ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Robert Thurman - Buddhist scholar
The first American to be ordained a Tibetan Monk by the Dalai Lama, Robert A.F. Thurman is a scholar, author and tireless proponent of peace.

Why you should listen

Tenzin Robert Thurman became a Tibetan monk at age 24. He's a professor of Indo-Tibetan Buddhist studies at Columbia University, and co-founder of Tibet House US, a nonprofit dedicated to the preservation and promotion of Tibetan civilization.

Thurman's focus is on the balance between inner insight and cultural harmony. In interpreting the teachings of Buddha, he argues that happiness can be reliable and satisfying in an enduring way without depriving others.

He has translated many Buddhist Sutras, or teachings, and written many books, recently taking on the topic of Anger for the recent Oxford series on the seven deadly sins. He maintains a podcast on Buddhist topics. And yes, he is Uma's dad.

More profile about the speaker
Robert Thurman | Speaker | TED.com
Chautauqua Institution

Robert Thurman: Expanding your circle of compassion

Robert Thurman:把你的同理心(慈悲)傳出去

Filmed:
348,764 views

要持續展現同理心是一件不容易的事情,即時是我們喜歡的人,但Rober Thrman要我們培養我們對於敵人的同理心, 他解釋了七個步驟來練習擴展我們本身的同理心
- Buddhist scholar
The first American to be ordained a Tibetan Monk by the Dalai Lama, Robert A.F. Thurman is a scholar, author and tireless proponent of peace. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:12
I want to open打開 by quoting引用 Einstein's愛因斯坦 wonderful精彩 statement聲明,
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我想以一個愛因斯坦的名言作為開頭
00:16
just so people will feel at ease緩解 that the great scientist科學家 of the 20th century世紀
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讓大家可以更容易接受我的觀點,因為20世紀最偉大的科學家
00:21
also agrees同意 with us, and also calls電話 us to this action行動.
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也同意我們,並且要我們這樣做
00:25
He said, "A human人的 being存在 is a part部分 of the whole整個, called by us, the 'universe'宇宙,' --
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他說,"人之所以為人,是宇宙的一部份"
00:30
a part部分 limited有限 in time and space空間.
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在時間與空間中有限的一部份
00:33
He experiences經驗 himself他自己, his thoughts思念 and feelings情懷,
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他將自身以及自己的思想與感受
00:36
as something separated分離 from the rest休息,
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視為獨立於整體之外
00:39
a kind of optical光纖 delusion妄想 of his consciousness意識.
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但這種"獨立"是一種意識的錯覺
00:43
This delusion妄想 is a kind of prison監獄 for us,
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這種錯覺就像會把我們囚禁的監牢
00:46
restricting限制 us to our personal個人 desires慾望 and to affection感情 for a few少數 persons nearest最近的 to us.
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箝制我們個人的慾望和少數親近的人
00:52
Our task任務 must必須 be to free自由 ourselves我們自己 from this prison監獄 by widening加寬 our circle of compassion同情,
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我們必須把我們自己從這個監獄釋放出來,同時拓展我們的同理心
00:58
to embrace擁抱 all living活的 creatures生物 and the whole整個 of nature性質 in its beauty美女."
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來擁抱所有生命與整個大自然的美麗
01:02
This insight眼光 of Einstein's愛因斯坦 is uncannily驚人地 close to that of Buddhist佛教徒 psychology心理學,
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在這一刻,愛因斯坦的見解與佛教心理學中
01:07
wherein其中, compassion同情 -- "karuna卡魯納," it is called --
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談到的同理心(慈悲心),卡魯那(佛教心理學)有所略同
01:11
is defined定義 as, "the sensitivity靈敏度 to another's他人的 suffering痛苦
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被定義為,"以眾生的苦當作自己的苦"
01:14
and the corresponding相應 will to free自由 the other from that suffering痛苦."
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並且讓別人可以從痛苦中解脫出來的意志力
01:19
It pairs closely密切 with love, which哪一個 is the will for the other to be happy快樂,
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這同理心與西方的愛是類似的, 那就是希望別人可以快樂
01:23
which哪一個 requires要求, of course課程, that one feels感覺 some happiness幸福 oneself自己
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在自己感到快樂的同時
01:27
and wishes祝福 to share分享 it.
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也希望可以與別人分享
01:30
This is perfect完善 in that it clearly明確地 opposes反對 self-centeredness自我中心
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因為同理心和以自我為中心
01:33
and selfishness自私 to compassion同情, the concern關心 for others其他,
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自私自利恰恰相反,它是關心別人的
01:37
and, further進一步, it indicates指示 that those caught抓住 in the cycle週期 of self-concern自我關注
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並且更進一步來說那些以自我為中心的人
01:42
suffer遭受 helplessly無奈, while the compassionate富於同情心的 are more free自由
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更容易陷入無助,而那些擁有慈悲心的人往往可以生活的更自在
01:46
and, implicitly隱式, more happy快樂.
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獲得更多快樂
01:48
The Dalai達賴 Lama喇嘛 often經常 states狀態 that compassion同情 is his best最好 friend朋友.
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達賴喇嘛常說同理心是他最好的朋友
01:53
It helps幫助 him when he is overwhelmed不堪重負 with grief哀思 and despair絕望.
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這幫助他戰勝悲傷與失望
01:56
Compassion同情 helps幫助 him turn away from the feeling感覺 of his suffering痛苦
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同理心幫助他脫離那些令他感到折磨的感受
02:00
as the most absolute絕對, most terrible可怕 suffering痛苦 anyone任何人 has ever had
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即使那種痛苦比別人更加悲慘
02:05
and broadens變寬 his awareness意識 of the sufferings痛苦 of others其他,
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並且讓他意識到其他也在受苦的人
02:08
even of the perpetrators肇事者 of his misery苦難 and the whole整個 mass of beings眾生.
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即使是那些令他痛苦的犯罪者,以及所有這些人
02:13
In fact事實, suffering痛苦 is so huge巨大 and enormous巨大,
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事實上, 痛苦的折磨是這麼大到難以計數
02:16
his own擁有 becomes less and less monumental紀念.
