ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Nic Marks - Happiness researcher
Nic Marks gathers evidence about what makes us happy, and uses it to promote policy that puts the well-being of people and the planet first. He's the founder of the Centre for Well-Being at the UK think tank New Economics Foundation (NEF).

Why you should listen

Nic Marks thinks quality of life is measurable, and that true contentment comes not from the accumulation of material wealth but from our connections with others, engagement with the world, and a sense of autonomy. This isn't just theory: a pioneer in the field of well-being research, Marks creates statistical methods to measure happiness, analyzing and interpreting the evidence so that it can be applied to such policy fields as education, sustainable development, healthcare, and economics.

The founder of the Centre for Well-Being, an independent think tank at the New Economics Foundation (NEF), in London, Marks is particularly keen to promote a balance between sustainable development and quality of life. To investigate this, he devised the Happy Planet Index, a global index of human well-being and environmental impact. The results made headlines: People in the world's wealthiest countries, who consume the most of the planet's resources, don't come out on top in terms of well-being. Which raises the question: What purpose does unfettered economic growth serve?

To measure (and possibly improve) your own, or your organization's, happiness and well-being, visit two useful sites: 5 ways to Well-being and Happiness Works.

Read the TED Book: The Happiness Manifesto >>

More profile about the speaker
Nic Marks | Speaker | TED.com
TEDGlobal 2010

Nic Marks: The Happy Planet Index

Nic Marks: 快樂星球指數

Filmed:
2,221,321 views

統計學家 Nic Marks 問: 爲什麽我們以生產力衡量一個國家的成功與否?而不是以其人民的快樂福祉來衡量呢?他向聽眾介紹「快樂星球指數」,這個指數衡量國家福利對資源的使用量(因為一個幸福的人生無須消耗地球)。哪一個國家的排名最高呢?你或許會感到驚訝。
- Happiness researcher
Nic Marks gathers evidence about what makes us happy, and uses it to promote policy that puts the well-being of people and the planet first. He's the founder of the Centre for Well-Being at the UK think tank New Economics Foundation (NEF). Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:17
Martin馬丁 Luther路德 King國王
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馬丁•路德•金恩
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did not say,
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從沒說:
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"I have a nightmare惡夢,"
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「我有一個夢魘」
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when he inspired啟發 the civil國內 rights權利 movements運動.
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當他鼓舞美國民權運動時
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He said, "I have a dream夢想."
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他說:「我有一個夢。」
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And I have a dream夢想.
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我也有一個夢
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I have a dream夢想 that we can stop thinking思維
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我夢想有一天
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that the future未來 will be a nightmare惡夢,
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我們不再想著 未來是個夢魘
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and this is going to be a challenge挑戰,
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這是一項挑戰
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because, if you think
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因為,如果你想想
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of every一切 major重大的 blockbusting票房大賣 film電影 of recent最近 times,
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近來每部賣座電影
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nearly幾乎 all of its visions願景 for humanity人性
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它們對人類的看法
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are apocalyptic世界末日.
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多半具有末世意味
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I think this film電影
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我認為《末路浩劫》(The Road)
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is one of the hardest最難 watches手錶 of modern現代 times, "The Road."
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是當代最艱難的電影之一
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It's a beautiful美麗 piece of filmmaking電影製作,
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它是一部很美的電影作品
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but everything is desolate荒涼,
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然而一片荒涼
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everything is dead.
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所有一切都死了
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And just a father父親 and son兒子
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只剩一個父親和兒子
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trying to survive生存, walking步行 along沿 the road.
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試圖求生,孤獨走在路上
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And I think the environmental環境的 movement運動
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而我認為,我所參與的
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of which哪一個 I am a part部分 of
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環保運動
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has been complicit同謀
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一起參與謀劃了
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in creating創建 this vision視力 of the future未來.
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製造這般未來圖景
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For too long,
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長久以來
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we have peddled兜售 a nightmarish噩夢 vision視力
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我們兜售噩夢般的憧憬
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of what's going to happen發生.
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警告世人即將發生的事
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We have focused重點 on the worst-case最壞的情況下 scenario腳本.
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我們把心思放在最糟糕的情況
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We have focused重點 on the problems問題.
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我們關注於"問題"
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And we have not thought enough足夠
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卻沒有想出足夠的
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about the solutions解決方案.
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解決方案
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We've我們已經 used fear恐懼, if you like,
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我們使用恐懼
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to grab people's人們 attention注意.
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攫取人們的注意力
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And any psychologist心理學家 will tell you
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任何心理學家都會告訴你
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that fear恐懼 in the organism生物
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生物體內的恐懼
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is linked關聯 to flight飛行 mechanism機制.
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連結著逃跑機制
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It's part部分 of the fight鬥爭 and flight飛行 mechanism機制,
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它是掙脫與逃跑機制的一部份
