ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Dennis vanEngelsdorp - Bee expert
Dennis vanEngelsdorp is Acting State Apiarist for Pennsylvania's Department of Agriculture, studying colony collapse disorder -- the alarming, worldwide disappearance of worker bees and Western honey bees.

Why you should listen

"Imagine if one of every three cows died. The National Guard would be out." It's a grim premise, but a favorite of Dennis vanEngelsdorp, who in 2008 watched the same percentage of bees vanish in North America. A leading apiarist, vanEngelsdorp knows the disturbing consequences of the bee die-off. Colony collapse disorder (its official name) is complex and mysterious, driven by pesticides, toxins and disease, and threatens not only the existence of the insect but also the food they pollinate -- a third of what we eat.

But vanEngelsdorp is not a pessimist, however worrisome the situation. Since finding his love for bees in an undergraduate beekeeping course, he's steadily chewed through new degree programs, becoming an outspoken bee crusader, generating global buzz -- sorry -- for the fascinating critters: their workers' dance, their convenient chronic case of static cling ...

To fight recent losses, he's now advocating urban beekeeping and honeymaking (sadly, illegal in some cities), drive-by-night repopulation programs, and emergency queen bee delivery by express mail (legal -- really).

More profile about the speaker
Dennis vanEngelsdorp | Speaker | TED.com
Taste3 2008