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而他自己的痛苦卻只是極小一部份
02:19
And he begins開始 to move移動 beyond his self-concern自我關注 into the broader更廣泛 concern關心 for others其他.
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而他把以自我為中心的意識轉為發散到他人
02:25
And this immediately立即 cheers乾杯 him up,
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這立刻鼓舞了他起來
02:27
as his courage勇氣 is stimulated刺激 to rise上升 to the occasion場合.
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因為他的勇氣立刻被激發出來
02:31
Thus從而, he uses使用 his own擁有 suffering痛苦
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也因為如此,他用自己所受到的磨難
02:33
as a doorway門口 to widening加寬 his circle of compassion同情.
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當作一扇打開同理心的門擴展開來
02:37
He is a very good colleague同事 of Einstein's愛因斯坦, we must必須 say.
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我必須這樣說,他是愛因斯坦的好同事,因為他們英雄所見略同
02:41
Now, I want to tell a story故事,
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現在我想要說一個故事
02:43
which哪一個 is a very famous著名 story故事 in the Indian印度人 and Buddhist佛教徒 tradition傳統,
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一個對印度以及佛教來說很有名的故事
02:46
of the great Saint Asanga無著
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是關於聖人Asanga的故事
02:48
who was a contemporary現代的 of Augustine奧古斯丁 in the West西
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他和西方世界的奧古斯丁是屬於同一個時期的人
02:51
and was sort分類 of like the Buddhist佛教徒 Augustine奧古斯丁.
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並且他其實就類似佛教界的奧古斯丁
02:53
And Asanga無著 lived生活 800 years年份 after the Buddha's time.
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Asanga生活的時空是在佛祖誕生後的八百年
02:57
And he was discontented不滿 with the state of people's人們 practice實踐
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並且他對當時人們
03:00
of the Buddhist佛教徒 religion宗教 in India印度 at that time.
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對印度佛教教義的實踐很不滿意
03:02
And so he said, "I'm sick生病 of all this. Nobody's沒有人的 really living活的 the doctrine教義.
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他說,"我對這一切覺得很感冒,沒有一個人真正實踐佛教的教義
03:06
They're talking about love and compassion同情 and wisdom智慧 and enlightenment啟示,
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他們都說要有愛,要有同理心,要有智慧,然後有了這些他們就會明白一切,而不在會受到任何磨難
03:09
but they are acting演戲 selfish自私 and pathetic可憐.
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但他們實際表現出來的卻是自私以及令人可悲
03:12
So, Buddha's teaching教學 has lost丟失 its momentum動量.
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所以佛祖的教導已經失去了他的原意
03:15
I know the next下一個 Buddha will come a few少數 thousand years年份 from now,
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我知道下一個佛祖的誕生需要等待數千年
03:18
but exists存在 currently目前 in a certain某些 heaven天堂" -- that's Maitreya彌勒 --
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但是現在其實存在一個天堂,他就是彌勒菩提
03:22
"so, I'm going to go on a retreat撤退 and I'm going to meditate幽思
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所以我想要繼續修行,我要去打坐
03:25
and pray祈禱 until直到 the Buddha Maitreya彌勒 reveals揭示 himself他自己 to me,
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和祈禱, 直到佛祖彌勒接納我為止
03:29
and gives me a teaching教學 or something
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並且給我指導
03:31
to revive復活 the practice實踐 of compassion同情 in the world世界 today今天."
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讓世間重生,讓每個人都有同理心
03:35
So he went on this retreat撤退. And he meditated沉思 for three years年份
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所以他去修行,閉關了三年
03:38
and he did not see the future未來 Buddha Maitreya彌勒.
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但是他沒有看到彌勒菩提
03:40
And he left in disgust厭惡.
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然後他很厭煩的離開
03:43
And as he was leaving離開, he saw a man --
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當他離開的時候,他看到一個人
03:46
a funny滑稽 little man sitting坐在 sort分類 of part部分 way down the mountain.
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一個矮矮的人看起來很可笑,坐在山下
03:49
And he had a lump of iron.
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他有一塊鐵塊
03:52
And he was rubbing it with a cloth.
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他正在用他的衣服摩擦他的鐵塊
03:54
And he became成為 interested有興趣 in that.
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而Asaga對這件事情感到有興趣
03:56
He said, "Well what are you doing?"
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他對那小矮人說,"你在做什麼?"
03:58
And the man said, "I'm making製造 a needle."
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那個人說,"我正在做一根細針"
04:03
And he said, "That's ridiculous荒謬. You can't make a needle
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接著他說,"那是不能的事,你不能用衣服
04:05
by rubbing a lump of iron with a cloth."
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摩擦一塊鐵讓他變成一根細針"
04:07
And the man said, "Really?" And he showed顯示 him a dish full充分 of needles.
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小矮人說,"怎麼不可能",接著他展示給他看他身上有的針
04:10
So he said, "Okay, I get the point."
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接著他說, "好吧,我知道了"
04:12
He went back to his cave洞穴. He meditated沉思 again.
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然後他就回去他的洞穴,繼續他的修行
04:15
Another另一個 three years年份, no vision視力. He leaves樹葉 again.
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又三年過去了,他還是沒辦法體悟出道理,他又再次離開了
04:18
This time, he comes down.
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這次,他下山
04:20
And as he's leaving離開, he sees看到 a bird making製造 a nest on a cliff懸崖 ledge窗台.
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正在他離開的時候,他看到一隻鳥正在懸崖邊做一個鳥巢
04:24
And where it's landing降落 to bring帶來 the twigs樹枝 to the cliff懸崖,
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鳥把接來的小嫩枝帶來了懸崖邊
04:28
its feathers羽毛 brushes the rock -- and it had cut the rock
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鳥翅膀的羽毛拍打的岩石,並且把岩石切出了一條縫
04:32
six to eight inches英寸 in. There was a cleft裂口 in the rock
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有六到八英吋的裂痕
04:35
