ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Eric Sanderson - Landscape ecologist
Armed with an 18th-century map, a GPS and reams of data, Eric Sanderson has re-plotted the Manhattan of 1609, just in time for New York's quadricentennial.

Why you should listen

Before becoming the center of the Western cultural universe, Manhattan was Mannahatta, "Island of many hills," in the language of 17th-century Native Americans. Using computer modeling, painstaking research and a lot of legwork, Wildlife Conservation Society ecologist Eric Sanderson has re-envisioned, block by block, the ecology of Manhattan as it was when Henry Hudson first sailed into the forested harbor in 1609.

The Mannahatta Project presents the eye-popping fruits of Sanderson's research, from the now-flattened hills of the financial district to the river otters of Harlem. The project's astonishing visualizations are realized by computer-graphics wizard Markley Boyer, and encompasses a book, a website and a 3-D map -- a sort of Google Earth of ancient New York. Plaques around town will commemorate a lost creek or habitat. Far more than a mournful look back at what has been irrevocably paved over, the Mannahatta Project is designed to inspire ecological sustainability for New York and for other cities.

More profile about the speaker
Eric Sanderson | Speaker | TED.com
TEDGlobal 2009

Eric Sanderson: New York -- before the City

Eric Sanderson描述紐約市的前身

Filmed:
2,255,711 views

在哈德遜發現紐約港400年後,Eric Sanderson 向我們講述了他是如何製作了一張極其精確的3D地圖:曼哈頓在成為城市之前的生態圖,裡面有山丘,有河流還有野生動植物,當時的時代廣場還是一片荒蕪濕地。
- Landscape ecologist
Armed with an 18th-century map, a GPS and reams of data, Eric Sanderson has re-plotted the Manhattan of 1609, just in time for New York's quadricentennial. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:15
The substance物質 of things unseen看不見.
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看不見的事物的本質。
00:18
Cities城市, past過去 and future未來.
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城市的過去和未來。
00:21
In Oxford牛津, perhaps也許 we can use Lewis劉易斯 Carroll卡羅爾
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在牛津,我們或許可以將路易斯.卡洛爾
00:25
and look in the looking glass玻璃 that is New York紐約 City
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做為借鏡,藉由紐約市反映出的現況,
00:28
to try and see our true真正 selves自我,
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並試著看清我們真實的自我,
00:31
or perhaps也許 pass通過 through通過 to another另一個 world世界.
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或許還能穿越到另一個世界。
00:34
Or, in the words of F. Scott斯科特 Fitzgerald菲茨杰拉德,
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或者,就像史考特‧費茲傑羅所說的,
00:37
"As the moon月亮 rose玫瑰 higher更高,
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“當明月冉冉升起時,
00:39
the inessential瑣細 houses房屋 began開始 to melt熔化 away
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那些微不足道的房屋慢慢消逝,
00:42
until直到 gradually逐漸 I became成為 aware知道的 of the old island
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直到我逐漸意識到這座古老島嶼
00:44
here that once一旦 flowered for Dutch荷蘭人 sailors'水手 eyes眼睛,
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當年曾讓荷蘭水手驚艷,
00:47
a fresh新鮮 green綠色 breast乳房 of the new world世界."
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是新世界中的一塊翠綠寶石。"
00:50
My colleagues同事 and I have been working加工 for 10 years年份
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我和我的同事花了10年功夫
00:52
to rediscover重新發現 this lost丟失 world世界
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去重現這個消失的世界,
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in a project項目 we call The Mannahatta曼納哈塔 Project項目.
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這則是“Mannahatta計畫”的主要任務。
00:58
We're trying to discover發現 what Henry亨利 Hudson哈德森 would have seen看到
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我們試圖再現Henry Hudson
01:00
on the afternoon下午 of September九月 12th, 1609,
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在1609年9月12日下午,
01:03
when he sailed航行 into New York紐約 harbor港口.
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駕船駛入紐約港時看到的景象。
01:06
And I'd like to tell you the story故事 in three acts行為,
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我把故事分成三個部分,
01:08
and if I have time still, an epilogue結語.
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如果講完還有時間,就再做個總結。
01:11
So, Act法案 I: A Map地圖 Found發現.
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第一部分:發現地圖。
01:13
So, I didn't grow增長 up in New York紐約.
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我不是在紐約長大的。
01:15
I grew成長 up out west西 in the Sierra內華達 Nevada內華達 Mountains, like you see here,
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我的家鄉在内華達州山區西部,大家可以看到,
01:18
in the Red Rock Canyon峽谷.
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就在紅岩峽谷。
01:20
And from these early experiences經驗 as a child兒童
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由於小時候的成長經歷
01:22
I learned學到了 to love landscapes景觀.
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讓我愛上了自然景觀。
01:24
And so when it became成為 time for me to do my graduate畢業 studies學習,
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因此,當我在念研究所時,
01:26
I studied研究 this emerging新興 field領域 of landscape景觀 ecology生態.
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我選擇了當時新興的景觀生態學作為我的研究方向。
01:30
Landscape景觀 ecology生態 concerns關注 itself本身
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景觀生態學主要是在研究
01:32
with how the stream and the meadow草地 and the forest森林 and the cliffs懸崖
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溪流、草地、森林和懸崖
01:36
make habitats棲息地 for plants植物 and animals動物.
