ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Cheryl Hayashi - Spider silk scientist
Cheryl Hayashi studies the delicate but terrifically strong silk threads that make up a spider's web, finding startling applications for human use.

Why you should listen

Biologist Cheryl Hayashi is fascinated with spiders and their silks, and for good reason. Made of a mix of proteins, spider silks come in thousands of variations; there are over 40,000 species of spiders, with many spiders capable of producing half a dozen types. Some silks have the tensile strength of steel -- and often are much tougher -- while remaining light as air and extremely supple. And spiders use their silk in diverse ways: to make their homes and trap their food, to travel, to court and to protect their eggs.
 
In her lab at UC Riverside, Hayashi explores spider silk’s genetic makeup, evolution and unique biomechanics (winning a MacArthur “genius" grant for it in 2007). Her work blurs the boundary between biology and materials science, looking for the molecular basis of this wondrous material and exploring how humans might learn from it. Hayashi's work may inspire new biomimetic materials for a huge variety of uses, from biodegradable fishing lines and sutures to superstrong ropes and armor cloth.

More profile about the speaker
Cheryl Hayashi | Speaker | TED.com
TED2010

Cheryl Hayashi: The magnificence of spider silk

林雪嫯 (Cheryl Hayashi): 蜘蛛絲的偉大

Filmed:
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林雪嫯 (Cheryl Hayashi)研究蜘蛛絲,一種高效能的天然材料。每一種蜘蛛可以做七種唔同嘅(蜘蛛)絲。佢地點整?林(Hayashi)從 DNA 講起 -- 跟著展示比我哋啲使人發奮
- Spider silk scientist
Cheryl Hayashi studies the delicate but terrifically strong silk threads that make up a spider's web, finding startling applications for human use. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:16
I'm here to spread傳播 the word about the
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我喺度傳播吓呢堆字,就喺
00:18
magnificence輝煌 of spiders蜘蛛
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蜘蛛幾勁
00:20
and how much we can learn學習 from them.
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同埋,我地點樣喺佢度學幾多嘢。
00:23
Spiders蜘蛛 are truly真正 global全球 citizens公民.
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蜘蛛真喺世界公民。
00:25
You can find spiders蜘蛛 in nearly
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你差唔多可以喺
00:27
every terrestrial陸地 habitat棲息地.
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所有 “陸生生境” 上面揾到蜘蛛。
00:29
This red dotD marks標誌著
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呢個紅點
00:31
the Great Basin盆地 of North America美國,
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就喺北美洲大盤地,
00:33
and I'm involved涉及 with an alpine高山 biodiversity生物多樣性
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同埋我參加的 “高山生物多樣性”的
00:35
project項目 there with some collaborators合作.
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計劃,喺嗰道我同埋我班同事。
00:37
Here's呢度有 one of our field領域 sites網站,
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呢一個喺我哋其中一個野外地盤,
00:39
and just to give you a sense of perspective視角,
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比你睇吓喺點嘅樣,
00:41
this little blue藍色 smudge污跡 here,
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呢,呢個藍色污點嗰度,
00:43
that's one of my collaborators合作.
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佢咪喺我嗰班同事。
00:45
This is a rugged崎嶇 and barren landscape景觀,
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呢道山勢山窮水惡,
00:48
yet尚未 there are quite都幾 a few幾個 spiders蜘蛛 here.
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但喺都有幾多蜘蛛嫁。
00:50
Turning rocks岩石 over revealed透露 this crab spider蜘蛛
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翻轉舊石頭,睇吓呢隻蟹蛛
00:54
grappling拼殺 with a beetle甲蟲.
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同隻甲蟲玩雙撲。
00:56
Spiders蜘蛛 are not just everywhere周圍,
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蜘蛛唔單止周圍都喺,
00:59
but they're extremely diverse不同.
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佢地真喺無處不在。
01:01
There are over 40,000 described描述 species物種
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有記錄都超過四千種
01:04
of spiders蜘蛛.
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蜘蛛。
01:05
To put that number數量 into perspective視角,
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睇吓嗰個數字,
01:07
here's呢度有 a graph comparing比較 the 40,000
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呢張圖呢四千
01:09
species物種 of spiders蜘蛛
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種蜘蛛
01:11
to the 400 species物種 of primates靈長類動物.
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同400種比較。
01:13
There are two orders訂單 of magnitude大小 more
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(蜘蛛)差唔多喺 (靈長類動物)百幾倍
01:15
spiders蜘蛛 than primates靈長類動物.
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蜘蛛比靈長類多。
01:17
Spiders蜘蛛 are also extremely old.
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蜘蛛都幾歷史悠久。
01:21
On the bottom底部 here,
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下面呢度,
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this is the geologic地質 timescale時間表,
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呢個喺 ”地質學時標尺度“,
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and the numbers數字 on it indicate表明 millions数百万
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呢個上面嘅數字咪百幾萬
01:27
of years from the present目前, so the zero here,
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年前囉,呢度喺零,
01:29
that would be today今日.