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that when an animal動物 is frightened受驚 --
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當動物受到驚嚇時 --
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think of a deer鹿.
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想想鹿就知道
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A deer鹿 freezes凍結 very, very still,
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一隻鹿僵直不動
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poised準備 to run away.
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準備逃跑
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And I think that's what we're doing
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我想那正是我們在做的
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when we're asking people to engage從事 with our agenda議程
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當我們要求人們參與
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around environmental環境的 degradation降解 and climate氣候 change更改.
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有關環境惡化和氣候變遷的議程時
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People are freezing冷凍 and running賽跑 away
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人們戰慄、逃跑
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because we're using運用 fear恐懼.
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因為我們使用恐懼
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And I think the environmental環境的 movement運動 has to grow增長 up
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而我認為,環保運動應該成長
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and start開始 to think about
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開始思考
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what progress進展 is.
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何謂進步?
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What would it be like to be improving提高 the human人的 lot?
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思考改善人類的廣泛處境會是怎麼一回事?
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And one of the problems問題 that we face面對, I think,
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我想,我們面對的一個問題是
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is that the only people that have cornered走投無路 the market市場
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人們只關注於
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in terms條款 of progress進展
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在市場上取得進步
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is a financial金融 definition定義 of what progress進展 is,
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這是金融上的定義
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an economic經濟 definition定義 of what progress進展 is --
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一個經濟上的進步意謂著 --
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that somehow不知何故,
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基於某種未知的原因
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if we get the right numbers數字 to go up,
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如果我們有個不斷上升的正確數字
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we're going to be better off,
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我們的生活就變得更好
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whether是否 that's on the stock股票 market市場,
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無論是關於股市
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whether是否 that's with GDPGDP
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或國內生產毛額
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and economic經濟 growth發展,
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只要經濟成長
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that somehow不知何故 life is going to get better.
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不管怎樣,生活必定更好
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This is somehow不知何故 appealing吸引人的 to human人的 greed貪心
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某種意義上,它訴諸的是人類貪婪
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instead代替 of fear恐懼 --
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而非恐懼 --
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that more is better.
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擁有愈多,即愈好
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Come on. In the Western西 world世界, we have enough足夠.
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拜託,在西方世界裡,我們有的已經夠多了
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Maybe some parts部分 of the world世界 don't, but we have enough足夠.
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也許世上有些地方不是,但我們的生活已經夠好了
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And we've我們已經 know for a long time that this is not a good measure測量
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而且長久以來,我們已知,這並不是個用來衡量
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of the welfare福利 of nations國家.
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國家福利的良好指標
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In fact事實, the architect建築師 of our national國民 accounting會計 system系統,
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事實上,我們國家會計系統的設計
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Simon西蒙 Kuznets庫茲涅茨, in the 1930s,
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Simon Kuznets,在1930年間
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said that, "A nation's國家 welfare福利
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曾說:「國家的福利
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can scarcely幾乎沒有 be inferred推斷 from their national國民 income收入."
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幾乎能夠以其國民收入推斷。」
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But we've我們已經 created創建 a national國民 accounting會計 system系統
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但我們創造了一個國家會計系統
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which哪一個 is firmly牢牢 based基於 on production生產
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是完全建基於生產、
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and producing生產 stuff東東.
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與生產物品之上的
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And indeed確實, this is probably大概 historical歷史的, and it had its time.
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的確,這也許是歷史所造成,過去曾是如此
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In the second第二 World世界 War戰爭, we needed需要 to produce生產 a lot of stuff東東.
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第二次世界大戰時,我們必須生產大量物品
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And indeed確實, we were so successful成功 at producing生產 certain某些 types類型 of stuff東東
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的確,我們也如此成功地,生產出某些產品
03:28
that we destroyed銷毀 a lot of Europe歐洲, and we had to rebuild重建 it afterwards之後.
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我們摧毀歐洲許多地區,之後也必須加以重建
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And so our national國民 accounting會計 system系統
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因此,我們的國家會計系統變得
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became成為 fixated迷戀 on what we can produce生產.
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關注、著迷於我們可以生產的物品之上
03:36
But as early as 1968,
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但到了1968年
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this visionary空想家 man, Robert羅伯特 Kennedy肯尼迪,
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這個有遠見的人 -- Robert Kennedy
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at the start開始 of his ill-fated不幸的 presidential總統 campaign運動,
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在他不幸的總統競選初期
