ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Wade Davis - Anthropologist, ethnobotanist
A National Geographic Explorer-in-Residence, Wade Davis has been described as “a rare combination of scientist, scholar, poet and passionate defender of all of life’s diversity.”

Why you should listen

Wade Davis is perhaps the most articulate and influential western advocate for the world's indigenous cultures. A National Geographic Explorer-in-Residence, he has been described as “a rare combination of scientist, scholar, poet and passionate defender of all of life’s diversity.” Trained in anthropology and botany at Harvard, he travels the globe to live alongside indigenous people, and document their cultural practices in books, photographs, and film. His stunning photographs and evocative stories capture the viewer's imagination. As a speaker, he parlays that sense of wonder into passionate concern over the rate at which cultures and languages are disappearing -- 50 percent of the world's 7,000 languages, he says, are no longer taught to children. He argues, in the most beautiful terms, that language is much more than vocabulary and grammatical rules. Every language is an old-growth forest of the mind.  

Indigenous cultures are not failed attempts at modernity, let alone failed attempts to be us. They are unique expressions of the human imagination and heart, unique answers to a fundamental question: What does it mean to be human and alive? When asked this question, the peoples of the world respond in 7,000 different voices, and these collectively comprise our human repertoire for dealing with all the challenges that will confront us as a species over the coming centuries.

Davis is the author of 15 books including The Serpent and the RainbowOne River, and The Wayfinders. His many film credits include Light at the Edge of the World, an eight-hour documentary series produced for the National Geographic. In 2009 he received the Gold Medal from the Royal Canadian Geographical Society for his contributions to anthropology and conservation, and he is the 2011 recipient of the Explorers Medal, the highest award of the Explorers’ Club, and the 2012 recipient of the Fairchild Medal for Plant Exploration. His latest books are Into the Silence: The Great War, Mallory and the Conquest of Everest and The Sacred Headwaters: the Fight to Save the Stikine, Skeena and the Nass.

