ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Bill Gates - Philanthropist
A passionate techie and a shrewd businessman, Bill Gates changed the world while leading Microsoft to dizzying success. Now he's doing it again with his own style of philanthropy and passion for innovation.

Why you should listen

Bill Gates is the founder and former CEO of Microsoft. A geek icon, tech visionary and business trailblazer, Gates' leadership -- fueled by his long-held dream that millions might realize their potential through great software -- made Microsoft a personal computing powerhouse and a trendsetter in the Internet dawn. Whether you're a suit, chef, quant, artist, media maven, nurse or gamer, you've probably used a Microsoft product today.

In summer of 2008, Gates left his day-to-day role with Microsoft to focus on philanthropy. Holding that all lives have equal value (no matter where they're being lived), the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation has now donated staggering sums to HIV/AIDS programs, libraries, agriculture research and disaster relief -- and offered vital guidance and creative funding to programs in global health and education. Gates believes his tech-centric strategy for giving will prove the killer app of planet Earth's next big upgrade.

Read a collection of Bill and Melinda Gates' annual letters, where they take stock of the Gates Foundation and the world. And follow his ongoing thinking on his personal website, The Gates Notes. His new paper, "The Next Epidemic," is published by the New England Journal of Medicine.

More profile about the speaker
Bill Gates | Speaker | TED.com
TED2009

Bill Gates: Mosquitos, malaria and education

比爾.蓋茲(Bill Gates)退而不休

Filmed:
4,796,732 views

比爾.蓋茲(Bill Gates)希望透過一種新的慈善方式來解決世界上重要的問題。在這18分鐘的演講內,他用了熱情且幽默的方式,讓我們來仔細思考兩個重大的問題,以及將來可以如何來處理它們。
- Philanthropist
A passionate techie and a shrewd businessman, Bill Gates changed the world while leading Microsoft to dizzying success. Now he's doing it again with his own style of philanthropy and passion for innovation. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:15
I wrote a letter last week talking about the work of the foundation基礎,
0
3000
3000
上周我寫了一封信給基金會,談論關於其工作內容的事,
00:18
sharing分享 some of the problems問題.
1
6000
3000
並且分享一些問題。
00:21
And Warren養兔場 Buffet自助餐 had recommended推薦的 I do that --
2
9000
3000
華倫巴菲特(Warren Buffet)建議我那麼做,
00:24
being存在 honest誠實 about what was going well, what wasn't,
3
12000
3000
如實地談論好的部份與不好的部份,
00:27
and making製造 it kind of an annual全年 thing.
4
15000
3000
並且以年會的方式承現出來。
00:30
A goal目標 I had there was to draw more people in to work on those problems問題,
5
18000
3000
我希望能吸引更多人投入解決這些問題的工作上,
00:33
because I think there are some very important重要 problems問題
6
21000
3000
因為我認為這些問題非常重要,
00:36
that don't get worked工作 on naturally自然.
7
24000
3000
並且需要大家的共同參與。
00:39
That is, the market市場 does not drive駕駛 the scientists科學家們,
8
27000
5000
市場無法操控科學家、
00:44
the communicators傳播者, the thinkers思想家, the governments政府
9
32000
3000
傳播者、思想家與政府官員們
00:47
to do the right things.
10
35000
3000
去做正確的事情。
00:50
And only by paying付款 attention注意 to these things
11
38000
3000
我們必須關注這些事情,
00:53
and having brilliant輝煌 people who care關心 and draw other people in
12
41000
4000
並且讓關心此事的英才吸引更多其他的人加入,
00:57
can we make as much progress進展 as we need to.
13
45000
2000
才能為我們所面對的問題帶來進步。
00:59
So this morning早上 I'm going to share分享 two of these problems問題
14
47000
3000
所以今天早上,我將與大家分享其中兩個問題,
01:02
and talk about where they stand.
15
50000
3000
並且談論他們的現況。
01:05
But before I dive潛水 into those I want to admit承認 that I am an optimist樂天派.
16
53000
3000
但是在我進入這些話題之前,我必須向大家承認我是個極為樂觀的人。
01:09
Any tough強硬 problem問題, I think it can be solved解決了.
17
57000
4000
任何棘手的問題我都認為有辦法去解決。
01:13
And part部分 of the reason原因 I feel that way is looking at the past過去.
18
61000
3000
而其中之一的原因是我認為我們可以由過去的經驗求得解答。
01:16
Over the past過去 century世紀, average平均 lifespan壽命 has more than doubled翻倍.
19
64000
5000
在上一個世紀,人們的平均壽命延長了近一倍。
01:21
Another另一個 statistic統計, perhaps也許 my favorite喜愛,
20
69000
3000
另外的一項統計,這大概是我最喜歡的部份,
01:24
is to look at childhood童年 deaths死亡.
21
72000
3000
就是檢視孩童的死亡率。
01:27
As recently最近 as 1960, 110 million百萬 children孩子 were born天生,
22
75000
6000
在1960年代,1.1億的孩童出生,
01:33
and 20 million百萬 of those died死亡 before the age年齡 of five.
23
81000
4000
有2千萬孩童未滿5歲就夭折。
01:37
Five years年份 ago, 135 million百萬 children孩子 were born天生 -- so, more --
24
85000
4000
五年前,1.35億的孩童出生,比過去還多,
01:41
and less than 10 million百萬 of them died死亡 before the age年齡 of five.
25
89000
5000
然而未滿5歲就夭折的不到1千萬。
01:47
So that's a factor因子 of two reduction減少 of the childhood童年 death死亡 rate.
26
95000
5000
由這兩點數據我們可看出孩童的死亡率降低了。
01:52
It's a phenomenal非凡的 thing.
27
100000
2000
這只是個表面上的現象。
01:54
Each one of those lives生活 matters事項 a lot.
28
102000
3000
每一個被挽救的生命都充滿意義。
01:57
And the key reason原因 we were able能夠 to it was not only rising升起 incomes收入
29
105000
5000
其中重要的因素並不只是人們收入增加,
02:02
but also a few少數 key breakthroughs突破:
30
110000
3000
還有幾個重要的核心技術的突破:
02:05
vaccines疫苗 that were used more widely廣泛.
31
113000
3000
疫苗被大量且廣大使用。
02:08
For example, measles麻疹 was four million百萬 of the deaths死亡
32
116000
3000
例如麻疹曾造成400萬人失去生命,
02:11
back as recently最近 as 1990
33
119000
2000
在最近的1990年至今,
02:13
and now is under 400,000.
34
121000
3000
而今這個數字已低於40萬以下。
02:16
So we really can make changes變化.
35
124000
2000
所以我們真的可以創造改變。
02:18
The next下一個 breakthrough突破 is to cut that 10 million百萬 in half again.
36
126000
3000
下一個關鍵技術的突破可以把1千萬夭折兒童的數量再減半,
02:22
And I think that's doable可行 in well under 20 years年份.
37
130000
4000
我還認為在20年之後我們可以做得更好,
02:26
Why? Well there's only a few少數 diseases疾病
38
134000
4000
為甚麼呢? 現在只有一些少數的疾病
02:30
that account帳戶 for the vast廣大 majority多數 of those deaths死亡:
39
138000
3000
會造成高致死率,
02:33
diarrhea腹瀉, pneumonia肺炎 and malaria瘧疾.
40
141000
5000
這些病是腹瀉、肺炎與瘧疾。
02:39
So that brings帶來 us to the first problem問題 that I'll raise提高 this morning早上,
41
147000
5000
所以這引導出今天早上的第一個問題,
02:44
which哪一個 is how do we stop a deadly致命 disease疾病 that's spread傳播 by mosquitos蚊子?
42
152000
7000
我們如何阻止蚊蟲散佈這些致命的疾病呢?
02:51
Well, what's the history歷史 of this disease疾病?
43
159000
2000
這些疾病的歷史為何?
02:53
It's been a severe嚴重 disease疾病 for thousands數千 of years年份.
44
161000
3000
這些疾病是已存在數千年的重症。
02:56
In fact事實, if we look at the genetic遺傳 code,
45
164000
3000
事實上,假如我們看一下遺傳基因,
02:59
it's the only disease疾病 we can see
46
167000
3000
它是唯一引起基因突變的疾病
03:02
that people who lived生活 in Africa非洲
47
170000
2000
住在非洲的人們
03:04
actually其實 evolved進化 several一些 things to avoid避免 malarial瘧疾 deaths死亡.
48
172000
3000
為了避免瘧疾導致死亡,已經發展出幾種防治的方法。
03:08
Deaths死亡 actually其實 peaked見頂 at a bit over five million百萬 in the 1930s.
49
176000
6000
在1930年代死亡率人數最高曾超過5百萬人。
03:14
So it was absolutely絕對 gigantic巨大.
50
182000
3000
這真是個很大的數字,
03:17
And the disease疾病 was all over the world世界.
51
185000
3000
而且這種疾病傳遍全球。
03:20
A terrible可怕 disease疾病. It was in the United聯合的 States狀態. It was in Europe歐洲.
52
188000
3000
它是個可怕的疾病。它出現在美國,也出現在歐洲。
03:23
People didn't know what caused造成 it until直到 the early 1900s,
53
191000
3000
但在20世紀之前人們都不知道病因,直到1900年初期,
03:26
when a British英國的 military軍事 man figured想通 out that it was mosquitos蚊子.
54
194000
6000
一位英國的士兵發現了蚊子才是元兇。
03:32
So it was everywhere到處.
55
200000
2000
所以它造成大流行。
03:34
And two tools工具 helped幫助 bring帶來 the death死亡 rate down.
56
202000
4000
有兩種工具能幫助降低死亡率,
03:38
One was killing謀殺 the mosquitos蚊子 with DDTDDT.
57
206000
3000
一種是靠DDT來殺死蚊子。
03:41
The other was treating治療 the patients耐心 with quinine奎寧, or quinine奎寧 derivatives衍生品.
58
209000
5000
另外一種是利用奎寧或者類奎寧這種藥品來治療病患。
03:46
And so that's why the death死亡 rate did come down.
59
214000
4000
這也是為甚麼這疾病的致死率迅速下降的原因。
03:50
Now, ironically諷刺地, what happened發生 was
60
218000
3000
但現在諷刺的是,
03:53
it was eliminated淘汰 from all the temperate適度的 zones,
61
221000
3000
瘧疾在溫帶地區幾乎被消滅,
03:56
which哪一個 is where the rich豐富 countries國家 are.
62
224000
1000
正是富裕國家的所在地。
03:57
So we can see: 1900, it's everywhere到處.
63
225000
2000
所以我們可以看到,1900年全世界飽受瘧疾的困擾,
03:59
1945, it's still most places地方.
64
227000
3000
到了1945年,它仍然肆虐大多數地區。
04:03
1970, the U.S. and most of Europe歐洲 have gotten得到 rid擺脫 of it.
65
231000
3000
到了1970年,美國與歐洲大部份的國家已經擺脫瘧疾了。
04:06
1990, you've gotten得到 most of the northern北方 areas.
66
234000
3000
1990年時,北半球的國家幾乎都已經免除瘧疾的威脅。
04:09
And more recently最近 you can see it's just around the equator赤道.
67
237000
4000
到今天你只能到赤道附近的國家才能看到這類的疾病。
04:15
And so this leads引線 to the paradox悖論 that
68
243000
4000
這指出一項矛盾的事,
04:19
because the disease疾病 is only in the poorer countries國家,
69
247000
2000
只有在貧困的國家中才會受到這疾病的肆虐,
04:21
it doesn't get much investment投資.
70
249000
3000
所以它缺乏投資。
04:25
For example, there's more money put into baldness禿頭 drugs毒品
71
253000
4000
例如投入研發治療禿頭的資金,
04:29
than are put into malaria瘧疾.
72
257000
2000
就超過瘧疾。
04:32
Now, baldness禿頭, it's a terrible可怕 thing.
73
260000
3000
當然禿頭很可怕,
04:35
(Laughter笑聲)
74
263000
3000
(笑聲)
04:38
And rich豐富 men男人 are afflicted折磨.
75
266000
3000
富人們飽受其苦。
04:41
And so that's why that priority優先 has been set.
76
269000
5000
這也是為甚麼它比投資瘧疾還來得重要。
04:47
But, malaria瘧疾 --
77
275000
2000
但是,
04:49
even the million百萬 deaths死亡 a year caused造成 by malaria瘧疾
78
277000
2000
瘧疾每年可以奪走上百萬生命
04:51
greatly非常 understate保守地說 its impact碰撞.
79
279000
2000
所造成的影響還不只如此。
04:53
Over 200 million百萬 people at any one time are suffering痛苦 from it.
80
281000
3000
超過2億人口每刻都受到它的威脅,
04:56
It means手段 that you can't get the economies經濟 in these areas going
81
284000
5000
所以在瘧疾流行的區域,經濟是無法得到發展的,
05:01
because it just holds持有 things back so much.
82
289000
3000
因為它實在是影響太大了。
05:04
Now, malaria瘧疾 is of course課程 transmitted發送 by mosquitos蚊子.
83
292000
4000
當然,瘧疾是由蚊子傳播的。
05:08
I brought some here, just so you could experience經驗 this.
84
296000
5000
我帶了一些到現場,就是希望大家可以也體驗一下子。
05:13
We'll let those roam漫遊 around the auditorium禮堂 a little bit.
85
301000
4000
我們可以一起在這個會場中聽一下它們的嗡嗡聲。
05:17
(Laughter笑聲)
86
305000
3000
(笑聲)
05:20
There's no reason原因 only poor較差的 people should have the experience經驗.