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即喺今日。
01:31
So what this figure shows顯示 is that spiders蜘蛛
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咁,呢個數字咪喺蜘蛛
01:34
date日期 back to almost爭 D 380 million years.
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可以追溯到差唔多三億八千萬年前。
01:38
To put that into perspective視角, this red
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睇吓呢個紅色
01:40
vertical垂直 bar酒吧 here marks標誌著 the divergence分歧 time
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直框呢度,咪喺個時間離散度
01:43
of humans人類 from chimpanzees黑猩猩,
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從猿人進化成人類,
01:46
a mere淨系 seven million years ago.
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只喺用咗七百萬年。
01:49
All spiders蜘蛛 make silk絲綢
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所有蜘蛛都 (吐絲)
01:51
at some pointD in their佢哋 life.
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喺佢一生某段時間 (吐絲)。
01:53
Most spiders蜘蛛 use copious豐富 amounts大量 of silk絲綢,
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大部分蜘蛛用大量唔同嘅蜘蛛絲,
01:56
and silk絲綢 is essential基本 to their佢哋 survival生存
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同埋蜘蛛絲對佢求生都幾重要
01:58
and reproduction繁殖.
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重有繁殖呢。
02:00
Even fossil化石 spiders蜘蛛 can make silk絲綢,
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化石蛛都可以做絲
02:02
as we can see from this impression印象 of
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睇吓呢張(圖)
02:04
a spinneret吐絲 on this fossil化石 spider蜘蛛.
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石化蛛同埋佢個蛛絲頭。
02:07
So this means意味着 that both spiders蜘蛛
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所以,兩個蜘蛛
02:09
and spider蜘蛛 silk絲綢 have been around
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同埋蜘蛛絲已經存在
02:11
for 380 million years.
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咗三億八千萬年。
02:16
It doesn't take long from working工作 with spiders蜘蛛
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(你)唔使同蜘蛛做太耐嘢
02:19
to start初時 noticing注意 how essential基本 silk絲綢 is
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(你)就開始發覺蜘蛛絲點重要
02:22
to just about every aspect方面 of their佢哋 life.
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喺佢(蜘蛛)一生各個方面。
02:25
Spiders蜘蛛 use silk絲綢 for many好多 purposes目的, including包括
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蜘蛛用(蜘蛛)絲有好多原因,如
02:28
the trailing尾隨 safety安全 dragline蜘蛛,
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搖曳安全拖絲,
02:30
wrapping包裝 eggs雞蛋 for reproduction繁殖,
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包裹(蜘蛛)蛋以供繁殖,
02:33
protective保護 retreats撤退
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保護性撤退
02:35
and catching捕捉 prey獵物.
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同埋獵食
02:37
There are many好多 kinds of spider蜘蛛 silk絲綢.
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蜘蛛絲有好多種
02:39
For example例子, this garden花園 spider蜘蛛 can make
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比如,呢個 “園蛛” 可以做
02:42
seven different不同 kinds of silks絲綢.
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七種唔同嘅蜘蛛絲。
02:44
When you look at this orb webWeb, you're actually講真
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當你睇呢個環形蜘蛛網時,你其實
02:46
seeing看到 many好多 types類型 of silk絲綢 fibers纖維.
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睇緊好多種蜘蛛絲纖維。
02:49
The frame框架 and radii半徑 of this webWeb
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(蜘蛛)網架和(蜘蛛)網半徑架
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is made作出 up of one type類型 of silk絲綢,
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是由一種蜘蛛絲做,
02:54
while the capture捕獲 spiral螺旋 is a composite復合
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但補旋網嘅組成
02:56
of two different不同 silks絲綢:
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喺由兩種唔同嘅蜘蛛絲:
02:58
the filament and the sticky droplet液滴.
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小絲體同埋粘滴
03:01
How does an individual spider蜘蛛
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個別蜘蛛點樣
03:04
make so many好多 kinds of silk絲綢?
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整咁多種蜘蛛絲呢?
03:07
To answer回答 that, you have to look a lot closer
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要揾答案,你要睇埋啲
03:09
at the spinneret吐絲 region一區 of a spider蜘蛛.
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蜘蛛嗰個 ”吐絲頭“ 嗰度。
03:11
So silk絲綢 comes out of the spinnerets噴絲板, and for
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蜘蛛絲從 ”吐絲頭“ 嗰度出離,同埋
03:13
those of us spider蜘蛛 silk絲綢 biologists生物學家, this is what
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我哋呢啲蜘蛛絲生物學家,呢啲
03:15
we call the "business業務 end結束" of the spider蜘蛛. (Laughter笑聲)
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我哋叫佢做蜘蛛嘅 “生意”。 (笑聲)
03:17
We spend long days ...
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我哋用咗好長日子.....
03:19
Hey! Don't laugh. That's my life.
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嘻,唔好笑,我條命喺咁。
03:21
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
03:23
We spend long days and nights晚黑
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我哋用咗好長嘅日與夜
03:25
staring凝視 at this part部分 of the spider蜘蛛.
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睇住蜘蛛呢部分,
03:28
And this is what we see.