Dennis vanEngelsdorp: A plea for bees

鄧尼斯-範-恩格勒斯多普為蜜蜂求情

Filmed:
752,294 views

蜜蜂正在成群的消失。為什麼呢?養蜂帶頭人鄧尼斯-范-恩格勒斯多普給我們揭示了這些溫順的、被誤解的生物在大自然中的重要性和背後令人擔憂的消失之謎。
- Bee expert
Dennis vanEngelsdorp is Acting State Apiarist for Pennsylvania's Department of Agriculture, studying colony collapse disorder -- the alarming, worldwide disappearance of worker bees and Western honey bees. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:16
What I'd like you to do is, just really quickly很快,
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我只想請大家迅速地,
00:18
is just, sort分類 of, nod點頭 to the person on your right,
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稍微向你右邊的人點個頭,
00:21
and then nod點頭 to the person on your left.
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然後再向你左邊的人點個頭。
00:24
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
00:28
Now, chances機會 are that over the last winter冬季,
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注意啊!假如 一個人是一箱蜂的話,去年冬天,(蜜蜂死亡的)可能性就像,
00:32
if you had been a beehive蜂窩, either you or one of the two people
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你或你朝著點頭的人中的一個
00:35
you just nodded點頭 at would have died死亡.
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去世了一樣。
00:39
Now, that's an awful可怕 lot of bees蜜蜂.
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大家知道嗎! 那可是相當多的蜜蜂。
00:43
And this is the second第二 year in a row we have lost丟失 over 30 percent百分
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而且這才是 (蜂群開始死亡的)第二年我們就已經損失了超過30%蜂群,
00:47
of the colonies群落, or we estimate估計 we've我們已經 lost丟失 30 percent百分 of the colonies群落 over the winter冬季.
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或者我們看成 在一個冬天內我們損失了30%的蜂群。
00:51
Now, that's a lot, a lot of bees蜜蜂, and that's really important重要.
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天哪!那是許多,許多蜜蜂,那損失很大。
00:57
And most of those losses損失 are because of things we know.
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大部分損失是 我們知道的原因造成的。
01:00
We know that there are these varroa mites蟎蟲 that have introduced介紹
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我們知道這些蜂蟎導致
01:03
and caused造成 a lot of losses損失, and we also have this new phenomenon現象,
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和造成了大量損失,我們還有新的問題
01:06
which哪一個 I talked about last year, Colony殖民地 Collapse坍方 Disorder紊亂.
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就是去年我介紹過的蜂群崩潰失調症。
01:09
And here we see a picture圖片 on top最佳 of a hill爬坡道 in Central中央 Valley last December十二月.
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我們看一張去年12月中央峽谷的一個小山頂上的照片。
01:14
And below下面, you can see all these out yards,
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你能看到照片下部這些(房)外庭院,
01:16
or temporary臨時 yards, where the colonies群落 are brought in until直到 February二月,
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或者說臨時庭院,2月份之前蜂群被運到這裏,
01:21
and then they're shipped out to the almonds杏仁.
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後被船送到杏樹園中。
01:24
And one documentary記錄 writer作家, who was here and looked看著 at this two months個月
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在我到這兒以後,一位紀實作家來到這兒做了兩個月的調查,
01:27
after I was here, described描述 this not as beehives蜂箱
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他/她筆下這些不是蜂箱
01:30
but as a graveyard墓地, with these empty white白色 boxes盒子 with no bees蜜蜂 left in them.
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這裏是擺滿沒有蜜蜂的空空的白盒子的(蜜蜂的)墓地。
01:36
Now, I'm going to sum up a year's年份 worth價值 of work in two sentences句子
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現在,我來用兩句話總結一下一年來的工作,
01:40
to say that we have been trying to figure數字 out
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告訴大家我們一直在努力尋找
01:42
what the cause原因 of this is.
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造成這種結果的原因。
01:44
And what we know is that it's as if the bees蜜蜂 have caught抓住 a flu流感.
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就我們所知蜜蜂好像是得了一場流感。
01:47
And this flu流感 has wiped through通過 the population人口 of bees蜜蜂.
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並且這場流感已經在蜂群中氾濫。
01:52
In some cases, and in fact事實 in most cases in one year,
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有的實際上是一年中的大部分流感
01:56
this flu流感 was caused造成 by a new virus病毒 to us,
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是由一種病毒引起的,這種病毒對我來說是新的
01:59
or newly identified確定 by us, called Israeli以色列 Acute急性 Paralysis麻痺 virus病毒.
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或者說最近近才被我們鑒定的,它叫以色列急性麻痹病毒。
02:03
It was called that because a guy in Israel以色列 first found發現 it,
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這一名字的由來是因為以色列的一個傢伙首先發現了它,
02:05
and he now regrets遺憾 profoundly深深 calling調用 it that disease疾病, because,
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但是他現在很後悔給這種病起了那個名字,因為,
02:09
of course課程, there's the implication意義.
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很顯然,名字本身暗含著某種意思。
02:10
But we think this virus病毒 is pretty漂亮 ubiquitous普及.
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但是我們認為這種病毒是無處不在的。
02:13
It's also pretty漂亮 clear明確 that the bees蜜蜂 sometimes有時 catch抓住 other viruses病毒
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另外,毋庸置疑,蜜蜂有時候也會感染其他病毒
02:16
or other flus流感略有相似之處, and so the question we're still struggling奮鬥的 with,
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或其他流感,所以我們還在艱難研究的,
02:20
and the question that keeps保持 us up at night,
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還在令我們徹夜難眠的問題是
02:22
is why have the bees蜜蜂 suddenly突然 become成為 so susceptible易感 to this flu流感,
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為什麼這些蜜蜂突然變得對這場流感沒有抵抗力,
02:27
and why are they so susceptible易感 to these other diseases疾病?
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為什麼它們在這些其他疾病面前也如此不堪一擊?
02:32
And we don't have the answer回答 to that yet然而,
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但是我們還沒有答案,
02:34
and we spend a lot of time trying to figure數字 that out.
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雖然已經付出了很多時間來研究。
02:37
We think perhaps也許 it's a combination組合 of factors因素.
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我們認為這可能是多種因素共同造成的。
02:39
We know from the work of a very large and dynamic動態 working加工 team球隊
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我們從一個龐大而活躍的工作組得知,
02:43
that, you know, we're finding發現 a lot of different不同 pesticides農藥
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蜂巢中有很多種殺蟲劑,
02:47
in the hive蜂巢, and surprisingly出奇, sometimes有時 the healthiest健康 hives麻疹
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不可思議的是,有時候最健康的蜂巢
02:50
have the most pesticides農藥. And so we discover發現 all these
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有最多殺蟲的劑種類。我們發現的所有這些
02:53
very strange奇怪 things that we can't begin開始 to understand理解.
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非常奇怪的現象令我們費解。