87
308000
3000
沒有理由只讓窮人們體驗這種感覺
05:23
(Laughter笑聲) (Applause掌聲)
88
311000
7000
(笑聲) (鼓掌)
05:30
Those mosquitos蚊子 are not infected感染.
89
318000
3000
放心,這些蚊子並沒有帶有瘧疾。
05:35
So we've我們已經 come up with a few少數 new things. We've我們已經 got bed nets.
90
323000
4000
我們已經有一些新的方法。例如蚊帳。
05:39
And bed nets are a great tool工具.
91
327000
3000
蚊帳非常有用。
05:42
What it means手段 is the mother母親 and child兒童 stay under the bed net at night,
92
330000
3000
當晚上母親和小孩待在蚊帳內,
05:45
so the mosquitos蚊子 that bite late晚了 at night can't get at them.
93
333000
5000
那麼叮人的蚊子就沒輒了。
05:50
And when you use indoor室內 spraying with DDTDDT
94
338000
5000
當你在室內噴灑DDT
05:55
and those nets
95
343000
1000
並和蚊帳一起使用,
05:56
you can cut deaths死亡 by over 50 percent百分.
96
344000
3000
可以使致死率降低超過一半。
05:59
And that's happened發生 now in a number of countries國家.
97
347000
3000
現在已經有許多國家可以做到了,
06:02
It's great to see.
98
350000
2000
這真是太棒了。
06:04
But we have to be careful小心 because malaria瘧疾 --
99
352000
3000
但是我們仍然要小心虐疾,
06:07
the parasite寄生物 evolves演變 and the mosquito蚊子 evolves演變.
100
355000
5000
因為寄生蟲和蚊子都在進化。
06:12
So every一切 tool工具 that we've我們已經 ever had in the past過去 has eventually終於 become成為 ineffective不靈.
101
360000
4000
過去我們用來對付瘧疾的工具到最後都有可能失效。
06:16
And so you end結束 up with two choices選擇.
102
364000
3000
最後只有兩條路可以選擇,
06:19
If you go into a country國家 with the right tools工具 and the right way,
103
367000
4000
帶著正確的工具和正確的方法到一個國家,
06:23
you do it vigorously大力,
104
371000
3000
並衝滿活力地去執行防疫工作,
06:26
you can actually其實 get a local本地 eradication根除.
105
374000
3000
那麼你可以做到局部的根除,
06:29
And that's where we saw the malaria瘧疾 map地圖 shrinking萎縮.
106
377000
2000
使瘧疾流行範圍被縮小在地圖上的某一部份。
06:31
Or, if you go in kind of half-heartedly敷衍了事,
107
379000
3000
或者,如果你是半推半就地去從事防疫工作,
06:34
for a period of time you'll你會 reduce減少 the disease疾病 burden負擔,
108
382000
3000
一段時間內你可以降低人們對這疾病的負擔,
06:37
but eventually終於 those tools工具 will become成為 ineffective不靈,
109
385000
4000
但是最後這些工具將會失效,
06:41
and the death死亡 rate will soar翱翔 back up again.
110
389000
3000
致死率又會回到之前的高峰。
06:44
And the world世界 has gone走了 through通過 this where it paid支付 attention注意 and then didn't pay工資 attention注意.
111
392000
5000
這兩種情況都曾經世界上發生過。
06:49
Now we're on the upswing上去.
112
397000
2000
現在我們正處於這種疾病的上升期,
06:51
Bed net funding資金 is up.
113
399000
3000
蚊帳的資助量在增加,
06:54
There's new drug藥物 discovery發現 going on.
114
402000
3000
新的藥物正在進行研發。
06:57
Our foundation基礎 has backed已備份 a vaccine疫苗 that's going into phase three trial審訊
115
405000
4000
我們的基金會正在支持一項已經進入第三期實驗的疫苗工作,
07:01
that starts啟動 in a couple一對 months個月.
116
409000
1000
並在兩個月之後可以開始使用。
07:02
And that should save保存 over two thirds三分之二 of the lives生活 if it's effective有效.
117
410000
3000
如果有效的話將可以拯救超過2/3的生命。
07:05
So we're going to have these new tools工具.
118
413000
3000
所以我們即將擁有這樣新的工具。
07:08
But that alone單獨 doesn't give us the road map地圖.
119
416000
3000
但是這些個工具能不足以替我們指出一條新的道路。
07:11
Because the road map地圖 to get rid擺脫 of this disease疾病
120
419000
3000
因為在消滅這些疾病的道路之上
07:14
involves涉及 many許多 things.
121
422000
2000
包含太多的事了。
07:16
It involves涉及 communicators傳播者 to keep the funding資金 high,
122
424000
3000
它需要透過溝通者來確保投資充的,
07:19
to keep the visibility能見度 high,
123
427000
2000
將它盡量透明化,
07:21
to tell the success成功 stories故事.
124
429000
2000
並且傳播成功的故事。
07:23
It involves涉及 social社會 scientists科學家們,
125
431000
2000
它還需要社會科學家
07:25
so we know how to get not just 70 percent百分 of the people to use the bed nets,
126
433000
3000
來協助我們指導,不只是70%人們去使用蚊帳,
07:28
but 90 percent百分.
127
436000
2000
而是90%的人們。
07:30
We need mathematicians數學家 to come in and simulate模擬 this,
128
438000
3000
我們需要數學家來幫助建立數值模型,
07:33
to do Monte蒙特 Carlo卡羅 things to understand理解 how these tools工具 combine結合 and work together一起.
129
441000
6000
例如蒙地卡羅方法(Monte Carlo)來讓我們更加瞭解這些工具相互配合後所得到的作用為何。
07:39
Of course課程 we need drug藥物 companies公司 to give us their expertise專門知識.
130
447000
3000
當然我們需要藥廠給我們專業的協助。
07:42
We need rich-world富裕國家 governments政府 to be very generous慷慨 in providing提供 aid援助 for these things.
131
450000
5000
我們還需要富國的政府能慷慨地資助這些活動。
07:47
And so as these elements分子 come together一起,
132
455000
3000
當這些條件都具備了,
07:50
I'm quite相當 optimistic樂觀
133
458000
3000
我才能非常的樂觀
07:53
that we will be able能夠 to eradicate根除 malaria瘧疾.
134
461000
3000
看待我們能夠根除瘧疾這件事。
07:57
Now let me turn to a second第二 question,
135
465000
3000
現在讓我們轉到第二個問題上面,
08:00
a fairly相當 different不同 question, but I'd say equally一樣 important重要.
136
468000
3000
一個與前一個問題毫無相關的問題,但同樣很重要,
08:04
And this is: How do you make a teacher老師 great?
137
472000
3000
這問題就是 : 如何創造一位好的老師。
08:07
It seems似乎 like the kind of question that people would spend a lot of time on,
138
475000
5000
這個問題看起來似乎要我們費很多的時間去思考,
08:12
and we'd星期三 understand理解 very well.
139
480000
3000
但是我們卻很容易理解這問題。
08:15
And the answer回答 is, really, that we don't.
140
483000
3000
但是事實上,真的,我們並不瞭解這樣的問題。
08:19
Let's start開始 with why this is important重要.
141
487000
3000
就讓我先說說為甚麼這個問題那麼的重要。
08:22
Well, all of us here, I'll bet賭注, had some great teachers教師.
142
490000
4000
