engineer
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我希望她會是未來的工程師
17:37
or a future scientist in the battle for truth.
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或者是與真理戰鬥的科學家
17:40
And my final question, my final question --
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而我最後一個問題是
17:43
why are we not looking at moving out onto the sea?
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我們為什麼沒有想過搬到海裡去？
17:47
Why do we have programs to build habitation on Mars,
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為什麼我們計畫在火星上興建居住地
17:51
and we have programs to look at colonizing the moon,
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還有計畫考慮在月球殖民
17:54
but we do not have a program looking at how we colonize our own planet?
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但卻沒有想過在我們自己的星球上殖民？
17:59
And the technology is at hand.
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而那科技已經在我們手上了
18:01
Thank you very much.
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非常謝謝大家
18:03
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Robert Ballard - OceanographerOn more than 120 deep-sea expeditions, Robert Ballard has made many major natural discoveries, such as the deep-sea vents. Oh, and he found the Titanic.
Why you should listen
From an early age, Robert Ballard was intrigued by the deep. He's perhaps best-known for his work in underwater archaeology; in addition to Titanic, he has found the wrecks of the Bismarck, the USS Yorktown, the nuclear sub Thresher (on a top-secret mission for the Navy -- for which the Titanic was his cover story) and John F. Kennedy's PT-109.
His contributions to our scientific knowledge of the ocean is just as awe-inspiring. He was in the first team of humans to view the deep-sea vents, and to understand how life can not only survive but thrive in these deep black waters, under extreme pressure and at extreme temperature.
He's also a powerful storyteller and a passionate scientific educator. He founded the Institute for Exploration and has pioneered distance learning in classrooms around the world. Through his JASON Project, 1.7 million students a year join scientists virtually as they experience the thrill of exploration and discovery.
Robert Ballard | Speaker | TED.com