02:57
And so this opens打開 up the whole整個 idea理念 of looking at colony殖民地 health健康.
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因此我們想到綜合研究蜂群健康狀況。
03:02
Now of course課程, if you lose失去 a lot of colonies群落,
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毫無疑問,如果損失了很多群蜂,
03:05
beekeepers養蜂人 can replace更換 them very quickly很快.
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養蜂人當然能很快進行補充。
03:07
And that's why we've我們已經 been able能夠 to recover恢復 from a lot of loss失利.
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因此我們有能力從大量損失中恢復過來。
03:10
If we lost丟失 one in every一切 three cows奶牛 in the winter冬季, you know,
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大家知道,如果我們在冬天損失三分之一的奶牛,
03:14
the National國民 Guard守衛 would be out.
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應急部隊就要出動了。
03:15
But what beekeepers養蜂人 can do is, if they have one surviving倖存 colony殖民地,
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但是養蜂人怎麼辦呢,即使他們只剩下一個蜂群,
03:19
they can split分裂 that colony殖民地 in two.
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他們還能將那個蜂群分成兩個。
03:22
And then the one half that doesn't have a queen女王, they can buy購買 a queen女王.
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然後,給沒有蜂后的那半群蜂買一個蜂后。
03:25
It comes in the mail郵件; it can come from Australia澳大利亞 or Hawaii夏威夷 or Florida佛羅里達,
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蜂后是郵寄來的;而且不管它是來自澳大利亞還是夏威夷還是佛羅里達,
03:29
and you can introduce介紹 that queen女王.
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你都可以把它變成那半群蜂的蜂后。
03:31
And in fact事實, America美國 was the first country國家
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實際上,美國是第一個
03:33
that ever did mail-delivery郵件派送 queens皇后 and in fact事實,
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通過郵件運送蜂后的國家,而且,
03:36
it's part部分 of the postal郵政 code that you have to deliver交付 queens皇后 by mail郵件
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必須要通過郵件郵寄蜂后是郵政法的一部分
03:43
in order訂購 to make sure that we have enough足夠 bees蜜蜂 in this country國家.
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這可以保證我們國家有足夠的蜜蜂。
03:48
If you don't just want a queen女王, you can buy購買, actually其實,
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如果你不只是想要一隻蜂后,你還可以買到
03:50
a three-pound3磅重 package of bees蜜蜂, which哪一個 comes in the mail郵件, and of course課程,
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一包三磅重的蜜蜂。當然,
03:54
the Postal郵政 Office辦公室 is always very concerned關心 when they get,
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郵局會很小心的
03:57
you know, your three-pound3磅重 packages of bees蜜蜂.
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處理你的三磅蜜蜂的。
03:59
And you can install安裝 this in your hive蜂巢 and replace更換 that dead-out死了.
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你可以把這包蜜蜂放入蜂箱中更新死光的蜂群。
04:03
So it means手段 that beekeepers養蜂人 are very good at replacing更換 dead-outs死奏,
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這意味著養蜂人非常擅長更新死光的蜂群,
04:07
and so they've他們已經 been able能夠 to cover those losses損失.
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所以他們有承受那些損失的能力。
04:10
So even though雖然 we've我們已經 lost丟失 30 percent百分 of the colonies群落 every一切 year,
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所以即使我們每年都損失30%的蜂群,
04:13
the same相同 number of colonies群落 have existed存在 in the country國家,
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我們國家還依然會有
04:17
at about 2.4 million百萬 colonies群落.
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相同數量的蜂群,大約 2,400,000群蜜蜂。
04:20
Now, those losses損失 are tragic悲慘 on many許多 fronts戰線,
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雖然如此,那些損失在很多方面還是慘痛的,
04:24
and one of those fronts戰線 is for the beekeeper養蜂人.
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其中一方面就是養蜂人的損失。
04:26
And it's really important重要 to talk about beekeepers養蜂人 first,
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首先說說養蜂人是很重要的,
04:29
because beekeepers養蜂人 are among其中 the most fascinating迷人 people you'll你會 ever meet遇到.
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因為他們將會是你遇到的最讓人著迷的人之一。
04:32
If this was a group of beekeepers養蜂人, you would have everyone大家
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如果這兒有一群養蜂人,你會(從中)找到各種各樣的人,
04:35
from the card-carrying正牌 NRANRA member會員 who's誰是, you know, live生活 free自由 or die,
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從來福槍協會會員
04:40
to the, you know, the self-expressed自我表達 quirky詭詐的 San Francisco弗朗西斯科
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到聖-佛朗西斯科後院中看起來怪怪的的豬官兒。
04:43
backyard後院 pig farmer農民.
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(笑聲)
04:45
(Laughter笑聲)
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他們在同一屋簷下,
04:47
And you get all of these people in the same相同 room房間,
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他們都很投入而且相處的很好,
04:50
and they're all engaged訂婚 and they're getting得到 along沿,
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他們是因為
04:54
and they're all there because of the passion for bees蜜蜂.
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喜歡蜜蜂而到一起的。
04:57
Now, there's another另一個 part部分 of that community社區
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現在談談,養蜂人中另外一部分人
04:59
which哪一個 are the commercial廣告 beekeepers養蜂人,
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他們是商業養蜂人,
05:00
the ones那些 who make their livelihood生計 from beekeeping養蜂業 alone單獨.
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也就是那些僅靠養蜂來養家糊口的養蜂人。
05:03
And these tend趨向 to be some of the most independent獨立, tenacious頑強,
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他們將可能是你碰到的人當中一些最獨立、最頑強、
05:11
intuitive直觀的, you know, inventive發明的 people you will ever meet遇到.
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最感性、最富創造性的人。
05:15
They're just fascinating迷人. And they're like that all over the world世界.
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他們很迷人,而且全世界的商業養蜂人都是那樣的。
05:18
I had the privilege特權 of working加工 in Haiti海地 just for two weeks earlier this year.
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今年早些時候我很榮幸在海地工作了兩周。
05:22
And Haiti海地, if you've ever been there, is just a tragedy悲劇.
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海地,如果你去過那裏,你就知道他簡直是個悲劇。
05:25
I mean, there may可能 be 100 explanations說明
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我是說,即使有100條理由解釋
05:27
for why Haiti海地 is the impoverished貧困 nation國家 it is,
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為什麼海地是那樣貧窮,
05:30
but there is no excuse藉口 to see that sort分類 of squalor骯髒.
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它也沒有理由那樣的破敗不堪。
05:33
But you meet遇到 this beekeeper養蜂人, and I met會見 this beekeeper養蜂人 here,
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但是你會碰到這個養蜂人,我在那兒遇到了他,
05:36
and he is one of the most knowledgeable懂行 beekeepers養蜂人 I've ever met會見.
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他是我曾經遇到過的最有知識的養蜂人中的一個。
05:38
