TEDxCaltech
Thomas Insel: Toward a new understanding of mental illness
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今時今日，多得提早發現，心臟病嘅死亡率比幾十年前少咗63%。多馬．印索，國立精神健康單位主任想知道：我哋係唔係可以係抑鬱症同埋精神分裂症度做一模一樣嘅嘢? 他話係呢條新嘅研究路程上，重新建構係好重要嘅第一步：我哋必須停止將佢哋諗成係「精神病」，并且開始將佢哋當成係「腦疾病」唻理解。(係TEDxCaltech錄影)
Thomas Insel - Neuroscientist and psychiatrist
The Director of the National Institute of Mental Health, Thomas Insel supports research that will help us understand, treat and even prevent mental disorders. Full bio
The Director of the National Institute of Mental Health, Thomas Insel supports research that will help us understand, treat and even prevent mental disorders. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
So let's start with some good news,
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我哋先唻d好消息，
00:15
and the good news has to do with what do we know
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而呢個好消息同我哋究竟知道有幾多個
00:17
based on biomedical research
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因為生物醫學嘅研究，
00:20
that actually has changed the outcomes
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而真正改變咗其結果既
00:23
for many very serious diseases?
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嚴重疾病?
00:26
Let's start with leukemia,
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我哋就由白血病開始講，
00:28
acute lymphoblastic leukemia, ALL,
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急性淋巴細胞性白血病，ALL，
00:31
the most common cancer of children.
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係細路仔最常見嘅癌症。
00:33
When I was a student,
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當我仲係學生嘅時候，
00:35
the mortality rate was about 95 percent.
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死亡率係大概95%。
00:39
Today, some 25, 30 years later, we're talking about
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而家，25、30年之後，我哋講梗嘅係
00:42
a mortality rate that's reduced by 85 percent.
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降咗85%嘅死亡率。
00:46
Six thousand children each year
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係之前，每年因為呢個病而死既6000名兒童
00:49
who would have previously died of this disease are cured.
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都得救。
00:53
If you want the really big numbers,
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如果你想要大d嘅數字，
00:55
look at these numbers for heart disease.
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我哋不妨來睇吓心臟病嘅數字。
00:57
Heart disease used to be the biggest killer,
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係以前，心臟病係最犀利既殺手，
00:59
particularly for men in their 40s.
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尤其是係對四十幾歲的男性唻講。
01:01
Today, we've seen a 63-percent reduction in mortality
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依家，我哋睇到降咗63%既
01:04
from heart disease --
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心臟病死亡率，
01:06
remarkably, 1.1 million deaths averted every year.
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值得一提嘅係，每年都有110萬條性命獲救。
01:11
AIDS, incredibly, has just been named,
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愛滋病，令人難以置信地，係上個月先
01:14
in the past month, a chronic disease,
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被定為係慢性病，
01:16
meaning that a 20-year-old who becomes infected with HIV
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意思即係話，一個人係20歲時感染到HIV嘅話，
01:19
is expected not to live weeks, months, or a couple of years,
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佢預期嘅壽命唔係幾個禮拜、幾個月，或者係幾年，
01:23
as we said only a decade ago,
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好似我哋之前講嘅十年左右，
01:25
but is thought to live decades,
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而依家所認為嘅幾十年，
01:28
probably to die in his '60s or '70s from other causes altogether.
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有可能要到佢六、七十歲，同埋其他起因一起病逝。
01:32
These are just remarkable, remarkable changes
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係尋找一d頭等殺手過程中，
01:35
in the outlook for some of the biggest killers.
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呢d改變係非常非常卓越嘅。
01:38
And one in particular
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特別係其中一個，
01:40
that you probably wouldn't know about, stroke,
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你有可能唔知到嘅，就係中風，
01:42
which has been, along with heart disease,
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呢個病，連同心臟病，
01:44
one of the biggest killers in this country,
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係呢個國家頭等殺手之一。
01:46
is a disease in which now we know
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我哋而家知道呢個病
01:48
that if you can get people into the emergency room
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只要你係病發之內三粒鐘
01:50
within three hours of the onset,
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將病患送入急診嘅話，
01:53
some 30 percent of them will be able to leave the hospital
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大概有30%嘅人係可以
01:55
without any disability whatsoever.