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如何構成適合動植物生存的環境。
01:38
This experience經驗 and this training訓練
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這段研究過程
01:40
lead me to get a wonderful精彩 job工作 with the Wildlife野生動物 Conservation保護 Society社會,
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讓我在國際野生生物保護協會找到了一份很棒的工作,
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which哪一個 works作品 to save保存 wildlife野生動物 and wild野生 places地方 all over the world世界.
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主要致力於保護世界各地的野生生物和自然環境。
01:46
And over the last decade,
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在過去的十年内,
01:48
I traveled旅行 to over 40 countries國家
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我到過40多個國家,
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to see jaguars美洲虎 and bears and elephants大象
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去觀察美洲豹、熊、大象、
01:52
and tigers老虎 and rhinos犀牛.
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老虎和犀牛。
01:54
But every一切 time I would return返回 from my trips旅行 I'd return返回 back to New York紐約 City.
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每次旅行結束後,我就會回到紐約,
01:57
And on my weekends週末 I would go up, just like all the other tourists遊客,
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在周末時,我就會跟大多數的遊客一樣,
02:00
to the top最佳 of the Empire帝國 State Building建造,
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登上帝國大廈頂樓,
02:02
and I'd look down on this landscape景觀, on these ecosystems生態系統,
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俯看這片土地,和其生態系統,
02:05
and I'd wonder奇蹟, "How does this landscape景觀
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然後我就會想:“這片土地
02:07
work to make habitat棲息地 for plants植物 and animals動物?
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是如何為動植物提供合適的居住地?
02:09
How does it work to make habitat棲息地 for animals動物 like me?"
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如何為人們提供合適的居住地?”
02:13
I'd go to Times Square廣場 and I'd look at the amazing驚人 ladies女士們 on the wall,
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我也會去時代廣場,而當我看着廣告牆上的美女時,
02:17
and wonder奇蹟 why nobody沒有人 is looking at the historical歷史的 figures人物 just behind背後 them.
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我會想,為何没有人看看她們身後的歷史人物呢。
02:22
I'd go to Central中央 Park公園 and see the rolling壓延 topography地形 of Central中央 Park公園
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我還會去中央公園,
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come up against反對 the abrupt突兀 and sheer絕對
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看著那裡起伏的地形
02:27
topography地形 of midtown市中心 Manhattan曼哈頓.
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和曼哈頓中城高聳的地形形成了鮮明對比。
02:31
I started開始 reading about the history歷史 and the geography地理 in New York紐約 City.
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於是我開始研讀紐約市的歷史和地理。
02:34
I read that New York紐約 City was the first mega-city特大城市,
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我發現紐約市是世界上第一座超级大城,
02:36
a city of 10 million百萬 people or more, in 1950.
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在1950年居住人口就破千萬。
02:40
I started開始 seeing眼看 paintings繪畫 like this.
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我開始研究這樣的畫作。
02:42
For those of you who are from New York紐約,
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在坐來自紐約的聽眾,我要告訴你們,
02:44
this is 125th street under the West西 Side Highway高速公路.
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這裡是西城高速公路下的125街。
02:47
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
02:49
It was once一旦 a beach海灘. And this painting繪畫
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這裡曾是一片海灘。
02:51
has John約翰 James詹姆士 Audubon奧杜邦, the painter畫家, sitting坐在 on the rock.
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而圖中有一位名叫John James Audubon的畫家,坐在礁石上。
02:54
And it's looking up on the wooded林地 heights高度 of Washington華盛頓 Heights高地
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圖中上方長滿樹木的高地是華盛頓高地。
02:56
to Jeffrey's杰弗裡 Hook, where the George喬治 Washington華盛頓 Bridge goes across橫過 today今天.
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Jeffrey’s Hook燈塔的方向,即是今天喬治華盛頓大橋横跨之處。
03:00
Or this painting繪畫, from the 1740s, from Greenwich格林威治 Village.
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或是這幅1740年描繪格林威治村的畫作。
03:03
Those are two students學生們 at King's國王 College學院 -- later後來 Columbia哥倫比亞 University大學 --
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圖中有兩位國王學院(即現今的哥倫比亞大學)的學生
03:06
sitting坐在 on a hill爬坡道, overlooking俯瞰 a valley.
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坐在山丘上俯瞰山谷。
03:09
And so I'd go down to Greenwich格林威治 Village and I'd look for this hill爬坡道,
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但是當我到格林威治村去找這座山丘時。
03:12
and I couldn't不能 find it. And I couldn't不能 find that palm棕櫚 tree.
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卻早就找不到了。就連那棵棕櫚樹也找不到。
03:15
What's that palm棕櫚 tree doing there?
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不過那裡怎麼會有一棵棕櫚樹?
03:17
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
03:18
So, it was in the course課程 of these investigations調查 that I ran into a map地圖.
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但就在尋訪過程中,我發現到一張地圖,
03:21
And it's this map地圖 you see here.
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就是螢幕上大家看到的這張圖。
03:23
It's held保持 in a geographic地理 information信息 system系統
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它存在於地理資訊系统中,
03:25
which哪一個 allows允許 me to zoom放大 in.
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因此我就可以進行缩放。
03:27
This map地圖 isn't from Hudson's哈德遜 time, but from the American美國 Revolution革命,
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這張地圖並非繪製於哈德遜時期,而是在170年後美國獨立革命時,
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170 years年份 later後來, made製作 by British英國的 military軍事 cartographers製圖
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由英國軍事製圖師所繪製,
03:34
during the occupation佔用 of New York紐約 City.