No formal正式 education教育, but very knowledgeable懂行.
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沒受過正規教育,但是卻有很多知識。
05:40
We needed需要 beeswax蜂蠟 for a project項目 we were working加工 on; he was so capable,
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我們的一個專案需要蜂蠟;他非常能幹,
05:45
he was able能夠 to render給予 the nicest最好 block of beeswax蜂蠟 I have ever seen看到
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他做出了我所見過的最好的一塊兒蜂蠟,
05:49
from cow dung, tin cans and his veil面紗, which哪一個 he used as a screening篩查,
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使用了牛糞、錫罐和他的蓋頭,他把蓋頭當作紗網使用,
05:54
right in this meadow草地. And so that ingenuity創造力 is inspiring鼓舞人心.
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(他)就在這片草甸上(做蜂蠟塊的)。他的技術讓人很受啟發。
05:58
We also have Dave戴夫 Hackenberg哈肯伯格, who is the poster海報 child兒童 of CCDCCD.
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我們還有戴維-海肯伯格,他是蜂群崩潰失調症的代表人物。
06:01
He's the one who first identified確定 this condition條件
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是他首先發現了蜂群崩潰失調症
06:03
and raised上調 the alarm報警 bells鐘聲.
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並敲響了警鐘。
06:05
And he has a history歷史 of these trucks卡車,
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他很早就使用這些卡車
06:07
and he's moved移動 these bees蜜蜂 up and down the coast.
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沿著海岸線上下轉運這些蜜蜂。
06:10
And a lot of people talk about trucks卡車 and moving移動 bees蜜蜂,
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雖然許多人認為轉運蜜蜂
06:13
and that being存在 bad, but we've我們已經 doneDONE that for thousands數千 of years年份.
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不好,但是轉運蜜蜂已經有數千年的歷史了。
06:16
The ancient Egyptians埃及人 used to move移動 bees蜜蜂 up and down the Nile尼羅河 on rafts筏子,
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古埃及人就曾就用筏子沿著尼羅河上下轉運蜜蜂,
06:19
so this idea理念 of a movable活動 bee蜜蜂 force is not new at all.
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這說明運動的蜜蜂大軍一點兒也不新鮮。
06:25
And one of our real真實 worries with Colony殖民地 Collapse坍方 Disorder紊亂
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蜂群崩潰失調症讓我們真正憂心的原因之一
06:29
is the fact事實 that it costs成本 so much money to replace更換 those dead-out死了 colonies群落.
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是更新那些死亡的蜂群要花費大量的錢財。
06:33
And you can do that one year in a row,
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我們有能力更新一年,
06:36
you may可能 be able能夠 to do it two years年份 in a row.
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也許還能連著更新兩年。
06:38
But if you're losing失去 50 percent百分 to 80 percent百分 of your colonies群落,
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但是如果損失50-80%的蜂群,
06:42
you can't survive生存 three years年份 in a row. And we're really worried擔心
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連續三年就垮了。我們確實很擔心
06:45
about losing失去 this segment分割 of our industry行業.
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損失掉這部分產業。
06:49
And that's important重要 for many許多 fronts戰線,
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因為養蜂業在很多方面都很重要,
06:51
and one of them is because of that culture文化 that's in agriculture農業.
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其中之一就是在農業上。
06:55
And these migratory遷徙 beekeepers養蜂人 are the last nomads游牧民族 of America美國.
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這些遷徙的養蜂人是美國最後的遊牧者。
07:00
You know, they pick up their hives麻疹;
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大家知道,他們帶著蜂箱,
07:01
they move移動 their families家庭 once一旦 or twice兩次 in a year.
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一年內搬一次或兩次家。
07:04
And if you look at Florida佛羅里達, in Dade戴德 City, Florida佛羅里達,
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你們看佛羅裏達州,達迪市
07:07
that's where all the Pennsylvania賓夕法尼亞 beekeepers養蜂人 go.
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是賓夕法尼亞州養蜂人的去處。
07:09
And then 20 miles英里 down the road is Groveland格羅夫蘭,
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然後從達迪市順著這條路往下20英里是哥如福蘭德,
07:11
and that's where all the Wisconsin威斯康星 beekeepers養蜂人 go.
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那裏是所有威斯康辛州養蜂人的去處。
07:13
And if you're ever in Central中央 Valley in February二月, you go to this cafCAFé
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要是你二月份在中央峽谷,
07:18
at 10 o'clock in the morning早上, Kathy凱西 and Kate's凱特的.
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請在早上10點去這間咖啡館,店名是凱西和凱特之家。
07:21
And that's where all the beekeepers養蜂人 come after a night of moving移動 bees蜜蜂
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那裏是所有養蜂人在忙了一夜將蜜蜂
07:24
into the almond杏仁 groves.
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移到杏樹林
07:25
They all have their breakfast早餐
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他們在那裏一邊吃早餐
07:26
and complain抱怨 about everyone大家 right there. And it's a great experience經驗,
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一邊互相抱怨。那種經歷很棒,
07:31
and I really encourage鼓勵 you to drop下降 in at that diner餐車 during that time,
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我真的鼓勵大家那時候去那個小餐館,
07:34
because that's quite相當 essential必要 American美國 experience經驗.
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因為那是必不可少的美國體驗。
07:37
And we see these families家庭, these nomadic游牧 families家庭, you know,
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我們再來看那些家庭,那些遊牧家庭,
07:41
father父親 to son兒子, father父親 to son兒子, and these guys are hurting傷害.
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從父母到子女都在忙著侍弄蜜蜂。
07:45
And they're not people who like to ask for help,
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他們不喜歡求人,
07:48
although雖然 they are the most helpful有幫助 people ever.
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但卻最樂於助人。
07:50
If there's one guy who loses失去 all his bees蜜蜂 because of a truck卡車 overhaul翻修,
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比如有人因為卡車大修而損失了所有蜜蜂,
07:54
everyone大家 pitches球場 in and gives 20 hives麻疹
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養蜂人們都會過來送給他20群蜂
07:56
to help him replace更換 those lost丟失 colonies群落.
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幫他彌補損失。
07:58
And so, it's a very dynamic動態, and I think,
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所以,我覺得這是一個很有活力、
08:00
historic歷史性 and exciting扣人心弦 community社區 to be involved參與 with.
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歷史而且讓人振奮的社區,很值得交往。
08:07
Of course課程, the real真實 importance重要性 for bees蜜蜂 is not the honey蜜糖.
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當然,蜜蜂真正的重要性並不是蜂蜜。
08:10
And although雖然 I highly高度 encourage鼓勵 you, all use honey蜜糖.
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雖然我大力支持你們使用蜂蜜。
08:12
I mean, it's the most ethical合乎道德的 sweetener糖精,
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因為它是最“道德”的甜味劑,
08:15
and you know, it's a dynamic動態 and fun開玩笑 sweetener糖精.
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它是有生命的好甜味劑。
