TED2004
Susan Savage-Rumbaugh: The gentle genius of bonobos
Sasan Savage-Rumbaugh: 會寫字的猩猩
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Savage-Rumbaugh（影片字幕縮寫為SS）研究矮黑猩猩。藉著觀察，矮黑猩猩學會利用語言跟使用工具。這讓觀眾重新思考，生物性對一個物種的影響佔多少比重，而文化的影響力又會是多少？
Susan Savage-Rumbaugh - Primate authority
Susan Savage-Rumbaugh has made startling breakthroughs in her lifelong work with chimpanzees and bonobos, showing the animals to be adept in picking up language and other "intelligent" behaviors. Full bio
Susan Savage-Rumbaugh has made startling breakthroughs in her lifelong work with chimpanzees and bonobos, showing the animals to be adept in picking up language and other "intelligent" behaviors. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:25
I work with a species called "Bonobo."
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我研究矮黑猩猩
00:28
And I'm happy most of the time,
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工作時，我多半是快樂的
00:30
because I think this is the happiest species on the planet.
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因為我覺得牠們是地球上最快樂的物種
00:33
It's kind of a well-kept secret.
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這點還不太為人所知
00:36
This species lives only in the Congo.
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矮黑猩猩只棲息在剛果
00:38
And they're not in too many zoos, because of their sexual behavior.
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由於交配習性的關係，牠們很少出現在動物園
00:44
Their sexual behavior is too human-like
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牠們的交配習性太像人了
00:46
for most of us to be comfortable with.
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也就是我們習慣的那樣
00:48
(Laughter)
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（笑）
00:49
But --
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但是......
00:50
(Laughter)
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（笑）
00:51
actually, we have a lot to learn from them, because they're a very
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事實上，我們得向牠們學習的很多
00:56
egalitarian society and they're a very empathetic society.
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牠們有著非常公平且富同理心的社會
01:00
And sexual behavior is not confined to one aspect of their life
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交配行為並不因只是生活的一部分
01:04
that they sort of set aside.
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而被忽略
01:07
It permeates their entire life.
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反之，這是牠們生活的全部
01:09
And it's used for communication.
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可以用來溝通
01:12
And it's used for conflict resolution.
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可以用來化解衝突
01:14
And I think perhaps somewhere in our history we sort of,
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我想，或許是在人類歷史的某個時間點
01:18
divided our lives up into lots of parts.
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開始把生活分成好幾個部分
01:21
We divided our world up with lots of categories.
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把世界切割成不同地域
01:25
And so everything sort of has a place that it has to fit.
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每件事都得被歸檔在正確的位置
01:28
But I don't think that we were that way initially.
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但我不認為我們的祖宗是這樣的
01:32
There are many people who think that the animal world is hard-wired
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很多人認為，動物凡事但憑反射直覺
01:36
and that there's something very, very special about man.
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人類是非常非常特別的物種
01:40
Maybe it's his ability to have causal thought.
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或許是思考的能力
01:44
Maybe it's something special in his brain
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或許是大腦有什麼特出之處
01:47
that allows him to have language.
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讓人類發展出語言
01:49
Maybe it's something special in his brain
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或許是大腦的特殊之處
01:52
that allows him to make tools or to have mathematics.
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讓人類能夠使用工具跟計算
01:57
Well, I don't know. There were Tasmanians who were discovered
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是嗎？我不知道。十六世紀的時候
02:03
around the 1600s and they had no fire.
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探險家發現了塔斯馬尼亞人。他們不用火
02:07
They had no stone tools.
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也沒有石器
02:10
To our knowledge they had no music.
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就我所知，他們也沒有音樂
02:14
So when you compare them to the Bonobo,
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將矮黑猩猩跟塔斯馬尼亞人一起比較
02:19
the Bonobo is a little hairier.
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除了矮黑猩猩毛多了些
02:21
He doesn't stand quite as upright.
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跟不太能直立站著外
02:26
But there are a lot of similarities.
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兩者有許多相似性
02:29
And I think that as we look at culture,
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我認為，研究文化
02:33
we kind of come to understand
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能夠幫助我們了解
02:36
how we got to where we are.