More profile about the speaker
Wade Davis | Speaker | TED.com
TED2008

Wade Davis: The worldwide web of belief and ritual

韋德戴維斯:信仰和儀式的世界網絡

Filmed:
1,822,254 views

人類學家韋德戴維斯思考這個信仰和儀式的世界網絡是如何使我們變成人類. 他與我們分享激動人心的照片和“哥哥,” 一群住在內華達山脈上的印第安人。他們的精神修行將世界維持在一個平衡狀態.
- Anthropologist, ethnobotanist
A National Geographic Explorer-in-Residence, Wade Davis has been described as “a rare combination of scientist, scholar, poet and passionate defender of all of life’s diversity.” Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:12
You know, culture文化 was born天生 of the imagination想像力,
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文化來源於想像,
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and the imagination想像力 -- the imagination想像力 as we know it --
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而這些想像
00:19
came來了 into being存在 when our species種類 descended下降
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就在人類一代又一代繼傳下去時行成了
00:22
from our progenitor, Homo智人 erectus直立人,
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從我們的祖先猿人開始直立行走
00:25
and, infused輸注 with consciousness意識, began開始 a journey旅程 that would carry攜帶 it
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人類已有了意識, 而且開始了一個旅程
00:28
to every一切 corner of the habitable可居住 world世界.
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這個旅程就是將這種意識帶到地球上每一個可居住的角落.
00:31
For a time, we shared共享 the stage階段 with our distant遙遠 cousins表兄弟, Neanderthal尼安德特人,
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曾與我們共同居住在這片土地上的尼安德特人(穴居人),
00:34
who clearly明確地 had some spark火花 of awareness意識,
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已有了某種意識火花,
00:36
but -- whether是否 it was the increase增加 in the size尺寸 of the brain,
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不管是腦部的進化
00:39
or the development發展 of language語言,
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還是語言的發展
00:41
or some other evolutionary發展的 catalyst催化劑 --
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又或者是某種其它的進化因素,
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we quickly很快 left Neanderthal尼安德特人 gasping喘氣 for survival生存.
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我們順速地與這些只懂得尋求生存的穴居人脫離了關係.
00:47
By the time the last Neanderthal尼安德特人 disappeared消失 in Europe歐洲,
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當最後的穴居人在歐洲消失
00:50
27,000 years年份 ago,
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於27,000年前,
00:52
our direct直接 ancestors祖先 had already已經,
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我們的直係祖先已經開始了,
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and for 5,000 years年份,
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5000年的
00:56
been crawling爬行 into the belly肚皮 of the earth地球,
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向地球的中心靠近,
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where in the light of the flickers閃爍 of tallow candles蠟燭,
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在獸脂蠟燭的閃光下,
01:01
they had brought into being存在
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他們創造了
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the great art藝術 of the Upper Paleolithic舊石器時代的.
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舊石器時代早期的偉大藝術.
01:05
And I spent花費 two months個月 in the caves洞穴 of southwest西南 France法國
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我在法國的西南部的洞穴呆了兩個月
01:08
with the poet詩人 Clayton克萊頓 Eshleman埃什爾曼, who wrote a beautiful美麗 book called "Juniper瞻博網絡 Fuse保險絲."
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期間與一位名叫克莱頓-埃爾什尼曼的詩人一起, 他曾寫過一本優美的書,叫《Juniper Fuse》
01:11
And you could look at this art藝術 and you could, of course課程,
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從他的這本書中,
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see the complex複雜 social社會 organization組織
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你可以發現複雜的社會組織
01:15
of the people who brought it into being存在.
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還有那些創造這個組織的人們.
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But more importantly重要的, it spoke of a deeper更深 yearning懷念,
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但更重要的是:它說明了更深的渴望,
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something far more sophisticated複雜的 than hunting狩獵 magic魔法.
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一種比搜尋魔法更複雜的東西.
01:23
And the way Clayton克萊頓 put it was this way.
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克萊頓對此的解釋是:
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He said, "You know, clearly明確地 at some point,
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“曾經的某個時候
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we were all of an animal動物 nature性質, and at some point, we weren't."
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我們都帶著動物的本性,某個時候又沒有.”
01:31
And he viewed觀看 proto-shamanism原薩滿教 as a kind of original原版的 attempt嘗試,
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他認為原始薩滿教就是這樣的一種嘗試,
01:33
through通過 ritual儀式, to rekindle重燃 a connection連接
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通過儀式,我們又一次的點燃了一種聯繫
01:36
that had been irrevocably不可撤銷 lost丟失.
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這種聯繫已經不見了,永遠無法挽回.
01:38
So, he saw this art藝術 not as
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所以克萊頓覺得這種藝術不是在追尋魔法
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hunting狩獵 magic魔法, but as postcards明信片 of nostalgia懷舊之情.
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而是我們對懷舊的明信片.
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And viewed觀看 in that light,
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從這個角度來看,
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it takes on a whole整個 other resonance諧振.
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這種藝術會產生一種完全相反的迴響.
01:49
And the most amazing驚人 thing about the Upper Paleolithic舊石器時代的 art藝術
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而舊石器時期晚期藝術最神奇的事情
01:51
is that as an aesthetic審美 expression表達,
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是一種對審美觀的表達,
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it lasted歷時 for almost幾乎 20,000 years年份.
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因為它持續了進兩萬年.
01:57
If these were postcards明信片 of nostalgia懷舊之情,
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如果這些是讓我們的懷舊明信片,
02:00
ours我們的 was a very long farewell告別 indeed確實.
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我們的過去已離現在有非常遙遠的一段距離.
02:03
And it was also the beginning開始 of our discontent牢騷,
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但它同時也是我們不滿足的開始,
02:05
because if you wanted to distill蒸餾 all of our experience經驗
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如果你想獲得我們從舊石器時期開始的經歷
02:07
since以來 the Paleolithic舊石器時代的, it would come down to two words:
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你將會得到兩個字:
02:10
how and why.
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怎樣和為甚麼.
02:12
And these are the slivers條子 of insight眼光 upon which哪一個 cultures文化 have been forged偽造的.
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這兩個辭彙鍛造著人類的文化。
02:15
Now, all people share分享 the same相同
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當今,所有的人都有著同樣的
02:17
raw生的, adaptive自適應 imperatives當務之急.
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原始的、適應生存的欲求。
02:19
We all have children孩子.
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我們都有孩子.
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We all have to deal合同 with the mystery神秘 of death死亡,
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都需要了解死亡的奧祕,
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the world世界 that waits等待 beyond death死亡,
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和死後的世界,
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the elders長老 who fall秋季 away into their elderly老年 years年份.
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面對那些沉浸在以往生活中的年長的人們。
02:28
All of this is part部分 of our common共同 experience經驗,
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這些只是我們普通經歷的一部分,
02:30
and this shouldn't不能 surprise us, because, after all,
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我們不應為此感到驚訝,
02:32
biologists生物學家 have finally最後 proven證明 it to be true真正,
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因為生物學家最終已證明了它的真實性--
02:34
something that philosophers哲學家 have always dreamt夢見 to be true真正.
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哲學家一直都希望是真實的:
02:37
And that is the fact事實 that we are all brothers兄弟 and sisters姐妹.
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我們都是兄弟姊妹的事實.
02:39
We are all cut from the same相同 genetic遺傳 cloth.
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我們都是從同樣的基因演變而來的
02:42
All of humanity人性, probably大概, is descended下降 from a thousand people
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也許所有人類的祖先只有幾千人,
02:45
who left Africa非洲 roughly大致 70,000 years年份 ago.
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他們在大約七萬年前離開了非洲.
02:48
But the corollary推論 of that is that,
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但這說明了一個無法更變的事實
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if we all are brothers兄弟 and sisters姐妹
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如果我們真的有某種程度的血緣關係
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and share分享 the same相同 genetic遺傳 material材料,
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而且有共同的基因,
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all human人的 populations人群 share分享 the same相同 raw生的 human人的 genius天才,
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那麼,所有的人類都會有同樣的自然本能,
02:56
the same相同 intellectual知識分子 acuity敏銳.
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有著同樣敏銳的智慧.
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And so whether是否 that genius天才 is placed放置
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不管這種天賦是應用在
03:00
into -- technological技術性 wizardry巫術
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西方世界偉大的
03:02
has been the great achievement成就 of the West西 --
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卓越的科技發明