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當時英軍占領了紐約市。
03:36
And it's a remarkable卓越 map地圖. It's in the National國民 Archives檔案 here in Kew基尤.
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這是一張令人讚嘆的地圖,現存於英國Kew的國家檔案館中。
03:40
And it's 10 feet long and three and a half feet wide.
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整張地圖長10英尺,寬3.5英尺。
03:42
And if I zoom放大 in to lower降低 Manhattan曼哈頓
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如果我把曼哈頓下城放大,
03:45
you can see the extent程度 of New York紐約 City as it was,
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大家就可以看到美國獨立革命末期
03:47
right at the end結束 of the American美國 Revolution革命.
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紐約市的範圍。
03:49
Here's這裡的 Bowling保齡球 Green綠色. And here's這裡的 Broadway百老匯.
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這裡是Bowling Green,而這裡是百老匯。
03:52
And this is City Hall大廳 Park公園.
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這邊則是市府公園。
03:54
So the city basically基本上 extended擴展 to City Hall大廳 Park公園.
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所以,當時的城市就只有到市府公園。
03:57
And just beyond it you can see features特徵
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再往上看,
03:59
that have vanished消失, things that have disappeared消失.
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景觀就消失了。
04:01
This is the Collect蒐集 Pond池塘, which哪一個 was the fresh新鮮 water source資源 for New York紐約 City
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這裡是Collect 水塘,它是紐約市
04:04
for its first 200 years年份,
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最初200年的飲用水源,
04:06
and for the Native本地人 Americans美國人 for thousands數千 of years年份 before that.
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在此之前它滋養了美國原住民數千年。
04:09
You can see the LispenardLispenard Meadows梅多斯
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你們可以看到Lispenard草地,
04:11
draining排水 down through通過 here, through通過 what is TriBeCa翠貝卡 now,
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它流過此處,即Tribeca的現址,
04:13
and the beaches海灘 that come up from the Battery電池,
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而當時的海灘則從Battery
04:15
all the way to 42ndND St.
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一路延伸到42街。
04:17
This map地圖 was made製作 for military軍事 reasons原因.
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這張地圖是為了軍事用途而繪製的。
04:20
They're mapping製圖 the roads道路, the buildings房屋, these fortifications防禦工事
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所以他們繪製了道路、建築物以及
04:22
that they built內置.
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他們建造的防禦工事。
04:24
But they're also mapping製圖 things of ecological生態 interest利益,
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除此之外,他們還繪製了具有生態價值的事物,
04:26
also military軍事 interest利益: the hills丘陵,
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當然也具有軍事價值,像是山丘、
04:28
the marshes沼澤, the streams.
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沼澤和溪流。
04:31
This is Richmond里士滿 Hill爬坡道, and Minetta米尼塔 Water,
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這裡則是Richmond山丘和Minetta Water
04:33
which哪一個 used to run its way through通過 Greenwich格林威治 Village.
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它曾經穿過格林威治村。
04:36
Or the swamp沼澤 at Gramercy格拉梅西 Park公園, right here.
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Gramercy公園的沼澤在這。
04:41
Or Murray穆雷 Hill爬坡道. And this is the Murrays'穆雷“ house
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這是Murray高地。這則是200年前位於Murray高地上的
04:43
on Murray穆雷 Hill爬坡道, 200 years年份 ago.
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Murray’s House。
04:46
Here is Times Square廣場,
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這邊是時代廣場,
04:49
the two streams that came來了 together一起 to make a wetland濕地
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兩條河川交會在此形成一片濕地
04:51
in Times Square廣場, as it was at the end結束 of the American美國 Revolution革命.
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也就是在時代廣場的位置,當時是美國獨立戰爭末期。
04:56
So I saw this remarkable卓越 map地圖 in a book.
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我是在一本書上看到這張了不起的地圖。
04:58
And I thought to myself, "You know, if I could georeference地理參考 this map地圖,
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當時我想:“如果我可以對這張地圖作地理坐標參照,
05:02
if I could place地點 this map地圖 in the grid of the city today今天,
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如果我可以把這張地圖放在今日紐約市地圖的格線上,
05:05
I could find these lost丟失 features特徵
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那我就能找到
05:07
of the city,
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這座城市曾有的景觀,
05:09
in the block-by-block塊逐塊 geography地理 that people know,
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一塊塊拼湊出大家熟悉的地貌,
05:12
the geography地理 of where people go to work, and where they go to live生活,
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像是我們上班的地點、居住的地方,
05:15
and where they like to eat."
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以及常去的餐廳。”
05:17
So, after some work we were able能夠 to georeference地理參考 it,
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在經過一番努力之後,我們完成了地理座標參照,
05:19
which哪一個 allows允許 us to put the modern現代 streets街道 on the city,
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我們就可以把現今城市的街道、
05:22
and the buildings房屋, and the open打開 spaces空間,
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建築物和開放空間放上去,
05:27
so that we can zoom放大 in to where the Collect蒐集 Pond池塘 is.
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然後我們就能放大Collect 池塘的所在地,
05:32
We can digitize數字化 the Collect蒐集 Pond池塘 and the streams,
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我們可以將Collect 池塘和溪流數位化,
05:36
and see where they actually其實 are in the geography地理 of the city today今天.