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同埋呢啲咪喺我睇到嘅嘢。
03:30
You can see multiple多個 fibers纖維
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你可以睇到好多纖維
03:32
coming out of the spinnerets噴絲板, because
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從 “吐絲頭” 個度出離,因為
03:35
each每個 spinneret吐絲 has many好多 spigots on it.
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每一個 “吐絲頭” 上面有好多個 “咀”。
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Each每個 of these silk絲綢 fibers纖維 exits出口 from the spigot套管,
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每個 (蜘蛛)絲纖維喺唔同嘅 “咀” 出離
03:41
and if you were to trace吊住 the fiber纖維 back
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同埋如果你從纖維追返轉頭
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into the spider蜘蛛, what you would find is that
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去蜘蛛身體,你會揾到嘅喺
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each每個 spigot套管 connects連接 to its own自己 individual
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每一個 “咀” 連接住單個嘅
03:48
silk絲綢 gland. A silk絲綢 gland kind一種 of looks睇黎 like a sac
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(蜘蛛)絲腺體,絲腺體睇嚟好似一個液囊
03:51
with a lot of silk絲綢 proteins蛋白質 stuck inside.
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同埋好多蛛絲蛋白黐喺裡面。
03:54
So if you ever have the opportunity機會 to dissect解剖
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所有,如果你無機會解剖
03:56
an orb-web-weaving網織 spider蜘蛛,
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環形網織網蜘蛛,
03:58
and I hope希望 you do,
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我希望你有機會,
04:00
what you would find is a bounty賞金
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你會揾到一啲 ”好嘢“
04:03
of beautiful, translucent半透明 silk絲綢 glands腺體.
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好靚,半透明嘅絲腺體
04:06
Inside each每個 spider蜘蛛, there are hundreds數以百計
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每隻蜘蛛裡面,有百幾個
04:08
of silk絲綢 glands腺體, sometimes有時 thousands數以千計.
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絲腺體,有時,成千個。
04:11
These can be grouped分組 into seven categories類別.
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呢啲可以被組成七類
04:14
They differ不同 by size大小, shape形狀,
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佢地大細,外形唔同,
04:16
and sometimes有時 even color顏色.
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有時顏色都唔同
04:18
In an orb-web-weaving網織 spider蜘蛛,
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在環形網織網蜘蛛裡面,
04:20
you can find seven types類型 of silk絲綢 glands腺體,
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你可以揾到七種絲腺體,
04:22
and what I have depicted描繪 here in this picture圖片,
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同埋我喺呢張圖描述咁,
04:24
let's start初時 at the one o'clockD position位置,
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我哋從 ”一點鐘“ 位置開始,
04:27
there's tubuliformtubuliform silk絲綢 glands腺體, which are used
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嗰啲 ”小管狀“ 的絲腺體,佢喺被用嚟
04:29
to make the outer silk絲綢 of an egg雞蛋 sac.
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製造液囊體外絲。
04:31
There's the aggregate骨料 and flagelliform髮菜 silk絲綢
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呢度喺聚狀腺絲同埋鞭狀腺絲
04:33
glands腺體 which combine結合 to make the sticky
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各腺體組合成嗰啲好黐嘅
04:35
capture捕獲 spiral螺旋 of an orb webWeb.
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環形蜘蛛網上面螺旋捕捉體。
04:38
Pyriform啤梨形 silk絲綢 glands腺體 make the attachment附件
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梨渦狀絲腺體製造嗰啲附加嘅
04:40
cement水泥 -- that's the silk絲綢 that's used to adhere堅持
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黐固劑 -- 佢喺嗰啲用嚟黐住
04:43
silk絲綢 lines to a substrate襯底.
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(蜘蛛)絲線同埋嗰個底座。
04:46
There's also aciniformaciniform silk絲綢,
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嗰啲葡萄串状絲都喺
04:48
which is used to wrap包裝 prey獵物.
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被用嚟包住獵物。
04:50
Minor ampullateampullate silk絲綢 is used in webWeb construction建設.
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小壺腹狀的絲線用嚟起網。
04:52
And the most studied研究 silk絲綢 line
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同埋所有絲線研究
04:54
of them all: major主要 ampullateampullate silk絲綢.
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裡面最多嘅:大壺腹狀絲。
04:56
This is the silk絲綢 that's used to make the frame框架
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呢啲(蜘蛛)絲喺用嚟做 (網)架
04:58
and radii半徑 of an orb webWeb, and also
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同埋環形網嗰個網半徑架,重有
05:01
the safety安全 trailing尾隨 dragline蜘蛛.
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嗰條搖曳安全拖丝。
05:04
But what, exactly完全, is spider蜘蛛 silk絲綢?
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即喺點,正確啲,蜘蛛絲喺點?
05:08
Spider蜘蛛 silk絲綢 is almost爭 D entirely完全 protein蛋白.