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gave the most eloquent雄辯 deconstruction解構
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給予了國民生產毛額(GNP)
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of gross national國民 product產品
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一次前所未見的
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that ever has been.
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最具說服力的重擊
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And he finished his talk with the phrase短語,
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他以這句話作為演說結尾:
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that, "The gross national國民 product產品
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「國民生產毛額可以衡量
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measures措施 everything except that
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生活一切事物,但它無法衡量
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which哪一個 makes品牌 life worthwhile合算."
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你生命的價值。」
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How crazy is that? That our measure測量 of progress進展,
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多麼瘋狂?我們用來衡量進步的指標
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our dominant優勢 measure測量 of progress進展 in society社會,
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我們主要用來衡量社會進步的工具
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is measuring測量 everything
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可以測量所有一切事物
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except that which哪一個 makes品牌 life worthwhile合算?
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除了 那使你生活變得值得的東西?
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I believe, if Kennedy肯尼迪 was alive today今天,
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我相信,假使 Kennedy 今天仍健在
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he would be asking statisticians統計學家 such這樣 as myself
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他會要求像我這樣的統計學家
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to go out and find out
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去發現尋找
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what makes品牌 life worthwhile合算.
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那使生命具有意義的東西
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He'd他會 be asking us to redesign重新設計
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他也許會要求我們重新設計
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our national國民 accounting會計 system系統
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國家會計系統
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to be based基於 upon
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使它根據於
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such這樣 important重要 things as social社會 justice正義,
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一些重要的事,好比社會正義、
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sustainability可持續性
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永續發展、
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and people's人們 well-being福利.
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和人民福利
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And actually其實, social社會 scientists科學家們 have already已經 gone走了 out
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事實上,社會科學家已經開始
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and asked these questions問題 around the world世界.
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在世界各地詢問這些問題了
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This is from a global全球 survey調查.
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這是從一個全球性調查中得來的資料
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It's asking people, what do they want.
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它詢問人們,他們想要什麽?
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And unsurprisingly勿庸置疑, people all around the world世界
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當然,世界各地的人們
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say that what they want
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說他們所要的
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is happiness幸福, for themselves他們自己,
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是快樂,爲了他們、
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for their families家庭, their children孩子,
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爲了他們的家人、孩子、
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their communities社區.
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以及社區
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Okay, they think money is slightly important重要.
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好吧,他們覺得錢有點重要
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It's there, but it's not nearly幾乎 as important重要 as happiness幸福,
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它存在,但不如快樂重要
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and it's not nearly幾乎 as important重要 as love.
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也不如愛來得重要
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We all need to love and be loved喜愛 in life.
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在生命中,我們都需要愛與被愛
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It's not nearly幾乎 as important重要 as health健康.
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它不若健康一般重要
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We want to be healthy健康 and live生活 a full充分 life.
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我們想要一個健康完滿的人生
05:12
These seem似乎 to be natural自然 human人的 aspirations願望.
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這些似乎是人類的自然願望
05:15
Why are statisticians統計學家 not measuring測量 these?
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爲什麽統計學家不衡量這些東西?
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Why are we not thinking思維 of the progress進展 of nations國家 in these terms條款,
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為什麼我們不以這些事物思考國家的進步?
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instead代替 of just how much stuff東東 we have?
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反而僅僅衡量我們擁有多少東西?
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And really, this is what I've doneDONE with my adult成人 life --
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真的,這是我在長大後所做的事 --
05:27
is think about how do we measure測量 happiness幸福,
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思考如何測量快樂、
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how do we measure測量 well-being福利,
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我們如何衡量幸福、
05:31
how can we do that within environmental環境的 limits範圍.
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在環境的限制之下,如何才能做到這一點
05:33
And we created創建, at the organization組織 that I work for,
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於是,在我工作的組織 --
05:35
the New Economics經濟學 Foundation基礎,
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新經濟基金會(New Economics Foundation)
05:37
something we call the Happy快樂 Planet行星 Index指數,
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我們創造了一個叫「快樂星球指數」的東西
05:40
because we think people should be happy快樂 and the planet行星 should be happy快樂.
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因為我們認為,人們應該感到快樂,這個星球應該是快樂的
05:43
Why don't we create創建 a measure測量 of progress進展 that shows節目 that?
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為何我們不創造一個衡量此項發展的工具呢?
05:46
And what we do,
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而我們所做的
05:48
is we say that the ultimate最終 outcome結果 of a nation國家
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我們說,一個國家的最終成果
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is how successful成功 is it