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以看出這些地點在現今城市中的實際位置。
05:41
So this is fun開玩笑 for finding發現 where things are
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有趣的地方在於
05:44
relative相對的 to the old topography地形.
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找出和原先地形相對應的位置。
05:49
But I had another另一個 idea理念 about this map地圖.
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關於這張地圖我有另一個想法。
05:51
If we take away the streets街道, and if we take away the buildings房屋,
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假如我們移除街道、建築,
05:54
and if we take away the open打開 spaces空間,
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和開放空間,
05:56
then we could take this map地圖.
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我們就可以重複使用這張地圖。
05:58
If we pull off the 18th century世紀 features特徵
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如果我們移除18世紀的景觀,
06:00
we could drive駕駛 it back in time.
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我們便能穿越時空,
06:02
We could drive駕駛 it back to its ecological生態 fundamentals基本面:
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讓它回到最初的基本生態,
06:06
to the hills丘陵, to the streams,
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例如山丘、溪流、
06:08
to the basic基本 hydrology水文學 and shoreline海岸線, to the beaches海灘,
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基礎水文、海岸線、海灘等,
06:12
the basic基本 aspects方面 that make the ecological生態 landscape景觀.
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也就是構成生態地景的基本要素。
06:16
Then, if we added添加 maps地圖 like the geology地質學, the bedrock基岩 geology地質學,
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然後,假若我們再加上像地質地圖、床岩地質地圖、
06:19
and the surface表面 geology地質學, what the glaciers冰川 leave離開,
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地表地質、冰川遺跡,
06:22
if we make the soil map地圖,
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或是土壤地圖,
06:24
with the 17 soil classes,
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含有17種
06:27
that are defined定義 by the National國民 Conservation保護 Service服務,
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經由國家土壤保育署所界定的土壤類型,
06:30
if we make a digital數字 elevation海拔 model模型
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如果我們用數值高程模型,
06:32
of the topography地形 that tells告訴 us how high the hills丘陵 were,
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描繪出代表山丘高度的地形,
06:35
then we can calculate計算 the slopes連續下坡.
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我們便能計算出坡度,
06:38
We can calculate計算 the aspect方面.
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並算出方位,
06:41
We can calculate計算 the winter冬季 wind exposure曝光 --
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還能算出冬季風向,
06:43
so, which哪一個 way the winter冬季 winds blow打擊 across橫過 the landscape景觀.
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算出吹過地景的冬季季風走向。
06:45
The white白色 areas on this map地圖 are the places地方 protected保護 from the winter冬季 winds.
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地圖上白色的部份是冬季季風吹不到的地方。
06:50
We compiled編譯 all the information信息 about where the Native本地人 Americans美國人 were, the LenapeLenape.
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我們編輯所有關於當時美國原住民,Lenape部落居住地的資訊
06:53
And we built內置 a probability可能性 map地圖 about where they might威力 have been.
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並且繪製他們可能駐足處的機率地圖
06:57
So, the red areas on this map地圖 indicate表明 the places地方
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紅色區塊是全曼哈頓裡
06:59
that are best最好 for human人的 sustainability可持續性 on Manhattan曼哈頓,
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最適合人類居住的地區,
07:01
places地方 that are close to water,
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因為最靠近河流,
07:03
places地方 that are near the harbor港口 to fish,
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和可捕魚的港口,
07:05
places地方 protected保護 from the winter冬季 winds.
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也可抵擋冬季刺骨寒風的侵襲。
07:10
We know that there was a LenapeLenape settlement沉降
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我們都知道Lenape聚落曾居住之處,
07:12
down here by the Collect蒐集 Pond池塘.
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就在Collect 池塘旁。
07:15
And we knew知道 that they planted種植的 a kind of horticulture園藝,
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我們也得知他們在那種植花草樹木,
07:17
that they grew成長 these beautiful美麗 gardens花園 of corn玉米, beans, and squash壁球,
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他們一手打造了美麗且生氣蓬勃的穀物、豆類、及南瓜花園,
07:20
the "Three Sisters姐妹" garden花園.
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也就是“三姐妹”花園。
07:22
So, we built內置 a model模型 that explains說明 where those fields領域 might威力 have been.
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所以,我們製作了這個模型,來解釋這些花園的可能位置。
07:26
And the old fields領域, the successional演替 fields領域 that go.
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以及舊時園地,和後來新園地的位置
07:28
And we might威力 think of these as abandoned.
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我們也許會以為它們早已荒蕪
07:30
But, in fact事實, they're grassland草原 habitats棲息地
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但事實上,
07:32
for grassland草原 birds鳥類 and plants植物.
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它們已變成草原鳥類和植物的棲息地。
07:34
And they have become成為 successional演替 shrub灌木 lands土地,
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並進而演變為灌木林地,
07:37
and these then mix混合 in to a map地圖 of all the ecological生態 communities社區.
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所有的一切都集合於生態社區地圖中。
07:41
And it turns out that Manhattan曼哈頓 had 55 different不同 ecosystem生態系統 types類型.
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所以有55種不同生態系統共同存在於曼哈頓。
07:45
You can think of these as neighborhoods社區,
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你可以把他們看成是各有特色的鄰近社區,
07:47
as distinctive獨特 as TriBeCa翠貝卡 and the Upper East Side and Inwood伍德 --
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就像是Tribeca, Upper East Side和Inwood一樣 --
07:52
that these are the forest森林 and the wetlands沼澤地
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只是它們是森林、溼地、
07:54
and the marine海洋 communities社區, the beaches海灘.