我敢說在座的各位都曾經被好的老師教導過,
08:26
We all had a wonderful精彩 education教育.
143
494000
3000
我們也都受過很好的教育。
08:29
That's part部分 of the reason原因 we're here today今天,
144
497000
3000
這也是為甚麼我們今天坐在這裡的原因,
08:32
part部分 of the reason原因 we're successful成功.
145
500000
2000
也是我們為甚麼成功的部分原因。
08:34
I can say that, even though雖然 I'm a college學院 drop-out退出.
146
502000
3000
甚至可以這樣說,我雖是個大學沒畢業的中輟生,
08:37
I had great teachers教師.
147
505000
3000
但仍有很棒的老師教導過我。
08:40
In fact事實, in the United聯合的 States狀態, the teaching教學 system系統 has worked工作 fairly相當 well.
148
508000
5000
事實上,美國的教育系統運作得還不錯。
08:45
There are fairly相當 effective有效 teachers教師 in a narrow狹窄 set of places地方.
149
513000
5000
在少數地方聚集了有影響力的老師。
08:50
So the top最佳 20 percent百分 of students學生們 have gotten得到 a good education教育.
150
518000
3000
所以排名前20%的學生得到了好的教育。
08:53
And those top最佳 20 percent百分 have been the best最好 in the world世界,
151
521000
4000
而那前20%的學生成為了這世界上的精英,
08:57
if you measure測量 them against反對 the other top最佳 20 percent百分.
152
525000
3000
與其它世上其它國家前20%的學生相比,
09:00
And they've他們已經 gone走了 on to create創建 the revolutions革命 in software軟件 and biotechnology生物技術
153
528000
5000
美國前20%的精英學生創造並引領了軟體工業與生物科技的革命,
09:05
and keep the U.S. at the forefront第一線.
154
533000
3000
並使美國站在世界的前峰。
09:09
Now, the strength強度 for those top最佳 20 percent百分
155
537000
3000
現在,這些前20%精英們的能量,
09:12
is starting開始 to fade褪色 on a relative相對的 basis基礎,
156
540000
3000
相對於之前來說已經開始漸漸消失,
09:15
but even more concerning關於 is the education教育 that the balance平衡 of people are getting得到.
157
543000
6000
但取而代之的是人們關注於是否可得到這些教育的平衡性。
09:21
Not only has that been weak. it's getting得到 weaker較弱.
158
549000
5000
而這種平衡性的減弱,卻要比整體教育體制的減弱還更強。
09:26
And if you look at the economy經濟, it really is only providing提供 opportunities機會 now
159
554000
4000
假如你看經濟領域就可以發現,現在得到好工作機會的人
09:30
to people with a better education教育.
160
558000
3000
都是受過較好的教育。
09:33
And we have to change更改 this.
161
561000
3000
這亟需改變。
09:36
We have to change更改 it so that people have equal等於 opportunity機會.
162
564000
3000
我們需要做改變才能讓每個人都得到平等的機會,
09:39
We have to change更改 it so that the country國家 is strong強大
163
567000
3000
這樣國家才會變強大,
09:42
and stays入住 at the forefront第一線
164
570000
2000
並且在各領域繼續保持名列前茅:
09:44
of things that are driven驅動 by advanced高級 education教育,
165
572000
3000
與高等教育相關的,
09:47
like science科學 and mathematics數學.
166
575000
2000
例如科學與數學。
09:49
When I first learned學到了 the statistics統計,
167
577000
3000
當我第一次看到統計數字時
09:52
I was pretty漂亮 stunned目瞪口呆 at how bad things are.
168
580000
3000
我真被這糟糕的現況給嚇到了。
09:55
Over 30 percent百分 of kids孩子 never finish high school學校.
169
583000
3000
超過30%的學生無法完成他們高中學業。
09:58
And that had been covered覆蓋 up for a long time
170
586000
3000
而且這個數據還是長期被低估的,
10:01
because they always took the dropout退出 rate as the number
171
589000
3000
因為在統計輟學率時它只是
10:04
who started開始 in senior前輩 year and compared相比 it to the number who finished senior前輩 year.
172
592000
5000
比對當年升上高三的學生數量與完成高三學業學生的數量,
10:09
Because they weren't tracking追踪 where the kids孩子 were before that.
173
597000
2000
所以它不包含高三前的學生狀況,
10:11
But most of the dropouts輟學 had taken採取 place地點 before that.
174
599000
3000
但是大多數的輟學都在高三前就發生了,
10:14
They had to raise提高 the stated聲明 dropout退出 rate
175
602000
3000
輟學率被大大的低估了。
10:17
as soon不久 as that tracking追踪 was doneDONE
176
605000
2000
如果將高三前的資料列入統計,
10:19
to over 30 percent百分.
177
607000
2000
輟學率一定超過30%。
10:21
For minority少數民族 kids孩子, it's over 50 percent百分.
178
609000
3000
對於少數民族的學生來說,輟學率甚至超過50%。
10:25
And even if you graduate畢業 from high school學校,
179
613000
3000
即使完成了高中學業,
10:28
if you're low-income低收入,
180
616000
3000
如果來自低收入家庭,
10:31
you have less than a 25 percent百分 chance機會 of ever completing完成 a college學院 degree.
181
619000
4000
那麼將只有25%的機會可以完成大學學位。
10:35
If you're low-income低收入 in the United聯合的 States狀態,
182
623000
5000
在美國如果你是低收入戶的話,
10:40
you have a higher更高 chance機會 of going to jail監獄
183
628000
4000
那麼你進監獄的機會,
10:44
than you do of getting得到 a four-year四年 degree.
184
632000
2000
反而高於你獲得大學學位。
10:46
And that doesn't seem似乎 entirely完全 fair公平.
185
634000
3000
這完全不公平。
10:49
So, how do you make education教育 better?
186
637000
3000
所以我們該如何改善我們的教育系統呢?
10:52
Now, our foundation基礎, for the last nine years年份, has invested投資 in this.
187
640000
4000
過去九年來,我們的基金一直投資在這上面。
10:56
There's many許多 people working加工 on it.
188
644000
3000
有許多人為此努力地工作著。
10:59
We've我們已經 worked工作 on small schools學校,
189
647000
3000
我們做小型的學校,
11:02
we've我們已經 funded資助 scholarships獎學金,
190
650000
2000
我們提供獎學金,
11:04
we've我們已經 doneDONE things in libraries圖書館.
191
652000
2000
我們幫忙修建圖書館。
11:06
A lot of these things had a good effect影響.
192
654000
2000
諸多此類的事情都造成不錯的效果。
11:08
But the more we looked看著 at it, the more we realized實現 that having great teachers教師
193
656000
3000
但隨著我們了解愈深,我們就會瞭解到擁有偉大的老師
11:11
was the very key thing.
194
659000
3000
是一件重要的事。
11:14
And we hooked迷上 up with some people studying研究
195
662000
3000
我們曾經聯繫一些
11:17
how much variation變異 is there between之間 teachers教師,
196
665000
3000
致力於研究師資差異性的人,
11:20
