ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Kate Stafford - Oceanographer
Kate Stafford's research examines migratory movements, geographic variation and physical drivers of marine mammals, particularly large whales.

Why you should listen

Dr. Kate Stafford has worked in marine habitats all over the world, from the tropics to the poles, and is fortunate enough to have seen (and recorded) blue whales in every ocean in which they occur. Stafford's current research focuses on the changing acoustic environment of the Arctic and how changes from declining sea ice to increasing industrial human use may be influencing subarctic and Arctic marine mammals.

Stafford is a Principal Oceanographer at the Applied Physics Lab and affiliate Associate Professor in the School of Oceanography at the University of Washington in Seattle. She has degrees in French literature and biology from the University of California at Santa Cruz and wildlife science (MS) and oceanography (PhD) from Oregon State University. Before going to graduate school, she lived as a Fulbright scholar for a year in Paris studying Medieval French literature. Stafford's research has been featured in Wild Blue: a Natural History of the World's Largest Animal by Dan Bortolotti, the New York Times "Scientist at Work" blog, The Planet magazine, and in Highlights for Children magazine. She has collaborated with artists around the world, providing sounds for multimedia art exhibits.

More profile about the speaker
Kate Stafford | Speaker | TED.com
TEDxCERN

Kate Stafford: How human noise affects ocean habitats

凱特·斯塔福德: 人為噪音如何影響了海洋棲地

Filmed:
1,233,640 views

海洋學家凱特·斯塔福德帶領我們深入有著豐富聲音的北極海域。那裡有呻吟的冰山,和以歌聲傳訊至遠方的鯨魚。氣候的變遷和人類的噪音改變了北極海域的環境,影響之巨遠遠超出我們的認知。 歡迎進一步了解為什麼這個水下的音景極其重要,以及我們怎樣能保護它。
- Oceanographer
Kate Stafford's research examines migratory movements, geographic variation and physical drivers of marine mammals, particularly large whales. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:13
In 1956, a documentary記錄
by Jacques雅克· Cousteau庫斯托 won韓元
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雅克·庫斯托 1956 年的紀錄片
同時榮獲金棕櫚獎和奧斯卡獎。
00:17
both the Palme帕爾梅 d'Ord'Or的 and an Oscar奧斯卡 award.
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00:20
This film電影 was called,
"Le Monde世界報 Du Silence安靜,"
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電影片名為:「寂靜的世界」
00:23
or, "The Silent無聲 World世界."
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或「沉默的世界」。
00:26
The premise前提 of the title標題 was that
the underwater水下 world世界 was a quiet安靜 world世界.
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名稱的前提是:
水下是個寂靜的世界。
00:32
We now know, 60 years年份 later後來,
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六十年後的今天我們明白
00:34
that the underwater水下 world世界
is anything but silent無聲.
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水下世界一點也不寂靜。
00:38
Although雖然 the sounds聲音
are inaudible聽不見 above以上 water
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雖然在水面上聽不到聲音,
00:41
depending根據 on where you are
and the time of year,
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但取決於在什麼時間點
以及你身處何處,
00:45
the underwater水下 soundscape音景 can be as noisy嘈雜
as any jungle叢林 or rainforest雨林.
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水底下可能像任何叢林
或熱帶雨林般吵雜。
00:51
Invertebrates無脊椎動物 like snapping捕捉 shrimp,
fish and marine海洋 mammals哺乳動物
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諸如蝦之類的無脊椎動物、
魚類,以及海洋哺乳動物
00:56
all use sound聲音.
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都使用聲音。
00:58
They use sound聲音 to study研究 their habitat棲息地,
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牠們用聲音來研究棲地、
01:01
to keep in communication通訊 with each other,
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彼此溝通、
01:03
to navigate導航,
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導航,
01:04
to detect檢測 predators大鱷 and prey獵物.
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以及偵測天敵和獵物。
01:07
They also use sound聲音 by listening
to know something about their environment環境.
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牠們也透過聲音來了解周遭的環境。
01:13
Take, for an example, the Arctic北極.
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以北極為例,
01:15
It's considered考慮 a vast廣大,
inhospitable荒涼 place地點,
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被認為廣大而不宜人居,
01:19
sometimes有時 described描述 as a desert沙漠,
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甚至有時被形容是荒漠,
01:21
because it is so cold and so remote遠程
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因它寒冷而遙遠,
01:24
and ice-covered冰雪覆蓋 for much of the year.
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在大部分的月份裡被冰所覆蓋著。
01:27
And despite儘管 this,
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儘管如此,