by the brushing刷牙 of the feathers羽毛 of generations of the birds鳥類.
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是鳥身上的羽毛所拍打出來的,而且世世代代的鳥都是這樣做
04:38
So he said, "All right. I get the point." He went back.
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他感動不已,他說"好吧,我知道了",他又回去了修行
04:40
Another另一個 three years年份.
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又過了三年
04:42
Again, no vision視力 of Maitreya彌勒 after nine years年份.
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他還是沒有看到彌勒菩提,這已經是九年了
04:44
And he again leaves樹葉, and this time: water dripping滴水,
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所以他又離開了一次,這一次水濕淋淋的
04:47
making製造 a giant巨人 bowl in the rock where it drips滴水 in a stream.
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用滴水在岩石中做了一個很大的碗公
04:51
And so, again, he goes back. And after 12 years年份 there is still no vision視力.
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他似乎領悟出什麼,所以他又回去了,然後過了十二年,他還是沒有看到彌勒菩提
04:55
And he's freaked嚇壞 out. And he won't慣於 even look left or right
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然後他的舉動變得怪異,他連左看又看的想法都沒有
04:57
to see any encouraging鼓舞人心的 vision視力.
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所以根本沒辦法看到任何有激勵人心的看法
04:59
And he comes to the town. He's a broken破碎 person.
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接著他就來到了城鎮,他已經完全是一個落魄的人
05:02
And there, in the town, he's approached接近 by a dog
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就在那裡,他遇到了一隻狗
05:05
who comes like this -- one of these terrible可怕 dogs小狗 you can see in some poor較差的 countries國家,
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就像一般在很窮很窮的國家裡你會看到的可憐狗
05:10
even in America美國, I think, in some areas --
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即使在美國你也可能在某些地方看到
05:12
and he's looking just terrible可怕.
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那隻狗看起來實在有夠可憐的
05:14
And he becomes interested有興趣 in this dog because it's so pathetic可憐,
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接著他對那隻狗感到興趣,因為它看起來太悲慘了
05:17
and it's trying to attract吸引 his attention注意. And he sits坐鎮 down looking at the dog.
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而且狗正想要引起他的注意.於是他坐下來看著那隻狗
05:20
And the dog's小狗 whole整個 hindquarters後軀 are a complete完成 open打開 sore.
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那隻狗的四隻腳都得了皮膚炎
05:25
Some of it is like gangrenous壞疽的,
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有些部分看起來生了壞疽的
05:27
and there are maggots in the flesh. And it's terrible可怕.
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而且看起來有蛆在他的皮膚上爬,真是有夠可憐的
05:30
He thinks, "What can I do to fix固定 up this dog?
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他想,"我該怎麼就這隻狗呢?"
05:33
Well, at least最小 I can clean清潔 this wound傷口 and wash it."
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恩,我想我至少可以讓他洗個澡
05:36
So, he takes it to some water. He's about to clean清潔,
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所以他就去弄了一些水,當他正要開始幫狗洗澡的時候
05:38
but then his awareness意識 focuses重點 on the maggots.
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他的注意力轉移到那些蛆的身上
05:42
And he sees看到 the maggots, and the maggots are kind of looking a little cute可愛.
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當他看著蛆的時候,他發現那些蛆也變得可愛起來
05:45
And they're maggotingmaggoting happily高高興興 in the dog's小狗 hindquarters後軀 there.
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那些蛆很快樂的在狗的四隻上面爬來扒去
05:48
"Well, if I clean清潔 the dog, I'll kill the maggots. So how can that be?
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他想"如我把狗洗澡喜乾淨了,那這些蛆都會被我殺掉,那怎麼可以呢?"
05:52
That's it. I'm a useless無用 person and there's no Buddha, no Maitreya彌勒,
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恩好吧,就這樣好了,我是個沒用的人,而且我也沒辦法看到佛祖,看到彌勒菩提
05:55
and everything is all hopeless絕望.
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然後所有的東西都沒有希望了
05:57
And now I'm going to kill the maggots?"
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所以我只能落魄到殺這些蛆?這怎麼可以呢!!
06:00
So, he had a brilliant輝煌 idea理念.
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於是他想到一個很好的辦法
06:02
And he took a shard碎片 of something, and cut a piece of flesh from his thigh大腿,
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他拿了一塊間間的東西,並且從他的身上刮了一層皮下來
06:07
and he placed放置 it on ground地面.
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接著他把這個東西放在地上
06:09
He was not really thinking思維 too carefully小心 about the ASPCAASPCA.
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他其實沒有很認真的想想破傷風的問題...(這時在該注意的!)
06:13
He was just immediately立即 caught抓住 with the situation情況.
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他只是在那個當下想到了這個辦法
06:15
So he thought, "I will take the maggots and put them on this piece of flesh,
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他想,"我會把蛆放到那塊東西上"
06:18
then clean清潔 the dog's小狗 wounds傷口, and then
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然後再來就可以把狗洗乾淨了,也不會把蛆給殺掉
06:21
I'll figure數字 out what to do with the maggots."
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我想到可以救蛆的方法,
06:24
So he starts啟動 to do that. He can't grab the maggots.
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當他開始做的時候,他沒辦法把蛆抓起來
06:26
Apparently顯然地 they wriggle蠢動 around. They're kind of hard to grab, these maggots.
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那些蛆很明顯的蠕動所以很難抓
06:30
So he says, "Well, I'll put my tongue on the dog's小狗 flesh.
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於是他說,"好吧,我把我的舌頭靠近狗的皮膚
06:34
And then the maggots will jump on my warmer回暖 tongue" --
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然後那些蛆就可以跳到我溫暖的舌頭上
06:36
the dog is kind of used up --
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那狗也不會有區了
06:38
"and then I'll spit them one by one down on the thing."
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然後我再把那些蛆一個一個分開就下來
06:41
So he goes down, and he's sticking癥結 his tongue out like this.
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所以他就蹲下去,把舌頭身出來
06:44
And he had to close his eyes眼睛, it's so disgusting討厭, and the smell and everything.