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取決於她如何成功地
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at creating創建 happy快樂 and healthy健康 lives生活 for its citizens公民.
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為她的公民創造快樂和健康的生活
05:55
That should be the goal目標
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那應當才是這個星球上
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of every一切 nation國家 on the planet行星.
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每個國家的目標所在
05:59
But we have to remember記得
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但我們必須記得
06:01
that there's a fundamental基本的 input輸入 to that,
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這裡有個基本的投入
06:04
and that is how many許多 of the planet's地球上的 resources資源 we use.
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意即,我們使用多少地球資源
06:07
We all have one planet行星. We all have to share分享 it.
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我們只有一個地球,我們必須共享
06:10
It is the ultimate最終 scarce稀缺 resource資源,
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這是我們所共享的
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the one planet行星 that we share分享.
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一個資源終究會枯竭的地球
06:16
And economics經濟學 is very interested有興趣 in scarcity缺乏.
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經濟學對稀少性非常感興趣
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When it has a scarce稀缺 resource資源
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當擁有一種稀少性資源時
06:21
that it wants to turn into
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人們希望把它轉變為
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a desirable合意 outcome結果,
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一個理想的工業成果
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it thinks in terms條款 of efficiency效率.
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經濟學思考效益
06:28
It thinks in terms條款 of how much bang do we get for our buck降壓.
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它思考我們需要付出多少力,才能獲得多少錢
06:31
And this is a measure測量 of how much well-being福利
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而這可以作為一個衡量工具:
06:33
we get for our planetary行星 resource資源 use.
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我們使用多少地球資源,以獲得多少幸福
06:36
It is an efficiency效率 measure測量.
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它是一個有關效率的測量工具
06:38
And probably大概 the easiest最簡單的 way to show顯示 you that,
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最簡單的呈現方式,也許就是
06:41
is to show顯示 you this graph圖形.
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向各位展示這個圖表
06:43
Running運行 horizontally水平 along沿 the graph圖形,
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圖表的水平方向
06:46
is "ecological生態 footprint腳印,"
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是「生態足跡 (ecological footprint)」
06:48
which哪一個 is a measure測量 of how much resources資源 we use
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它度量我們使用了多少資源
06:51
and how much pressure壓力 we put on the planet行星.
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以及我們在地球上施加了多少壓力
06:53
More is bad.
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愈多即是壞
06:55
Running運行 vertically垂直 upwards向上,
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垂直向上的一側
06:57
is a measure測量 called "happy快樂 life years年份."
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是一個我們稱之為「快樂生活年份(happy life years)」的指標
06:59
It's about the well-being福利 of nations國家.
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它與國家福利有關
07:01
It's like a happiness幸福 adjusted調整 life-expectancy預期壽命.
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它就像一個經過快樂調整的預期壽命
07:04
It's like quality質量 and quantity數量 of life in nations國家.
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如同國家的生活質量和數量
07:07
And the yellow黃色 dot there you see, is the global全球 average平均.
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你們所看到的黃點,是全球平均水平
07:10
Now, there's a huge巨大 array排列 of nations國家
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現在,有一批數量龐大的國家
07:12
around that global全球 average平均.
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大約介於這個全球平均值左右
07:14
To the top最佳 right of the graph圖形,
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圖表的右上方
07:17
are countries國家 which哪一個 are doing reasonably合理 well and producing生產 well-being福利,
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是那些做得還不錯、福利甚佳的國家
07:20
but they're using運用 a lot of planet行星 to get there.
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但透過消耗許多地球資源,才到達的
07:22
They are the U.S.A.,
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它們是美國、
07:24
other Western西 countries國家 going across橫過 in those triangles三角形
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和其他西方國家形成這些三角
07:27
and a few少數 Gulf海灣 states狀態 in there actually其實.
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以及一小部份的海灣國家夾雜其中
07:29
Conversely反過來, at the bottom底部 left of the graph圖形,
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相反地,圖的左下角
07:32
are countries國家 that are not producing生產 much well-being福利 --
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這些國家並沒有產出多少福利 --
07:35
typically一般, sub-Saharan撒哈拉以南 Africa非洲.
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它們通常是撒哈拉以南非洲
07:38
In Hobbesian霍布斯 terms條款,
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以霍布斯的話來說:
07:40
life is short and brutish野蠻 there.
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在那裡,生命是短暫與殘酷的存在
07:42
The average平均 life expectancy期待 in many許多 of these countries國家
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許多這些國家裡的平均壽命
07:45
is only 40 years年份.
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只有四十年
07:48
Malaria瘧疾, HIVHIV/AIDS艾滋病
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瘧疾、愛滋
07:50
are killing謀殺 a lot of people
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在這些區域裡
07:52
in these regions地區 of the world世界.
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奪走許多人的生命
07:54
But now for the good news新聞!
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但現在有個好消息!
07:56
There are some countries國家 up there, yellow黃色 triangles三角形,
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上面有些國家,黃色三角這裡
07:58
that are doing better than global全球 average平均,
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比全球平均值還高
08:00
that are heading標題 up towards the top最佳 left of the graph圖形.
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它們正朝著圖表的右上方前進
08:02
This is an aspirational抱負 graph圖形.
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這是一個理想的圖形
08:04
We want to be top最佳 left, where good lives生活 don't cost成本 the earth地球.
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我們想要處於左上方,在那裡好生活並不消耗地球
08:07
They're Latin拉丁 American美國.
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它們是拉丁美洲
08:09
The country國家 on its own擁有 up at the top最佳
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位於最上方的國家
08:11
is a place地點 I haven't沒有 been to.
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是一個我從沒去過的地方
08:13
Maybe some of you have.
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也許你們之中有人去過
08:15
Costa哥斯達黎加 Rica哥斯達黎加.
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哥斯大黎加
08:19
Costa哥斯達黎加 Rica哥斯達黎加 --
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哥斯大黎加 --
08:21
average平均 life expectancy期待 is 78-and-a-half-和一半 years年份.
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平均預期壽命為 78.5 歲
08:24
That is longer than in the USA美國.
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比美國人活的要久
08:28
They are, according根據 to the latest最新 Gallup蓋洛普 world世界 poll輪詢,
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根據蓋洛普最新的調查,
08:31
the happiest最幸福 nation國家 on the planet行星 --
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在這星球上,最幸福的國家 --