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蜘蛛絲差唔多都喺全蛋白質。
05:11
Nearly all of these proteins蛋白質 can be explained解釋
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大部分呢啲蛋白質都能夠由
05:13
by a single gene基因 family家庭,
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單基因家族解釋,
05:16
so this means意味着 that the diversity多樣性 of silk絲綢 types類型
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所以,呢啲不同種類嘅蜘蛛絲
05:18
we see today今日 is encoded編碼 by one gene基因 family家庭,
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我哋今日睇到都喺由單基因家族所編碼,
05:23
so presumably大概 the original源語言 spider蜘蛛 ancestor祖先
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因此,可以假設原始蜘蛛祖先
05:26
made作出 one kind一種 of silk絲綢,
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只喺做一種絲
05:28
and over the last 380 million years,
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同埋繫最近嘅三億八千萬年前
05:31
that one silk絲綢 gene基因 has duplicated重複
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只是一種 (蜘蛛絲)基因被複製
05:34
and then diverged分歧, specialized專業,
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跟着,被轉绿,特化,
05:37
over and over and over again, to get
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不停,不停,不停地咁樣,產生
05:40
the large variety品種 of flavors口味 of spider蜘蛛 silks絲綢
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大量唔同樣嘅蜘蛛絲
05:42
that we have today今日.
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我哋今日個嗰啲 (蜘蛛絲)。
05:45
There are several幾個 features特徵 that all these silks絲綢
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所有呢啲都由幾種特性
05:47
have in common常見. They all have a common常見
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一樣,佢地都有同樣
05:49
design設計, such as they're all very long --
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式樣,就好似佢地都好長 --
05:51
they're sort排序 of outlandishlyoutlandishly long
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長得有啲古古怪怪
05:54
compared比較 to other proteins蛋白質.
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同其他蛋白質比較。
05:56
They're very repetitive重複, and they're very rich豐富
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佢地重重覆覆,同埋好多
05:59
in the amino氨基 acids glycine甘氨酸 and alanine丙氨酸.
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氨基酸裡面嘅甘氨酸同丙氨酸。
06:02
To give you an idea想法 of what
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比例一啲印象你睇
06:04
a spider蜘蛛 silk絲綢 protein蛋白 looks睇黎 like,
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蜘蛛絲蛋白喺點樣,
06:06
this is a dragline蜘蛛 silk絲綢 protein蛋白,
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呢條喺拖丝蛋白,
06:08
it's just a portion部分 of it,
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佢喺 (拖絲)其中一部分,
06:10
from the black widow寡婦 spider蜘蛛.
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喺由黑寡婦蜘蛛(度攞出嚟)。
06:12
This is the kind一種 of sequence序列 that I love
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呢類 (蛋白)序列我好鐘意
06:14
looking at day and night. (Laughter笑聲)
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日日夜夜睇住佢。 (笑聲)
06:17
So what you're seeing看到 here is the one letter
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所以,你睇緊呢度嗰個字母
06:19
abbreviation縮寫 for amino氨基 acids, and I've colored彩色
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喺氨基酸嘅簡寫,佢比我加咗啲顏色
06:21
in the glycines线虫 with green綠色,
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甘氨酸用綠色,
06:23
and the alaninesalanines in red, and so
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丙氨酸用紅色,同埋
06:25
you can see it's just a lot of G'sG 的 and A'sA 嘅.
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你能夠睇到佢真喺好多 ”G" 呀同 “A"呀。
06:28
You can also see that there's a lot of short
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加埋你能夠睇到佢又喺好多短嘅
06:31
sequence序列 motifs圖案 that repeat重複 over and over
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(蛋白)序列圖案,佢地重覆又重覆
06:34
and over again, so for example例子 there's a lot of
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重覆又重覆,所以舉例嚟講,嗰度有好多
06:36
what we call polyalaninespolyalanines, or iterated迭代 A'sA 嘅,
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我哋叫佢做 ”多聚丙氨酸“,或者寫做 ”A's",
06:39
AAAAAAAAAA. There's GGQGGQ. There's GGYGGY.
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AAAAA, 嗰啲 “GGQ". 嗰啲 ”GGY".
06:43
You can think of these short motifs圖案
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你諗吓呢啲短嘅圖案
06:45
that repeat重複 over and over again as words的話,
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好似文字咁重覆又重覆,
06:48
and these words的話 occur發生 in sentences句子.
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呢啲好似喺句子裡面咁。
06:51
So for example例子 this would be one sentence句子,
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舉個例,呢度咪一句,
06:54
and you would get this sort排序 of green綠色 region一區
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同埋,你會由呢種綠色部分
06:56
and the red polyalaninepolyalanine, that repeats重複
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同埋呢啲紅色嘅 “多聚丙氨酸,佢又重覆
06:58
over and over and over again,
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又重覆,不停重覆,
07:00
and you can have that hundreds數以百計 and
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你會見到佢一百又
07:02
hundreds數以百計 and hundreds數以百計 of times within
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一百,百幾次咁,喺
07:04
an individual silk絲綢 molecule分子.
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一個(蜘蛛)絲分子裡面。
07:06
Silks絲綢 made作出 by the same相同 spider蜘蛛 can have
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同一隻蜘蛛能夠做
07:08
dramatically大幅 different不同 repeat重複 sequences序列.