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當他靠近的時候他比需把他的眼睛閉起來,因為一切實在太噁心了!
06:49
And then, suddenly突然, there's a pfftpfft, a noise噪聲 like that.
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然後,突然間他發現有一陣噪音出現了
06:51
He jumps跳躍 back and there, of course課程, is the future未來 Buddha Maitreya彌勒
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他往後退了三步, 沒錯,彌勒菩堤出現了
06:55
in a beautiful美麗 vision視力 -- rainbow彩虹 lights燈火, golden金色, jeweled珠光寶氣, a plasma等離子體 body身體,
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這個景象實在太美了,就像彩虹的亮光,金黃色的,像珠寶一樣的顏色,
07:02
an exquisite精美 mystic神秘 vision視力 -- that he sees看到.
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那精巧的身體,他終於看到了
07:04
And he says, "Oh." He bows.
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然後他大叫了一聲,"挖啊"
07:06
But, being存在 human人的, he's immediately立即 thinking思維 of his next下一個 complaint抱怨.
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但是身為人,他還是抱怨了一下
07:10
So as he comes up from his first bow he says,
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所以他到了他的面前
07:12
"My Lord, I'm so happy快樂 to see you, but where have you been for 12 years年份?
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我的天阿,我很高興見到你,但是你過去的十二年跑去哪裡了?
07:16
What is this?"
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這是什麼?
07:18
And Maitreya彌勒 says, "I was with you. Who do you think was making製造 needles
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彌勒菩提說," 我一直在你旁邊,你知道是誰在那邊做細針的嗎
07:21
and making製造 nests and dripping滴水 on rocks岩石 for you, mister先生 dense稠密?"
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做鳥巢的, 把落石往你身邊丟的?
07:25
(Laughter笑聲)
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哈哈哈
07:27
"Looking for the Buddha in person," he said.
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"對於一個尋找佛祖的人"他說
07:30
And he said, "You didn't have, until直到 this moment時刻, real真實 compassion同情.
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他說,"你過去都沒有同理心,直到這一個時刻,你才擁有真正的同理心
07:36
And, until直到 you have real真實 compassion同情, you cannot不能 recognize認識 love."
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你不會意識到什麼是真正的愛,直到你擁有真正的同理心
07:39
"Maitreya彌勒" means手段 love, "the loving愛心 one," in Sanskrit梵文.
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彌勒菩提代表的是愛,唯一的愛
07:43
And so he looked看著 very dubious可疑, Asanga無著 did.
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接著他看起來非常的懷疑
07:45
And he said, "If you don't believe me, just take me with you."
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Asanga接著說"如果你不相信我,那你把我帶在身邊"
07:48
And so he took the Maitreya彌勒 -- it shrunk壓縮 into a globe地球, a ball --
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彌勒菩提變成了一顆球,於是他就把彌勒菩提帶著
07:53
took him on his shoulder.
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放在肩膀上
07:55
And he ran into town in the marketplace市井, and he said, "Rejoice! Rejoice!
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接著他回到城市的市場上,他說太棒了
07:59
The future未來 Buddha has come ahead of all predictions預測. Here he is."
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未來的佛祖來到這邊,他就在這邊
08:03
And then pretty漂亮 soon不久 they started開始 throwing投擲 rocks岩石 and stones石頭 at him --
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接著群眾開始朝著他丟石頭
08:06
it wasn't Chautauqua肖托誇, it was some other town --
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這裡不是Chautauqua, 這是別的城鎮
08:09
because they saw a demented發狂 looking, scrawny骨瘦如柴 looking yogi修道者 man,
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因為群眾看到了一個看起來瘋狂,又骨瘦如柴
08:13
like some kind of hippie嬉皮士, with a bleeding流血的 leg and a rotten dog on his shoulder,
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有點像是嬉皮,腿留著血的一個人,還有一隻發臭的狗,放在他肩上
08:18
shouting叫喊 that the future未來 Buddha had come.
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大叫著未來的佛祖在這邊
08:20
So, naturally自然, they chased him out of town.
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所以很自然的
08:22
But on the edge邊緣 of town, one elderly老年 lady淑女, a charwoman女傭 in the charnel藏屍 ground地面,
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但是就在城鎮的邊緣,一位老老的女人,站在埋葬場所
08:27
saw a jeweled珠光寶氣 foot腳丫子 on a jeweled珠光寶氣 lotus蓮花 on his shoulder and then the dog,
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看到了有珠寶光的光輝的蓮花,佈滿了他的肩膀接著狗也佈滿了
08:31
but she saw the jewel foot腳丫子 of the Maitreya彌勒, and she offered提供 a flower.
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她看到了彌勒菩提珠寶光的腳,並且她送給他一朵花
08:35
So that encouraged鼓勵 him, and he went with Maitreya彌勒.
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這鼓勵了他,讓他可以跟隨彌勒菩提
08:38
Maitreya彌勒 then took him to a certain某些 heaven天堂,
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彌勒菩提接著把他帶到了天堂
08:40
which哪一個 is the typical典型 way a Buddhist佛教徒 myth神話 unfolds展開.
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在那邊佛祖的秘密被揭開了
08:43
And Maitreya彌勒 then kept不停 him in heaven天堂 for five years年份,
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彌勒菩提讓他留在天堂流了五年的時間
08:45
dictating聽寫 to him five complicated複雜 tomes大部頭
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口述了五本大本的書
08:49
of the methodology方法 of how you cultivate培育 compassion同情.
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跟他講述了要怎麼樣去培養同理心
08:52
And then I thought I would share分享 with you what that method方法 is, or one of them.
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於是"演講者說" 我想要把這些方法與你們分享,第一個
08:55
A famous著名 one, it's called the "Sevenfold七倍 Causal因果 Method方法 of Developing發展 Compassion同情."
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最有名的," 七個因果的方法來培養同理心
09:00
And it begins開始 first by one meditating沉思 and visualizing可視化 that all beings眾生 are with one --
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最一開始,把所有的生靈都當作只有一個個體
09:07
even animals動物 too, but everyone大家 is in human人的 form形成.
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除了人以外,即使是動物也把它們這樣看
09:11
The animals動物 are in one of their human人的 lives生活. The humans人類 are human人的.
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把動物看成它們有人類般的生命