01:29
there is no place地點 on Earth地球
that I would rather be than the Arctic北極,
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我寧願身在北極,
勝過地球的任何其他地點,
01:33
especially特別 as days lengthen加長
and spring彈簧 comes.
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尤其當春日白晝漸長時。
01:37
To me, the Arctic北極 really
embodies體現 this disconnect斷開
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我認為北極真正體現了
01:41
between之間 what we see on the surface表面
and what's going on underwater水下.
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迥異的水上和水下兩個世界。
01:47
You can look out across橫過 the ice --
all white白色 and blue藍色 and cold --
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放眼望去,藍白冷冷的冰面上
01:53
and see nothing.
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什麼也看不見。
01:55
But if you could hear underwater水下,
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但如果你聽得到水下的聲音,
01:58
the sounds聲音 you would hear
would at first amaze驚奇
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你先會驚奇,
02:01
and then delight you.
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然後會雀躍。
02:03
And while your eyes眼睛 are seeing眼看
nothing for kilometers公里 but ice,
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極目所見,延展數公里的
冰面上似無一物,
02:07
your ears耳朵 are telling告訴 you that out there
are bowhead北極露脊 and beluga白鯨 whales鯨魚,
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但耳朵卻聽到了弓頭鯨、白鯨、
02:13
walrus海象 and bearded大鬍子 seals密封件.
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海象和髯海豹存在的聲音。
02:16
The ice, too, makes品牌 sounds聲音.
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冰也會出聲;
02:18
It screeches尖叫 and cracks裂縫
and pops持久性有機污染物 and groans呻吟,
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當冰塊互撞、摩擦,
或當溫度、洋流、風向變化時,
02:22
as it collides碰撞 and rubs when temperature溫度
or currents電流 or winds change更改.
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會尖叫、崩裂、彈跳和呻吟。
02:28
And under 100 percent百分 sea ice
in the dead of winter冬季,
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在冬天完全冰封的海面下,
02:32
bowhead北極露脊 whales鯨魚 are singing唱歌.
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弓頭鯨在唱著歌。
02:36
And you would never expect期望 that,
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超乎我們的想像,
02:38
because we humans人類,
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因為人類
02:40
we tend趨向 to be very visual視覺 animals動物.
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往往非常依賴視覺。
02:43
For most of us, but not all,
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雖非全部,但我們大多數人
02:46
our sense of sight視力 is how
we navigate導航 our world世界.
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靠著視力在世上行進。
02:49
For marine海洋 mammals哺乳動物 that live生活 underwater水下,
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對生活在水下的海洋哺乳動物而言,
02:52
where chemical化學 cues線索
and light transmit發送 poorly不好,
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那裡的化學訊號傳導差,
光線又不好,
02:56
sound聲音 is the sense by which哪一個 they see.
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因此牠們倚賴聲音來感知。
03:00
And sound聲音 transmits發送 very well underwater水下,
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而水傳導聲音極佳,
03:02
much better than it does in air空氣,
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比空氣好太多了,
03:04
so signals信號 can be heard聽說
over great distances距離.
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所以距離雖遠仍聽得到信號。
03:08
In the Arctic北極, this
is especially特別 important重要,
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這在北極尤其重要,
03:11
because not only do Arctic北極 marine海洋
mammals哺乳動物 have to hear each other,
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因為北極的海洋哺乳動物
不僅必須彼此互聽,
03:15
but they also have to listen
for cues線索 in the environment環境
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還要聽取環境的線索,
03:18
that might威力 indicate表明
heavy ice ahead or open打開 water.
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像是前方到底有著巨冰
還是一片開放的水域。
03:22
Remember記得, although雖然 they spend
most of their lives生活 underwater水下,
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記住,雖大部分時間在水下生活,
03:26
they are mammals哺乳動物,
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牠們仍是哺乳類動物,
03:27
and so they have to surface表面 to breathe呼吸.
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必須浮到水面上呼吸;
03:30
So they might威力 listen
for thin ice or no ice,
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所以牠們得靠傾聽尋找
薄冰、無冰的地方,
03:34
or listen for echoes迴聲 off nearby附近 ice.
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或偵聽附近冰塊的迴聲。
03:39
Arctic北極 marine海洋 mammals哺乳動物 live生活 in a rich豐富
and varied多變 underwater水下 soundscape音景.
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北極海洋哺乳動物生活在