between之間, say, the top最佳 quartile四分位數 -- the very best最好 --
197
668000
3000
譬如說那些位於頂尖1/4的師資們
11:23
and the bottom底部 quartile四分位數.
198
671000
2000
和那些最差的1/4之間的差距,
11:25
How much variation變異 is there within a school學校 or between之間 schools學校?
199
673000
3000
以及同校內或者跨校間老師的差異有多少呢?
11:28
And the answer回答 is that these variations變化 are absolutely絕對 unbelievable難以置信的.
200
676000
4000
這差異會讓你難以置信。
11:33
A top最佳 quartile四分位數 teacher老師 will increase增加 the performance性能 of their class --
201
681000
5000
頂尖的那1/4的師資將會提高他們班上學生的教育水準,
11:38
based基於 on test測試 scores分數 --
202
686000
3000
當你用分數去衡量的話,
11:41
by over 10 percent百分 in a single year.
203
689000
2000
短短的一年內就可以提高10%。
11:43
What does that mean?
204
691000
1000
這代表著甚麼意義嗎?
11:44
That means手段 that if the entire整個 U.S., for two years年份,
205
692000
3000
這表示假如全美國在兩年之內,
11:47
had top最佳 quartile四分位數 teachers教師,
206
695000
3000
全部由這頂尖的1/4師資授課,
11:50
the entire整個 difference區別 between之間 us and Asia亞洲 would go away.
207
698000
4000
那麼美國與亞洲的的教育差距將不復存在。
11:54
Within four years年份 we would be blowing everyone大家 in the world世界 away.
208
702000
6000
在四年之內,我們的教育水準將超過世界上的任何一個國家。
12:00
So, it's simple簡單. All you need are those top最佳 quartile四分位數 teachers教師.
209
708000
3000
所以很簡單,我們唯一需要的就是這1/4的頂尖師資。
12:05
And so you'd say, "Wow, we should reward獎勵 those people.
210
713000
4000
也許你們會那麼說「喔,我們應該獎勵這些人。
12:09
We should retain保留 those people.
211
717000
3000
要留住這些人。
12:12
We should find out what they're doing and transfer轉讓 that skill技能 to other people."
212
720000
3000
我們應該要研究他們的教學方式並傳授給其它人。」
12:15
But I can tell you that absolutely絕對 is not happening事件 today今天.
213
723000
5000
但是我可以跟您說,這些事情直一件也沒有發生。
12:20
What are the characteristics特點 of this top最佳 quartile四分位數?
214
728000
3000
這頂尖1/4的師資具有怎樣的特性呢?
12:23
What do they look like?
215
731000
2000
他們看起來是甚麼樣的呢?
12:25
You might威力 think these must必須 be very senior前輩 teachers教師.
216
733000
3000
你也許認為這些老師是相當的資深。
12:28
And the answer回答 is no.
217
736000
2000
但是你錯了。
12:30
Once一旦 somebody has taught for three years年份
218
738000
3000
在經過最初三年的教學之後,
12:33
their teaching教學 quality質量 does not change更改 thereafter其後.
219
741000
5000
這些老師的教學品質就不會有太大的改變了。
12:38
The variation變異 is very, very small.
220
746000
3000
即使有,這些改變也非常的小。
12:41
You might威力 think these are people with master's碩士 degrees.
221
749000
5000
你或許會認為這些老師都有碩士學位。
12:46
They've他們已經 gone走了 back and they've他們已經 gotten得到 their Master's碩士 of Education教育.
222
754000
3000
他們都曾經回到大學去拿到教育學的碩士學位。
12:49
This chart圖表 takes four different不同 factors因素
223
757000
3000
這邊有個圖表說明了4個不同的因素,
12:52
and says how much do they explain說明 teaching教學 quality質量.
224
760000
3000
並且解釋其各自與教學品質之間的關聯性。
12:55
That bottom底部 thing, which哪一個 says there's no effect影響 at all,
225
763000
3000
最下面的這一條,說明了與教學品質最無關的
12:58
is a master's碩士 degree.
226
766000
3000
就是碩士學位。
13:02
Now, the way the pay工資 system系統 works作品 is there's two things that are rewarded獎勵.
227
770000
4000
現今的薪資系統看重的是兩樣東西,
13:06
One is seniority排行.
228
774000
2000
一是資歷。
13:08
Because your pay工資 goes up and you vest背心 into your pension養老金.
229
776000
3000
因為你需要把加薪的工資存入你的養老金中。
13:11
The second第二 is giving extra額外 money to people who get their master's碩士 degree.
230
779000
3000
另外一件就是用額外的錢鼓勵員工去讀碩士學位。
13:14
But it in no way is associated相關 with being存在 a better teacher老師.
231
782000
3000
但這些獎勵和成為一個更好的老師都沒有關聯。
13:17
Teach for America美國: slight輕微 effect影響.
232
785000
3000
對於教美洲文化的老師來說,經由激勵而產生的影響相當小。
13:20
For math數學 teachers教師 majoring主修 in math數學 there's a measurable可測量 effect影響.
233
788000
4000
對於主修數學的數學老師則產生較大的影響。
13:24
But, overwhelmingly壓倒性, it's your past過去 performance性能.
234
792000
5000
但是真正具有壓倒性影響力的,還是以往的表現。
13:29
There are some people who are very good at this.
235
797000
3000
有些人擅長於自我激勵。
13:32
And we've我們已經 doneDONE almost幾乎 nothing
236
800000
3000
但是我們至今仍無法
13:35
to study研究 what that is
237
803000
3000
研究這種自我激勵的本質
13:38
and to draw it in and to replicate複製 it,
238
806000
3000
並且複製和推廣它,
13:41
to raise提高 the average平均 capability能力 --
239
809000
3000
從而提高整體的教學實力,
13:44
or to encourage鼓勵 the people with it to stay in the system系統.
240
812000
3000
或者鼓勵具有此能力的人留在教學領域之中。
13:47
You might威力 say, "Do the good teachers教師 stay and the bad teacher's教師 leave離開?"
241
815000
3000
你可能會說:「好的老師留下來了,而不好的老師離開了嗎?」
13:50
The answer回答 is, on average平均, the slightly better teachers教師 leave離開 the system系統.
242
818000
3000
實際上卻是平均水準較高的老師離開了。
13:53
And it's a system系統 with very high turnover周轉.
243
821000
3000
而且教育系統的人員流動率本來就很高。
13:57
Now, there are a few少數 places地方 -- very few少數 -- where great teachers教師 are being存在 made製作.
244
825000
6000
現在只有少數、非常少數的地方在打造好的師資。
14:03
A good example of one is a set of charter憲章 schools學校 called KIPPKIPP.
245
831000
5000
其中就有一間特許學校,名為KIPP,
14:08
KIPPKIPP means手段 Knowledge知識 Is Power功率.
246
836000
3000
它的意思是「知識就是力量。」
14:11
It's an unbelievable難以置信的 thing.
247
839000
3000
這真是難以置信。
14:14
They have 66 schools學校 -- mostly大多 middle中間 schools學校, some high schools學校 --
248
842000
3000
他們擁有66所學校,大多數是國中,一些是高中,
14:17
and what goes on is great teaching教學.