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係完全冇任何殘疾嘅情況下出院。
01:58
Remarkable stories,
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呢d係非常唔簡單嘅事，
02:01
good-news stories,
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係d帶住好消息嘅事，
02:03
all of which boil down to understanding
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而呢d事全部都要歸結於
02:06
something about the diseases that has allowed us
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我哋對d疾病嘅認知，而呢d認知
02:09
to detect early and intervene early.
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令到我哋可以提早發現、介入。
02:12
Early detection, early intervention,
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提早發現、介入，
02:15
that's the story for these successes.
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就個就係之所以可以成功嘅重點。
02:18
Unfortunately, the news is not all good.
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伯係好不幸，唔係全部都係好消息。
02:20
Let's talk about one other story
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我哋來講講另一個
02:23
which has to do with suicide.
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同自殺有關嘅古仔。
02:24
Now this is, of course, not a disease, per se.
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咁當然啦，自殺本身唔係一種病。
02:27
It's a condition, or it's a situation
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佢係一種會導致死亡嘅
02:30
that leads to mortality.
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條件或情況。
02:32
What you may not realize is just how prevalent it is.
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你有可能冇發覺到其實佢究竟有幾咁流行。
02:35
There are 38,000 suicides each year in the United States.
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係美國，每一年都有38000宗自殺案件。
02:39
That means one about every 15 minutes.
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亦即係話每15分鐘就死一個。
02:42
Third most common cause of death amongst people
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呢個係15歲到25歲年齡層嘅
02:45
between the ages of 15 and 25.
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第三大死因。
02:48
It's kind of an extraordinary story when you realize
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如果你知道係呢個國家自殺所死嘅人係
02:50
that this is twice as common as homicide
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謀殺既兩倍，
02:52
and actually more common as a source of death
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同時仲要比交通事故身亡嘅人數仲要多嘅時候，
02:55
than traffic fatalities in this country.
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你就會知道呢件事係幾咁唔尋常。
02:58
Now, when we talk about suicide,
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而家講到自殺，
03:01
there is also a medical contribution here,
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我哋就唻提吓醫學上嘅供獻，
03:04
because 90 percent of suicides
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因為90%嘅自殺案件
03:06
are related to a mental illness:
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係同精神病有關：
03:08
depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia,
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抑鬱症、躁鬱症、精神分裂症、
03:11
anorexia, borderline personality. There's a long list
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厭食、邊緣型人格。有好多好多唔同嘅
03:14
of disorders that contribute,
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精神病都同自殺有關，
03:16
and as I mentioned before, often early in life.
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而且，正與我所講嘅，通常係早期就有。
03:20
But it's not just the mortality from these disorders.
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但係，呢d病唔單止淨係同死亡人數有關，
03:24
It's also morbidity.
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佢嘅發病率都好有關連。
03:25
If you look at disability,
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如果你睇吓有關殘疾，
03:28
as measured by the World Health Organization
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世界衛生組織計算，
03:30
with something they call the Disability Adjusted Life Years,
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佢哋利用佢哋所謂嘅傷殘調整生命年，
03:33
it's kind of a metric that nobody would think of
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呢個其實只不過係一種除咗
03:35
except an economist,
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經濟學家之外，係冇人諗到嘅公式，
03:37
except it's one way of trying to capture what is lost
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佢係我哋嚐試去評估因為殘疾
03:40
in terms of disability from medical causes,
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而損失嘅嘢，
03:43
and as you can see, virtually 30 percent
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正與你所見到，係醫學上
03:46
of all disability from all medical causes
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實質上係有30%嘅殘疾
03:48
can be attributed to mental disorders,
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係可以歸因於精神病、
03:51
neuropsychiatric syndromes.
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中樞神經精神症候群。
03:53
You're probably thinking that doesn't make any sense.
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你有可能覺得唔係好合理。
03:56
I mean, cancer seems far more serious.
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我嘅意思係話，癌症點睇都係嚴重好多。
03:58
Heart disease seems far more serious.
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心臟點睇都係嚴重好多。
04:01
But you can see actually they are further down this list,
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但係，你可以睇到心臟病同埋癌症係名單度仲要再落去d，
04:04
and that's because we're talking here about disability.
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呢個係因為我哋依家講梗係殘疾。
04:07
What drives the disability for these disorders
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究竟係嘜嘢令到d精神病，譬如話精神分裂、躁鬱症，同埋抑鬱症，
04:09
like schizophrenia and bipolar and depression?