08:34
than anybody任何人; more than Switzerland瑞士 and Denmark丹麥.
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比任何地方都幸福,比瑞士、丹麥還快樂
08:37
They are the happiest最幸福 place地點.
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是最幸福的地方
08:39
They are doing that
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他們只消耗
08:41
on a quarter25美分硬幣 of the resources資源
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西方國家所用掉的
08:43
that are used typically一般 in [the] Western西 world世界 --
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四分之一資源 --
08:46
a quarter25美分硬幣 of the resources資源.
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四分之一的資源
08:49
What's going on there?
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那裡發生了什麽事?
08:52
What's happening事件 in Costa哥斯達黎加 Rica哥斯達黎加?
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在哥斯大黎加發生了什麽事?
08:54
We can look at some of the data數據.
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我們可以看看一些數據
08:56
99 percent百分 of their electricity電力 comes from renewable可再生 resources資源.
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99%的電力來自可再生能源
08:59
Their government政府 is one of the first to commit承諾
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他們的政府是率先承諾
09:01
to be carbon neutral中性 by 2021.
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在2021年達到碳中和的國家
09:04
They abolished取消 the army軍隊
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他們1949年
09:07
in 1949 --
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就廢除了軍隊
09:09
1949.
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1949年
09:11
And they invested投資 in social社會 programs程式 --
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接著,他們投資於社會計劃 --
09:13
health健康 and education教育.
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健康與教育
09:15
They have one of the highest最高 literacy讀寫能力 rates利率 in Latin拉丁 America美國
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他們是拉丁美洲國家中,識字率最高的國家之一
09:18
and in the world世界.
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也是世界數一數二高識字率的國家
09:20
And they have that Latin拉丁 vibe盛傳, don't they.
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他們也充滿拉丁活力,可不是?
09:22
They have the social社會 connectedness連通.
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他們重視社會連結
09:24
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
09:26
The challenge挑戰 is, that possibly或者 -- and the thing we might威力 have to think about --
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挑戰在於,很有可能 -- 我們必須思考一下 --
09:29
is that the future未來
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未來
09:31
might威力 not be North American美國,
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可能不見得屬於北美
09:33
might威力 not be Western西 European歐洲的.
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不見得是歐洲
09:35
It might威力 be Latin拉丁 American美國.
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未來很可能就是拉丁美洲。
09:38
And the challenge挑戰, really,
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這項挑戰,的確,
09:40
is to pull the global全球 average平均 up here.
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是要把全球平均值移到了這裡
09:43
That's what we need to do.
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那就是我們應當做的事
09:45
And if we're going to do that,
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倘若我們要做這件事
09:47
we need to pull countries國家 from the bottom底部,
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我們必須拉動底層的國家
09:50
and we need to pull countries國家 from the right of the graph圖形.
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把國家從圖表的右側拉出
09:53
And then we're starting開始 to create創建 a happy快樂 planet行星.
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接著,我們才能開始創造一個快樂星球
09:56
That's one way of looking at it.
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那是看待它的一個方式
09:58
Another另一個 way of looking at it is looking at time trends趨勢.
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另一個方式,是看看時間趨勢
10:00
We don't have good data數據 going back for every一切 country國家 in the world世界,
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我們沒有足夠數據,讓我們研究世上每個國家
10:03
but for some of the richest首富 countries國家, the OECD經合組織 group, we do.
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只有些最富有的國家、經濟合作開發組織(OECD)的數據
10:06
And this is the trend趨勢 in well-being福利 over that time,
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這是一條關於那段時間的福利趨勢
10:09
a small increase增加,
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一個小小的成長
10:11
but this is the trend趨勢 in ecological生態 footprint腳印.
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卻是一個反應生態足跡的趨勢
10:13
And so in strict嚴格 happy-planet快樂星球 methodology方法,
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因此,在嚴格意義的快樂星球方法學上
10:16
we've我們已經 become成為 less efficient高效
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當我們轉變最終稀有資源
10:18
at turning車削 our ultimate最終 scarce稀缺 resource資源
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到我們所要的結果時,
10:20
into the outcome結果 we want to.
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我們變得較無效率。
10:23
And the point really is, is that I think,
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我想,真正的問題在於
10:26
probably大概 everybody每個人 in this room房間
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大概這房間裡的每個人
10:28
would like society社會 to get to 2050
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都不希望2050年時的社會
10:30
without an apocalyptic世界末日
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有什麽末世論
10:33
something happening事件.
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的東西會發生
10:35
It's actually其實 not very long away.
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實際上,它距離我們並不遠
10:37
It's half a human人的 lifetime一生 away.
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大約只是人類壽命的一半
10:39
A child兒童 entering進入 school學校 today今天
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一個孩子今天進入學校
10:41
will be my age年齡 in 2050.
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到了2050年時,就是我現在的年紀了
10:43
This is not the very distant遙遠 future未來.
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這並不是一個遙遠的未來
10:46
This is what the U.K. government政府 target目標
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這是英國政府設定
10:49
on carbon and greenhouse溫室 emissions排放 looks容貌 like.
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減碳目標的大抵狀況
10:53
And I put it to you, that is not business商業 as usual通常.
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我要對你們說,這不是尋常的事
10:56
That is changing改變 our business商業.
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那正在改變我們的商業
10:58
That is changing改變 the way we create創建 our organizations組織,
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正改變著我們成立組織、
11:01
we do our government政府 policy政策 and we live生活 our lives生活.
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我們制定政府政策、以及我們參與生活的方式
11:04
And the point is,
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而重點在於
11:06
we need to carry攜帶 on increasing增加 well-being福利.
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我們必須增進幸福
11:08
No one can go to the polls民意調查
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沒有人會跑去投票
11:10
and say that quality質量 of life is going to reduce減少.
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然後說生活品質正在降低
11:13
None沒有 of us, I think,
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我想,我們之中沒有任何人
11:15
want human人的 progress進展 to stop.
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希望人類的進步停滯
11:17
I think we want it to carry攜帶 on.
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我認為我們希望它能夠繼續
11:19
I think we want the lot of humanity人性 to keep on increasing增加.
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我認為我們想要人類持續進步
11:21
And I think this is where climate氣候 change更改 skeptics懷疑論者 and deniers否認 come in.