249
845000
4000
在這些學校中進行著良好的教學活動。
14:21
They take the poorest最窮 kids孩子,
250
849000
3000
他們招收最貧困的學生,
14:24
and over 96 percent百分 of their high school學校 graduates畢業生 go to four-year四年 colleges高校.
251
852000
4000
並且其中的96%的學生到最後都拿到了大學的學位。
14:28
And the whole整個 spirit精神 and attitude態度 in those schools學校
252
856000
3000
這些學校的教學精神與態度
14:31
is very different不同 than in the normal正常 public上市 schools學校.
253
859000
3000
與普通的公立學校大不相同。
14:34
They're team球隊 teaching教學. They're constantly經常 improving提高 their teachers教師.
254
862000
4000
他們採取團隊的教學,並且持續著提高老師的水準。
14:38
They're taking服用 data數據, the test測試 scores分數,
255
866000
3000
他們收集數據,也就是學生考試分數,
14:41
and saying to a teacher老師, "Hey, you caused造成 this amount of increase增加."
256
869000
3000
並且用這些與老師們說「哇,你讓學生們的成績提升了那麼多」
14:44
They're deeply engaged訂婚 in making製造 teaching教學 better.
257
872000
4000
這些學校正在全力提高師資教學水準。
14:48
When you actually其實 go and sit in one of these classrooms教室,
258
876000
3000
當你親身到這些教室去體驗一下,
14:51
at first it's very bizarre奇異的.
259
879000
3000
剛開始你會覺得很奇妙。
14:54
I satSAT down and I thought, "What is going on?"
260
882000
3000
我坐在教室裡卻不停的想:到底發生了甚麼事?
14:57
The teacher老師 was running賽跑 around, and the energy能源 level水平 was high.
261
885000
3000
老師在教室內跑來跑去,這裡充滿著教學活力。
15:00
I thought, "I'm in the sports體育 rally團結 or something.
262
888000
3000
我想著:我們是在上體育課嗎?
15:03
What's going on?"
263
891000
2000
到底怎麼了?
15:05
And the teacher老師 was constantly經常 scanning掃描 to see which哪一個 kids孩子 weren't paying付款 attention注意,
264
893000
3000
老師不斷掃視學生,看有誰不專心了,
15:08
which哪一個 kids孩子 were bored無聊,
265
896000
2000
有誰覺得無聊了,
15:10
and calling調用 kids孩子 rapidly急速, putting things up on the board.
266
898000
3000
並且急促地叫學生們上黑板寫東西。
15:13
It was a very dynamic動態 environment環境,
267
901000
2000
這樣的環境充滿著活力,
15:15
because particularly尤其 in those middle中間 school學校 years年份 -- fifth第五 through通過 eighth第八 grade年級 --
268
903000
3000
因為在中學時期,特別是5到8年級,
15:18
keeping保持 people engaged訂婚 and setting設置 the tone
269
906000
3000
這種氛圍很容易
15:21
that everybody每個人 in the classroom課堂 needs需求 to pay工資 attention注意,
270
909000
3000
讓學生們全心地投入課堂之中,
15:24
nobody沒有人 gets得到 to make fun開玩笑 of it or have the position位置 of the kid孩子 who doesn't want to be there.
271
912000
6000
沒有人會被取笑或者讓學生產生厭學的情況。
15:30
Everybody每個人 needs需求 to be involved參與.
272
918000
2000
每一個人都得參與其中。
15:32
And so KIPPKIPP is doing it.
273
920000
2000
這就是KIPP正在做的事。
15:35
How does that compare比較 to a normal正常 school學校?
274
923000
3000
那與一般的學校比較起來呢?
15:38
Well, in a normal正常 school學校, teachers教師 aren't told how good they are.
275
926000
4000
一般的學校裡沒有人會告訴你這的老師有多好。
15:42
The data數據 isn't gathered雲集.
276
930000
3000
這些數據也都沒有被收集起來。
15:45
In the teacher's教師 contract合同,
277
933000
2000
在老師的工作合約之中,
15:47
it will limit限制 the number of times the principal主要 can come into the classroom課堂 --
278
935000
4000
明文限制了校長進入教室的次數,
15:51
sometimes有時 to once一旦 per year.
279
939000
2000
有時一年只有一次,
15:53
And they need advanced高級 notice注意 to do that.
280
941000
3000
而且還要提前發通知。
15:56
So imagine想像 running賽跑 a factory where you've got these workers工人,
281
944000
3000
試著想像一下在工廠之中你擁有一群員工,
15:59
some of them just making製造 crap擲骰子
282
947000
3000
其中一些人只是做了一些廢工,
16:02
and the management管理 is told, "Hey, you can only come down here once一旦 a year,
283
950000
4000
另外經理被告知「喂,你一年只能來這裡看一次,
16:06
but you need to let us know, because we might威力 actually其實 fool傻子 you,
284
954000
2000
但是你需要提前讓我們知道,因為我們可能把你弄糊塗,
16:08
and try and do a good job工作 in that one brief簡要 moment時刻."
285
956000
4000
當你來的時後我們會把工作表現得很美好。」
16:12
Even a teacher老師 who wants to improve提高 doesn't have the tools工具 to do it.
286
960000
5000
即使老師們想要提高教學水準時,他們沒有工具,
16:17
They don't have the test測試 scores分數,
287
965000
2000
他們沒有學生的考試成績,
16:19
and there's a whole整個 thing of trying to block the data數據.
288
967000
3000
他們擁有的只是整個組織都在矇蔽這些分數。
16:22
For example, New York紐約 passed通過 a law
289
970000
3000
例如,紐約通過了一項法令:
16:25
that said that the teacher老師 improvement起色 data數據 could not be made製作 available可得到 and used
290
973000
5000
用於提升教學水平的資料不能被拿來做為評估老師的依據,
16:30
in the tenure保有 decision決定 for the teachers教師.
291
978000
3000
決定一位老師是否繼續留任。
16:34
And so that's sort分類 of working加工 in the opposite對面 direction方向.
292
982000
3000
可見整個系統都走錯了方向。
16:37
But I'm optimistic樂觀 about this,
293
985000
2000
但是我還是很樂觀的看待這事,
16:39
I think there are some clear明確 things we can do.
294
987000
4000
我認為還是有些明確的事是我們應該做的。
16:43
First of all, there's a lot more testing測試 going on,
295
991000
4000
首先,還有許多的測試持續在進行,
16:47
and that's given特定 us the picture圖片 of where we are.
296
995000
3000
這幫助我們了解我們的處境。
16:50
And that allows允許 us to understand理解 who's誰是 doing it well,
297
998000
4000
這也讓我們瞭解到誰做得好,
16:54
and call them out, and find out what those techniques技術 are.
298
1002000
3000
把他們找出來,並且分析他們的教學技巧。
16:57
Of course課程, digital數字 video視頻 is cheap低廉 now.
299
1005000
3000
當然,數位攝影機現在很便宜。
17:00
Putting a few少數 cameras相機 in the classroom課堂
300
1008000
2000
在教室之中放個幾台攝影機
17:02
and saying that things are being存在 recorded記錄 on an ongoing不斷的 basis基礎