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顯著不同嘅,重覆嘅(蛋白)序列
07:11
At the top返回頁首 of the screen屏幕, you're seeing看到
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喺熒光幕頂上面,你睇緊
07:14
the repeat重複 unit單位 from the dragline蜘蛛 silk絲綢
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嗰啲拖絲體嘅重覆單位
07:17
of a garden花園 argiopeargiope spider蜘蛛.
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咪喺由 ”園金蛛“ 度攞嚟.
07:20
It's short. And on the bottom底部,
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佢好短,同埋喺下面,
07:22
this is the repeat重複 sequence序列 for the
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呢啲重覆 (蛋白)序列咪叫做
07:24
egg雞蛋 case情況下, or tubuliformtubuliform silk絲綢 protein蛋白,
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(蜘蛛)蛋殼,或者叫 ”小管狀“ 絲蛋白,
07:26
for the exact確切 same相同 spider蜘蛛. And you can see
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它都喺來自同一隻蜘蛛。同埋,你能夠見到
07:29
how dramatically大幅 different不同
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幾顯著不同
07:31
these silk絲綢 proteins蛋白質 are -- so this is
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嘅蛛絲蛋白 -- 所以,呢啲咪喺
07:34
sort排序 of the beauty of the diversification多元化
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其中以種靚嘅多元化
07:36
of the spider蜘蛛 silk絲綢 gene基因 family家庭.
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嘅蜘蛛絲基因家族。
07:38
You can see that the repeat重複 units單位 differ不同
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你能夠睇見佢單位間不同
07:40
in length長度. They also differ不同 in sequence序列.
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長度,同埋佢地(蛋白)序列不同。
07:42
So I've colored彩色 in the glycines线虫 again
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而家,我再喺 ”甘氨酸“ 嗰度填上顏色
07:44
in green綠色, alanine丙氨酸 in red, and the serinesserines,
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填綠色, 丙氨酸填紅色, 絲氨酸
07:47
the letter S, in purple紫色. And you can see
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大楷 S ,填紫色。咁樣,你能夠見到
07:50
that the top返回頁首 repeat重複 unit單位 can be explained解釋
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上面嗰啲重覆嘅單位,被解釋到
07:52
almost爭 D entirely完全 by green綠色 and red,
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差唔多全部綠色,紅色,
07:55
and the bottom底部 repeat重複 unit單位 has
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同埋下面嘅重覆單位咪
07:57
a substantial大量 amount of purple紫色.
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好多紫色。
07:59
What silk絲綢 biologists生物學家 do is we try to relate
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我哋生物學家咁樣做喺嘗試聯繫
08:02
these sequences序列, these amino氨基 acid
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呢啲(蛋白)序列,氨基酸
08:04
sequences序列, to the mechanical機械 properties性能
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序列有咩嘢機械特性
08:06
of the silk絲綢 fibers纖維.
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出現喺(蜘蛛)絲纖維度。
08:08
Now, it's really convenient方便 that spiders蜘蛛 use their佢哋 silk絲綢
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家吓,真喺好方便,蜘蛛將佢啲絲
08:11
completely完全 outside外面 their佢哋 body身體.
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全部用喺身體出面
08:13
This makes使 testing測試 spider蜘蛛 silk絲綢 really, really
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咁樣,測試蜘蛛絲真喺,真喺
08:15
easy容易 to do in the laboratory實驗室, because
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喺實驗室度好簡單,只不過
08:17
we're actually講真, you know, testing測試 it in air空氣
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你哋知唔知我哋喺喺空氣中測試
08:20
that's exactly完全 the environment環境 that
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同實際環境一模一樣
08:22
spiders蜘蛛 are using使用 their佢哋 silk絲綢 proteins蛋白質.
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蜘蛛點樣使用佢地啲絲蛋白。
08:24
So this makes使 quantifying量化 silk絲綢 properties性能 by
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咁樣,咪要用方法量化 (蜘蛛)絲特性
08:26
methods方法 such as tensile拉伸 testing測試, which is
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如延展性,
08:28
basically基本上, you know, tugging on one end結束
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延展性基本上 (你知啦),拉著纖維個頭
08:30
of the fiber纖維, very amenable.
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佢好貼服
08:33
Here are stress-strain應力應變 curves曲線
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呢個 “張力延展” 曲線
08:36
generated生成 by tensile拉伸 testing測試
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由延展性測試產生
08:38
five fibers纖維 made作出 by the same相同 spider蜘蛛.
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嗰五條纖維喺由同樣隻蜘蛛製造
08:41
So what you can see here is that
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咁,你喺度見到就喺
08:44
the five fibers纖維 have different不同 behaviors行為.