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我們是如何成為人
02:38
And I don't really think it's in our biology;
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我不認為是我們的生物性讓我們變成人
02:41
I think we've attributed it to our biology,
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是「成為人」這件事影響了我們的生物性
02:43
but I don't really think it's there.
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生物性跟「成為人」無關
02:46
So what I want to do now is introduce you
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所以，我想跟各位分享的是
02:48
to a species called the Bonobo.
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矮黑猩猩這種生物
02:52
This is Kanzi.
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這是Kanzi
02:54
He's a Bonobo.
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一隻矮黑猩猩
02:56
Right now, he's in a forest in Georgia.
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目前，牠住在喬治亞州的森林
02:59
His mother originally came from a forest in Africa.
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牠的媽媽來自非洲的森林
03:03
And she came to us when she was just at puberty,
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我們見到牠時，牠才剛進入青春期
03:07
about six or seven years of age.
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大概六七歲吧
03:10
Now this shows a Bonobo on your right,
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畫面上的右邊是一隻矮黑猩猩
03:12
and a chimpanzee on your left.
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左邊是黑猩猩
03:14
Clearly, the chimpanzee has a little bit harder time of walking.
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顯然的，黑猩猩比較不擅長行走
03:18
The Bonobo, although shorter than us and their arms still longer,
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雖然矮黑猩猩比我們矮，手臂較長
03:22
is more upright, just as we are.
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但比黑猩猩更能直立，像我們一樣行走
03:26
This shows the Bonobo compared to an australopithecine like Lucy.
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再比較矮黑猩猩跟與露西一類的南猿
03:31
As you can see, there's not a lot of difference
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矮黑猩猩的行走模式
03:34
between the way a Bonobo walks
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跟南猿可能的行走方式
03:36
and the way an early australopithecine would have walked.
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並沒有太大不同
03:40
As they turn toward us you'll see
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觀察牠們的正面觀，可以注意到
03:42
that the pelvic area of early australopithecines is a little flatter
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早期南猿的骨盆腔較平
03:47
and doesn't have to rotate quite so much from side to side.
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在兩腳交互移動時沒有太多的旋轉
03:51
So the -- the bipedal gait is a little easier.
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因此，使用兩腳行走較容易
03:53
And now we see all four.
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這是上述四個物種的比較
03:56
Video: Narrator: The wild Bonobo lives in central Africa, in the jungle
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影片中是棲息在中非的矮黑猩猩
04:00
encircled by the Congo River.
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牠們住在由剛果河包圍的叢林裡
04:05
Canopied trees as tall as 40 meters, 130 feet,
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這地區的林冠茂密
04:09
grow densely in the area.
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有40公尺高，也就是130英呎
04:13
It was a Japanese scientist
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有個日本科學家®
04:16
who first undertook serious field studies of the Bonobo,
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開始了矮黑猩猩的田野調查
04:20
almost three decades ago.
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大概是三十年前
04:26
Bonobos are built slightly smaller than the chimpanzee.
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矮黑猩猩比黑猩猩個頭略小
04:30
Slim-bodied, Bonobos are by nature very gentle creatures.
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身材也瘦，天生是非常溫馴的動物
04:36
Long and careful studies have reported many new findings on them.
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幾個長期追蹤的嚴謹研究，顯示一些新發現：
04:43
One discovery was that wild Bonobos often walk bidpedally.
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首先：野生的矮黑猩猩常常利用雙腳行走
04:55
What's more, they are able to walk upright for long distances.
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而且牠們還能直立地長途行走
05:07
Susan Savage-Rumbaugh (video): Let's go say hello to Austin first and then go to the A frame.
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先去跟Austin打聲招呼，然後再去A區。
05:11
SS: This is Kanzi and I, in the forest.
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SS: Kanzi跟我在森林裡
05:13
None of the things you will see in this particular video are trained.
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影片裡所發生的是，沒有一個是經過訓練的結果
05:17
None of them are tricks.
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也沒有一個是偽造的
05:19
They all happened to be captured on film spontaneously,
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影片裡的一切都是自發行為
05:22
by NHK of Japan.