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海洋生態社區,以及沙灘。
07:57
And 55 is a lot. On a per-area每區 basis基礎,
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55種生態系統算是非常的多。以單位面積來看,
08:00
Manhattan曼哈頓 had more ecological生態 communities社區
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曼哈頓每英畝擁有比
08:02
per acre英畝 than Yosemite優勝美地 does,
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優勝美地國家公園、
08:04
than Yellowstone黃石, than Amboseli安博塞利.
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黃石國家公園,安波沙里國家公園更多的生態社區。
08:07
It was really an extraordinary非凡 landscape景觀
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這真的是非常不可思議的環境
08:09
that was capable of supporting支持 an extraordinary非凡 biodiversity生物多樣性.
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可以讓如此多種的生態社區同時共存。
08:13
So, Act法案 IIII: A Home Reconstructed重建.
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第二部份:重現家園。
08:17
So, we studied研究 the fish and the frogs青蛙 and the birds鳥類 and the bees蜜蜂,
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所以我們開始研究所有曾出現在曼哈頓的生物,像是魚、蛙、鳥、蜜蜂
08:21
the 85 different不同 kinds of fish that were on Manhattan曼哈頓,
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光是在曼哈頓就曾有85種不同種類的魚,
08:24
the Heath希思 hens母雞, the species種類 that aren't there anymore,
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新英格蘭黑琴雞(the Heath hens), 現在早已絕種,
08:28
the beavers海狸 on all the streams, the black黑色 bears,
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還有曾經在溪流四處可見的河狸和黑熊,
08:31
and the Native本地人 Americans美國人, to study研究 how they used
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和美國原住民,
08:34
and thought about their landscape景觀.
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要研究他們如何善用和看待這片土地。
08:36
We wanted to try and map地圖 these. And to do that what we did
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我們所需作的就是
08:39
was we mapped映射 their habitat棲息地 needs需求.
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繪製他們的棲息地點分布圖。
08:41
Where do they get their food餐飲?
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例如,他們去哪覓食?
08:43
Where do they get their water? Where do they get their shelter庇護?
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他們去哪擷取水源? 他們都居住在哪?
08:45
Where do they get their reproductive生殖 resources資源?
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以及他們去哪取得繁殖資源?
08:48
To an ecologist生態學家, the intersection路口 of these is habitat棲息地,
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對生態學家來說,這一切的交集就是所謂的棲息處。
08:51
but to most people, the intersection路口 of these is their home.
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但對大多數人來說,這則是他們稱為家的地方。
08:56
So, we would read in field領域 guides導遊, the standard標準 field領域 guides導遊
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所以我們閱讀田野指南,
08:58
that maybe you have on your shelves貨架,
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我想你們書架上應該都會有這一類的書,
09:00
you know, what beavers海狸 need is "A slowly慢慢地 meandering彎曲 stream
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例如河狸的棲息處是"蜿蜒而平靜的小溪,
09:02
with aspen白楊 trees樹木 and alders榿木 and willows楊柳,
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兩側有白楊木,赤楊和柳樹,
09:05
near the water." That's the best最好 thing for a beaver海狸.
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靠近水源處。"這就是海狸的理想家園。
09:07
So we just started開始 making製造 a list名單.
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所以我們製作了一張對照表
09:09
Here is the beaver海狸. And here is the stream,
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左邊是海狸,上面則是牠們的棲息地點:溪流,
09:11
and the aspen白楊 and the alder榿木 and the willow.
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白楊木,赤楊和柳樹。
09:13
As if these were the maps地圖 that we would need
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彷彿這些是可以用來預測
09:15
to predict預測 where you would find the beaver海狸.
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能在哪遇見海狸的地圖。
09:17
Or the bog沼澤 turtle, needing需要 wet meadows草甸 and insects昆蟲 and sunny晴朗 places地方.
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同理,牟式龜需要的是潮濕的草地,昆蟲和陽光充足的地方。
09:21
Or the bobcat山貓, needing需要 rabbits and beavers海狸 and den巢穴 sites網站.
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山貓需要兔子,海狸還有洞穴。
09:25
And rapidly急速 we started開始 to realize實現 that beavers海狸 can be
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由此可知,海狸是
09:28
something that a bobcat山貓 needs需求.
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山貓的獵物。
09:31
But a beaver海狸 also needs需求 things. And that having it
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但海狸也有所需的食物。
09:33
on either side means手段 that we can link鏈接 it together一起,
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把兩邊連結起來之後,
09:35
that we can create創建 the network網絡
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我們就可以創造出一個
09:37
of the habitat棲息地 relationships關係 for these species種類.
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這些物種的棲息地關係網。
09:40
Moreover此外, we realized實現 that you can start開始 out
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再來,我們了解你可以成為
09:42
as being存在 a beaver海狸 specialist專家,
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一名海狸專家,
09:44
but you can look up what an aspen白楊 needs需求.
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不過你還可以研究白楊需要什麼。
09:46
An aspen白楊 needs需求 fire and dry soils土壤.
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白楊需要火和乾燥土壤。
09:49
And you can look at what a wet meadow草地 needs需求.
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同樣的,你也可以查查潮濕草地需要些什麼。
09:52
And it need beavers海狸 to create創建 the wetlands沼澤地,
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它需要海狸來製造溼地,
09:54
and maybe some other things.