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or by contrast對比, into unraveling解開 the complex複雜 threads線程
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或相反的,用來解釋神話故事裡
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of memory記憶 inherent固有 in a myth神話,
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隱含的深刻意義與啟發
03:10
is simply只是 a matter of choice選擇 and cultural文化 orientation方向.
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這些不同,僅僅是一種選擇和文化定位的不同。
03:12
There is no progression級數 of affairs事務
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連續的事件
03:14
in human人的 experience經驗.
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在人類經歷中是不會發生的.
03:16
There is no trajectory彈道 of progress進展. There's no pyramid金字塔
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這裡沒有進步的軌跡.
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that conveniently便利地 places地方 Victorian維多利亞時代 England英國 at the apex頂尖
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沒有將維多利亞時代的英國帶到頂峰的金字塔
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and descends下降 down the flanks側面
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把其他的視為
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to the so-called所謂 primitives原語 of the world世界.
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所謂的原始世界.
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All peoples人們 are simply只是 cultural文化 options選項,
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人類只不過是文化的選項,
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different不同 visions願景 of life itself本身.
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對生命其本身不同的看法.
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But what do I mean by different不同 visions願景 of life
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生命不同的看法?是什麼意思?
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making製造 for completely全然 different不同
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完全不同的
03:34
possibilities可能性 for existence存在?
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存在的不同可能性?
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Well, let's slip for a moment時刻 into the greatest最大 culture文化 sphere領域
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讓我們到最偉大的地球層看看吧
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ever brought into being存在 by the imagination想像力,
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是人類所能想像的最偉大的,
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that of Polynesia波利尼西亞.
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玻里尼西亞
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10,000 square廣場 kilometers公里,
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一萬平方英米,
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tens of thousands數千 of islands島嶼 flung甩到 like jewels珠寶 upon the southern南部的 sea.
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成千上萬的島嶼像珠寶一樣地灑在南海上.
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I recently最近 sailed航行 on the HokuleaHokulea,
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我不久前用Hokulea航海,
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named命名 after the sacred神聖 star of Hawaii夏威夷,
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這艘艇的名字是來自夏威夷的一顆聖星,
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throughout始終 the South Pacific和平的 to make a film電影
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穿越南太平洋拍攝一部
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about the navigators導航儀.
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關於航海者的電影。
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These are men男人 and women婦女 who, even today今天, can name名稱
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即使是今天
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250 stars明星 in the night sky天空.
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還能說出夜晚天空上的250顆星星的名字.
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These are men男人 and women婦女 who can sense the presence存在 of distant遙遠 atolls環礁
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這些人能夠感知到
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of islands島嶼 beyond the visible可見 horizon地平線,
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那些不在視野範圍內、遙遠珊瑚礁的存在,
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simply只是 by watching觀看 the reverberation混響 of waves波浪
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僅僅通過觀察
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across橫過 the hull船殼 of their vessel船隻, knowing會心 full充分 well
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拍打船壁的波浪的反射形狀,
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that every一切 island group in the Pacific和平的
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他們清楚地知道太平洋上每個島嶼群
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has its unique獨特 refractive屈光 pattern模式
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都有著不一樣的反射模式,
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that can be read with the same相同 perspicacity洞察力
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通過洞察力
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with which哪一個 a forensic法庭的 scientist科學家 would read a fingerprint指紋.
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法證專家分析指紋
04:21
These are sailors水手 who in the darkness黑暗, in the hull船殼 of the vessel船隻,
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這些水手在黑暗中,在船裏,
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can distinguish區分 as many許多 as 32 different不同 sea swells驟升
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就能夠及時分辨多達32種
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moving移動 through通過 the canoe獨木舟 at any one point in time,
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在任何時刻流過船體的海水的漲落,
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distinguishing區別 local本地 wave disturbances騷亂
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分辨本地海上的風浪,
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from the great currents電流 that pulsate搏動 across橫過 the ocean海洋,
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通過觀察振動整個海洋的水流
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that can be followed其次 with the same相同 ease緩解
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這對於他們非常輕鬆,
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that a terrestrial陸生 explorer探險者 would follow跟隨 a river to the sea.
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就像地址學家追蹤水流入海。
04:39
Indeed確實, if you took all of the genius天才
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確實,如果你把所有
04:41
that allowed允許 us to put a man on the moon月亮
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把人類送上月球的智慧
04:43
and applied應用的 it to an understanding理解 of the ocean海洋,
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都用於理解海洋,
04:45
what you would get is Polynesia波利尼西亞.
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那就等同於這些航海員對於玻里尼西亞的海洋的了解與熟悉
04:47
And if we slip from the realm領域 of the sea
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如果我們離開海的領域
04:49
into the realm領域 of the spirit精神 of the imagination想像力,
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來到想像力的精神領域,
04:52
you enter輸入 the realm領域 of Tibetan Buddhism佛教.
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這個領域就好比西藏佛教.
04:54
And I recently最近 made製作 a film電影 called "The Buddhist佛教徒 Science科學 of the Mind心神."
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我最近拍攝了一部名為“心靈的佛教科學”電影。
04:57
Why did we use that word, science科學?
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為什麼我們採用“科學”一詞?
05:00
What is science科學 but the empirical經驗 pursuit追求 of the truth真相?
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如果追究真理的實踐都不被稱為科學,那科學還是什麼?
05:02
What is Buddhism佛教 but 2,500 years年份
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佛教就是兩千五百年來對
05:04
of empirical經驗 observation意見
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對心靈本質
05:06
as to the nature性質 of mind心神?
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進行觀察的經驗結果。
05:08
I travelled旅行 for a month in Nepal尼泊爾 with our good friend朋友, Matthieu馬蒂厄 Ricard里卡德,
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我與我的好朋友,馬修•李卡得在尼泊爾旅行了一個月,
05:11
and you'll你會 remember記得 Matthieu馬蒂厄 famously著名 said to all of us
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或許你還記得馬修曾給我們做過一個講座,
05:13
here once一旦 at TEDTED,
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在TED。
05:15
"Western西 science科學 is a major重大的 response響應 to minor次要 needs需求."
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“西方科學是對小需求的大反應。”
05:18
We spend all of our lifetime一生 trying to live生活 to be 100
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我們花費一生的時間盡力保證牙齒不掉,活到
05:20
without losing失去 our teeth.
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100歲。
05:22
The Buddhist佛教徒 spends all their lifetime一生 trying to understand理解 the nature性質 of existence存在.
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佛教徒花費一生的時間極力去理解存在的本質。
05:25
Our billboards廣告牌 celebrate慶祝 naked children孩子 in underwear內衣.
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我們宣傳的是慶祝給赤裸的孩子穿上衣褲。
05:27
Their billboards廣告牌 are manuals手冊,
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他們宣傳的是發自內心的,
05:29
prayers祈禱 to the well-being福利 of all sentient有情 creatures生物.
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為眾生的幸福祈禱。
05:32
And with the blessing祝福 of TrulshikTrulshik Rinpoche仁波切, we began開始 a pilgrimage朝聖
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帶著,第十四代達賴喇嘛Trulshik Rinpoche的祝福,我們開始了
05:34
to a curious好奇 destination目的地,
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前往好奇之地的朝聖之旅,
05:36
accompanied伴隨著 by a great doctor醫生.
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和我們同行的還有一個醫生。
05:38
And the destination目的地 was a single room房間 in a nunnery尼姑庵,
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目的地是尼姑庵中的一個小房間
05:41
where a woman女人 had gone走了 into lifelong終身 retreat撤退
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在那裏有一位終身隱居的女士,
05:43
55 years年份 before.
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55年前就開始了隱居。
05:46
And en route路線, we took darshan達顯 from Rinpoche仁波切,