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係嘜嘢令到佢哋變成咗殘疾呢?
04:13
Why are they number one here?
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點解佢哋係個名單度係第一名?
04:16
Well, there are probably three reasons.
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咁，其實大概係有三個原因嘅。
04:18
One is that they're highly prevalent.
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第一，就係佢哋係非常之流行。
04:20
About one in five people will suffer from one of these disorders
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係5個人之間就有1個人係佢一生之中
04:23
in the course of their lifetime.
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會罹患其中一種精神病。
04:26
A second, of course, is that, for some people,
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第二，當然就係因為當中真係有d人
04:28
these become truly disabling,
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因為個病而變咗真係殘疾，
04:29
and it's about four to five percent, perhaps one in 20.
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個數據大概係4到5%，20個人當中就有一個。
04:33
But what really drives these numbers, this high morbidity,
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但係真正令到d數據咁高，令到個發病率咁高，
04:37
and to some extent the high mortality,
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令到個死亡率有所偏高
04:39
is the fact that these start very early in life.
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嘅原因其實係因為呢d病係生命嘅好早期就開始。
04:43
Fifty percent will have onset by age 14,
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50%嘅人嘅係14歲嘅時候發病，
04:46
75 percent by age 24,
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75%係24歲，
04:49
a picture that is very different than what one would see
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呢個同我哋所認為主要導致
04:53
if you're talking about cancer or heart disease,
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發病率同死亡率嘅原因，
04:55
diabetes, hypertension -- most of the major illnesses
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例如癌症或者心臟病、糖尿病、高血壓--呢d
04:59
that we think about as being sources of morbidity and mortality.
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重大疾病，係好唔同。
05:03
These are, indeed, the chronic disorders of young people.
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呢d精神病確實係年輕人嘅慢性病。
05:09
Now, I started by telling you that there were some good-news stories.
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咁，我開頭同你哋講咗一d好消息。
05:12
This is obviously not one of them.
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好明顯，呢個唔係其中之一。
05:13
This is the part of it that is perhaps most difficult,
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呢個可以講係最艱難的一部份，
05:16
and in a sense this is a kind of confession for me.
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係某個定義上，係我嘅懺悔。
05:19
My job is to actually make sure that we make progress
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我嘅工作其實就係要確保我哋
05:24
on all of these disorders.
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係呢d疾病上高有所進展。
05:26
I work for the federal government.
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我為聯邦政府做嘢。
05:28
Actually, I work for you. You pay my salary.
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其實，我係為你哋做嘢。係你哋俾我人工。
05:30
And maybe at this point, when you know what I do,
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有可能係呢個時候，當你知道我係做咩嘅，
05:33
or maybe what I've failed to do,
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又或者係我冇做咩嘅，
05:35
you'll think that I probably ought to be fired,
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你會認為我係應該被人炒魷，
05:37
and I could certainly understand that.
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而我係非常之明白呢點嘅。
05:39
But what I want to suggest, and the reason I'm here
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但係，我所提出嘅，我之所以會係呢度
05:41
is to tell you that I think we're about to be
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就係想同你講我認為我哋對呢d疾病嘅認知
05:45
in a very different world as we think about these illnesses.
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將會好唔同。
05:49
What I've been talking to you about so far is mental disorders,
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到而家，我所同你講嘅都係精神病，
05:52
diseases of the mind.
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係精神方面嘅疾病。
05:54
That's actually becoming a rather unpopular term these days,
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其實，呢個詞依家已經好唔流行，
05:58
and people feel that, for whatever reason,
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而且d人認為無論係咩理由，
06:00
it's politically better to use the term behavioral disorders
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係政策上唻講，用行為障礙唻稱乎，並且
06:03
and to talk about these as disorders of behavior.
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當成係行為疾病唻講會比較好。
06:07
Fair enough. They are disorders of behavior,
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都啱嘅。佢哋係行為失常病，
06:09
and they are disorders of the mind.