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也許你還能探討其他東西。
09:56
But you can also talk about sunny晴朗 places地方.
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但當提到陽光充足的地點時,
09:58
So, what does a sunny晴朗 place地點 need? Not habitat棲息地 per seSE.
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你會問說,"那它需要什麼呢?" 不是棲息地本身。
10:01
But what are the conditions條件 that make it possible可能?
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而是什麼樣的條件讓它充滿陽光
10:03
Or fire. Or dry soils土壤.
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是火嗎? 還是乾燥土壤?
10:06
And that you can put these on a grid that's 1,000 columns long
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然後你將所有的資料逐一放在
10:09
across橫過 the top最佳 and 1,000 rows down the other way.
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欄列各1000行的表格上後。
10:12
And then we can visualize想像 this data數據 like a network網絡,
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我們就能把這個生態網路具體化,
10:15
like a social社會 network網絡.
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就像社群網路一樣。
10:17
And this is the network網絡 of all the habitat棲息地 relationships關係
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而這就是所有在曼哈頓的動植物
10:19
of all the plants植物 and animals動物 on Manhattan曼哈頓,
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及其所需一切的
10:21
and everything they needed需要,
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棲地網路圖,
10:23
going back to the geology地質學,
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我們就能回溯到當時地質的情況,
10:25
going back to time and space空間 at the very core核心 of the web捲筒紙.
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和網路核心當時的時空。
10:28
We call this the Muir繆爾 Web捲筒紙. And if you zoom放大 in on it it looks容貌 like this.
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我們稱它為Muir Web。如果你放大來看的話就會像這樣。
10:31
Each point is a different不同 species種類
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每一點都代表不同的物種,
10:33
or a different不同 stream or a different不同 soil type類型.
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支流,或是土壤種類。
10:36
And those little gray灰色 lines are the connections連接 that connect them together一起.
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圖中的灰色細線則將它們全部串連起來。
10:39
They are the connections連接 that actually其實 make nature性質 resilient彈性.
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因為這些連結而讓大自然變得更有適應力。
10:42
And the structure結構體 of this is what makes品牌 nature性質 work,
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而其結構正是使自然運作的力量,
10:46
seen看到 with all its parts部分.
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由此便可一目了然。
10:48
We call these Muir繆爾 Webs站點 after the Scottish-American蘇格蘭裔 naturalist博物
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命名Muir Webs是為紀念蘇格蘭裔美國自然學家John Muir
10:51
John約翰 Muir繆爾, who said, "When we try to pick out anything by itself本身,
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他曾說過,"當我們試著辨識某些事物時,
10:54
we find that it's bound fast快速 by a thousand invisible無形 cords
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便會發現在其背後,有數以千計無形
10:57
that cannot不能 be broken破碎, to everything in the universe宇宙."
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且密不可分的線索牽動著它,且和宇宙的一切連結。"
11:01
So then we took the Muir繆爾 webs and we took them back to the maps地圖.
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所以我們將Muir webs運用到地圖上。
11:04
So if we wanted to go between之間 85th and 86th,
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假設我們到了第85和86街,
11:06
and Lex萊克斯 and Third第三,
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以及Lexinton大道和第三大道之間,
11:08
maybe there was a stream in that block.
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或許在這裡曾經有條溪流穿過。
11:10
And these would be the kind of trees樹木 that might威力 have been there,
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也許這種樹曾經在此成長茁壯。
11:12
and the flowers花卉 and the lichens地衣 and the mosses苔蘚,
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還有這些花,地衣,苔蘚,
11:16
the butterflies蝴蝶, the fish in the stream,
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蝴蝶,溪流裡悠游的魚兒,
11:19
the birds鳥類 in the trees樹木.
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以及樹上的鳥兒。
11:21
Maybe a timber木材 rattlesnake響尾蛇 lived生活 there.
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這種山林響尾蛇也可能曾經在此棲息。
11:23
And perhaps也許 a black黑色 bear walked by. And maybe Native本地人 Americans美國人 were there.
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美洲黑熊也許經過此處。美國原住民也可能落腳於此。
11:26
And then we took this data數據.
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而我們將這些資料運用於此。
11:28
You can see this for yourself你自己 on our website網站.
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你可以在我們的網站上看到這些資料。
11:30
You can zoom放大 into any block on Manhattan曼哈頓,
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你可以點選曼哈頓任一角落,
11:32
and see what might威力 have been there 400 years年份 ago.
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就可以看到400年前該地區的生態分布。
11:35
And we used it to try and reveal揭示 a landscape景觀
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我們藉此嘗試將當時的地景呈現出來
11:38
here in Act法案 IIIIII.
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這是第三部分。
11:40
We used the tools工具 they use in Hollywood好萊塢
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我們利用好萊塢的特效
11:42
to make these fantastic奇妙 landscapes景觀 that we all see in the movies電影.
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製作出如同電影中令人讚嘆的美景。
11:45
And we tried試著 to use it to visualize想像 Third第三 Avenue大街.
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我們試著運用3D技術將第三大道具體化。
11:48
So we would take the landscape景觀 and we would build建立 up the topography地形.
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我們先取得地景,然後建立地形。
11:52
We'd星期三 lay鋪設 on top最佳 of that the soils土壤 and the waters水域, and illuminate照亮 the landscape景觀.
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再把土壤和水域分布圖放上去,並調亮地景。
11:56
We would lay鋪設 on top最佳 of that the map地圖 of the ecological生態 communities社區.