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沾了Rinpoche的光,
05:49
and he satSAT with us and told us about the Four Noble高貴 Truths真相,
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他坐在我們身邊,告訴我們四大真理,
05:52
the essence本質 of the Buddhist佛教徒 path路徑.
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佛教徒之路的精髓。
05:54
All life is suffering痛苦. That doesn't mean all life is negative.
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生命即苦難。這並不代表我們就可以否定生命。
05:57
It means手段 things happen發生.
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它的意思是事事皆可能發生。
05:59
The cause原因 of suffering痛苦 is ignorance無知.
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苦難的根源在於無知。
06:01
By that, the Buddha did not mean stupidity糊塗事;
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通過這句話,佛並不是愚蠢。
06:03
he meant意味著 clinging執著 to the illusion錯覺
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他堅守這樣的信念,
06:05
that life is static靜態的 and predictable可預測.
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即生活是靜止的、可預測的。
06:07
The third第三 noble高貴 truth真相 said that ignorance無知 can be overcome克服.
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第三個貴族的事實說明無知是可擊敗的.
06:09
And the fourth第四 and most important重要, of course課程,
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第四個也是最重要的,當然,
06:11
was the delineation劃定 of a contemplative沉思 practice實踐
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是對冥想做法的描述,
06:13
that not only had the possibility可能性
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冥想帶來人類心靈的昇華
06:15
of a transformation轉型 of the human人的 heart,
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不僅僅是一種可能,
06:17
but had 2,500 years年份 of empirical經驗 evidence證據
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它已經有兩千五百年的經驗證據,
06:20
that such這樣 a transformation轉型 was a certainty肯定.
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表明昇華是必然的結果。
06:23
And so, when this door opened打開 onto the face面對 of a woman女人
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所以當門打開,看到那個女人,
06:25
who had not been out of that room房間 in 55 years年份,
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那個55年都沒有出門的人,
06:28
you did not see a mad woman女人.
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你並沒有看到一個瘋子。
06:30
You saw a woman女人 who was more clear明確
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你看到了一個比山間清泉
06:32
than a pool of water in a mountain stream.
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更澄澈的人。
06:35
And of course課程, this is what the Tibetan monks和尚 told us.
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當然,這是西藏的僧人告訴我們的:
06:39
They said, at one point, you know, we don't really believe
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他們說,“曾幾何時,我們對你能否登陸月球持有懷疑
06:42
you went to the moon月亮, but you did.
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但事實是你去了.
06:44
You may可能 not believe that we achieve實現 enlightenment啟示
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你或許並不相信一輩子可以到達開悟的境界,
06:46
in one lifetime一生, but we do.
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但是事實就是如此。
06:49
And if we move移動 from the realm領域 of the spirit精神
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如果我們從精神領域
06:51
to the realm領域 of the physical物理,
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轉移到物質的領域,
06:53
to the sacred神聖 geography地理 of Peru秘魯 --
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來到神聖的秘魯土地上,
06:55
I've always been interested有興趣 in the relationships關係 of indigenous土著 people
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我向來都對土族人的關係有興趣
06:58
that literally按照字面 believe that the Earth地球 is alive,
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他們相信地球是有生命的,
07:00
responsive響應 to all of their aspirations願望,
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地球會給他們的渴望和所有的需求,
07:02
all of their needs需求.
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一個答覆.
07:04
And, of course課程, the human人的 population人口
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當然
07:06
has its own擁有 reciprocal倒數 obligations義務.
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人類也有回報地球的義務.
07:08
I spent花費 30 years年份 living活的 amongst其中包括
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我花了30年的時間
07:10
the people of ChincheroChinchero
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與Chincherro的人住在一起
07:12
and I always heard聽說 about an event事件 that I always wanted to participate參加 in.
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我聽說他們有一個活動,我一直都很想參與的.
07:15
Once一旦 each year, the fastest最快的 young年輕 boy男孩
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一年一次,每個村莊最快的小男孩
07:18
in each hamlet村莊 is given特定 the honor榮譽 of becoming變得 a woman女人.
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都會被授與轉性的榮譽.
07:21
And for one day, he wears穿 the clothing服裝 of his sister妹妹
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在活動的那一天,他可以穿他姊姊或妹妹的衣服
07:23
and he becomes a transvestite易裝癖,
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在那天,他將是一個異裝癖者,
07:25
a waylakawaylaka. And for that day,
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一個 "waylaka." (土族語),
07:27
he leads引線 all able-bodied身強力壯 men男人 on a run,
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在那天,他帶領所有健壯的男子奔跑,
07:30
but it's not your ordinary普通 run.
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但是這不是慣常的跑步。
07:32
You start開始 off at 11,500 feet.
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在11500高英尺的地方開始奔跑,
07:35
You run down to the base基礎 of the sacred神聖 mountain, AntakillqaAntakillqa.
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跑到聖山Antkilka的山腳下,
07:37
You run up to 15,000 feet,
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然後再爬上15000英尺,
07:39
descend降落 3,000 feet.
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下去3000英尺,
07:41
Climb again over the course課程 of 24 hours小時.
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在24小時之內再次往上爬。
07:44
And of course課程, the waylakamawaylakama spin,
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當然,Waylakamaspin,
07:46
the trajectory彈道 of the route路線,
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也就是這一線路,
07:48
is marked by holy mounds土墩 of Earth地球,
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是以地球上的聖山為標誌的
07:50
where coke可樂 is given特定 to the Earth地球, libations奠酒 of alcohol to the wind,
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可可獻給大地,美酒獻給為風
07:53
the vortex渦流 of the feminine女人 is brought to the mountaintop山頂.
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女性的旋風被帶到山頂,
07:56
And the metaphor隱喻 is clear明確: you go into the mountain as an individual個人,
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寓意很明顯:你獨自一人如山,
07:59
but through通過 exhaustion衰竭, through通過 sacrifice犧牲,
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歷經疲倦,歷經犧牲,
08:02
you emerge出現 as a community社區 that has once一旦 again
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你最終成為集體的一員
08:04
reaffirmed重申 its sense of place地點 in the planet行星.
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再一次確認了存在于地球的意義。
08:07
And at 48, I was the only outsider局外人 ever to go through通過 this,
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在48歲的年紀,我是唯一一個跑完全程的外來者,
08:10
only one to finish it.
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唯一跑完的一個。
08:12
I only managed管理 to do it by chewing咀嚼 more coca古柯 leaves樹葉 in one day
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我在那一天咀嚼了多於4000年以來任何人一天吃的更多的可可葉
08:15
than anyone任何人 in the 4,000-year-年 history歷史 of the plant.
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才能夠跑完的。
08:19
But these localized本地化 rituals儀式 become成為 pan-Andean泛斯,
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這種區域性的儀式變成了整個安第斯山的傳統,
08:21
and these fantastic奇妙 festivals節日,
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這些極好的節日,
08:23
like that of the QoyllurQoyllur Rit'iRit'i, which哪一個 occurs發生
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好比當昴宿星出現在冬日的天空時,
08:25
when the Pleiades reappear再現 in the winter冬季 sky天空.
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所舉行的Qoyllur Rit'i的節日
08:28
It's kind of like an Andean安第斯 Woodstock伍德斯托克:
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就像安第斯山的伍德斯托克音樂節:
08:30
60,000 Indians印度人 on pilgrimage朝聖
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6萬印第安那原著民
08:32
to the end結束 of a dirt污垢 road
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踏上土地
08:34
that leads引線 to the sacred神聖 valley, called the SinakaraSinakara,
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走往名叫“ Sinakara”的聖村,
08:36
which哪一個 is dominated佔主導地位 by three tongues舌頭
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這個聖村有3種說法,
08:38
of the great glacier冰川.
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關於冰山。
08:40
The metaphor隱喻 is so clear明確. You bring帶來 the crosses十字架 from your community社區,
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寓意也很明顯。你從你的群體中帶來十字架,
08:43
in this wonderful精彩 fusion聚變 of Christian基督教
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在這個融合基督精神
08:45
and pre-Columbian前哥倫布 ideas思路.
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和前哥倫比亞思想的地方。
08:47
You place地點 the cross交叉 into the ice,
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你把十字架放入冰河中
08:49
in the shadow陰影 of Ausangate奧桑加特山, the most sacred神聖 of all Apus雨燕,
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在Ausangate的陰影中,所有Apus中最神聖的,
08:52
or sacred神聖 mountains of the Inca印加.
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或者說Inca最神聖的山。
08:54
And then you do the ritual儀式 dances舞蹈 that empower授權 the crosses十字架.
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之後,你跳起為十字架賦予力量的宗教舞蹈。
08:57
Now, these ideas思路 and these events事件
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現在,這些思想和事件
08:59
allow允許 us even to deconstruct解構 iconic標誌性的 places地方
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允許我們得以重構這些象徵性的地方
09:02
that many許多 of you have been to, like Machu馬丘比丘 Picchu馬丘比丘.
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像你們很多人去過的馬丘比丘。
09:04
Machu馬丘比丘 Picchu馬丘比丘 was never a lost丟失 city.
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馬丘比丘並不是一個失落之城。