08:18
But we estimate估計 that about one in three bites咬傷 of food餐飲 we eat
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而且據估計差不多在我們的每三口食物中就有一口
08:22
is directly or indirectly間接 pollinated授粉 by honeybees蜜蜂.
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是直接或是間接由蜜蜂傳粉的。
08:27
Now, I want to just illustrate說明 that in the fact事實
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現在,我想用事實證明它,
08:29
that if we look at the breakfast早餐 I had yesterday昨天 morning早上 --
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看一下我昨天的早餐:
08:33
a little cranberry蔓越莓 juice果汁, some fruits水果, some granola格蘭諾拉麥片,
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一點紅莓汁、一些水果和一些格蘭諾拉麥片,
08:36
I should have had whole整個 wheat小麥 bread麵包, I realized實現, but you know,
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我也意識到我應該吃全麥麵包,但是,
08:39
jam果醬 on my WonderbreadWonderbread, and some coffee咖啡 --
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麵包加果醬還有一些咖啡,
08:43
and had we taken採取 out all those ingredients配料,
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如果我們把那些食物拿走
08:48
-- except for the almonds杏仁 I wasn't going to pick out from the granola格蘭諾拉麥片 --
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只有杏肉我沒有從格蘭諾拉麥片中拿出去—
08:50
if we had taken採取 out all those ingredients配料
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如果我們拿走那些
08:53
the bees蜜蜂 had indirectly間接 or directly pollinated授粉,
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直接或間接由蜜蜂授粉的東西,
08:56
we wouldn't不會 have much on our plate盤子.
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我們的餐盤上就沒有多少東西了。
08:58
So if we did not have bees蜜蜂, it's not like we would starve餓死,
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所以,如果沒有蜜蜂,我們好像還不至於挨餓,
09:01
but clearly明確地 our diet飲食 would be diminished減少.
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但毫無疑問的是我們的食譜將會縮小。
09:06
It's said that for bees蜜蜂, the flower is the fountain噴泉 of life,
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人們說花是蜜蜂的生命之源,
09:09
and for flowers花卉 bees蜜蜂 are the messengers使者 of love.
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而蜜蜂是花愛的使者。
09:12
And that's a really great expression表達, because really,
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說的真是太好了,因為蜜蜂的確
09:15
bees蜜蜂 are the sex性別 workers工人 for flowers花卉. They are, you know --
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是花的“性工作者”。它們,要知道,
09:18
they get paid支付 for their services服務.
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它們的服務是有償的。
09:20
They get paid支付 by pollen花粉 and nectar花蜜,
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它們“收取”花粉和花蜜,
09:22
to move移動 that male sperm精子, the pollen花粉, from flower to flower.
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才來把雄性配子,也就是花粉, 從一朵花傳給另一朵花。
09:26
And there are flowers花卉 that are self-infertile自不孕. That means手段 they can't --
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有些花不能自我受精。就是說它們不能--
09:29
the pollen花粉 in their bloom盛開 can't fertilize施肥 themselves他們自己.
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同一朵花的花粉不能使自己的受精。
09:33
So in an apple蘋果 orchard果園, for instance, you'll你會 have rows of 10 apples蘋果
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如果在一個蘋果園裏,你有10行
09:36
of one variety品種, and then you have another另一個 apple蘋果 tree
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同一個品種的蘋果樹,然後還有一棵蘋果樹
09:39
that's a different不同 type類型 of pollen花粉.
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它有不同的花粉型。
09:41
And bees蜜蜂 are very faithful可信.
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蜜蜂會非常忠誠。
09:42
When they're out pollinating授粉 or gathering蒐集 pollen花粉 from one flower,
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當它們出去傳粉或從某種花上採集花粉時,
09:46
they stay to that crop作物 exclusively, in order訂購 to help generate生成.
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它們會專門針對那種植物來幫助它結果。
09:50
And of course課程, they're made製作 to carry攜帶 this pollen花粉.
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當然,它們生下來就是搬運花粉的。
09:54
They build建立 up a static靜態的 electric電動 charge收費 and the pollen花粉 jumps跳躍 on them
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它們在身上積累靜電,這樣花粉就會跳到它們身上,
09:57
and helps幫助 spread傳播 that pollen花粉 from bloom盛開 to bloom盛開.
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它們就幫著把那個花粉叢一朵花帶到另一朵花。
10:01
However然而, honeybees蜜蜂 are a minority少數民族.
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儘管如此,蜜蜂只是少數派。
10:03
Honeybees蜜蜂 are not native本地人 to America美國; they were introduced介紹
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蜜蜂的老家不是美國;它們
10:06
with the colonialists殖民主義者.
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是被殖民者帶來的。
10:07
And there are actually其實 more species種類 of bees蜜蜂
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實際上蜂的種類比
10:10
than there are mammals哺乳動物 and birds鳥類 combined結合.
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哺乳動物和鳥類加起來種類還多。
10:12
In Pennsylvania賓夕法尼亞 alone單獨, we have been surveying測量學 bees蜜蜂 for 150 years年份,
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單單在賓夕法尼亞州,我們已經對蜂類盡行了150年的調查,
10:17
and very intensely激烈 in the last three years年份.
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並且最近這三年的調查非常詳細。
10:20
We have identified確定 over 400 species種類 of bees蜜蜂 in Pennsylvania賓夕法尼亞.
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在賓夕法尼亞州我們鑒定的蜂類已經超過400種。
10:25
Thirty-two三十二 species種類 have not been identified確定 or found發現 in the state since以來 1950.
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其中32種是在1950年以後鑒定或發現的。
10:31
Now, that could be because we haven't沒有 been sampling採樣 right,
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那可能是因為以前採集方法不當,
10:34
but it does, I think, suggest建議 that something's什麼是 wrong錯誤
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但是,我想這確實讓人覺得
10:36
with the pollinator授粉 force. And these bees蜜蜂 are fascinating迷人.
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傳粉者們出了什麼問題。這些蜂類們讓人著迷。
10:39
We have bumblebees大黃蜂 on the top最佳.
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上面是熊蜂。
10:41
And bumblebees大黃蜂 are what we call eusocial完全社會性: they're not truly social社會,
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熊蜂是群居性的,但是它們不是真正的社會性昆蟲,
10:44
because only the queen女王 is, over winter冬季.
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因為只有蜂後活過冬天。
10:47
We also have the sweat bees蜜蜂, and these are little gems寶石 flying飛行 around.
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還有汗蜂,它們就像是飛來飛去的小寶石。
10:50
They're like tiny little flies蒼蠅 and they fly around.
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它們就像小蒼蠅一樣到處飛。
10:53
And then you have another另一個 type類型 of bee蜜蜂, which哪一個 we call kleptoparasiteskleptoparasites,
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另外我們還有另外一類蜂,叫做偷寄生蜂,
10:57
which哪一個 is a very fancy幻想 way of saying, bad-minded壞的頭腦, murdering謀殺 --