301
1010000
6000
並且跟老師們說這些攝影機將會持續錄下他們的上課內容,
17:08
is very practical實際的 in all public上市 schools學校.
302
1016000
2000
這些都是可以在所有公立學校中做到的。
17:10
And so every一切 few少數 weeks teachers教師 could sit down
303
1018000
3000
過了幾個星期之後,可以讓這些被攝影的老師們坐下來看這些影像,
17:13
and say, "OK, here's這裡的 a little clip of something I thought I did well.
304
1021000
3000
他們會說:「這裡我覺得我做得不錯,
17:16
Here's這裡的 a little clip of something I think I did poorly不好.
305
1024000
3000
而這裡我覺得做得不好,
17:19
Advise勸告 me -- when this kid孩子 acted行動 up, how should I have dealt處理 with that?"
306
1027000
3000
給我一些建議,如果這學生再鬧事的話,我應該要怎麼處理?」
17:22
And they could all sit and work together一起 on those problems問題.
307
1030000
4000
然後大家可以坐在一起並且互相討論解決方法。
17:26
You can take the very best最好 teachers教師 and kind of annotate註釋 it,
308
1034000
4000
你就可以打造最好的老師群,並且註記一些內容,
17:30
have it so everyone大家 sees看到 who is the very best最好 at teaching教學 this stuff東東.
309
1038000
4000
讓每個人知道哪些老師擅長教學。
17:34
You can take those great courses培訓班 and make them available可得到
310
1042000
2000
你可以把這些優秀的課程內容錄製成影像,
17:36
so that a kid孩子 could go out and watch the physics物理 course課程, learn學習 from that.
311
1044000
5000
這樣學生們在外出時就可以看物理課錄影並且學習。
17:41
If you have a kid孩子 who's誰是 behind背後,
312
1049000
2000
假如有一些學生成績暫時落後了,
17:43
you would know you could assign分配 them that video視頻 to watch and review評論 the concept概念.
313
1051000
4000
那麼你可以把這些錄影課程給他們帶回去複習。
17:47
And in fact事實, these free自由 courses培訓班 could not only be available可得到 just on the Internet互聯網,
314
1055000
4000
事實上,這些免費的課程資料不僅可由網路上取得,
17:51
but you could make it so that DVDsDVD光盤 were always available可得到,
315
1059000
4000
還可以把它們做成DVD光碟,
17:55
and so anybody任何人 who has access訪問 to a DVDDVD player播放機 can have the very best最好 teachers教師.
316
1063000
7000
所以任何人只要有DVD撥放器就可以擁有一位好老師。
18:02
And so by thinking思維 of this as a personnel人員 system系統,
317
1070000
5000
若這能推動到人事制度上,
18:07
we can do it much better.
318
1075000
2000
我們將可以做得更好。
18:09
Now there's a book actually其實, about KIPPKIPP --
319
1077000
2000
現在KIPP的故事被寫成一本書,
18:11
the place地點 that this is going on --
320
1079000
2000
在這些故事發生的地方,
18:13
that Jay松鴉 Matthews馬修斯, a news新聞 reporter記者, wrote -- called, "Work Hard, Be Nice尼斯."
321
1081000
5000
Jay Matthews這名記者寫了:努力學習,對人友善。
18:18
And I thought it was so fantastic奇妙.
322
1086000
2000
我覺得這樣的觀點非常棒。
18:20
It gave you a sense of what a good teacher老師 does.
323
1088000
4000
它讓人了解優秀老師是怎麼做的,
18:24
I'm going to send發送 everyone大家 here a free自由 copy複製 of this book.
324
1092000
3000
我將會送給在座一人一本。
18:27
(Applause掌聲)
325
1095000
5000
(鼓掌)
18:32
Now, we put a lot of money into education教育,
326
1100000
3000
今天,我們投資相當多的資金在教育上面,
18:35
and I really think that education教育 is the most important重要 thing to get right
327
1103000
6000
而我也真的認為教育是非常重要的,
18:41
for the country國家 to have as strong強大 a future未來 as it should have.
328
1109000
5000
而且必須正確地執行,這樣我們的國家未來才有希望與保障。
18:46
In fact事實 we have in the stimulus刺激物 bill法案 -- it's interesting有趣 --
329
1114000
2000
很有趣的是,現在有許多振興方案,
18:48
the House version actually其實 had money in it for these data數據 systems系統,
330
1116000
3000
由資料系統中我們可以看到眾議院都有這筆錢的預算,
18:51
and it was taken採取 out in the Senate參議院
331
1119000
2000
但是到了參議院的手中就被移走了,
18:53
because there are people who are threatened受威脅 by these things.
332
1121000
3000
因為有些人怕這會威脅到他們。
18:56
But I -- I'm optimistic樂觀.
333
1124000
2000
但是我還是很樂觀,
18:58
I think people are beginning開始 to recognize認識 how important重要 this is,
334
1126000
4000
我認為人們已經開始體認到教育的重要性了,
19:02
and it really can make a difference區別 for millions百萬 of lives生活, if we get it right.
335
1130000
7000
只要方法正確,這將影響數百萬人的生活方式。
19:09
I only had time to frame those two problems問題.
336
1137000
3000
時間只允許我討論這兩個問題,
19:12
There's a lot more problems問題 like that --
337
1140000
2000
但是還有更多類似的問題,
19:14
AIDS艾滋病, pneumonia肺炎 -- I can just see you're getting得到 excited興奮,
338
1142000
4000
愛滋病(AIDS)、肺炎(pneumonia),我看到有些人已經開始興奮起來了,
19:18
just at the very name名稱 of these things.
339
1146000
3000
當我提到這些特殊的名稱時。
19:21
And the skill技能 sets required需要 to tackle滑車 these things are very broad廣闊.
340
1149000
5000
要處理這些問題需牽扯到非常廣的技術層面。
19:26
You know, the system系統 doesn't naturally自然 make it happen發生.
341
1154000
3000
但今天的系統還無法順利地替我們解決這些問題。
19:29
Governments政府 don't naturally自然 pick these things in the right way.
342
1157000
5000
政府通常一開始也沒有用正確的方法來解決這些問題,
19:34
The private私人的 sector扇形 doesn't naturally自然 put its resources資源 into these things.
343
1162000
4000
私人單位也沒有主動將資源投入解決這些問題。
19:38
So it's going to take brilliant輝煌 people like you
344
1166000
3000
所以就需要像諸位一樣聰明的人
19:41
to study研究 these things, get other people involved參與 --
345
1169000
3000
來研究這些事情,並且吸引更多的人來加入,
19:44
and you're helping幫助 to come up with solutions解決方案.
346
1172000
3000
大家同心協力找出解決問題的方法。
19:47
And with that, I think there's some great things that will come out of it.
347
1175000
3000
我相信透過這樣的努力,將來一定會有偉大的回報!
19:50
Thank you.
348
1178000
2000
謝謝大家。
19:52
(Applause掌聲)
349
1180000
18000
(鼓掌)
Translated by Chih-Yuan Huang
Reviewed by Boochian Lin