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亦都係精神上嘅疾病。
06:11
But what I want to suggest to you
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但係我想提醒你哋嘅就係
06:14
is that both of those terms,
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呢兩個已經沿用咗一個世紀有多
06:15
which have been in play for a century or more,
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嘅詞
06:18
are actually now impediments to progress,
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其實對我哋嘅進展係有所障礙嘅。
06:21
that what we need conceptually to make progress here
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其實，我哋而家需要嘅就係係概念上有所進展，
06:26
is to rethink these disorders as brain disorders.
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我哋應該將呢d疾病諗成係腦部嘅疾病。
06:31
Now, for some of you, you're going to say,
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嗱，而家你哋有d人會諗住：
06:33
"Oh my goodness, here we go again.
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「哦，我的天啊，又唻了。
06:35
We're going to hear about a biochemical imbalance
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我哋又要聽d咩生化失調，
06:38
or we're going to hear about drugs
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或者又要聽d有關藥物嘅嘢，
06:39
or we're going to hear about some very simplistic notion
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又或者又要聽d簡化咗嘅概念
06:44
that will take our subjective experience
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將我哋自己主觀既經驗
06:47
and turn it into molecules, or maybe into some sort of
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變成分子，又或者將d抑鬱症
06:53
very flat, unidimensional understanding
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或精神分裂症變成
06:56
of what it is to have depression or schizophrenia.
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非常平板、單維度嘅概念。」
07:00
When we talk about the brain, it is anything but
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當我哋講到大腦嘅時候，佢絕對
07:05
unidimensional or simplistic or reductionistic.
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唔係單維度或簡單或還原論。
07:08
It depends, of course, on what scale
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當然，呢個都係要睇吓你用咩規模、
07:11
or what scope you want to think about,
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用咩範圍諗，
07:13
but this is an organ of surreal complexity,
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但係呢個器官係超現實嘅複雜，
07:20
and we are just beginning to understand
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而且我哋依家先至啱啱開始了解
07:23
how to even study it, whether you're thinking about
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要點樣去研究佢，冇論你係諗住
07:25
the 100 billion neurons that are in the cortex
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個100億係大腦皮質嘅神經元，
07:28
or the 100 trillion synapses
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又或者係連接所有嘢嘅
07:30
that make up all the connections.
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100萬億突觸。
07:32
We have just begun to try to figure out
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對於呢個咁複雜、負責信息處理嘅機器，
07:36
how do we take this very complex machine
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我哋依家啱啱先開始嚐試搞清楚
07:40
that does extraordinary kinds of information processing
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我哋究竟應該點樣樣去思考、
07:42
and use our own minds to understand
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去理解
07:45
this very complex brain that supports our own minds.
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呢個支撐我哋思考嘅複雜大腦。
07:49
It's actually a kind of cruel trick of evolution
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其實進化真係同我哋開咗個大玩嘅玩笑，
07:51
that we simply don't have a brain
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俾咗我哋一個冇辦法自己
07:55
that seems to be wired well enough to understand itself.
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分析自己嘅大腦。
07:58
In a sense, it actually makes you feel that
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係某種意義上，
08:00
when you're in the safe zone of studying behavior or cognition,
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相較於嚐試去研究呢個咁複雜、神祕嘅器官，
08:03
something you can observe,
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你會覺得研究行為或認知能力
08:04
that in a way feels more simplistic and reductionistic
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係好保險嘅，因為
08:07
than trying to engage this very complex, mysterious organ
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你有d實質嘅嘢可以觀察，
08:12
that we're beginning to try to understand.
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你會覺得比較簡單、比較簡化。
08:15
Now, already in the case of the brain disorders
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咁而家繼續我之前同你哋
08:18
that I've been talking to you about,
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講過嘅大腦疾病：
08:20
depression, obsessive compulsive disorder,
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抑鬱症、強迫症、
08:22
post-traumatic stress disorder,
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創傷後壓力症候群，
08:25
while we don't have an in-depth understanding
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雖然我哋未有辦法可以深入了解呢d病
08:27
of how they are abnormally processed
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異常過程，
08:31
or what the brain is doing in these illnesses,
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或者個腦係呢d病度究竟係度做梗嘜，
08:33
we have been able to already identify
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但係我哋已經可以分辨出一d
08:36
some of the connectional differences, or some of the ways
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連接上嘅差別，或者係患有呢d病嘅病人
08:39
in which the circuitry is different
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個腦嘅電路
08:41
for people who have these disorders.