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它還有個很有創意的名字:壞脾氣的謀殺--
11:05
what's the word I'm looking for? Murdering謀殺 --
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我在想那個詞呢?
11:08
Audience聽眾: Bee蜜蜂?
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聽眾:蜂?
11:09
Dennis丹尼斯 vanEngelsdorpvanEngelsdorp: Bee蜜蜂. Okay, thanks謝謝.
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鄧尼斯-範-恩格勒斯多普:蜂!是的,謝謝!
11:10
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
11:12
What these bees蜜蜂 do is, they sit there. These solitary bees蜜蜂,
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這些蜂的做法就是守株待兔。這些獨居蜂,
11:19
they drill鑽頭 a hole in the ground地面 or drill鑽頭 a hole in a branch,
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它們在地面或者樹枝上打好洞,
11:22
and they collect蒐集 pollen花粉 and make it into a ball,
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收集來花粉做成花粉球,
11:24
and they lay鋪設 an egg on it.
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然後在花粉球上產一枚卵。
11:26
Well, these bees蜜蜂 hang out at that hole,
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那麼,這些呆在洞外面的謀殺蜂,
11:27
and they wait for that mother母親 to fly away, they go in, eat the egg,
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等到蜂媽媽飛走後跑到洞裏吃掉裏面的卵,
11:31
and lay鋪設 their own擁有 egg there. So they don't do any work.
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並在那兒產下自己的卵。 所以它們是不勞而獲。
11:34
And so, in fact事實, if you know you have these kleptoparasitickleptoparasitic bees蜜蜂,
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然而,實際上,如果你發現周圍有這些偷寄生蜂
11:39
you know that your environment環境 is healthy健康,
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就說明環境是健康的,
11:41
because they're top-of-the-food-chain頂級的食品鏈 bees蜜蜂.
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因為它們是食物鏈頂端的蜂類。
11:44
And in fact事實, there is now a red list名單 of pollinators授粉
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目前,我們有一份紅色名錄
11:48
that we're worried擔心 have disappeared消失, and on top最佳 of that list名單
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記錄著我們擔心可能已經消失了的傳粉動物種類,並且在那份名單的開頭
11:52
are a lot of these kleptoparasiteskleptoparasites, but also these bumblebees大黃蜂.
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有很多種這些偷寄生蜂,和這些熊蜂。
11:55
And in fact事實, if you guys live生活 on the West西 Coast,
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並且,如果你們生活在西海岸,
11:57
go to these websites網站 here, and they're really looking for people
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去流覽一下這些網站,它們在找人
12:00
to look for some of these bumblebees大黃蜂, because we think
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去尋找一些種類的熊蜂,因為我們認為
12:03
some have gone走了 extinct絕種. Or some, the population人口 has declined下降.
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某些種類已經滅絕了。 有些種群已經變小了。
12:07
And so it's not just honeybees蜜蜂 that are in trouble麻煩,
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所以有麻煩的並不僅僅是蜜蜂,
12:10
but we don't understand理解 these native本地人 pollinators授粉
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我們對這些本土的傳粉者
12:13
or all those other parts部分 of our community社區.
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或者我們人類以外的東西都缺乏瞭解。
12:16
And of course課程, bees蜜蜂 are not the only important重要 factor因子 here.
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當然,蜂類並不是這裏唯一重要的要素。
12:20
There are other animals動物 that pollinate授粉, like bats蝙蝠,
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還有其他傳粉動物,比如蝙蝠,
12:22
and bats蝙蝠 are in trouble麻煩 too.
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蝙蝠也有麻煩了。
12:24
And I'm glad高興 I'm a bee蜜蜂 man and not a bat蝙蝠 man,
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我很慶倖我是個“蜂人”而不是“蝙蝠人”,
12:26
because there's no money to research研究 the bat蝙蝠 problems問題.
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因為沒有資金支持蝙蝠問題的研究。
12:30
And bats蝙蝠 are dying垂死 at an extraordinary非凡 rate.
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但是蝙蝠的死亡速度非常快。
12:33
White-nose白鼻 syndrome綜合徵 has wiped out populations人群 of bats蝙蝠.
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白鼻子綜合症已經消滅了成群成群的蝙蝠。
12:36
If there's a cave洞穴 in New York紐約 that had 15,000 bats蝙蝠 in it,
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如果紐約的一個山洞裏的15,000只蝙蝠,
12:41
and there are 1,000 left. That's like San Francisco弗朗西斯科
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只剩下1,000只了。 那(蝙蝠死亡的速度)就好像是聖-佛朗西斯科
12:45
becoming變得 the population人口 of half of this county in three years年份.
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的人口在三年內變成這個縣城人口的一半。
12:50
And so that's incredible難以置信. And there's no money to do that.
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那是多麼驚人啊。 我們沒錢去解決那個問題。
12:52
But I'm glad高興 to say that I think we know the cause原因
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但是我高興因為我想我們知道
12:54
of all these conditions條件, and that cause原因 is NDDNDD:
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所有這些情況的原因,那就是NDD:
12:58
Nature性質 Deficit赤字 Disorder紊亂.
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大自然缺失症。
13:00
And that is that I think that what we have in our society社會 is,
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也就是,我覺得,我們的社會,
13:04
we forgot忘記 our connection連接 with nature性質.
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我們忽視了和大自然的聯繫。
13:06
And I think if we reconnect重新連接 to nature性質,
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我想如果重新我們親近大自然,
13:09
we'll be able能夠 to have the resources資源 and that interest利益
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我們就會有資源和興趣
13:12
to solve解決 these problems問題.
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來解決這些問題。
13:14
And I think that there is an easy簡單 cure治愈 for NDDNDD.
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我認為有一個簡單的方法就可以治療NDD。
13:17
And that is, make meadows草甸 and not lawns草坪.
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那就是,種植草甸而不是草坪。
13:21
And I think we have lost丟失 our connection連接,
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我覺得我們已經失去了和大自然的聯繫,
13:23
and this is a wonderful精彩 way of reconnecting重新連接 to our environment環境.
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而這是一種把我們重新和周圍的環境聯繫起來的好方法。
13:27
I've had the privilege特權 of living活的 by a meadow草地
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不久前我曾有幸在一片草甸旁生活了
13:29
for the last little while, and it is terribly可怕 engaging.
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一小段時間,非常迷人。
13:33
And if we look at the history歷史 of lawns草坪, it's actually其實 rather tragic悲慘.
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讓我們審視一下草坪的歷史,那簡直是個悲劇。
13:38
It used to be, two, three hundred years年份 ago,
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二三百年前草坪曾經
13:40
that a lawn草坪 was a symbol符號 of prestige聲望,
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象徵榮譽和地位,
13:42
and so it was only the very rich豐富 that could keep these green綠色