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這是由日本NHK所拍攝的
05:25
We have eight Bonobos.
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我們有八隻矮黑猩猩
05:27
Video: Look at all this stuff that's here for our campfire.
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影片：請看營火旁有什麼
05:30
SS: An entire family at our research centre.
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SS: 我們的研究中心有一整個黑猩猩家庭
05:38
Video: You going to help get some sticks?
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影片：想幫忙撿柴火嗎？
05:42
Good.
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很好
05:47
We need more sticks, too.
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我們也需要些柴火
05:56
I have a lighter in my pocket if you need one.
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如果你想要，我口袋裡有打火機
05:59
That's a wasps' nest.
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那是個黃蜂巢
06:01
You can get it out.
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你們可以拿出來
06:05
I hope I have a lighter.
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希望我有打火機
06:08
You can use the lighter to start the fire.
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這樣你就可以生火了
06:12
SS: So Kanzi is very interested in fire.
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SS: 原來Kanzi對火有興趣
06:14
He doesn't do it yet without a lighter,
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沒有打火機，牠就不會生火
06:17
but I think if he saw someone do it, he might be able to do --
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不過，如果牠看別人做一次，牠也許就能
06:21
make a fire without a lighter.
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不靠打火機生火
06:25
He's learning about how to keep a fire going.
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牠正在學怎麼讓火繼續燒
06:28
He's learning the uses for a fire,
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牠正在學著用火
06:31
just by watching what we do with fire.
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但只敢看著我們用
06:34
(Laughter)
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（笑）
06:43
This is a smile on the face of a Bonobo.
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矮黑猩猩的臉上有著微笑
06:45
These are happy vocalizations.
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這是開心的表示
06:47
Video: You're happy.
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影片：你很開心啊
06:49
You're very happy about this part.
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你很喜歡這個部分吧
06:51
You've got to put some water on the fire. You see the water?
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你得把水潑在火上。看到水了沒？
07:00
Good job.
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很好
07:03
SS: Forgot to zip up the back half of his backpack.
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SS: 牠忘了要拉上背包的拉鍊
07:07
But he likes to carry things from place to place.
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但牠很喜歡把東西帶來帶去
07:10
Video: Austin, I hear you saying "Austin."
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影片：Austin, 我聽到你說Austin
07:12
SS: He talks to other Bonobos at the lab, long-distance,
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SS: 牠可以跟位在遠處，聽不見這裡動靜的
07:15
farther than we can hear.
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實驗室裡的矮黑猩猩溝通
07:18
This is his sister.
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這是Kanzi的姐姐
07:20
This is her first time to try to drive a golf cart.
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牠第一次試著開高爾夫球車
07:25
Video: Goodbye.
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影片：拜拜！
07:27
(Laughter)
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（笑）
07:29
SS: She's got the pedals down, but not the wheel.
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SS: 牠踩下踏板，但沒有打方向盤
07:37
She switches from reverse to forward
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讓車子從後退變成前進
07:40
and she holds onto the wheel, rather than turns it.
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現在牠抓住方向盤，卻沒有轉動
07:42
(Laughter)
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（笑）
07:45
Like us, she knows that that individual in the mirror is her.
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跟人類一樣，牠知道鏡子裡的影像是自己
07:50
(Music)
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（音樂）
07:54
Video: Narrator: By raising Bonobos in a culture that is both Bonobo and human,
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影片：讓矮黑猩猩在融合了矮黑猩猩跟人類文化的環境中長大
07:59
and documenting their development across two decades,
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並記錄牠們的成長長達二十多年
08:03
scientists are exploring how cultural forces
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科學家得以了解文化力
08:06
(Laughter)
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（笑）
08:07
may have operated during human evolution.
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是如何影響人類演化的
08:12
His name is Nyota.
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這是Nyota
08:14
It means "star" in Swahili.
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在斯瓦希里語裡是星星的意思
08:16
(Music)
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（音樂）
08:26
Panbanisha is trying to give Nyota a haircut with a pair of scissors.
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Panbanisha正試著用一對剪刀幫Nyota剪頭髮
08:32
In the wild, the parent Bonobo is known to groom its offspring.