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下一步就是放上生態社區分布圖。
11:59
And feed飼料 into that the map地圖 of the species種類.
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並將生物種類一一加入。
12:02
So that we would actually其實 take a photograph照片,
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因此我們到實地拍攝影像,
12:04
flying飛行 above以上 Times Square廣場, looking toward the Hudson哈德森 River,
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飛越時代廣場上空,遠眺哈德遜河,
12:06
waiting等候 for Hudson哈德森 to come.
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等待哈德遜的到來。
12:08
Using運用 this technology技術, we can make these
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藉由這項科技,我們可以製作出
12:10
fantastic奇妙 georeferenced地理坐標 views意見.
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絕佳的地理座標參照景觀。
12:12
We can basically基本上 take a picture圖片 out of any window窗口
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基本上,我們可以將曼哈頓任一窗外的景色
12:14
on Manhattan曼哈頓 and see what that landscape景觀 looked看著 like 400 years年份 ago.
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轉換成400年前的樣貌。
12:17
This is the view視圖 from the East River, looking up Murray穆雷 Hill爬坡道
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從東河往Murray高地望去,
12:20
at where the United聯合的 Nations國家 is today今天.
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可以看到聯合國的現址。
12:23
This is the view視圖 looking down the Hudson哈德森 River,
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這是從哈德遜河上游俯瞰的景色,
12:25
with Manhattan曼哈頓 on the left, and New Jersey新澤西 out on the right,
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我們可以看到左邊是曼哈頓,紐澤西在右邊,
12:28
looking out toward the Atlantic大西洋 Ocean海洋.
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遠方則是大西洋。
12:31
This is the view視圖 over Times Square廣場,
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而這是從時代廣場上空鳥瞰的景觀,
12:33
with the beaver海狸 pond池塘 there, looking out toward the east.
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往東邊看過去,河狸水塘就在那邊。
12:37
So we can see the Collect蒐集 Pond池塘, and LispenardLispenard Marshes沼澤 back behind背後.
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我們也能看到Collect 池塘,Lispenard 沼澤就在後方。
12:41
We can see the fields領域 that the Native本地人 Americans美國人 made製作.
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和美國原住民開拓的園地。
12:44
And we can see this in the geography地理 of the city today今天.
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我們能由今日紐約市的地理位置圖看見這個城市的前身。
12:48
So when you're watching觀看 "Law and Order訂購," and the lawyers律師 walk步行 up the steps腳步
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當你在看"法律與秩序(影集)"中的律師們走上階梯時,
12:51
they could have walked back down those steps腳步
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其實他們正從紐約法院往下走
12:53
of the New York紐約 Court法庭 House, right into the Collect蒐集 Pond池塘,
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一路走往Collect 池塘,
12:55
400 years年份 ago.
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我是說假如是在400年前。
12:59
So these images圖片 are the work of my friend朋友 and colleague同事,
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這些影像是我的好友兼同事,
13:02
Mark標記 Boyer博耶, who is here in the audience聽眾 today今天.
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Mark Boyer的傑作,他今天也在現場。
13:04
And I'd just like, if you would give him a hand,
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我想請大家給他鼓掌,
13:06
to call out for his fine work.
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向他的傑出表現致意。
13:09
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
13:18
There is such這樣 power功率 in bringing使 science科學 and visualization可視化 together一起,
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因為科學和視覺化效果的結合,
13:21
that we can create創建 images圖片 like this,
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我們才能創造出像這樣的圖像。
13:23
perhaps也許 looking on either side of a looking glass玻璃.
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就像照鏡子時所看到相反的影像。
13:26
And even though雖然 I've only had a brief簡要 time to speak說話,
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雖然演講時間有限,
13:28
I hope希望 you appreciate欣賞 that Mannahatta曼納哈塔 was a very special特別 place地點.
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但我還是希望大家都能了解Mannahatta是個非常奇妙的地方。
13:31
The place地點 that you see here on the left side
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你們所看到圖中的左邊
13:34
was interconnected互聯. It was based基於 on this diversity多樣.
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因為它的生態多元性,所以和右邊息息相關。
13:36
It had this resilience彈性 that is what we need in our modern現代 world世界.
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而其中所蘊含的活力正是現今世界所需。
13:41
But I wouldn't不會 have you think that I don't like the place地點
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但我不希望你們以為我討厭大城市,
13:44
on the right, which哪一個 I quite相當 do. I've come to love the city
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事實上剛好相反。我愛紐約市的多元化
13:47
and its kind of diversity多樣, and its resilience彈性,
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及活力,
13:49
and its dependence依賴 on density密度 and how we're connected連接的 together一起.
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還有高密度的人口和人與人之間緊密的連結。
13:54
In fact事實, that I see them as reflections思考 of each other,
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我把它們看成是一體兩面。
13:58
much as Lewis劉易斯 Carroll卡羅爾 did in "Through通過 the Looking Glass玻璃."
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很像是路易斯‧卡洛爾在"愛麗絲鏡中奇緣"中所描述的
14:01
We can compare比較 these two and hold保持 them in our minds頭腦 at the same相同 time,
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我們可以同時將兩者放在心中作比較,
14:05
that they really are the same相同 place地點,
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它們其實是同一個地方,
14:07
that there is no way that cities城市 can escape逃逸 from nature性質.