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而我認為,這就是懷疑、否定氣候變遷論的人出現的時候
11:24
I think this is what they want. They want quality質量 of life to keep increasing增加.
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這就是他們要的,他們希望生活品質持續提升
11:27
They want to hold保持 on to what they've他們已經 got.
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他們希望維持已經擁有的
11:30
And if we're going to engage從事 them,
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如果我們要讓他們一起參與
11:32
I think that's what we've我們已經 got to do.
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我想,這就是我們必須要做的事
11:34
And that means手段 we have to really increase增加 efficiency效率 even more.
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這意謂著,我們必須真正地增進效率
11:37
Now that's all very easy簡單 to draw graphs and things like that,
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現在要繪出圖表是很簡單的
11:40
but the point is we need to turn those curves曲線.
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但問題是,我們必須轉變這些曲線
11:43
And this is where I think we can take a leaf
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我想,這也是我們可以從
11:45
out of systems系統 theory理論, systems系統 engineers工程師,
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系統理論、系統工程、
11:48
where they create創建 feedback反饋 loops循環,
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以及他們從創造反饋迴路汲取榜樣的地方
11:50
put the right information信息 at the right point of time.
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把正確的資訊放置於正確的地方
11:53
Human人的 beings眾生 are very motivated動機 by the "now."
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人類是非常易於受「現在」鼓舞
11:56
You put a smart聰明 meter儀表 in your home,
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你放一個聰明儀錶在家中
11:58
and you see how much electricity電力 you're using運用 right now,
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你就知道你現在使用了多少電量
12:00
how much it's costing成本核算 you,
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你花多少電費
12:02
your kids孩子 go around and turn the lights燈火 off pretty漂亮 quickly很快.
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你的孩子會隨手關燈,非常勤快
12:05
What would that look like for society社會?
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對社會來說,那看來會是怎一回事呢?
12:08
Why is it, on the radio無線電 news新聞 every一切 evening晚間,
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爲什麽每晚在新聞廣播中
12:10
I hear the FTSEFTSE 100, the Dow道瓊斯 Jones瓊斯, the dollar美元 pound ratio --
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當我聽倫敦富時100指數、道瓊指數、英鎊對美元的匯率時 --
12:13
I don't even know which哪一個 way the dollar美元 pound ratio should go to be good news新聞.
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我甚至不知道英鎊對美元時,怎樣算是好消息
12:16
And why do I hear that?
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我為什麽要聽那些?
12:18
Why don't I hear how much energy能源 Britain英國 used yesterday昨天,
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我們為何不聽聽: 昨天英國消耗了多少能源?
12:21
or American美國 used yesterday昨天?
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不聽聽: 美國昨天用了多少能源?
12:23
Did we meet遇到 our three percent百分 annual全年 target目標
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不聽聽: 我們是否達到了年度6%
12:25
on reducing減少 carbon emissions排放?
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的減碳目標?
12:27
That's how you create創建 a collective集體 goal目標.
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集體目標應該這樣建立才對
12:29
You put it out there into the media媒體 and start開始 thinking思維 about it.
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把議題放到媒體上,開始思考
12:32
And we need positive feedback反饋 loops循環
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我們也需要正面的回饋迴路
12:35
for increasing增加 well-being福利
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以增進福利
12:37
At a government政府 level水平, they might威力 create創建 national國民 accounts賬戶 of well-being福利.
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在政府的層級,他們或許可以成立國民福利核算機制
12:40
At a business商業 level水平, you might威力 look at the well-being福利 of your employees僱員,
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在商業的層級,你或許可以看看你的員工福利
12:43
which哪一個 we know is really linked關聯 to creativity創造力,
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我們都知道員工福利關聯著創造力
12:45
which哪一個 is linked關聯 to innovation革新,
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也與創新能力息息相關
12:47
and we're going to need a lot of innovation革新 to deal合同 with those environmental環境的 issues問題.
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我們也需要有許多創新,作為處理環境議題之用
12:50
At a personal個人 level水平, we need these nudges輕推 too.
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在個人的層次上,我們也需要這些刺激
12:54
Maybe we don't quite相當 need the data數據, but we need reminders提醒.
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也許我們不需要數據,但我們需要被提醒
12:57
In the U.K., we have a strong強大 public上市 health健康 message信息
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在英國,我們有個強壯的健康訊息
13:00
on five fruit水果 and vegetables蔬菜 a day
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一天五種蔬菜水果、
13:02
and how much exercise行使 we should do -- never my best最好 thing.
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應當做多少運動 -- 從來都不是我的強項
13:05
What are these for happiness幸福?
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這些對快樂有何意義?
13:08
What are the five things that you should do every一切 day
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哪五件事可以每天做
13:10
to be happier幸福?
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就會幸福快樂?
13:12
We did a project項目 for the Government政府 Office辦公室 of Science科學 a couple一對 of years年份 ago,
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幾年前,我們為英國政府科學辦公室(Government Office for Science)做了一項計劃
13:15
a big program程序 called the Foresight先見之明 program程序 --
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一個稱為「展望」計劃的大議題 --
13:18
lots and lots of people -- involved參與 lots of experts專家 --
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有許多人 -- 涉及許多專家 --
13:20
everything evidence證據 based基於 -- a huge巨大 tome對我來說.
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涉及每一個證據 -- 一部大型卷宗
13:23
But a piece of work we did was on: what five positive actions行動 can you do
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但我們做的工作是: 你可以從事哪五種積極的行為
13:26
to improve提高 well-being福利 in your life?
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來增進自己的生活福利?
13:28
And the point of these is
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而這些癥結在於
13:30
they are, not quite相當, the secrets秘密 of happiness幸福,
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它們並不是什麽幸福的奧秘,
13:32
but they are things that I think happiness幸福 will flow out the side from.
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反而是那些使幸福流溢你周身的東西
13:35
And the first of these is to connect,
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第一件事: 連結
13:38
is that your social社會 relationships關係
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你的社會關係
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are the most important重要 cornerstones基石 of your life.
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是你生命中最重要的基石
13:43
Do you invest投資 the time with your loved喜愛 ones那些
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你是否投注時間與精神
13:45
that you could do, and energy能源?
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在所愛的對象之上?
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Keep building建造 them.
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繼續建造它們
13:49
The second第二 one is be active活性.
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第二件事: 積極
13:51
The fastest最快的 way out of a bad mood心情:
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擺脫壞情緒的最快方法是:
13:54
step outside, go for a walk步行, turn the radio無線電 on and dance舞蹈.
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走出去,散步去,打開收音機跳舞去
13:57