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五種纖維有唔同行為特性
08:47
Specifically特別, if you look on the vertical垂直 axis,
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具體啲,你睇吓條縱軸,
08:49
that's stress應力. If you look at the maximum最大
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嗰個壓逼力。如果你睇
08:52
stress應力 value價值 for each每個 of these fibers纖維,
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呢啲纖維嘅最大 “壓逼” 值。
08:54
you can see that there's a lot of variation變化,
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你就睇到真喺好多種變化,
08:57
and in fact事實 dragline蜘蛛, or major主要 ampullateampullate silk絲綢,
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事實上,“拖絲” 或者 “壺腹狀絲”,
09:00
is the strongest of these fibers纖維.
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喺呢啲纖維裡面最 “勁” 嘅。
09:02
We think that's because the dragline蜘蛛 silk絲綢,
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我哋諗,因為“拖絲”
09:05
which is used to make the frame框架 and radii半徑
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喺用嚟做 (蜘蛛)網架同網半徑架
09:08
for a webWeb, needs需要 to be very strong.
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所有要好 “勁”。
09:10
On the other hand, if you were to look at
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另一方面,如果你睇
09:12
strain應變 -- this is how much a fiber纖維 can be
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延展力 -- 呢個咪喺纖維可以
09:14
extended擴展 -- if you look at the maximum最大 value價值
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拉幾長 -- 如果你睇著個最大數值
09:16
here, again, there's a lot of variation變化
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呢度,又喺好多可能
09:19
and the clear清楚 winner贏家 is flagelliform髮菜,
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好清楚,鞭毛狀 (絲)勝出,
09:21
or the capture捕獲 spiral螺旋 filament.
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或者,捕旋小絲都喺
09:23
In fact事實, this flagelliform髮菜 fiber纖維 can
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實際上,呢個鞭毛狀纖維可以
09:25
actually講真 stretch伸展 over twice兩次 its original源語言 length長度.
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真喺拉長超過佢原先兩倍幾。
09:29
So silk絲綢 fibers纖維 vary不同 in their佢哋 strength強度
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咁樣,絲纖維改變佢嘅強度
09:32
and also their佢哋 extensibility擴展.
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同埋佢嘅伸展能力。
09:34
In the case情況下 of the capture捕獲 spiral螺旋,
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喺捕旋情況下,
09:36
it needs需要 to be so stretchy彈性 to absorb吸收
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佢要能夠好有延展力去吸收
09:38
the impact影響 of flying飛行 prey獵物.
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飛行獵物嘅衝擊。
09:40
If it wasn't唔係 able to stretch伸展 so much, then
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如果,佢唔能夠 “經"伸延,
09:42
basically基本上 when an insect昆蟲 hit the webWeb,
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咁樣,當昆蟲撞埋蜘蛛網嗰陣,
09:44
it would just trampoline蹦床 right off of it.
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咪會彈翻出去。
09:46
So if the webWeb was made作出 entirely完全 out of
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如果,蜘蛛網都喺用
09:48
dragline蜘蛛 silk絲綢, an insect昆蟲 is very likely可能 to just
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“拖絲”所做,昆蟲咪成日比佢
09:51
bounce反彈 right off. But by having really, really
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彈出去。但喺,如果真喺用
09:53
stretchy彈性 capture捕獲 spiral螺旋 silk絲綢, the webWeb is actually講真
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延展捕旋絲,個網咪
09:55
able to absorb吸收 the impact影響
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有能力吸收衝擊
09:57
of that intercepted截獲 prey獵物.
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捕著獵物
10:00
There's quite都幾 a bit of variation變化 within
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個別蜘蛛能夠做
10:02
the fibers纖維 that an individual spider蜘蛛 can make.
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好多種唔同嘅(蜘蛛絲)纖維
10:05
We call that the tool工具 kit套件 of a spider蜘蛛.
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我哋叫佢做蜘蛛 ”工具箱“。
10:08
That's what the spider蜘蛛 has
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呢啲咪蜘蛛點樣
10:10
to interact互動 with their佢哋 environment環境.
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同環境相互反應
10:12
But how about variation變化 among之間 spider蜘蛛
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但喺,蜘蛛種類之間
10:14
species物種, so looking at one type類型 of silk絲綢
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點呢,睇吓唔同蜘蛛
10:16
and looking at different不同 species物種 of spiders蜘蛛?
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但同一種類嘅(蜘蛛)絲?
10:19
This is an area一區 that's largely主要 unexplored未知
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呢個地方,好大情度未探討過
10:21
but here's呢度有 a little bit of data數據 I can show顯示 you.
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但喺,我喺度有啲數據可以比你睇。
10:25
This is the comparison比較 of the toughness韌性
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呢度比較有關
10:27
of the dragline蜘蛛 spilkspilk spun
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21 種唔同嘅
10:29
by 21 species物種 of spiders蜘蛛.
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蜘蛛所吐嘅絲
10:31
Some of them are orb-weaving球織布 spiders蜘蛛 and
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有啲喺環形網蛛
10:33
some of them are non-orb-weaving冇波織造 spiders蜘蛛.