09:06
On the contrary相反, it was completely全然 linked關聯 in
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相反,它完全與
09:08
to the 14,000 kilometers公里 of royal王室的 roads道路
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印加人在最近一個世紀修的
09:11
the Inca印加 made製作 in less than a century世紀.
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一萬四千公里聖道相聯繫。
09:13
But more importantly重要的, it was linked關聯 in
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更重要的是,它與
09:15
to the Andean安第斯 notions概念 of sacred神聖 geography地理.
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安第斯山所謂的神聖地理相聯繫。
09:18
The intiwatanaintiwatana, the hitching拴馬 post崗位 to the sun太陽,
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Intiwatana,挽留太陽的地方,
09:21
is actually其實 an obelisk方尖碑 that constantly經常 reflects反映 the light
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事實上一座持續反射光線的方尖石塔
09:24
that falls下降 on the sacred神聖 Apu阿普 of Machu馬丘比丘 Picchu馬丘比丘,
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坐落在神聖的馬丘比丘的Apu,
09:27
which哪一個 is Sugarloaf舒格洛夫 Mountain, called Huayna瓦伊納 Picchu馬丘比丘.
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是座圓錐形的山,叫做Huayna Picchu。
09:30
If you come to the south of the intiwatanaintiwatana, you find an altar.
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當你到達 Intiwatana南部時,你會發現一個聖壇。
09:33
Climb Huayna瓦伊納 Picchu馬丘比丘, find another另一個 altar.
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爬上Huayna Picchu,你會發現另外一個聖壇。
09:35
Take a direct直接 north-south南北 bearing軸承,
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向正南-北的方向看,
09:37
you find to your astonishment驚愕
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你會驚奇地發現,
09:39
that it bisects平分 the intiwatanaintiwatana stone,
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它把Intiwatana一分為二,
09:41
goes to the skyline天際線,
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一直延伸到天際線,
09:43
hits點擊 the heart of Salcantay薩康泰山, the second第二 of the most important重要 mountains
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到達Salcantay山的正中心,Salcantay是印加帝國中
09:46
of the Incan印加 empire帝國.
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第二座最重要的山,
09:48
And then beyond Salcantay薩康泰山, of course課程,
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過了Salcantay山,當然,
09:50
when the southern南部的 cross交叉 reaches到達 the southernmost最南端 point in the sky天空,
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當到達天際的最南端,
09:53
directly in that same相同 alignment對準, the Milky乳白色 Way overhead高架.
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你會發現銀河就在頭頂,呈現相同的佈局。
09:56
But what is enveloping包絡 Machu馬丘比丘 Picchu馬丘比丘 from below下面?
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包圍馬丘比丘的是:
09:59
The sacred神聖 river, the Urubamba烏魯班巴, or the VilcanotaVilcanota,
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聖河,烏魯班巴,或叫Vilcanota,
10:02
which哪一個 is itself本身 the Earthly俗世的 equivalent當量 of the Milky乳白色 Way,
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與銀河一樣古老,
10:05
but it's also the trajectory彈道 that Viracocha維拉科查 walked
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這也是Viracocha走過的道路
10:08
at the dawn黎明 of time when he brought the universe宇宙 into being存在.
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在他創造宇宙那天的傍晚。
10:11
And where does the river rise上升?
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這條河的起源在哪里?
10:13
Right on the slopes連續下坡 of the KoaritiKoariti.
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正在Koiariti的斜坡上。
10:17
So, 500 years年份 after Columbus哥倫布,
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所以在哥倫布發現新大陸的五百年之後,
10:19
these ancient rhythms節奏 of landscape景觀
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這些古老的對大自然的讚美之歌
10:22
are played發揮 out in ritual儀式.
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在儀式中得以體現。
10:24
Now, when I was here at the first TEDTED,
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在我第一次到TED時,
10:26
I showed顯示 this photograph照片: two men男人 of the Elder長老 Brothers兄弟,
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我展示了這張照片——兄弟倆的照片,
10:29
the descendants後人, survivors倖存者 of El薩爾瓦多 Dorado多拉多.
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理想黃金國(Eldorado)的倖存者,子孫。
10:32
These, of course課程, are the descendants後人
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他們,當然是後裔
10:35
of the ancient TaironaTairona civilization文明.
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是古老的榮泰納(Tairona)文化的後繼者。
10:38
If those of you who are here remember記得 that I mentioned提到
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如果你們中有人還記得我提到過的
10:40
that they remain ruled統治 by a ritual儀式 priesthood聖職,
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他們仍然被儀式祭司管束,
10:43
but the training訓練 for the priesthood聖職 is extraordinary非凡.
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但是訓練成為祭司是很特別的。
10:45
Taken採取 from their families家庭, sequestered隔離 in a shadowy神出鬼沒 world世界 of darkness黑暗
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從家裏面被帶出來,躲避在黑暗的地方
10:48
for 18 years年份 -- two nine-year九年 periods deliberately故意 chosen選擇
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長達18年——特意挑選兩個九年來
10:51
to evoke喚起 the nine months個月 they spend in the natural自然 mother's母親 womb子宮.
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喚起在母親子宮中度過的九個月。
10:54
All that time, the world世界 only exists存在 as an abstraction抽象化,
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在那時,整個世界就是抽象的,
10:58
as they are taught the values of their society社會.
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此時,他們被教導以他們社會的價值規範。
11:00
Values that maintain保持 the proposition主張 that their prayers祈禱,
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那種價值觀讓他們相信
11:03
and their prayers祈禱 alone單獨, maintain保持 the cosmic宇宙的 balance平衡.
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他們的祈禱本身就可以維繫宇宙的平衡。
11:06
Now, the measure測量 of a society社會 is not only what it does,
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現今,對社會的衡量已經不僅如此,
11:09
but the quality質量 of its aspirations願望.
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還包括它有什麼美好的渴望。
11:11
And I always wanted to go back into these mountains,
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我時常想回到那些山裏,
11:13
to see if this could possibly或者 be true真正,
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去看這是否是真的,
11:16
as indeed確實 had been reported報導 by the great anthropologist人類學家,
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就像偉大的人類學家,
11:19
Reichel-Dolmatoff賴歇爾 - 多爾馬托夫.
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雷赫爾•多爾馬托夫報導的那樣。
11:21
So, literally按照字面 two weeks ago,
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事實上兩周以前,
11:23
I returned from having spent花費 six weeks with the Elder長老 Brothers兄弟
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我剛回來,與兄弟們度過了六周時間
11:26
on what was clearly明確地 the most
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這個旅程,
11:28
extraordinary非凡 trip of my life.
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無疑是我生命中最奇特的。
11:30
These really are a people who live生活 and breathe呼吸
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他們真的是生活在、呼吸著
11:33
the realm領域 of the sacred神聖,
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神聖的氣息,
11:35
a baroque巴洛克 religiosity篤信 that is simply只是 awesome真棒.
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異常虔誠。
11:37
They consume消耗 more coca古柯 leaves樹葉 than any human人的 population人口,
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他們消費的可哥葉比其他民族都多,
11:40
half a pound per man, per day.
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每天每個男人半英鎊。
11:42
The gourd葫蘆 you see here is --
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你在這裏能看到的是——
11:45
everything in their lives生活 is symbolic象徵.
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每樣事物都具有寓意。
11:48
Their central中央 metaphor隱喻 is a loom織布機.
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他們核心的隱喻是織布機。
11:50
They say, "Upon this loom織布機, I weave編織 my life."
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生活就像一個織布機,而自己就在這台機器上編織著五光十色的人生。
11:52
They refer參考 to the movements運動 as they exploit利用 the ecological生態 niches壁龕 of the gradient梯度
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他們將他們開發傾斜的生態壁櫥的做法視為
11:55
as "threads線程."
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“穿線”。
11:57
When they pray祈禱 for the dead, they make these gestures手勢 with their hands,
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當他們為死去的人們祈禱時,他們就用他們的雙手做出這樣的姿勢,
12:00
spinning紡織 their thoughts思念 into the heavens.
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將他們的思想帶入天堂。
12:03
You can see the calcium buildup建立 on the head of the poporopoporo gourd葫蘆.
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你能夠看到鈣質在Poporo 瓢的頂部結晶。
12:06
The gourd葫蘆 is a feminine女人 aspect方面; the stick is a male.
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葫蘆的外表是雌性的,梗是雄性的。
12:09
You put the stick in the powder粉末
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當你把梗研成粉末
12:11
to take the sacred神聖 ashes灰燼 -- well, they're not ashes灰燼,
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得到神聖的粉末——它們也不是普通的粉末,
12:14
they're burnt limestone石灰石 --
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它們是燒過的石灰石——
12:15
to empower授權 the coca古柯 leaf, to change更改
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能夠使得可哥葉具有
12:17
the pHpH值 of the mouth to facilitate促進 the absorption吸收
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改變嘴裏PH值以幫助
12:19
of cocaine可卡因 hydrochloride鹽酸.
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可卡因鹽酸鹽的吸收。
12:21
But if you break打破 a gourd葫蘆, you cannot不能 simply只是 throw it away,
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但是當你打開一根梗,你不能輕易扔掉它,
12:24
because every一切 stroke行程 of that stick
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因為一旦扔掉那個梗
12:26
that has built內置 up that calcium,
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那些用於累積鈣質的梗,
12:28
the measure測量 of a man's男人的 life,
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對一個男士生活的衡量
12:30
has a thought behind背後 it.
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也就被扔掉了。
12:33