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有咩差別。
08:43
We call this the human connectome,
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我哋叫呢d叫做「人體聯結體」，
08:45
and you can think about the connectome
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你可以將個聯結體當成係
08:47
sort of as the wiring diagram of the brain.
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大腦嘅接線圖。
08:49
You'll hear more about this in a few minutes.
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我之後會再講多d有關呢個。
08:51
The important piece here is that as you begin to look
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最重要嘅一點就係當你開始研究
08:54
at people who have these disorders, the one in five of us
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嗰五個人其中一個
08:58
who struggle in some way,
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俾呢d疾病纏身嘅人，
09:00
you find that there's a lot of variation
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你會發覺嗰大腦嘅線路
09:02
in the way that the brain is wired,
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連接嘅方式可以好唔同，
09:06
but there are some predictable patterns, and those patterns
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但係，係有d可以預測到嘅模式可尋嘅。
09:08
are risk factors for developing one of these disorders.
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而呢d模式就係形成呢d病嘅風險因素。
09:12
It's a little different than the way we think about brain disorders
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呢個同我哋平時所講大腦疾病有d唔同，
09:15
like Huntington's or Parkinson's or Alzheimer's disease
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就好似亨丁頓舞蹈症、柏金遜症，或者係阿茲海默症，
09:18
where you have a bombed-out part of your cortex.
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呢d病會炸咗你部份嘅大腦皮質。
09:20
Here we're talking about traffic jams, or sometimes detours,
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我哋而家講梗嘅問題係塞車，有時候係繞道，
09:23
or sometimes problems with just the way that things are connected
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又或者係d線路本身就係咁樣聯接，
09:26
and the way that the brain functions.
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同埋個大腦本身嘅運作問題。
09:27
You could, if you want, compare this to,
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如果你想嘅話，你可以攞
09:31
on the one hand, a myocardial infarction, a heart attack,
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心肌梗塞，即係心臟病，同心律不整唻比較：
09:34
where you have dead tissue in the heart,
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心臟病會令到你個心死咗d組織，
09:35
versus an arrhythmia, where the organ simply isn't functioning
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而心律不整就係因為你個器官自己內部溝通不良，
09:39
because of the communication problems within it.
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令到成個器官冇辦法運作正常。
09:41
Either one would kill you; in only one of them
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任何一種都可以致命；但係，淨係得一個
09:43
will you find a major lesion.
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係有重大嘅病變。
09:46
As we think about this, probably it's better to actually go
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當我哋諗到呢個嘅時候，我哋不妨深層d
09:49
a little deeper into one particular disorder, and that would be schizophrenia,
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睇吓其中一個特別d嘅病，就係精神分裂症，
09:52
because I think that's a good case
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因為我認為呢個係好好嘅案例
09:54
for helping to understand why thinking of this as a brain disorder matters.
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能夠有助於理解於點解要將呢個病歸納成大腦疾病。
09:58
These are scans from Judy Rapoport and her colleagues
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呢d係由國立精神健康單位，朱迪．拉波波特同埋佢d同事，
10:02
at the National Institute of Mental Health
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係研究患有非常早發性精神分裂症
10:04
in which they studied children with very early onset schizophrenia,
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嘅細路仔度所掃描出唻嘅，
10:07
and you can see already in the top
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你可以睇到上高
10:09
there's areas that are red or orange, yellow,
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有紅、橙、黃嘅地方
10:11
are places where there's less gray matter,
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係有比較少嘅灰色神經組織。
10:14
and as they followed them over five years,
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為咗要管制住年齡配對，
10:15
comparing them to age match controls,
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佢哋研究追蹤呢d細路仔五年，
10:17
you can see that, particularly in areas like
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你可以發現，特別係係好似
10:19
the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
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背外側前額葉皮層或者係顳上回度，
10:21
or the superior temporal gyrus, there's a profound loss of gray matter.
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都可以搵到大量嘅灰色神經組織損失。
10:26
And it's important, if you try to model this,
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如果你想將佢諗得實質d，
10:27
you can think about normal development
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你可以將正常發育
10:29
as a loss of cortical mass, loss of cortical gray matter,
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就係一部份嘅皮質，即係皮質嘅灰色神經組織，流失，
10:33
and what's happening in schizophrenia is that you overshoot that mark,
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而精神分裂就係呢d灰色神經組織損失得太多。
10:36
and at some point, when you overshoot,
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當你損失到一定嘅量嘅時候，
10:38
you cross a threshold, and it's that threshold
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過咗一個點嘅時候，就係係呢一個點度，
10:41
where we say, this is a person who has this disease,
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我哋界定咗呢個人係有呢個病，
10:44
because they have the behavioral symptoms
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因為佢哋有幻覺同埋妄想呢
10:47
of hallucinations and delusions.