09:14
And then, among其中 them, you think of your friends朋友 and loved喜愛 ones那些, the circle at the table.
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然後,在這裡面, 你把你的朋友們,你喜歡的人都聚集在一起
09:19
And you think of your enemies敵人, and you think of the neutral中性 ones那些.
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想想你的敵人,想想那些處在中立地位的
09:22
And then you try to say, "Well, the loved喜愛 ones那些 I love.
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然後你試著說,"好吧,我只愛我愛的
09:26
But, you know, after all, they're nice不錯 to me.
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不過你知道的,畢竟他們對我都很好
09:28
I had fights打架 with them. Sometimes有時 they were unfriendly不友好.
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我曾經跟他們吵架,他們有時候對我不友善
09:30
I got mad. Brothers兄弟 can fight鬥爭. Parents父母 and children孩子 can fight鬥爭.
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我會生氣,兄弟會吵架,父母和小孩也會吵架
09:33
So, in a way, I like them so much because they're nice不錯 to me.
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所以,某方面,我喜歡他們,因為他們對我很好
09:37
While the neutral中性 ones那些 I don't know. They could all be just fine.
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而對於中立的人來說,我是不知道,他們可能都很好
09:41
And then the enemies敵人 I don't like because they're mean to me.
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接著擴展到敵人,我不喜歡敵人,因為它們對我很不好
09:45
But they are nice不錯 to somebody. I could be them."
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但是他們對其他人好,我可以變成那些其他人
09:48
And then the Buddhists佛教徒, of course課程, think that, because we've我們已經 all had infinite無窮 previous以前 lives生活,
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接著對佛祖來說,那是單然的想法,因為我們也無限的前世
09:52
we've我們已經 all been each other's其他 relatives親戚們, actually其實.
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佛祖相信我們和其他人都有一些實際的關係
09:56
Therefore因此 all of you, in the Buddhist佛教徒 view視圖,
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因此每一個人,在佛祖的眼裡
09:58
in some previous以前 life, although雖然 you don't remember記得 it and neither也不 do I,
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雖然你不記得前世,但是在前世裡
10:02
have been my mother母親 -- for which哪一個 I do apologize道歉 for the trouble麻煩 I caused造成 you.
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你曾經是我的媽媽,我對我曾經造成你的麻煩感到抱歉
10:07
And also, actually其實, I've been your mother母親.
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並且實際上,我當過你的媽媽
10:10
I've been female, and I've been every一切 single one of yours'你的“ mother母親 in a previous以前 life,
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我的前世是個女人,並且我曾經是一個媽媽
10:13
the way the Buddhists佛教徒 reflect反映.
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這就是佛祖的想法
10:15
So, my mother母親 in this life is really great. But all of you in a way
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所以我的媽媽在這樣一個想法理事非常偉大的,其實你們也都是這樣
10:18
are part部分 of the eternal永恆 mother母親.
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在某一部份裡是一個永恆的媽媽
10:21
You gave me that expression表達; "the eternal永恆 mama媽媽," you said. That's wonderful精彩.
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你給我了這樣的稱謂,一個永恆的媽媽,然後你就會說,那真是太棒了
10:25
So, that's the way the Buddhists佛教徒 do it.
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那就是佛祖所做的事情
10:27
A theist有神論者 Christian基督教 can think that all beings眾生, even my enemies敵人, are God's children孩子.
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對於有神論者,基督徒,可以想所有的人,甚至是我的敵人,都是上帝的孩子
10:32
So, in that sense, we're related有關.
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用這樣的想法,我們實際上都是相關
10:34
So, they first create創建 this foundation基礎 of equality平等.
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所以這建立了所謂的平等
10:37
So, we sort分類 of reduce減少 a little of the clinging執著 to the ones那些 we love --
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所以我們在某種程度上減輕了我們對某些人的愛
10:41
just in the meditation冥想 -- and we open打開 our mind心神 to those we don't know.
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這只是一種妥協,也因為如此我們把自己的心靈打開,給那些我們不知道的人
10:45
And we definitely無疑 reduce減少 the hostility敵意 and the "I don't want to be compassionate富於同情心的 to them"
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我們明確地減少我們的敵意把"我不要把同理心給那些壞人"
10:49
to the ones那些 we think of as the bad guys, the ones那些 we hate討厭 and we don't like.
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那些我們認為是壞人的人,以及我們討厭不喜歡的人
10:54
And we don't hate討厭 anyone任何人, therefore因此. So we equalize均衡. That's very important重要.
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因為我們不在討厭任何人,所以我們同化了這些,這是非常重要的一部份
10:57
And then the next下一個 thing we do is what is called "mother母親 recognition承認."
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接著下一件事情,叫做認識我們的母親
11:01
And that is, we think of every一切 being存在 as familiar, as family家庭.
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那就是把每個人都當作我們的家人
11:06
We expand擴大. We take the feeling感覺 about remembering記憶 a mama媽媽,
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我們把這個感覺向外擴展,我們把回憶母親的美好這種感覺
11:11
and we defuse化解 that to all beings眾生 in this meditation冥想.
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並也把這個想法散佈給大家,在一種沈思的狀況下
11:15
And we see the mother母親 in every一切 being存在.
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然後我們就可以把每個人當作母親來看
11:17
We see that look that the mother母親 has on her face面對,
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這種感覺就像我們看母親慈祥的臉
11:20
looking at this child兒童 that is a miracle奇蹟
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看著他的小孩,這就像是一種奇蹟一樣
11:22
that she has produced生成 from her own擁有 body身體, being存在 a mammal哺乳動物,
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作為一個人,那種表現是非常自然的
11:25
where she has true真正 compassion同情, truly is the other, and identifies識別 completely全然.
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那就是最真實的同理心,可以被完完全全的表現出來
11:29
Often經常 the life of that other will be more important重要 to her than her own擁有 life.
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把別人的生命看的比她自己的還重要一樣
11:33
And that's why it's the most powerful強大 form形成 of altruism利他主義.