Being存在 active活性 is great for our positive mood心情.
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積極 對我們正面的情緒有益
14:00
The third第三 one is take notice注意.
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第三件事是: 關注
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How aware知道的 are you of things going on around the world世界,
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你對發生於周遭世界的事物有多少關注?
14:06
the seasons季節 changing改變, people around you?
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四季變遷、生活周遭的人
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Do you notice注意 what's bubbling冒泡 up for you and trying to emerge出現?
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你是否察覺,有什麽蠢蠢欲動、即將要浮現的事物?
14:12
Based基於 on a lot of evidence證據 for mindfulness正念,
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根據許多關注的證據、
14:14
cognitive認知 behavioral行為的 therapy治療,
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認知行為治療
14:16
[very] strong強大 for our well being存在.
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對我們的幸福是非常有益的
14:19
The fourth第四 is keep learning學習
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第四項是: 持續學習
14:21
and keep is important重要 --
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持續是非常重要的 --
14:23
learning學習 throughout始終 the whole整個 life course課程.
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在一生中不斷學習
14:25
Older年長 people who keep learning學習 and are curious好奇,
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那些持續不斷學習、以及保有好奇心的長輩
14:28
they have much better health健康 outcomes結果 than those who start開始 to close down.
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比起那些停止學習的人還要健康
14:31
But it doesn't have to be formal正式 learning學習; it's not knowledge知識 based基於.
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不一定得是正式的學習,不需以知識為基礎
14:33
It's more curiosity好奇心.
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保有好奇心最重要
14:35
It can be learning學習 to cook廚師 a new dish,
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可以是學習烹飪一道新料理
14:38
picking選擇 up an instrument儀器 you forgot忘記 as a child兒童.
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可以是重拾你的兒時樂器
14:40
Keep learning學習.
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持續學習
14:42
And the final最後 one
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最後一個
14:44
is that most anti-economic防經濟 of activities活動,
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是最反經濟的活動:
14:46
but give.
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給予。
14:48
Our generosity慷慨, our altruism利他主義,
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我們的慷慨、我們的利他主義、
14:50
our compassion同情,
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我們的同理心
14:52
are all hardwired硬線
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都已深值於
14:54
to the reward獎勵 mechanism機制 in our brain.
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我們腦內的獎勵機制裡
14:56
We feel good if we give.
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當我們給予時,我們感覺良好
14:58
You can do an experiment實驗 where you give
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你可以做個實驗,
15:00
two groups of people a hundred dollars美元 in the morning早上.
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在早晨,你給予兩組人100美元
15:03
You tell one of them to spend it on themselves他們自己
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你告訴其中一組,把錢花在自己身上
15:06
and one on other people.
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告訴另一組,把錢花在其他人身上
15:08
You measure測量 their happiness幸福 at the end結束 of the day,
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在這天結束時,你測量他們的快樂程度
15:10
those that have gone走了 and spent花費 on other people are much happier幸福
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那些把錢用於其它人身上的人
15:12
that those that spent花費 it on themselves他們自己.
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會比用於自己身上的人感覺快樂許多
15:15
And these five ways方法,
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這五項
15:17
which哪一個 we put onto these handy便利 postcards明信片,
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我們把它印成方便靈巧的明信片
15:20
I would say, don't have to cost成本 the earth地球.
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它們並不消耗地球一分一毫
15:23
They don't have any carbon content內容.
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它們不含任何碳內容物
15:25
They don't need a lot of material材料 goods產品 to be satisfied滿意.
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它們無須用物質達到滿足
15:29
And so I think it's really quite相當 feasible可行
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所以,我想這是可行的
15:31
that happiness幸福 does not cost成本 the earth地球.
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幸福無須消耗地球
15:33
Now, Martin馬丁 Luther路德 King國王,
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現在,馬丁•路德•金恩
15:35
on the eve前夕 of his death死亡,
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在他過世的前一晚
15:37
gave an incredible難以置信 speech言語.
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作了一場撼動人心的演說
15:39
He said, "I know there are challenges挑戰 ahead,
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他說:「我知道前路有荊棘,
15:42
there may可能 be trouble麻煩 ahead,
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前路或有艱難困厄
15:44
but I fear恐懼 no one. I don't care關心.
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但我不畏懼,我不在乎;
15:46
I have been to the mountain top最佳,
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我曾攀上山之巔,
15:49
and I have seen看到 the Promised Land土地."
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我亦見過那應許之地。」
15:51
Now, he was a preacher牧師,
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他是個牧師
15:53
but I believe the environmental環境的 movement運動
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但我相信環保運動
15:55
and, in fact事實, the business商業 community社區, government政府,
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事實上,政府、商業社群
15:58
needs需求 to go to the top最佳 of the mountain top最佳,
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都必須攀上那山巔
16:01
and it needs需求 to look out,
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必須去看看
16:03
and it needs需求 to see the Promised Land土地,
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去見那應許之地
16:05
or the land土地 of promise諾言,
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或那承諾的地土
16:07
and it needs需求 to have a vision視力
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它需要有個
16:09
of a world世界 that we all want.
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我們都渴望的世界願景
16:12
And not only that, we need to create創建 a Great Transition過渡
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不只如此,我們需要創造一個「大轉變」
16:14
to get there,
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才能抵達那裡
16:16
and we need to pave鋪平 that great transition過渡 with good things.
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我們必須鋪下美好事物,通往大轉變
16:19
Human人的 beings眾生 want to be happy快樂.
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人類都想要幸福
16:22
Pave鋪平 them with the five ways方法.
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以五種方式打造它
16:24
And we need to have signposts路標
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我們也需要指示
16:26
gathering蒐集 people together一起 and pointing指點 them --
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聚集人們在一起,向他們指出 --
16:28
something like the Happy快樂 Planet行星 Index指數.
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一些比如「快樂星球指數」的東西
16:30
And then I believe
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我相信
16:32
that we can all create創建 a world世界 we all want,
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我們能創造出大家都想要的世界,
16:34
where happiness幸福 does not cost成本 the earth地球.
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在那,快樂無須消耗地球
16:37
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
Translated by Geoff Chen
Reviewed by Adrienne Lin