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所以那時候只有很富有的人才能享有那些綠色的草坪,
13:45
actually其實, deserts沙漠: they're totally完全 sterile無菌.
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實際上,是綠色沙漠:因為它們沒有一點兒生機。
13:48
Americans美國人 spent花費, in 2001 -- 11 percent百分 of all pesticide農藥 use was doneDONE on lawns草坪.
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2001 年,美國人在草坪上使用的殺蟲劑占殺蟲劑總使用量的11%。
13:53
Five percent百分 of our greenhouse溫室 gases氣體 are produced生成 by mowing刈草 our lawns草坪.
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我們釋放的溫室氣體中有5%來源於草坪修剪。
13:59
And so it's incredible難以置信 the amount of resources資源 we've我們已經 spent花費
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所以我們花費了大量的資源
14:02
keeping保持 our lawns草坪, which哪一個 are these useless無用 biosystems生物系統.
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來養護我們的草坪 -- 那些沒用的生物系統。
14:06
And so we need to rethink反思 this idea理念.
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所以我們需要重新審視這一做法。
14:09
In fact事實, you know, the White白色 House
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告訴你們,事實上白宮
14:11
used to have sheep in front面前 in order訂購 to help fund基金
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前面被用來養羊以資助
14:13
the war戰爭 effort功夫 in World世界 War戰爭 I, which哪一個 probably大概 is not a bad idea理念;
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第一次世界大戰,那可能是個不錯的主意;
14:16
it wouldn't不會 be a bad idea理念.
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不是個壞主意。
14:17
I want to say this not because I'm opposed反對 completely全然 to mowing刈草 lawns草坪.
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我說這些可不是因為我完全反對修剪草坪。
14:20
I think that there is perhaps也許 some advantage優點 to keeping保持 lawns草坪
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我覺得在小範圍內種植草坪興許還有些好處,
14:24
at a limited有限 scale規模, and I think we're encouraged鼓勵 to do that.
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並且應該受到鼓勵。
14:28
But I also want to reinforce加強 some of the ideas思路 we've我們已經 heard聽說 here,
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但是我也要再強調一下剛才我的某些觀點,
14:30
because having a meadow草地 or living活的 by a meadow草地 is transformational轉型.
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因為擁有一 片草甸或者居住在草甸旁邊是完全不一樣的。
14:35
That it is amazing驚人 that connection連接 we can have with what's there.
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親近草甸真的很棒。
14:39
These milkweed馬利筋 plants植物 have grown長大的 up in my meadow草地
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4年時間這些乳草植物已經在我的草甸裏長大了。
14:41
over the last four years年份. Add to watch the different不同 plants植物,
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除了能觀賞不同的植物
14:45
or insects昆蟲, that come to these flowers花卉, to watch that --
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或者來拜訪這些花的昆蟲,欣賞它們,
14:49
and we've我們已經 heard聽說 about, you know, this relationship關係 you can have with wine紅酒,
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告訴你們,我們還聽說你還能和葡萄酒聯繫起來,
14:52
this companion伴侶 you can have as it matures成熟
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你就有了一個不斷長大
14:55
and as it has these different不同 fragrances香水.
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並散發出這些不同的芳香的朋友。
14:57
And this is a companion伴侶,
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並且這個朋友,
14:59
and this is a relationship關係 that never dries乾了 up.
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這種友誼永遠不會乾涸。
15:02
You never run out of that companion伴侶 as you drink this wine紅酒, too.
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當你喝下這個葡萄酒你也永遠不會離開那個朋友。
15:06
And I encourage鼓勵 you to look at that.
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請支持大家那麼做。
15:09
Now, not all of us have meadows草甸,
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雖然並不是每個人都有草甸,
15:11
or lawns草坪 that we can convert兌換, and so you can always, of course課程,
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或者可供改變為草甸的草坪,那麼你當然可以
15:14
grow增長 a meadow草地 in a pot.
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在花盆裏種一小片草甸。
15:16
Bees蜜蜂 apparently顯然地, can be the gateway網關 to, you know, other things.
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很明顯蜂類可以成為通向其他事物的一扇門。
15:19
So I'm not saying that you should plant a meadow草地 of pot,
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所以我不是說你應該在花盆中種一片草甸,
15:23
but a pot in a meadow草地.
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而是在草甸裏“種”一個花盆。
15:26
But you can also have this great community社區 of city
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你們還可以組建這種很好的城市團體
15:29
or building-top建築頂部 beekeepers養蜂人, these beekeepers養蜂人 that live生活 --
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或者樓頂養蜂人團體,這些養蜂人生活在,
15:32
This is in Paris巴黎 where these beekeepers養蜂人 live生活.
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這些養蜂人生活在巴黎。
15:35
And everyone大家 should open打開 a beehive蜂窩,
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每個人都應該養上一窩蜂,每個人都應該養上一窩蜂,
15:37
because it is the most amazing驚人, incredible難以置信 thing.
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因為那是最有意思的事情。
15:40
And if we want to cure治愈 ourselves我們自己 of NDDNDD, or Nature性質 Deficit赤字 Disorder紊亂,
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所以如果我們想治癒我們的NDD或者大自然缺乏症
15:43
I think this is a great way of doing it.
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我覺得養蜂是個很好的方法。
15:45
Get a beehive蜂窩 and grow增長 a meadow草地,
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養一窩蜜蜂,種一片草甸,
15:47
and watch that life come back into your life.
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體驗那些生命回到你的生活中。
15:50
And so with that, I think that what we can do, if we do this,
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如果那樣的話,如果我們這麼做,我想我們可以創造,
15:54
we can make sure that our future未來 -- our more perfect完善 future未來 --
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我們可以保證我們的未來 -我們更加美好的未來-
15:57
includes包括 beekeepers養蜂人 and it includes包括 bees蜜蜂 and it includes包括 those meadows草甸.
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有養蜂人、蜂和那些草甸。
16:02
And that journey旅程 -- that journey旅程 of transformation轉型 that occurs發生
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那個過程 –那個發生在你
16:05
as you grow增長 your meadow草地 and as you keep your bees蜜蜂
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種植草甸、飼養蜜蜂
16:08
or you watch those native本地人 bees蜜蜂 there -- is an extremely非常 exciting扣人心弦 one.
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或者欣賞那些本土蜂類的時候發生轉變的過程- 會非常非常的令人興奮。
16:12
And I hope希望 that you experience經驗 it
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我希望你們能經歷那些
16:13
and I hope希望 you tell me about it one day.
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並且有一天能向我談論那些。
16:16
So thank you very much for being存在 here.
Thank you very much.
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好!非常感謝大家光臨。非常感謝。
Translated by Wang Qian
Reviewed by Zachary Lin Zhao