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有啲唔喺環形網蛛
10:36
It's been hypothesized虛擬 that
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曾經假設過
10:38
orb-weaving球織布 spiders蜘蛛, like this argiopeargiope here,
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環形網蛛好似 “金珠” 咁
10:41
should have the toughest艱難 dragline蜘蛛 silks絲綢
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都擁有特高韌性拖線絲
10:43
because they must必須 intercept攔截 flying飛行 prey獵物.
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因為,佢地一定要捕捉飛行獵物。
10:46
What you see here on this toughness韌性 graph
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呢度你睇吓個韌性圖
10:49
is the higher the black dotD is on the graph,
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圖上面黑點越高
10:51
the higher the toughness韌性.
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代表韌性越高
10:53
The 21 species物種 are indicated表明 here by this
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呢度表明咗 21 種蜘蛛嘅
10:56
phylogeny發展史, this evolutionary進化 tree, that shows顯示
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發展史,進化樹圖,說明咗
10:59
their佢哋 genetic遺傳 relationships關係, and I've colored彩色
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佢地嘅基因關係,我填咗
11:01
in yellow黃色 the orb-web-weaving網織 spiders蜘蛛.
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黃色咪喺環形網蛛。
11:04
If you look right here at the two red arrows箭頭,
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你睇紅箭咀呢度
11:07
they pointD to the toughness韌性 values
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佢指住個韌性值
11:10
for the draglinesdraglines of nephila蜘蛛 clavipesclavipes and
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咪喺絡新婦蛛同埋
11:12
araneus大腹蛛絲 diadematusdiadematus.
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十字園蛛嗰啰。
11:14
These are the two species物種 of spiders蜘蛛
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佢地喺兩種蜘蛛
11:16
for which the vast巨大 majority大多數 of time and money
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已經花咗大量時間同金錢
11:19
on synthetic合成 spider蜘蛛 silk絲綢 research研究 has been
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研究點樣合成嘅蜘蛛絲
11:22
to replicate複製 their佢哋 dragline蜘蛛 silk絲綢 proteins蛋白質.
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去覆製佢地嘅 ”拖線“絲蛋白。
11:25
Yet尚未, their佢哋 draglinesdraglines are not the toughest艱難.
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家吓,嗰啲 ”拖線絲“ 唔喺最韌嘅
11:29
In fact事實, the toughest艱難 dragline蜘蛛 in this survey調查
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事實上,呢個調查最韌嘅”拖線絲“
11:32
is this one right here in this white白色 region一區,
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喺白色呢度右邊嗰部分,
11:35
a non orb-web-weaving網織 spider蜘蛛.
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一啲環形網蛛嘅。
11:37
This is the dragline蜘蛛 spun by scytodesscytodes,
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呢條拖線由 ”花皮“
11:39
the spitting隨地吐痰 spider蜘蛛.
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蜘蛛所吐。
11:41
ScytodesScytodes doesn't use a webWeb at all
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”花皮“ 蜘蛛根本唔用網
11:44
to catch抓住 prey獵物. Instead相反, scytodesscytodes
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嚟捕食。”花皮“ 蜘蛛
11:46
sort排序 of lurks潛伏 around and waits等待 for prey獵物
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用一種潜伏一旁,等待獵物
11:49
to get close關閉 to it, and then immobilizes力場 prey獵物
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慢慢走近獵物,然後使佢唔郁得
11:52
by spraying噴凃 a silk-like絲綢類 venom毒液 onto that insect昆蟲.
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噴啲好似絲嘅毒液喺昆蟲上面
11:56
Think of hunting狩獵 with silly string字符串.
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點樣用絲線捕獵。
11:59
That's how scytodesscytodes forages牧草.
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咪好似“ 花皮牧草蛛” 咁。
12:02
We don't really know why scytodesscytodes
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我哋唔知點解 "花皮蛛”
12:04
needs需要 such a tough艱難 dragline蜘蛛,
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需要咁韌嘅”拖線絲“
12:07
but it's unexpected意外 results結果 like this that make
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呢的不尋常結果引起
12:10
bio-prospecting生物勘探 so exciting令人興奮 and worthwhile值得.
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生物勘探嘅刺激同價值。
12:14
It frees釋放 us from the constraints約束
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佢釋放我們
12:16
of our imagination想象.
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幻想上嘅限制
12:18
Now I'm going to mark馬克 on
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而家,我準備標誌
12:20
the toughness韌性 values for nylon尼龍 fiber纖維,
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尼龍纖維嘅最韌值
12:23
bombyx家蠶 -- or domesticated馴化 silkworm silk絲綢 --
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家蠶蛾属 -- 或者家居蠶蟲絲 --
12:26
wool, Kevlar芳綸, and carbon fibers纖維.
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羊毛,克維拉(Kevlar),炭纖維。
12:29
And what you can see is that nearly
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你可以見到差唔多
12:31
all the spider蜘蛛 draglinesdraglines surpass超越 them.
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所有蜘蛛 “拖線”絲都比佢韌
12:33
It's the combination組合 of strength強度, extensibility擴展
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它柔合了強度,延展度
12:37
and toughness韌性 that makes使 spider蜘蛛 silk絲綢 so
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同埋韌度,使到蜘蛛絲咁
12:40
special特殊, and that has attracted吸引 the attention注意
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特別,咁吸引
12:43
of biomimeticistsbiomimeticists, so people that turn
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仿生學家嘅注意,因此,人們
12:46
to nature自然 to try to find new新增功能 solutions解決方案.