Fields字段 are planted種植的 in such這樣 an extraordinary非凡 way,
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耕種田地的方式如此特別,
12:35
that the one side of the field領域
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以至於田地的一邊
12:37
is planted種植的 like that by the women婦女.
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就像被女性耕種過一樣。
12:39
The other side is planted種植的 like that by the men男人. Metaphorically打個比方,
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另一邊像被男性耕種過,
12:42
you turn it on the side, and you have a piece of cloth.
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你在旁邊改變它,你就會得到一塊布。
12:45
And they are the descendants後人 of the ancient TaironaTairona civilization文明,
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他們是原始的泰榮納(Tairona)文明的後裔,
12:48
the greatest最大 goldsmiths金匠 of South America美國,
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南美最偉大的鐵匠,
12:49
who in the wake喚醒 of the conquest征服,
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那些人在征戰的年代,
12:51
retreated撤退 into this isolated孤立 volcanic火山 massif斷層塊
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隱退到這片荒涼的火山區域
12:54
that soars騰飛 to 20,000 feet
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比加勒比海岸的平原
12:56
above以上 the Caribbean加勒比 coastal沿海 plain.
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高出2萬英尺。
12:58
There are four societies社會:
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這裏有四個社會:
13:00
the Kogi科吉, the Wiwa維瓦, the KankwanoKankwano and the ArhuacosArhuacos案.
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the Kogi, the Wiwa, the Kankuamo and the Arhuacos。
13:03
I traveled旅行 with the ArhuacosArhuacos案,
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我與 Arhuacos一同旅行,
13:05
and the wonderful精彩 thing about this story故事
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關於這個故事美妙的事情是
13:07
was that this man, Danilo達尼洛 VillafaneVillafaZe兩 --
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這個名叫Danilo Viathanya的男人,
13:10
if we just jump back here for a second第二.
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如果我們可以在此跳回過去。
13:13
When I first met會見 Danilo達尼洛, in the Colombian哥倫比亞 embassy大使館 in Washington華盛頓,
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當我第一次在華盛頓的哥倫比亞大使館見到達尼洛的時候,
13:16
I couldn't不能 help but say, "You know,
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我脫口說出,
13:18
you look a lot like an old friend朋友 of mine."
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你很像我的一個老朋友。
13:20
Well, it turns out he was the son兒子 of my friend朋友, Adalberto阿達爾韋托,
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事實是他就是我朋友Aroberto的兒子,
13:23
from 1974, who had been killed殺害 by the FARCFARC.
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Aroberto於1974年被哥倫比亞武裝力量打死,
13:26
And I said, "Danilo達尼洛, you won't慣於 remember記得 this,
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並且我說,Danilo,你肯定不記得,
13:29
but when you were an infant嬰兒, I carried攜帶的 you on my back,
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當你還是嬰兒的時候,我把你背在背上
13:31
up and down the mountains."
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穿越高山。
13:33
And because of that, Danilo達尼洛 invited邀請 us
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正因為如此,達尼祿邀請我們
13:35
to go to the very heart of the world世界,
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去世界的正中心,
13:37
a place地點 where no journalist記者 had ever been permitted允許.
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一個任何記者都不被允許進入的地區。
13:39
Not simply只是 to the flanks側面 of the mountains,
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我們不僅到了山的側翼,
13:41
but to the very iced冰鎮 peaks which哪一個 are the destiny命運 of the pilgrims朝聖者.
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也到了冰雪覆蓋的山頂,也就是朝聖的目的地。
13:44
And this man sitting坐在 cross-legged盤腿
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這個盤腿坐的男人
13:46
is now a grown-up長大 Eugenio歐亨尼奧,
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是一個長大的 “Yuhenio”,
13:48
a man who I've known已知 since以來 1974.
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我自從1974年就認識他了。
13:51
And this is one of those initiates同修.
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這就是早期的加入者之一。
13:53
No, it's not true真正 that they're kept不停 in the darkness黑暗 for 18 years年份,
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不對,他們在黑暗中待18年的說法並不對,
13:56
but they are kept不停 within the confines界限
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但是他們是被限制在
13:58
of the ceremonial儀式 men's男裝 circle
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男儀式主持者的圈子中
14:00
for 18 years年份.
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長達18年。
14:02
This little boy男孩 will never step outside
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這些小孩子從沒有機會走到
14:04
of the sacred神聖 fields領域
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聖地的外面
14:06
that surround環繞 the men's男裝 hut棚屋 for all that time,
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聖地由男人的小屋包圍著,
14:09
until直到 he begins開始 his journey旅程 of initiation引發.
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任何時候都不准出去直到宗教旅途的開始。
14:12
For that entire整個 time, the world世界 only exists存在 as an abstraction抽象化,
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在整個時間裏,世界被視為一種抽象的存在,
14:15
as he is taught the values of society社會,
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他被教以社會的價值,
14:17
including包含 this notion概念 that their prayers祈禱 alone單獨
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包括這樣的觀念,即祈禱者獨自
14:19
maintain保持 the cosmic宇宙的 balance平衡.
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在維持宇宙的和諧。
14:22
Before we could begin開始 our journey旅程,
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在旅程開始之前,
14:24
we had to be cleansed清洗 at the portal門戶 of the Earth地球.
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我們在洞穴的門口清潔乾淨自己。
14:26
And it was extraordinary非凡 to be taken採取 by a priest牧師.
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被神父帶領是個很神奇的經歷——
14:28
And you see that the priest牧師 never wears穿 shoes because holy feet --
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你會看到神父永遠不穿鞋子,因為神聖的雙腳——
14:31
there must必須 be nothing between之間 the feet
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對Mamo來說,腳與大地之間
14:33
and the Earth地球 for a mamo馬莫.
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必須不能存在任何東西。
14:36
And this is actually其實 the place地點 where the Great Mother母親
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這裏也是偉大母親
14:38
sent發送 the spindle紡錘 into the world世界
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將紡錘置於世界
14:40
that elevated提高的 the mountains and created創建 the homeland家園
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抬高了山脈,創造了家園
14:42
that they call the heart of the world世界.
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他們叫此地世界的心臟.
14:44
We traveled旅行 high into the paramo帕拉莫,
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我們爬到Potomo的高處,
14:46
and as we crested鳳頭 the hills丘陵,
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當我們沿著山脊攀爬時,
14:48
we realized實現 that the men男人 were interpreting解讀
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當地人們對
14:50
every一切 single bump磕碰 on the landscape景觀
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每個自然景色的詮釋
14:52
in terms條款 of their own擁有 intense激烈 religiosity篤信.
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都帶有強烈的宗教色彩。
14:55
And then of course課程, as we reached到達 our final最後 destination目的地,
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當然,等我們到達最終的目的地,
14:58
a place地點 called MamancanaMamancana,
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一個叫做Mananakana的地方時,
15:00
we were in for a surprise,
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我們著實吃了一驚,
15:02
because the FARCFARC were waiting等候 to kidnap綁架 us.
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因為哥倫比亞革命武裝力量等著綁架我們。
15:04
And so we ended結束 up being存在 taken採取 aside在旁邊 into these huts木屋,
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所以當我們最終被帶到他們的洞穴,
15:07
hidden away until直到 the darkness黑暗.
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在黑暗中被藏起來。
15:09
And then, abandoning放棄 all our gear齒輪,
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然後丟掉我們所有的工具,
15:11
we were forced被迫 to ride out in the middle中間 of the night,
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我們在午夜被強制趕著騎行離開,
15:14
in a quite相當 dramatic戲劇性 scene現場.
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那是一個很戲劇化的場面。
15:16
It's going to look like a John約翰 Ford Western西.
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看起來就像導演約翰•福特拍攝的西部片。
15:18
And we ran into a FARCFARC patrol巡邏 at dawn黎明, so it was quite相當 harrowing悲慘.
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當黎明時我們遇到了哥倫比亞革命武裝力量的巡邏隊,所以是很慘的經歷。
15:21
It will be a very interesting有趣 film電影. But what was fascinating迷人
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那一定會是一部非常有趣的電影。但是更神奇的是
15:24
is that the minute分鐘 there was a sense of dangers危險,
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當感到危險的那一刻,
15:26
the mamosmamos went into a circle of divination卜筮.
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Mamos做了個占卜。
15:29
And of course課程, this is a photograph照片
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當然,這張照片
15:31
literally按照字面 taken採取 the night we were in hiding,
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實際上拍攝於我們躲起來的那個晚上,
15:33
as they divine神聖 their route路線
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那時他們占卜出了
15:35
to take us out of the mountains.
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帶領我們出山的道路。
15:37
We were able能夠 to, because we had trained熟練
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我們能夠,因為我們事前訓練過
15:39
people in filmmaking電影製作,
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人們如何拍攝電影,
15:41
continue繼續 with our work,
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繼續我們的工作,
15:43
and send發送 our Wiwa維瓦 and Arhuaco阿爾瓦科 filmmakers電影製片人
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把我們的Wiwa和 Arhuaco 的電影製作者派到
15:46
to the final最後 sacred神聖 lakes湖泊
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終點的聖湖