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Dennis vanEngelsdorp - Bee expert
Dennis vanEngelsdorp is Acting State Apiarist for Pennsylvania's Department of Agriculture, studying colony collapse disorder -- the alarming, worldwide disappearance of worker bees and Western honey bees.

Why you should listen

"Imagine if one of every three cows died. The National Guard would be out." It's a grim premise, but a favorite of Dennis vanEngelsdorp, who in 2008 watched the same percentage of bees vanish in North America. A leading apiarist, vanEngelsdorp knows the disturbing consequences of the bee die-off. Colony collapse disorder (its official name) is complex and mysterious, driven by pesticides, toxins and disease, and threatens not only the existence of the insect but also the food they pollinate -- a third of what we eat.

But vanEngelsdorp is not a pessimist, however worrisome the situation. Since finding his love for bees in an undergraduate beekeeping course, he's steadily chewed through new degree programs, becoming an outspoken bee crusader, generating global buzz -- sorry -- for the fascinating critters: their workers' dance, their convenient chronic case of static cling ...

To fight recent losses, he's now advocating urban beekeeping and honeymaking (sadly, illegal in some cities), drive-by-night repopulation programs, and emergency queen bee delivery by express mail (legal -- really).

More profile about the speaker
Dennis vanEngelsdorp | Speaker | TED.com