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而這就是為什麼這個力量非常的巨大...利他主義
11:36
The mother母親 is the model模型 of all altruism利他主義 for human人的 beings眾生,
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母親,就是所有利他主義的模範
11:40
in spiritual精神 traditions傳統.
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也是精神的代表
11:43
And so, we reflect反映 until直到 we can sort分類 of see that motherly母愛 expression表達 in all beings眾生.
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也因為如此,我們可以展現像母親那樣的同理心給其他所有人
11:49
People laugh at me because, you know, I used to say that
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其他人都這樣笑我,我過去常這樣說
11:52
I used to meditate幽思 on mama媽媽 Cheney切尼 as my mom媽媽,
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我常把Cheney 當做我的媽媽
11:56
when, of course課程, I was annoyed懊惱 with him about all of his evil邪惡 doings行為 in Iraq伊拉克.
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當然我對他在伊拉克做的壞事感覺到非常的反感
12:01
I used to meditate幽思 on George喬治 Bush襯套. He's quite相當 a cute可愛 mom媽媽 in a female form形成.
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我過去常把布希總統拿來思考, 他是一個相當可愛的媽媽(一種男性的樣子)
12:04
He has his little ears耳朵 and he smiles笑容 and he rocks岩石 you in his arms武器.
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當他逗你笑的時候
12:07
And you think of him as nursing看護 you.
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你可以想像他在服侍你
12:10
And then Saddam薩達姆 Hussein's侯賽因 serious嚴重 mustache鬍子 is a problem問題,
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然後你可以把伊拉克總理海珊滿臉的鬍子當做一個問題
12:13
but you think of him as a mom媽媽.
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但當你把他想成媽媽的時候
12:16
And this is the way you do it. You take any being存在 who looks容貌 weird奇怪的 to you,
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這就是你做事的方法,你把每個你看起來很怪的人
12:18
and you see how they could be familiar to you.
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把他們當做跟你很親近的人
12:22
And you do that for a while, until直到 you really feel that.
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然後你就先做了這件事直到你感覺到
12:26
You can feel the familiarity熟悉 of all beings眾生.
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你可以感受到每個人其實都是很親近的
12:28
Nobody沒有人 seems似乎 alien外僑. They're not "other."
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沒有一個人是陌生人,他們不是別人
12:30
You reduce減少 the feeling感覺 of otherness差異性 about beings眾生.
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你把"別人"這種想法給去掉
12:33
Then you move移動 from there to remembering記憶 the kindness善良 of mothers母親 in general一般,
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然後你到了那種程度,就可以回憶起母親的仁慈
12:38
if you can remember記得 the kindness善良 of your own擁有 mother母親,
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如果你可以記起你母親的仁慈
12:40
if you can remember記得 the kindness善良 of your spouse伴侶,
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也可以憶起你的配偶的仁慈
12:42
or, if you are a mother母親 yourself你自己, how you were with your children孩子.
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或是你自己本身就是一位母親,你是怎麼對待自己的孩子
12:45
And you begin開始 to get very sentimental感傷; you cultivate培育 sentimentality感傷 intensely激烈.
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然後你就變得比較富有感情,你會大大地培養自己的情感
12:50
You will even weep哭泣, perhaps也許, with gratitude感謝 and kindness善良.
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你會哭泣,又或許感謝這仁慈
12:53
And then you connect that with your feeling感覺 that everyone大家 has that motherly母愛 possibility可能性.
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然後你就可以和那些也有這種情感的人做聯繫
12:57
Every一切 being存在, even the most mean looking ones那些, can be motherly母愛.
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每一個人,及使最邪惡的人都可以轉變成像母親一樣慈祥的人
13:02
And then, third第三, you step from there to what is called "a feeling感覺 of gratitude感謝."
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接著第三步,是感恩的心
13:06
You want to repay償還 that kindness善良 that all beings眾生 have shown顯示 to you.
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你想回報那些對你的仁慈
13:10
And then the fourth第四 step, you go to what is called "lovely可愛 love."
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第四步,你就會到達最完整的愛
13:14
In each one of these you can take some weeks, or months個月, or days
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如果這些步驟你可以在每一星期每一個月或每一天練習
13:16
depending根據 on how you do it, or you can do them in a run, this meditation冥想.
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看你要怎麼練習,你可以慢跑的時候 練習這種思考
13:20
And then you think of how lovely可愛 beings眾生 are when they are happy快樂,
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你就可以想當人們擁有愛的時候將會多高興
13:25
when they are satisfied滿意.
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當他們滿足的時候
13:27
And every一切 being存在 looks容貌 beautiful美麗 when they are internally國內 feeling感覺 a happiness幸福.
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並且每個人都會看起來很高興,當他們內心感到愉快的感覺
13:31
Their face面對 doesn't look like this. When they're angry憤怒, they look ugly醜陋, every一切 being存在,
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當他們生氣看起來會很難看,他們的臉看起來不會是這樣
13:35
but when they're happy快樂 they look beautiful美麗.
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不過當他們高興的時候,他們看起來是很高興的
13:37
And so you see beings眾生 in their potential潛在 happiness幸福.
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所以你就可以看到他們潛在的高興
13:40
And you feel a love toward them and you want them to be happy快樂, even the enemy敵人.
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然後你就可以感受到有一股愛的力量向他們前進,因為你希望他們可以高興
13:43
We think Jesus耶穌 is being存在 unrealistic不切實際
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並且實際上,這是非常符合邏輯的
13:45
when he says, "Love thine enemy敵人."
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我們有時候會想到耶穌說對他們的敵人表現愛是非常不真實的
13:49
He does say that, and we think he's being存在 unrealistic不切實際
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他真的是那樣說的,在我們的想法理他是不真實的
13:52
and sort分類 of spiritual精神 and highfalutin冠冕堂皇. "Nice尼斯 for him to say it, but I can't do that."
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是一種清神上的,裝模作樣的,所以我們會想"他是講得很好沒錯,不過我沒辦法做到"