富含各種水下音景的地方。
03:44
In the spring彈簧,
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在春天可能是混音。
03:45
it can be a cacophony雜音 of sound聲音.
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03:49
(Marine海洋 mammal哺乳動物 sounds聲音)
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(海洋哺乳動物的聲音)
04:05
But when the ice is frozen凍結的 solid固體,
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而當冰封時,
04:08
and there are no big temperature溫度
shifts轉變 or current當前 changes變化,
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海面下的溫度和洋流無甚變化,
04:11
the underwater水下 Arctic北極 has some
of the lowest最低 ambient周圍 noise噪聲 levels水平
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北極海面下的環境噪音
是全球所有的海洋當中最低的。
04:16
of the world's世界 oceans海洋.
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04:17
But this is changing改變.
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但是情況正改變著,
04:19
This is primarily主要 due應有 to a decrease減少
in seasonal時令的 sea ice,
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主因是季節性的海冰量減少了,
04:23
which哪一個 is a direct直接 result結果 of human人的
greenhouse溫室 gas加油站 emissions排放.
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直接肇因於人類的溫室氣體排放。
04:28
We are, in effect影響, with climate氣候 change更改,
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實際上,我們和氣候變遷
04:31
conducting開展 a completely全然 uncontrolled不受控制
experiment實驗 with our planet行星.
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共同引致這完全失控的星球實驗。
04:35
Over the past過去 30 years年份,
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在過去三十年裡,
04:37
areas of the Arctic北極 have seen看到
decreases降低 in seasonal時令的 sea ice
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北極地區的季節性海冰減少了
04:41
from anywhere隨地 from
six weeks to four months個月.
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六周至四個月之多。
04:46
This decrease減少 in sea ice is sometimes有時
referred簡稱 to as an increase增加
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海冰的減少也是
開放水域季的拉長,
04:51
in the open打開 water season季節.
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04:53
That is the time of year when
the Arctic北極 is navigable通航 to vessels船隻.
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北極可行船的時段變長了。
04:57
And not only is the extent程度
of ice changing改變,
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不僅冰覆區縮小,
05:01
but the age年齡 and the width寬度 of ice is, too.
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冰齡、冰厚和冰寬也變了。
05:05
Now, you may可能 well have heard聽說
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你可能已聽過
05:06
that a decrease減少 in seasonal時令的 sea ice
is causing造成 a loss失利 of habitat棲息地
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季節性的海冰減少
使得依賴海冰的動物喪失棲地,
05:10
for animals動物 that rely依靠 on sea ice,
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05:12
such這樣 as ice seals密封件,
or walrus海象, or polar極性 bears.
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例如浮冰海豹、海象或北極熊。
05:16
Decreasing降低 sea ice is also causing造成
increased增加 erosion侵蝕 along沿 coastal沿海 villages村莊,
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海冰的減少也造成
沿海村莊的侵蝕增加,
05:21
and changing改變 prey獵物 availability可用性
for marine海洋 birds鳥類 and mammals哺乳動物.
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海鳥和哺乳動物的獵物也變少了。
05:26
Climate氣候 change更改 and decreases降低 in sea ice
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氣候變遷和海冰減少
05:29
are also altering改變 the underwater水下
soundscape音景 of the Arctic北極.
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也改變了北極水下音景的風貌。
05:35
What do I mean by soundscape音景?
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我所謂的「音景」指的是什麼?
05:37
Those of us who eavesdrop竊聽
on the oceans海洋 for a living活的
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我們這些靠聆聽海洋為生的人
05:40
use instruments儀器 called hydrophones水聽器,
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用水中聽音器──
05:42
which哪一個 are underwater水下 microphones麥克風,
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一種水底麥克風 ──
05:45
and we record記錄 ambient周圍 noise噪聲 --
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來聆聽記錄環境噪音。
05:47
the noise噪聲 all around us.
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05:48
And the soundscape音景 describes介紹
the different不同 contributors貢獻者
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而音景描述
音域裡的各個出聲者。
05:52
to this noise噪聲 field領域.
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05:54
What we are hearing聽力 on our hydrophones水聽器
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我們透過水中聽音器聽到的聲音
05:57
are the very real真實 sounds聲音
of climate氣候 change更改.
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真實反映了氣候的變遷。
06:01
We are hearing聽力 these changes變化
from three fronts戰線:
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我們聽到的變化來自三方:
06:04
from the air空氣,
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空中、
06:06
from the water
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水中
06:08
and from land土地.
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和地上。
06:10
First: air空氣.
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第一:空氣。
06:13
Wind on water creates創建 waves波浪.
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風吹過水面上產生波浪,
06:16
These waves波浪 make bubbles泡泡;
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波浪造成氣泡;
06:18
the bubbles泡泡 break打破,
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氣泡會破裂,
06:19
and when they do,
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當氣泡破裂時
06:21
they make noise噪聲.
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會發出聲音。
06:22
And this noise噪聲 is like a hiss
or a static靜態的 in the background背景.
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而這聲音就像背景的嘶嘶聲。
06:27
In the Arctic北極, when it's ice-covered冰雪覆蓋,
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在冰封的北極,
06:30
most of the noise噪聲 from wind
doesn't make it into the water column,
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大部分的風聲傳不到水下,
06:33
because the ice acts行為 as a buffer緩衝
between之間 the atmosphere大氣層 and the water.
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因為冰是大氣和水之間的緩衝。
06:39
This is one of the reasons原因
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這是北極海面下
06:40
that the Arctic北極 can have
very low ambient周圍 noise噪聲 levels水平.
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低噪音的原因之一。
06:44
But with decreases降低 in seasonal時令的 sea ice,
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但隨著季節性海冰的減少,
06:47
not only is the Arctic北極 now open打開
to this wave noise噪聲,
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不僅北極的海面下
聽得到波浪的噪音,
06:52
but the number of storms風暴
and the intensity強度 of storms風暴 in the Arctic北極
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而且北極的風暴次數和強度
06:55
has been increasing增加.
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也不斷增加。
06:57
All of this is raising提高 noise噪聲 levels水平
in a previously先前 quiet安靜 ocean海洋.
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這些都使原先安靜的海洋變得吵雜。
07:02
Second第二: water.
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第二:水。
07:06
With less seasonal時令的 sea ice,
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隨著季節性海冰的減少,
07:08
subarctic亞北極 species種類 are moving移動 north,
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亞北極的物種向北移,
07:11
and taking服用 advantage優點 of the new habitat棲息地
that is created創建 by more open打開 water.
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利用擴大開放水域所造成的新棲地。
07:16
Now, Arctic北極 whales鯨魚, like this bowhead北極露脊,
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住在北極的鯨魚例如頭鯨
07:19
they have no dorsal fin,
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並沒有背鰭,
07:21
because they have evolved進化 to live生活
and swim游泳 in ice-covered冰雪覆蓋 waters水域,
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因牠們已進化適應了
在冰覆的水域裡游泳及生活,
07:26
and having something sticking癥結
off of your back is not very conducive有利於
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假如背上突出個東西,
07:29
to migrating遷移 through通過 ice,
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會不利於在冰間移動,
07:31
and may可能, in fact事實, be excluding排除
animals動物 from the ice.
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且實際上可能根本無法在冰區生活。
07:35
But now, everywhere到處 we've我們已經 listened聽了,
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但我們現今在各地聽到
07:38
we're hearing聽力 the sounds聲音
of fin whales鯨魚 and humpback駝背 whales鯨魚
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長鬚鯨、座頭鯨和虎鯨的聲音,
07:41
and killer兇手 whales鯨魚,
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07:43
further進一步 and further進一步 north,
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出現在越來越北的地方
07:45
and later後來 and later後來 in the season季節.
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和越來越晚的季節裡,
07:48
We are hearing聽力, in essence本質,
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本質上說,
07:49
an invasion侵入 of the Arctic北極
by subarctic亞北極 species種類.
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我們聽到亞北極物種侵入了北極。
07:53
And we don't know what this means手段.
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我們不知道這代表的意涵。
07:55
Will there be competition競爭 for food餐飲
between之間 Arctic北極 and subarctic亞北極 animals動物?
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亞北極物種和北極物種
會爭奪食物嗎?
08:00
Might威力 these subarctic亞北極 species種類 introduce介紹
diseases疾病 or parasites寄生蟲 into the Arctic北極?
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亞北極物種會把疾病和寄生蟲
帶入北極嗎?
08:07
And what are the new sounds聲音