▲Back to top

ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Bill Gates - Philanthropist
A passionate techie and a shrewd businessman, Bill Gates changed the world while leading Microsoft to dizzying success. Now he's doing it again with his own style of philanthropy and passion for innovation.

Why you should listen

Bill Gates is the founder and former CEO of Microsoft. A geek icon, tech visionary and business trailblazer, Gates' leadership -- fueled by his long-held dream that millions might realize their potential through great software -- made Microsoft a personal computing powerhouse and a trendsetter in the Internet dawn. Whether you're a suit, chef, quant, artist, media maven, nurse or gamer, you've probably used a Microsoft product today.

In summer of 2008, Gates left his day-to-day role with Microsoft to focus on philanthropy. Holding that all lives have equal value (no matter where they're being lived), the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation has now donated staggering sums to HIV/AIDS programs, libraries, agriculture research and disaster relief -- and offered vital guidance and creative funding to programs in global health and education. Gates believes his tech-centric strategy for giving will prove the killer app of planet Earth's next big upgrade.

Read a collection of Bill and Melinda Gates' annual letters, where they take stock of the Gates Foundation and the world. And follow his ongoing thinking on his personal website, The Gates Notes. His new paper, "The Next Epidemic," is published by the New England Journal of Medicine.

More profile about the speaker
Bill Gates | Speaker | TED.com