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已知野生矮黑猩猩的家長會幫小孩理毛
08:37
Here Panbanisha uses scissors, instead of her hands,
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現在Panbanisha正用剪刀而不是用手
08:41
to groom Nyota.
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幫Nyota理毛
08:45
Very impressive.
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很令人印象深刻吧
08:51
Subtle maneuvering of the hands is required
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需要很精巧的手部運動
08:54
to perform delicate tasks like this.
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才能進行這樣的工作喔
09:06
Nyota tries to imitate Panbanisha by using the scissors himself.
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Nyota也學Panbanisha使用剪刀
09:13
Realizing that Nyota might get hurt,
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Panbanish知道Nyota可能會受傷
09:16
Panbanisha, like any human mother,
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跟所有的人類媽媽一樣
09:18
carefully tugs to get the scissors back.
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牠小心地把剪刀拿回來
09:37
He can now cut through tough animal hide.
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牠現在能用剪刀剪具韌性的動物皮毛
09:41
SS: Kanzi's learned to make stone tools.
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SS: Kanzi正在學怎麼製作石器
09:43
Video: Kanzi now makes his tools,
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影片：Kanzi正在做自己的工具
09:44
just as our ancestors may have made them,
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就跟我們的祖先一樣
09:46
two-and-a-half million years ago --
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兩百五十萬年前
09:48
by holding the rocks in both hands, to strike one against the other.
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人類祖先靠著兩手拿著石頭互相撞擊
09:53
He has learned that by using both hands
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學會如何使用雙手
09:56
and aiming his glancing blows,
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學會一拳中的
09:58
he can make much larger, sharper flakes.
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他能製作更大更尖銳的石片
10:02
Kanzi chooses a flake he thinks is sharp enough.
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Kanzi挑了一片他認為夠尖的石片
10:10
The tough hide is difficult to cut, even with a knife.
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即使使用刀子，皮毛也很難切斷
10:14
The rock that Kanzi is using is extremely hard
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Kanzi用的石頭非常硬
10:17
and ideal for stone tool making, but difficult to handle,
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很適合拿來做成工具，卻很難使用
10:21
requiring great skill.
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需要很多的技巧
10:23
Kanzi's rock is from Gona, Ethiopia
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Kanzi的石頭來自衣索匹亞的Gona
10:25
and is identical to that used by our African ancestors
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跟我們的非洲祖先在兩百五十萬年前
10:29
two-and-a-half million years ago.
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使用的一模一樣
10:34
These are the rocks Kanzi used
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這是Kanzi用的石頭
10:37
and these are the flakes he made.
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而這些是它做的石片
10:39
The flat sharp edges are like knife blades.
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尖銳的切緣就跟刀鋒一樣
10:44
Compare them to the tools our ancestors used;
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跟我們祖先使用的石器比較
10:47
they bear a striking resemblance to Kanzi's.
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兩者相似得不可思議
11:00
Panbanisha is longing to go for a walk in the woods.
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Panbanisha想到樹林裡走走
11:03
She keeps staring out the window.
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牠盯著窗戶看
11:08
SS: This is -- let me show you something we didn't think they would do.
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SS: 這...讓我給你們看些不可思議的事
11:11
Video: For several days now, Panbanisha has not been outside.
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影片：Panbanisha已經有好幾天沒出去了
11:17
SS: I normally talk about language.
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SS: 我常常談論語言
11:19
Video: Then Panbanisha does something unexpected.
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影片：Panbanish做了件出乎人意料的事
11:22
SS: But since I'm advised not to do what I normally do,
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SS: 但有人建議我別一成不變
11:25
I haven't told you that these apes have language.
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我沒告訴你們這些猩猩有語言吧！
11:27
It's a geometric language.
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這是種地理語言
11:29
Video: She takes a piece of chalk
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影片：牠拿了粉筆
11:30
and begins writing something on the floor.
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在地板上寫些東西
11:32
What is she writing?
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寫些什麼呢？
11:40
SS: She's also saying the name of that, with her voice.
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SS: 牠也有自己的聲音，能說出名字
11:44
Video: Now she comes up to Dr. Sue and starts writing again.