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Nic Marks - Happiness researcher
Nic Marks gathers evidence about what makes us happy, and uses it to promote policy that puts the well-being of people and the planet first. He's the founder of the Centre for Well-Being at the UK think tank New Economics Foundation (NEF).

Why you should listen

Nic Marks thinks quality of life is measurable, and that true contentment comes not from the accumulation of material wealth but from our connections with others, engagement with the world, and a sense of autonomy. This isn't just theory: a pioneer in the field of well-being research, Marks creates statistical methods to measure happiness, analyzing and interpreting the evidence so that it can be applied to such policy fields as education, sustainable development, healthcare, and economics.

The founder of the Centre for Well-Being, an independent think tank at the New Economics Foundation (NEF), in London, Marks is particularly keen to promote a balance between sustainable development and quality of life. To investigate this, he devised the Happy Planet Index, a global index of human well-being and environmental impact. The results made headlines: People in the world's wealthiest countries, who consume the most of the planet's resources, don't come out on top in terms of well-being. Which raises the question: What purpose does unfettered economic growth serve?

To measure (and possibly improve) your own, or your organization's, happiness and well-being, visit two useful sites: 5 ways to Well-being and Happiness Works.

Read the TED Book: The Happiness Manifesto >>

More profile about the speaker
Nic Marks | Speaker | TED.com