15:48
to get the last shots鏡頭 for the film電影,
387
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去拍攝最後一個場景,
15:50
and we followed其次 the rest休息 of the Arhuaco阿爾瓦科 back to the sea,
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我們讓其他的Arhuaco回到海上,
15:52
taking服用 the elements分子 from the highlands高地 to the sea.
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從山丘處拍攝海。
15:55
And here you see how their sacred神聖 landscape景觀
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現在我們就看到了神聖的景色
15:57
has been covered覆蓋 by brothels妓院 and hotels酒店 and casinos賭場,
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被妓院、旅店和賭場包圍著,
16:00
and yet然而, still they pray祈禱.
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他們仍然,祈禱。
16:03
And it's an amazing驚人 thing to think
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想到
16:05
that this close to Miami邁阿密,
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距離邁阿密這麼近,
16:08
two hours小時 from Miami邁阿密, there is an entire整個 civilization文明 of people
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兩個小時的車程,這裏有一個完整的民族
16:11
praying祈禱 every一切 day for your well-being福利.
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為你的幸福在日日祈禱。
16:14
They call themselves他們自己 the Elder長老 Brothers兄弟.
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他們自稱為兄長。
16:16
They dismiss解僱 the rest休息 of us who have ruined毀了 the world世界
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他們將我們這些毀壞世界的人
16:19
as the Younger更年輕 Brothers兄弟. They cannot不能 understand理解
399
967000
2000
稱作弟弟。他們無法理解
16:21
why it is that we do what we do to the Earth地球.
400
969000
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我們對大自然的破壞行為。
16:24
Now, if we slip to another另一個 end結束 of the world世界,
401
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現今,如果我們到世界的另一端。
16:26
I was up in the high Arctic北極
402
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我在北極
16:28
to tell a story故事 about global全球 warming變暖,
403
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2000
講述全球變暖的故事,
16:30
inspired啟發 in part部分 by
404
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2000
部分受到
16:32
the former前任的 Vice President's總統 wonderful精彩 book.
405
980000
2000
副總統的著作的啟發。
16:34
And what struck來襲 me so extraordinary非凡
406
982000
2000
使我震驚的是
16:36
was to be again with the Inuit因紐特人 --
407
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2000
再次與因紐特人在一起——
16:38
a people who don't fear恐懼 the cold, but take advantage優點 of it.
408
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這個民族的人並不懼怕寒冷反而利用它。
16:41
A people who
409
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這個民族的人
16:43
find a way, with their imagination想像力,
410
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發現了用想像,
16:45
to carve雕刻 life out of that very frozen凍結的.
411
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在冰天雪地中開創生活。
16:48
A people for whom blood血液 on ice
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這個民族的人們並不會把冰上的血滴
16:50
is not a sign標誌 of death死亡, but an affirmation肯定 of life.
413
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視為死亡的標誌,反而是對生活的肯定。
16:53
And yet然而 tragically可悲, when you now go to those northern北方 communities社區,
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悲慘的是,當你現在再去那些北方地區,
16:55
you find to your astonishment驚愕
415
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2000
你會吃驚地發現
16:57
that whereas the sea ice used to come in in September九月
416
1005000
2000
那些在九月份凍結起來,
16:59
and stay till直到 July七月,
417
1007000
2000
直到次年七月的冰,
17:01
in a place地點 like Kanak卡納克 in northern北方 Greenland格陵蘭,
418
1009000
2000
在像被格陵蘭到的Kanak地區,
17:03
it literally按照字面 comes in now in November十一月
419
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事實上到十一月份才結冰,
17:05
and stays入住 until直到 March遊行.
420
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三月份就化掉了。
17:07
So, their entire整個 year has been cut in half.
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所以他們的整年就被一分兩半。
17:10
Now, I want to stress強調 that none沒有 of these peoples人們
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現在,我想強調的是,
17:12
that I've been quickly很快 talking about here
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這些我快速講述的民族,
17:14
are disappearing消失 worlds世界.
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並沒有消失。
17:16
These are not dying垂死 peoples人們.
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他們並不是垂死掙扎的人們。
17:18
On the contrary相反, you know,
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相反,正如你所指,
17:20
if you have the heart to feel and the eyes眼睛 to see,
427
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如果你用心去感受,用眼睛去觀察,
17:22
you discover發現 that the world世界 is not flat平面.
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你會發現世界並不是平的。
17:24
The world世界 remains遺跡 a rich豐富 tapestry掛毯.
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世界仍然是色彩豐富的掛毯。
17:27
It remains遺跡 a rich豐富 topography地形 of the spirit精神.
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它仍然像精神領域高低不平的地質。
17:30
These myriad無數的 voices聲音 of humanity人性
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人類種種不同的聲音
17:32
are not failed失敗 attempts嘗試 at being存在 new,
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並不是想要進化的失敗的嘗試,
17:34
failed失敗 attempts嘗試 at being存在 modern現代.
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並不是想要更現代化的失敗的嘗試。
17:36
They're unique獨特 facets of the human人的 imagination想像力.
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他們是人類想像的不同方面。
17:38
They're unique獨特 answers答案 to a fundamental基本的 question:
435
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他們是對於一個基本問題的別出心裁的回答:
17:41
what does it mean to be human人的 and alive?
436
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活著的人類意義是什麼?
17:44
And when asked that question, they respond響應
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當被問起這個問題時
17:46
with 6,000 different不同 voices聲音.
438
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他們用了六千種不同的聲音回答.
17:48
And collectively, those voices聲音 become成為 our human人的 repertoire劇目
439
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當這些聲音聚在一起時,
17:51
for dealing交易 with the challenges挑戰 that will confront面對 us
440
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它們讓人類有了各種技能
17:53
in the ensuing隨後 millennia千年.
441
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來應對未來幾千年裡將遇到的挑戰.
17:55
Our industrial產業 society社會 is scarcely幾乎沒有
442
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我們的工業社會
17:57
300 years年份 old.
443
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幾乎只有三百年的歷史.
17:59
That shallow history歷史 shouldn't不能 suggest建議 to anyone任何人
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這段歷史對任何人都無法證明
18:01
that we have all of the answers答案
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我們已有了所有的答案
18:03
for all of the questions問題 that will confront面對 us
446
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來面對隨之而來的幾千年裡
18:05
in the ensuing隨後 millennia千年.
447
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我們將會遇到的問題.
18:07
The myriad無數的 voices聲音 of humanity人性 are not failed失敗 attempts嘗試 at being存在 us.
448
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這些來自人類無數的聲音並不是失敗的嘗試.
18:10
They are unique獨特 answers答案 to that fundamental基本的 question:
449
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它們是最基本問題的一個特別答案:
18:13
what does it mean to be human人的 and alive?
450
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活著的人類意義是什麼?
18:15
And there is indeed確實 a fire burning燃燒 over the Earth地球,
451
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地球上確實燃燒著烈火,
18:18
taking服用 with it not only plants植物 and animals動物,
452
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不僅帶著了植物和動物,
18:21
but the legacy遺產 of humanity's人類的 brilliance.
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還帶走了人類輝煌的傳統。
18:23
Right now, as we sit here in this room房間,
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此刻,當我們坐在這個房間,
18:25
of those 6,000 languages語言 spoken the day that you were born天生,
455
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你出生時正在被使用的六千種語言中,
18:28
fully充分 half aren't being存在 taught to children孩子.
456
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足足有一半都沒有傳授給下一代的孩子們。
18:31
So, you're living活的 through通過 a time
457
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所以你生活在這樣一個時代
18:32
when virtually實質上 half of humanity's人類的 intellectual知識分子,
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一半的人類智慧、
18:35
social社會 and spiritual精神 legacy遺產
459
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社會和精神的遺產
18:37
is being存在 allowed允許 to slip away.
460
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正不知不覺地離我們而去.
18:39
This does not have to happen發生.
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我們可以阻止它的發生.
18:41
These peoples人們 are not failed失敗 attempts嘗試 at being存在 modern現代 --
462
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這些人不是無法跟上時代而
18:44
quaint精巧 and colorful華美 and destined注定 to fade褪色 away
463
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奇怪、色彩鮮豔並且註定會消亡
18:46
as if by natural自然 law.
464
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就像是遵循自然法則一樣。
18:48
In every一切 case案件, these are dynamic動態, living活的 peoples人們
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以上的事例說明了這些是人是活的,而且是活動的
18:50
being存在 driven驅動 out of existence存在 by identifiable識別 forces軍隊.
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已知的力量將他們毀滅.
18:53
That's actually其實 an optimistic樂觀 observation意見,
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這事實上是個客觀的發現,
18:56
because it suggests提示 that if human人的 beings眾生
468
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因為如果人類
18:58
are the agents代理 of cultural文化 destruction毀壞,
469
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是文化毀滅者,
19:00
we can also be, and must必須 be,
470
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我們有能力,而且必須作
19:02
the facilitators主持人 of cultural文化 survival生存.
471
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文化生存的協助者.
19:04
Thank you very much.
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非常感謝大家!
Translated by Chien-Ping 洪健彬 Hung
Reviewed by Kuo-Yuan Cheng