that they are producing生產
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牠們帶來的新聲音
08:09
doing to the soundscape音景 underwater水下?
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會對水下的音景產生什麼影響呢?
08:12
And third第三: land土地.
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第三:土地。
08:15
And by land土地 ...
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我說的土地
08:16
I mean people.
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指的是人。
08:18
More open打開 water means手段
increased增加 human人的 use of the Arctic北極.
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更大的開放水域意味著
更多人類利用北極。
08:23
Just this past過去 summer夏季,
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就在剛過去的夏天,
08:24
a massive大規模的 cruise巡航 ship made製作 its way
through通過 the Northwest西北 Passage通道 --
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一艘巨型郵輪通過西北航道──
08:28
the once-mythical一旦神話 route路線
between之間 Europe歐洲 and the Pacific和平的.
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這航道曾是
歐洲和太平洋之間的神話路線。
08:33
Decreases降低 in sea ice have allowed允許
humans人類 to occupy佔據 the Arctic北極 more often經常.
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海冰的減少使得
人類更頻繁地佔用北極,
08:40
It has allowed允許 increases增加 in oil
and gas加油站 exploration勘探 and extraction萃取,
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增加石油和天然氣的勘探和開採,
08:44
the potential潛在 for commercial廣告 shipping運輸,
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使商業航運可通行,
08:47
as well as increased增加 tourism旅遊.
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並增加了旅遊活動。
08:50
And we now know that ship noise噪聲 increases增加
levels水平 of stress強調 hormones激素 in whales鯨魚
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如今我們知道船的噪音
會提高鯨魚體中的壓力激素量,
08:55
and can disrupt破壞 feeding饋送 behavior行為.
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並可能擾亂牠們進食的行為。
08:58
Air空氣 guns槍砲, which哪一個 produce生產 loud,
low-frequency低頻 "whoompswhoomps"
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每十到二十秒產生
大聲而低頻轟聲的氣槍,
09:03
every一切 10 to 20 seconds,
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改變了鯨魚游泳和出聲的行為。
09:05
changed the swimming游泳的 and vocal聲音的
behavior行為 of whales鯨魚.
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09:09
And all of these sound聲音 sources來源
are decreasing減少 the acoustic space空間
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這些聲源全都減少了
北極海洋哺乳動物
可用來溝通的音域頻寬。
09:14
over which哪一個 Arctic北極 marine海洋 mammals哺乳動物
can communicate通信.
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09:18
Now, Arctic北極 marine海洋 mammals哺乳動物
are used to very high levels水平 of noise噪聲
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北極海洋哺乳動物
在一年中的某段時間
習慣於非常高的噪音,
09:23
at certain某些 times of the year.
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09:25
But this is primarily主要 from other
animals動物 or from sea ice,
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所習以為常的主要是
其他動物或海冰的聲音,
09:29
and these are the sounds聲音
with which哪一個 they've他們已經 evolved進化,
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這些過去與牠們一起演化的聲音
09:31
and these are sounds聲音 that are vital重要
to their very survival生存.
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對牠們的生存至關重要。
09:35
These new sounds聲音
are loud and they're alien外僑.
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而新加入既吵又陌生的聲音,
可能會以我們已知或未知的方式,
09:39
They might威力 impact碰撞 the environment環境
in ways方法 that we think we understand理解,
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影響環境及牠們的生存。
09:44
but also in ways方法 that we don't.
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09:48
Remember記得, sound聲音 is the most
important重要 sense for these animals動物.
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請記住,聲音是這些動物
最重要的感知方式。
09:53
And not only is the physical物理 habitat棲息地
of the Arctic北極 changing改變 rapidly急速,
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不僅北極棲地的形貌正迅速改變,
09:58
but the acoustic habitat棲息地 is, too.
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棲地的聲音也變了。
10:01
It's as if we've我們已經 plucked撥弦 these animals動物 up
from the quiet安靜 countryside農村
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就好像我們從安靜的鄉村
玃取這些動物,
10:04
and dropped下降 them into a big city
in the middle中間 of rush hour小時.
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然後把牠們放入
交通尖峰時刻的大城市裡,
10:08
And they can't escape逃逸 it.
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牠們落得無處可逃。
10:11
So what can we do now?
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那麼現在我們該怎麼做呢?
10:15
We can't decrease減少 wind speeds速度
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我們無法減慢風速,
10:17
or keep subarctic亞北極 animals動物
from migrating遷移 north,
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也無法防止亞北極動物往北移,
10:20