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而城市是無法脫離大自然的。
14:10
And I think this is what we're learning學習 about building建造 cities城市 in the future未來.
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這也是未來在建造大都市時必須要知道的。
14:14
So if you'll你會 allow允許 me a brief簡要 epilogue結語, not about the past過去,
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所以現在我要簡單做個總結,不是關於過去,
14:17
but about 400 years年份 from now,
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而是關於往後的400年,
14:19
what we're realizing實現 is that
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我們都了解
14:21
cities城市 are habitats棲息地 for people,
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城市是人們的居住地,
14:23
and need to supply供應 what people need:
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並供給人們生活所需:
14:25
a sense of home, food餐飲, water, shelter庇護,
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像是家的感覺,食物,水和住所,
14:28
reproductive生殖 resources資源, and a sense of meaning含義.
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還有繁殖的資源,以及一種感覺
14:32
This is the particular特定 additional額外 habitat棲息地 requirement需求 of humanity人性.
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這是只有人類居住地才特別增加的需求。
14:35
And so many許多 of the talks會談 here at TEDTED are about meaning含義,
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TED絕大多數的演講都是關於"意義",
14:38
about bringing使 meaning含義 to our lives生活
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關於如何為生命帶來意義,
14:40
in all kinds of different不同 ways方法, through通過 technology技術,
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在各種不同方面,透過科技,
14:42
through通過 art藝術, through通過 science科學,
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藝術,科學,
14:44
so much so that I think we focus焦點 so much on
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我想我們多半都把焦點放在
14:47
that side of our lives生活, that we haven't沒有 given特定 enough足夠
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生命的意義,而忽略了
14:49
attention注意 to the food餐飲 and the water and the shelter庇護,
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生活的現實面,像是食物,水還有居住處,
14:52
and what we need to raise提高 the kids孩子.
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以及扶養小孩所需。
14:55
So, how can we envision預見 the city of the future未來?
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所以,我們該如何展望未來的紐約市?
14:58
Well, what if we go to Madison麥迪遜 Square廣場 Park公園,
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假想有天我們到麥迪遜廣場公園,
15:00
and we imagine想像 it without all the cars汽車,
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而公園裡面完全沒有車子,
15:03
and bicycles自行車 instead代替
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只有自行車,
15:05
and large forests森林, and streams instead代替 of sewers下水道 and storm風暴 drains水渠?
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廣大的森林和潺潺流水,而非下水道和排水溝?
15:10
What if we imagined想像 the Upper East Side
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試想如果上東城充滿著
15:12
with green綠色 roofs屋頂, and streams winding曲折 through通過 the city,
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綠色植物,穿越市中心的溪流
15:16
and windmills風車 supplying供應 the power功率 we need?
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和供應用電的風車?
15:19
Or if we imagine想像 the New York紐約 City metropolitan宗主 area,
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或想像紐約市大都會區
15:22
currently目前 home to 12 million百萬 people,
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這樣擁有1200萬人口的都市,
15:24
but 12 million百萬 people in the future未來, perhaps也許 living活的 at the density密度 of Manhattan曼哈頓,
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但未來光是曼哈頓區,可能就有1200萬人口
15:28
in only 36 percent百分 of the area,
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居住在僅占紐約市36%的精華地區,
15:30
with the areas in between之間 covered覆蓋 by farmland農田,
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其間遍佈田地,
15:33
covered覆蓋 by wetlands沼澤地,
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溼地,
15:35
covered覆蓋 by the marshes沼澤 we need.
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還有我們所需的沼澤地。
15:37
This is the kind of future未來 I think we need,
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這是我們所期望的未來,
15:40
is a future未來 that has the same相同 diversity多樣
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這樣的未來擁有相同的生物多樣性
15:43
and abundance豐富 and dynamism力度 of Manhattan曼哈頓,
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豐富性及曼哈頓特有的活力,
15:46
but that learns獲悉 from the sustainability可持續性 of the past過去,
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但同時又能從過去學習永續發展之道,
15:49
of the ecology生態, the original原版的 ecology生態, of nature性質 with all its parts部分.
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無論是在生態,原生態,或是關於自然的一切。
15:54
Thank you very much.
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非常感謝大家
15:56
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
Translated by Cate Kuo
Reviewed by Adrienne Lin

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Eric Sanderson - Landscape ecologist
Armed with an 18th-century map, a GPS and reams of data, Eric Sanderson has re-plotted the Manhattan of 1609, just in time for New York's quadricentennial.

Why you should listen

Before becoming the center of the Western cultural universe, Manhattan was Mannahatta, "Island of many hills," in the language of 17th-century Native Americans. Using computer modeling, painstaking research and a lot of legwork, Wildlife Conservation Society ecologist Eric Sanderson has re-envisioned, block by block, the ecology of Manhattan as it was when Henry Hudson first sailed into the forested harbor in 1609.

The Mannahatta Project presents the eye-popping fruits of Sanderson's research, from the now-flattened hills of the financial district to the river otters of Harlem. The project's astonishing visualizations are realized by computer-graphics wizard Markley Boyer, and encompasses a book, a website and a 3-D map -- a sort of Google Earth of ancient New York. Plaques around town will commemorate a lost creek or habitat. Far more than a mournful look back at what has been irrevocably paved over, the Mannahatta Project is designed to inspire ecological sustainability for New York and for other cities.

More profile about the speaker
Eric Sanderson | Speaker | TED.com