13:55
But, actually其實, that's practical實際的.
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但實際上,那是可以做到的
13:57
If you love your enemy敵人 that means手段 you want your enemy敵人 to be happy快樂.
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如果你喜歡你的敵人,那代表你希望你的敵人高興
14:00
If your enemy敵人 was really happy快樂, why would they bother to be your enemy敵人?
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如果你的敵人真的很高興的話,那麼他們怎麼會來打擾你呢
14:04
How boring無聊 to run around chasing you.
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為什麼要這麼無聊在旁邊追你
14:06
They would be relaxing放鬆 somewhere某處 having a good time.
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他們應該要在其他地方休息,享受他們的時間
14:09
So it makes品牌 sense to want your enemy敵人 to be happy快樂,
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所以讓你的敵人高興是一件很有意義的事情
14:11
because they'll他們會 stop being存在 your enemy敵人 because that's too much trouble麻煩.
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因為他們將會停止當你的敵人,因為那太麻煩了
14:14
But anyway無論如何, that's the "lovely可愛 love. "
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不過那將是非常棒的
14:16
And then finally最後, the fifth第五 step is compassion同情, "universal普遍 compassion同情."
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第五步,那就是同理心(慈悲新)一種對於全宇宙的同理心
14:20
And that is where you then look at the reality現實 of all the beings眾生 you can think of.
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那就是你真實的看待其他人
14:26
And you look at them, and you see how they are.
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你看著他們,想他們是怎樣的人
14:28
And you realize實現 how unhappy不快樂 they are actually其實, mostly大多, most of the time.
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你會發現他們實際上大多數時間是不高興的
14:32
You see that furrowed緊鎖 brow眉頭 in people.
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你看著他們皺著眉頭
14:34
And then you realize實現 they don't even have compassion同情 on themselves他們自己.
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然後你會發現他們連對他們自己都沒有同理心
14:37
They're driven驅動 by this duty義務 and this obligation義務.
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他們被這種責任所推動
14:39
"I have to get that. I need more. I'm not worthy值得. And I should do something."
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我必須得到,我想要更多,我現在實在不好,我需要做一些事情
14:43
And they're rushing around all stressed強調 out.
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他們想盡辦法達到
14:45
And they think of it as somehow不知何故 macho大男子主義, hard discipline學科 on themselves他們自己.
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他們認為這樣是一個男子漢,把很艱困的原則放在他們身上
14:49
But actually其實 they are cruel殘忍 to themselves他們自己.
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但實際上,他們是虐待自己
14:52
And, of course課程, they are cruel殘忍 and ruthless無情 toward others其他.
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當然,他們就會對其他人冷酷無情
14:54
And they, then, never get any positive feedback反饋.
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然後他們就不會得到任何的正向回饋
14:56
And the more they succeed成功 and the more power功率 they have,
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然後他們越成功,得到越多的權力
14:58
the more unhappy不快樂 they are.
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反而會變得越不高興
15:00
And this is where you feel real真實 compassion同情 for them.
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而這就是你對他們感到同情的地方
15:03
And you then feel you must必須 act法案.
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然後你會想要做一些事情來改變
15:06
And the choice選擇 of the action行動, of course課程,
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這就是你的動機
15:08
hopefully希望 will be more practical實際的
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而這個選擇,當然會變得更實際
15:12
than poor較差的 Asanga無著, who was fixing定影 the maggots on the dog
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比那個窮Asanga幫助那隻長滿蛆的狗
15:16
because he had that motivation動機, and whoever was in front面前 of him,
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因為當他有那種動機的時候,他不管誰檔在他面前
15:19
he wanted to help.
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他都會想要幫助別人
15:21
But, of course課程, that is impractical不切實際的. He should have founded成立 the ASPCAASPCA in the town
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當然那是不可行的,他應該去找美國防止虐待動物協會幫忙
15:25
and gotten得到 some scientific科學 help for dogs小狗 and maggots.
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去找一些科學化的幫助那隻狗除去他身上的蛆
15:28
And I'm sure he did that later後來. (Laughter笑聲) But that just indicates指示 the state of mind心神, you know.
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我相信他之後會那樣做,不過重要的是當時的想法
15:34
And so the next下一個 step -- the sixth第六 step beyond "universal普遍 compassion同情" --
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所以接下來第六步,第六步是超越宇宙的同理心
15:38
is this thing where you're linked關聯 with the needs需求 of others其他 in a true真正 way,
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當你知道別人的需求的時候
15:42
and you have compassion同情 for yourself你自己 also,
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你也對自己有同理心
15:45
and it isn't sentimental感傷 only. You might威力 be in fear恐懼 of something.
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當然,這不只是情感,你可能會害怕某些事情
15:48
Some bad guy is making製造 himself他自己 more and more unhappy不快樂
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那些壞人,會把他們自己變的越來越不高興
15:51
being存在 more and more mean to other people
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對別人越來越尖酸刻薄
15:53
and getting得到 punished處罰 in the future未來 for it in various各個 ways方法.
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他們將會在未來接收教訓
15:56
And in Buddhism佛教, they catch抓住 it in the future未來 life.
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在佛祖的角度上,他們將會在未來接收到那些教訓
15:59
Of course課程 in theistic有神論 religion宗教 they're punished處罰 by God or whatever隨你.
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當然對一神論者來講,他們將會被上帝處罰
16:02
And materialism唯物主義, they think they get out of it just by not existing現有,
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唯物論者,他們將會逃離這些教訓
16:04
by dying垂死, but they don't.