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Wade Davis - Anthropologist, ethnobotanist
A National Geographic Explorer-in-Residence, Wade Davis has been described as “a rare combination of scientist, scholar, poet and passionate defender of all of life’s diversity.”

Why you should listen

Wade Davis is perhaps the most articulate and influential western advocate for the world's indigenous cultures. A National Geographic Explorer-in-Residence, he has been described as “a rare combination of scientist, scholar, poet and passionate defender of all of life’s diversity.” Trained in anthropology and botany at Harvard, he travels the globe to live alongside indigenous people, and document their cultural practices in books, photographs, and film. His stunning photographs and evocative stories capture the viewer's imagination. As a speaker, he parlays that sense of wonder into passionate concern over the rate at which cultures and languages are disappearing -- 50 percent of the world's 7,000 languages, he says, are no longer taught to children. He argues, in the most beautiful terms, that language is much more than vocabulary and grammatical rules. Every language is an old-growth forest of the mind.  

Indigenous cultures are not failed attempts at modernity, let alone failed attempts to be us. They are unique expressions of the human imagination and heart, unique answers to a fundamental question: What does it mean to be human and alive? When asked this question, the peoples of the world respond in 7,000 different voices, and these collectively comprise our human repertoire for dealing with all the challenges that will confront us as a species over the coming centuries.

Davis is the author of 15 books including The Serpent and the RainbowOne River, and The Wayfinders. His many film credits include Light at the Edge of the World, an eight-hour documentary series produced for the National Geographic. In 2009 he received the Gold Medal from the Royal Canadian Geographical Society for his contributions to anthropology and conservation, and he is the 2011 recipient of the Explorers Medal, the highest award of the Explorers’ Club, and the 2012 recipient of the Fairchild Medal for Plant Exploration. His latest books are Into the Silence: The Great War, Mallory and the Conquest of Everest and The Sacred Headwaters: the Fight to Save the Stikine, Skeena and the Nass.

More profile about the speaker
Wade Davis | Speaker | TED.com