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影片：現在牠在SS身邊，又開始寫
11:47
SS: These are her symbols on her keyboard.
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SS: 這在牠的鍵盤上代表牠的符號
11:50
(Music)
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（音樂）
11:51
They speak when she touches them.
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在牠按觸鍵時，會發出聲音
11:53
Video: Panbanisha is communicating to Dr. Sue where she wants to go.
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影片：Panbanisha正在跟Sue說牠要去哪裡
11:56
"A frame" represents a hut in the woods.
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A區中的森林裡有頂帽子
12:00
Compare the chalk writing with the lexigram on the keyboard.
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比較Kanzi用粉筆畫的跟鍵盤上的符號
12:14
Panbanisha began writing the lexigrams on the forest floor.
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Panbanisha在森林地面上畫符號
12:20
SS (video): Very nice. Beautiful, Panbanisha.
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很好，真漂亮啊，Panbanisha
12:24
SS: At first we didn't really realize what she was doing,
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SS: 一開始我們不知道牠在做什麼
12:27
until we stood back and looked at it and rotated it.
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直到我們退一步，並換個方向看
12:30
Video: This lexigram also refers to a place in the woods.
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影片：這個符號表示林子裡一個地方
12:32
The curved line is very similar to the lexigram.
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這條曲線跟那個符號很接近
12:39
The next symbol Panbanisha writes represents "collar."
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牠畫的下一個符號代表項圈
12:43
It indicates the collar that Panbanisha must wear when she goes out.
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也就是牠每回出門都得戴的項圈
12:47
SS: That's an institutional requirement.
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SS: 這是研究機構的要求
12:50
Video: This symbol is not as clear as the others,
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影片：這個符號沒有其他的清楚
12:53
but one can see Panbanisha is trying to produce a curved line
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可以看到Panbanish正試著畫一條曲線
12:58
and several straight lines.
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跟數條直線
13:00
Researchers began to record what Panbanisha said,
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研究人員開始記錄Panbanisha
13:04
by writing lexigrams on the floor with chalk.
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藉著畫畫想告訴我們什麼
13:08
Panbanisha watched.
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Panbanisha看了看
13:10
Soon she began to write as well.
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很快地牠就能畫出來
13:14
The Bonobo's abilities have stunned scientists around the world.
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矮黑猩猩的學習能力震驚了全世界的科學家
13:18
How did they develop?
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這樣的能力是怎麼來的？
13:20
SS (video): We found that the most important thing
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SS: 我們最重要的發現是
13:22
for permitting Bonobos to acquire language is not to teach them.
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要讓矮黑猩猩學會語言，並不需要教牠
13:27
It's simply to use language around them,
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只要利用周遭的語言
13:30
because the driving force in language acquisition
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因為學習語言的動力
13:33
is to understand what others, that are important to you, are saying to you.
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是為了瞭解對自己重要的人在說什麼
13:38
Once you have that capacity,
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一旦你有了語言能力
13:40
the ability to produce language
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創造語言
13:43
comes rather naturally and rather freely.
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是非常自然而隨興的事
13:47
So we want to create an environment in which Bonobos,
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因此，我們想創造一個
13:50
like all of the individuals with whom they are interacting --
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讓每一隻矮黑猩猩都能互動的環境
13:54
we want to create an environment in which they have fun,
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讓每隻猩猩可以玩遊戲
13:57
and an environment in which the others
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跟每一隻猩猩對其他猩猩
13:59
are meaningful individuals for them.
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都有意義的環境
14:04
Narrator: This environment brings out unexpected potential
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而這個環境讓Kanzi跟Panbanisha發展出
14:07
in Kanzi and Panbanisha.
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不在我們預期中的能力
14:17
Panbanisha is enjoying playing her harmonica,
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Panbanisha很喜歡吹口琴
14:21
until Nyota, now one year old, steals it.
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直到有一天，口琴被現在已經一歲Nyota的偷了
14:25
Then he peers eagerly into his mother's mouth.
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牠直盯著媽媽的嘴巴看
14:29
Is he looking for where the sound came from?
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牠在找聲音從哪來的嗎？
14:32
Dr. Sue thinks it's important to allow such curiosity to flourish.