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當他們掛掉的時候,但是他們是不會的
16:07
And so they get reborn重生 as whatever隨你, you know.
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然後他們就必須輪迴轉世
16:10
Never mind心神. I won't慣於 get into that.
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這個部分我就不多說了
16:12
But the next下一個 step is called "universal普遍 responsibility責任."
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最後一步,叫做全體的責任
16:15
And that is very important重要 -- the Charter憲章 of Compassion同情
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這是非常重要的,是同理心的許可證
16:18
must必須 lead us to develop發展 through通過 true真正 compassion同情,
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這將會帶領我們培養真正的同理心
16:21
what is called "universal普遍 responsibility責任."
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那就是一種全體的責任
16:23
In the great teaching教學 of his Holiness聖潔 the Dalai達賴 Lama喇嘛
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就像達賴喇嘛教導那個偉大的神聖一樣
16:27
that he always teaches everywhere到處, he says
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那是他一直以來教導大家的
16:29
that that is the common共同 religion宗教 of humanity人性: kindness善良.
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那是一種共同的信仰那就是人性,仁慈
16:32
But "kindness善良" means手段 "universal普遍 responsibility責任."
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但是仁慈代表著,全宇宙的責任
16:34
And that means手段 whatever隨你 happens發生 to other beings眾生 is happening事件 to us:
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那就是發生在別人身上的事情也會發生在我們身上
16:38
we are responsible主管 for that, and we should take it
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那是我們的責任,我們必須去承擔
16:42
and do whatever隨你 we can at whatever隨你 little level水平
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並且去作我們可以做的,即使是很小一部份
16:44
and small level水平 that we can do it.
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我們可以做的那一小部分
16:46
We absolutely絕對 must必須 do that. There is no way not to do it.
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我們必須做到,那是不能避免的
16:50
And then, finally最後, that leads引線 to a new orientation方向 in life
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然後這些就會導引讓你的人生有一個新的方向
16:54
where we live生活 equally一樣 for ourselves我們自己 and for others其他
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讓我們自己和其他人都生活的平等
16:58
and we are
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並且我們會意識來自於我們自己的喜悅
17:02
joyful快樂 and happy快樂.
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我們會很愉快,很高興
17:04
One thing we mustn't不得 think is that compassion同情 makes品牌 you miserable.
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有一件不能想事情,那就是同理心會讓你覺得悲哀
17:07
Compassion同情 makes品牌 you happy快樂.
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同理心是可以讓你感到高興的
17:09
The first person who is happy快樂 when you get great compassion同情 is yourself你自己,
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即使你還沒有對齊他人有所幫助,但當你擁有很多同理心的同時
17:13
even if you haven't沒有 doneDONE anything yet然而 for anybody任何人 else其他.
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第一個會感到高興的人就是你自己,
17:15
Although雖然, the change更改 in your mind心神 already已經 does something for other beings眾生:
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你腦袋中改變的想法已經開始對其他人產生影響
17:20
they can sense this new quality質量 in yourself你自己,
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他們會感受到你的改變,
17:23
and it helps幫助 them already已經, and gives them an example.
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而這個改變將會給他們一個榜樣,並且幫助他們
17:25
And that uncompassionate暴烈 clock時鐘 has just showed顯示 me that it's all over.
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那無情的時間已經快到了
17:29
So, practice實踐 compassion同情, read the charter憲章, disseminate傳播 it
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所以從現在開使從你自身做起,練習培養同理心
17:34
and develop發展 it within yourself你自己.
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並且傳播這個理念
17:36
Don't just think, "Well, I'm compassionate富於同情心的," or "I'm not compassionate富於同情心的,"
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不要只是空想,''我到底是個有同理心的人呢?還是沒有''
17:39
and sort分類 of think you're stuck卡住 there.
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使得自己無法跳脫這個範疇
17:41
You can develop發展 this. You can diminish減少 the non-compassion非同情,
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同理心是可以培養的.你可以將內心冷酷
17:44
the cruelty殘酷, the callousness無情, the neglect忽略 of others其他,
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殘忍,對他人冷漠,忽視別人這些負面的想法都移除
17:48
and take universal普遍 responsibility責任 for them.
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把他們當作是個責任
17:50
And then, not only will God smile微笑 and the eternal永恆 mama媽媽 will smile微笑,
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然後你就會發現不只上帝會笑, 所謂的永恆的媽媽也會笑,
17:55
but Karen卡倫 Armstrong阿姆斯特朗 will smile微笑.
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而且作家凱倫阿姆斯壯也會笑
17:57
Thank you very much. (Applause掌聲)
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謝謝大家
Translated by Chang HsiuChi
Reviewed by Liqiu Qiao

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Robert Thurman - Buddhist scholar
The first American to be ordained a Tibetan Monk by the Dalai Lama, Robert A.F. Thurman is a scholar, author and tireless proponent of peace.

Why you should listen

Tenzin Robert Thurman became a Tibetan monk at age 24. He's a professor of Indo-Tibetan Buddhist studies at Columbia University, and co-founder of Tibet House US, a nonprofit dedicated to the preservation and promotion of Tibetan civilization.

Thurman's focus is on the balance between inner insight and cultural harmony. In interpreting the teachings of Buddha, he argues that happiness can be reliable and satisfying in an enduring way without depriving others.

He has translated many Buddhist Sutras, or teachings, and written many books, recently taking on the topic of Anger for the recent Oxford series on the seven deadly sins. He maintains a podcast on Buddhist topics. And yes, he is Uma's dad.

More profile about the speaker
Robert Thurman | Speaker | TED.com