but we can work on local本地 solutions解決方案
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但我們可以採用局部解決方案
10:23
to reducing減少 human-caused人為造成 underwater水下 noise噪聲.
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來減少人為製造水下噪音。
10:26
One of these solutions解決方案
is to slow down ships船舶
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解決方案之一
是降低穿越北極的船速,
10:29
that traverse橫過 the Arctic北極,
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10:31
because a slower比較慢 ship is a quieter安靜 ship.
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因為慢速的船比較安靜。
10:35
We can restrict限制 access訪問
in seasons季節 and regions地區
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我們可以在重要的交配、哺育
或遷徙季節和地區
10:39
that are important重要 for mating交配
or feeding饋送 or migrating遷移.
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限制人類的進出。
10:44
We can get smarter聰明 about quieting舒懷的 ships船舶
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我們可以更明智,用較安靜的船隻,
10:47
and find better ways方法
to explore探索 the ocean海洋 bottom底部.
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以更好的方法去探索海底。
10:51
And the good news新聞 is,
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好消息是
10:53
there are people
working加工 on this right now.
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有人正在執行這些解決方案。
10:58
But ultimately最終,
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但最終,
10:59
we humans人類 have to do the hard work
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我們人類必須努力反轉,
11:02
of reversing倒車 or at the very
least最小 decelerating減速
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或者至少減緩
11:06
human-caused人為造成 atmospheric大氣的 changes變化.
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人為造成的氣候變遷。
11:09
So, let's return返回 to this idea理念
of a silent無聲 world世界 underwater水下.
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讓我們回到
寂靜的水下世界這個想法。
11:15
It's entirely完全 possible可能
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極有可能
11:16
that many許多 of the whales鯨魚
swimming游泳的 in the Arctic北極 today今天,
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許多今天在北極游泳的鯨魚,
11:19
especially特別 long-lived長壽命 species種類
like the bowhead北極露脊 whale
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尤其是像弓頭鯨那樣長壽的物種──
11:23
that the Inuits因紐特人 say can live生活
two human人的 lives生活 --
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因紐特人說牠們的壽命
是人類的雙倍,
11:27
it's possible可能 that these whales鯨魚
were alive in 1956,
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極有可能,在 1956 年
雅克·庫斯托拍攝紀錄片的時候
11:31
when Jacques雅克· Cousteau庫斯托 made製作 his film電影.
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這些鯨魚已經活著了。
11:33
And in retrospect回想起來,
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回想起來,
11:35
considering考慮 all the noise噪聲
we are creating創建 in the oceans海洋 today今天,
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再看看現今所有
我們在海洋中製造的噪音,
11:40
perhaps也許 it really was "The Silent無聲 World世界."
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也許當時真的是個「沉默的世界」。
11:44
Thank you.
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謝謝。
11:46
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
Translated by Helen Chang
Reviewed by S Sung

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Kate Stafford - Oceanographer
Kate Stafford's research examines migratory movements, geographic variation and physical drivers of marine mammals, particularly large whales.

Why you should listen

Dr. Kate Stafford has worked in marine habitats all over the world, from the tropics to the poles, and is fortunate enough to have seen (and recorded) blue whales in every ocean in which they occur. Stafford's current research focuses on the changing acoustic environment of the Arctic and how changes from declining sea ice to increasing industrial human use may be influencing subarctic and Arctic marine mammals.

Stafford is a Principal Oceanographer at the Applied Physics Lab and affiliate Associate Professor in the School of Oceanography at the University of Washington in Seattle. She has degrees in French literature and biology from the University of California at Santa Cruz and wildlife science (MS) and oceanography (PhD) from Oregon State University. Before going to graduate school, she lived as a Fulbright scholar for a year in Paris studying Medieval French literature. Stafford's research has been featured in Wild Blue: a Natural History of the World's Largest Animal by Dan Bortolotti, the New York Times "Scientist at Work" blog, The Planet magazine, and in Highlights for Children magazine. She has collaborated with artists around the world, providing sounds for multimedia art exhibits.

More profile about the speaker
Kate Stafford | Speaker | TED.com