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從大自然尋找解决方法。
12:49
And the strength強度, extensibility擴展 and toughness韌性
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蜘蛛絲嘅強度,延展度,同埋韌度
12:52
of spider蜘蛛 silks絲綢 combined聯合 with the fact事實 that
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嘅組合有個事實就喺
12:55
silks絲綢 do not elicit引起 an immune免疫 response響應,
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蜘蛛絲唔會引致免疫反應
12:58
have attracted吸引 a lot of interest興趣 in the use
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有關大量興趣便是點樣
13:01
of spider蜘蛛 silks絲綢 in biomedical生物醫學 applications應用,
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在生化學上應用蜘蛛絲
13:03
for example例子, as a component組件 of
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例如,作為組成
13:05
artificial人工 tendons肌腱, for serving服務 as
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人工筋肌,服務於引導出
13:08
guides指南 to regrow再生 nerves神經, and for
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神經再生之法,
13:12
scaffolds支架 for tissue組織 growth增長.
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支架出組織生長。
13:15
Spider蜘蛛 silks絲綢 also have a lot of potential
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蜘蛛絲也有大量可能的
13:18
for their佢哋 anti-ballistic防彈道 capabilities能力.
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抗彈道能力
13:20
Silks絲綢 could be incorporated註冊 into body身體
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(蜘蛛)絲有能力和人體結合
13:22
and equipment設備 armor裝甲 that would be more
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同埋冑甲配備便會
13:25
lightweight輕量級 and flexible靈活
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重量更輕,更柔韌
13:27
than any armor裝甲 available可用 today今日.
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好過今日可用的冑甲
13:30
In addition除咗 to these biomimetic倣生
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另外,好似蜘蛛絲仿生學
13:33
applications應用 of spider蜘蛛 silks絲綢,
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上應用一樣,
13:35
personally, I find studying研究 spider蜘蛛 silks絲綢
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我咁講,我研究蜘蛛絲
13:39
just fascinating迷人 in and of itself本身.
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唔止陶醉咁簡單
13:42
I love when I'm in the laboratory實驗室,
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當我喺實驗室嗰時,我好鍾意
13:46
a new新增功能 spider蜘蛛 silk絲綢 sequence序列 comes in.
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一啲新嘅蜘蛛絲序列入嚟。
13:49
That's just the best最好. (Laughter笑聲)
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最好咁樣。 (笑聲)
13:52
It's like the spiders蜘蛛 are sharing共享
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佢 (蜘蛛)好似同我分享
13:55
an ancient古代 secret秘密 with me, and that's why
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一個遠古秘密,我因此
13:57
I'm going to spend the rest休息 of my life
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會用我的餘生
13:59
studying研究 spider蜘蛛 silk絲綢.
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研究蜘蛛絲
14:01
The next time you see a spider蜘蛛 webWeb,
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下次,當你見到蜘蛛網時,
14:04
please, pause暫停 and look a little closer.
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唔該,停一停,睇埋啲
14:07
You'll你咪會 be seeing看到 one of the most
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你會見到一種人們
14:09
high-performance高性能 materials材料 known to man.
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了解嘅高性能材料。
14:12
To borrow from the writings著作
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借用文獻上有一隻
14:14
of a spider蜘蛛 named Charlotte夏洛特,
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叫 “ 夏洛特” 的蜘蛛說,
14:17
silk絲綢 is terrific了不起.
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(蜘蛛)絲是偉大的。
14:19
Thank you. (Applause掌聲)
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謝謝 (鼓掌)
14:22
(Applause掌聲)
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(鼓掌)
Translated by Cooper Ng
Reviewed by Yipeng Xie

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Cheryl Hayashi - Spider silk scientist
Cheryl Hayashi studies the delicate but terrifically strong silk threads that make up a spider's web, finding startling applications for human use.

Why you should listen

Biologist Cheryl Hayashi is fascinated with spiders and their silks, and for good reason. Made of a mix of proteins, spider silks come in thousands of variations; there are over 40,000 species of spiders, with many spiders capable of producing half a dozen types. Some silks have the tensile strength of steel -- and often are much tougher -- while remaining light as air and extremely supple. And spiders use their silk in diverse ways: to make their homes and trap their food, to travel, to court and to protect their eggs.
 
In her lab at UC Riverside, Hayashi explores spider silk’s genetic makeup, evolution and unique biomechanics (winning a MacArthur “genius" grant for it in 2007). Her work blurs the boundary between biology and materials science, looking for the molecular basis of this wondrous material and exploring how humans might learn from it. Hayashi's work may inspire new biomimetic materials for a huge variety of uses, from biodegradable fishing lines and sutures to superstrong ropes and armor cloth.

More profile about the speaker
Cheryl Hayashi | Speaker | TED.com