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SS認為，讓這樣的好奇心得以醞釀是重要的
14:47
This time Panbanisha is playing the electric piano.
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這次，Panbanisha在彈電子琴
14:50
She wasn't forced to learn the piano;
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牠不是被逼著彈
14:53
she saw a researcher play the instrument and took an interest.
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牠看到研究人員彈琴，感到興趣
15:25
Researcher: Go ahead. Go ahead. I'm listening.
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繼續啊！繼續啊！我在聽呢
15:29
Do that real fast part that you did. Yeah, that part.
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再彈一次你剛剛彈很快的部分。對，就是那裡
15:36
Narrator: Kanzi plays the xylophone;
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Kanzi熱切地用兩手演奏木琴
15:38
using both hands he enthusiastically accompanies Dr. Sue's singing.
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幫SS伴奏
15:44
Kanzi and Panbanisha
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Kanzi跟Panbanisha都受到
15:45
are stimulated by this fun-filled environment,
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這樣有趣的環境刺激
15:48
which promotes the emergence of these cultural capabilities.
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讓牠們表現出這些文明的行為
15:56
(Laughter)
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（笑）
16:06
Researcher: OK, now get the monsters. Get them.
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現在，把鬼吃掉
16:09
Take the cherries too.
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吃櫻桃
16:12
Now watch out, stay away from them now.
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小心！離鬼遠一點
16:16
Now you can chase them again. Time to chase them.
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現在可以追了，去追吧
16:23
Now you have to stay away. Get away.
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現在得逃遠一點，跑
16:26
Run away. Run.
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跑啊！跑！
16:29
Now we can chase them again. Go get them.
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現在可以追了，吃掉吧
16:35
Oh no!
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喔！不！
16:37
Good Kanzi. Very good. Thank you so much.
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好，Kanzi，很好，謝謝
16:44
Narrator: None of us, Bonobo or human, can possibly even imagine?
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想不到吧？無論是人還是矮黑猩猩都想不到吧？
16:57
SS: So we have a bi-species environment, we call it a "panhomoculture."
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SS: 這樣讓人類跟矮黑猩猩聚集在一起的環境，稱之為泛人類文化
17:04
We're learning how to become like them.
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我們正學著怎樣更像猩猩一點
17:06
We're learning how to communicate with them,
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我們正學著如何用高頻音
17:08
in really high-pitched tones.
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跟牠們溝通
17:10
We're learning that they probably have a language in the wild.
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我們漸漸明白野生猩猩可能也有自己的語言
17:14
And they're learning to become like us.
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而猩猩們也學著變得更像我們人類
17:16
Because we believe that it's not biology; it's culture.
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而我們相信，這不是因為生物性，而是文化
17:19
So we're sharing tools and technology and language
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我們跟其他的物種，有著相同的工具、
17:23
with another species.
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技術、跟語言
17:25
Thank you.
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謝謝
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Susan Savage-Rumbaugh - Primate authoritySusan Savage-Rumbaugh has made startling breakthroughs in her lifelong work with chimpanzees and bonobos, showing the animals to be adept in picking up language and other "intelligent" behaviors.
Why you should listen
Into the great debate over intelligence and instinct -- over what makes us human -- Susan Savage-Rumbaugh has thrown a monkey wrench. Her work with apes has forced a new way of looking at what traits are truly and distinctly human, and new questions about whether some abilities we attribute to "species" are in fact due to an animal's social environment. She believes culture and tradition, in many cases more than biology, can account for differences between humans and other primates.
Her bonobo apes, including a superstar named Kanzi, understand spoken English, interact, and have learned to execute tasks once believed limited to humans -- such as starting and controlling a fire. They aren't trained in classic human-animal fashion. Like human children, the apes learn by watching. "Parents really don't know how they teach their children language," she has said. "Why should I have to know how I teach Kanzi language? I just act normal around him, and he learns it."
Her latest book is Kanzi's Primal Language: The Cultural Initiation of Primates into Language.
Also, in 2011, she was named one of TIME's 100 Most Influential People.
Susan Savage-Rumbaugh | Speaker | TED.com