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方面嘅行為症狀。
10:49
That's something we can observe.
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呢個係我哋可以觀察到嘅。
10:50
But look at this closely and you can see that actually they've crossed a different threshold.
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但係，睇真d，你會發覺佢哋已經 過咗另一個唔通嘅臨界點。
10:56
They've crossed a brain threshold much earlier,
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他哋係好早期嘅時候就過咗個大腦嘅臨界點，
10:59
that perhaps not at age 22 or 20,
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應該唔係係22或20歲，
11:02
but even by age 15 or 16 you can begin to see
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而係15或16歲嘅時候，你就可以開始睇到
11:05
the trajectory for development is quite different
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個大腦嘅發育軌道已經係好唔同，
11:07
at the level of the brain, not at the level of behavior.
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已唔係係行為方面。
11:11
Why does this matter? Well first because,
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點解呢個好重要呢? 第一，因為
11:13
for brain disorders, behavior is the last thing to change.
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腦疾病，行為上嘅改變會係最尾嗰個。
11:16
We know that for Alzheimer's, for Parkinson's, for Huntington's.
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我哋係阿茲海默症、柏金遜症、亨丁頓舞蹈症上就可以知道。
11:19
There are changes in the brain a decade or more
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當你第一次睇到行為上嘅變化之前，
11:21
before you see the first signs of a behavioral change.
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個大腦已經起碼有十年或以上嘅改變。
11:26
The tools that we have now allow us to detect
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我哋而家所用器工具可以洗我哋提早好多
11:29
these brain changes much earlier, long before the symptoms emerge.
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測試到呢d腦部嘅變化，早到係d症狀出現之前。
11:34
But most important, go back to where we started.
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但係最重要嘅，我哋返返去我哋一開始個邊。
11:37
The good-news stories in medicine
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係醫學界嘅好消息
11:40
are early detection, early intervention.
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就係提早發現、介入。
11:43
If we waited until the heart attack,
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如果我哋等到心臟病發個陣時，
11:47
we would be sacrificing 1.1 million lives
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係呢個國家，我哋就會有110萬條
11:51
every year in this country to heart disease.
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生命死於心臟病之下。
11:53
That is precisely what we do today
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呢個就正正係我哋而家所做嘅嘢，
11:56
when we decide that everybody with one of these brain disorders,
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當我哋認為每一個有呢d腦疾病、
12:00
brain circuit disorders, has a behavioral disorder.
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腦電路障礙嘅人係有行為障礙嘅時候。
12:03
We wait until the behavior becomes manifest.
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我哋等到d行為出現咗。
12:06
That's not early detection. That's not early intervention.
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咁樣唔係提早發現。咁樣唔係提早介入。
12:11
Now to be clear, we're not quite ready to do this.
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而家我想講明就係，我哋仲未完全準備好咁樣做。
12:13
We don't have all the facts. We don't actually even know
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我哋冇全面嘅事實。我哋甚至乎唔知道
12:16
what the tools will be,
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個工具會係咩，
12:19
nor what to precisely look for in every case to be able
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亦都唔知道係每一個案件中，我哋應該準確地搵咩嘢
12:23
to get there before the behavior emerges as different.
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先至可以係行為出現唔同之前，就可以知道。
12:27
But this tells us how we need to think about it,
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但係，呢個話俾有哋聽我哋應該點樣樣去諗，
12:30
and where we need to go.
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同埋應該行去邊度。
12:31
Are we going to be there soon?
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我哋會不會好快就會到個度?
12:33
I think that this is something that will happen
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我認為呢樣嘢係未來幾年係會發生嘅。
12:35
over the course of the next few years, but I'd like to finish
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但係，係我結束之前，我想引用一個係
12:38
with a quote about trying to predict how this will happen
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觀念變化同埋科技變化方面諗咗好多嘢嘅人，
12:41
by somebody who's thought a lot about changes
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佢所講到有關嘗試去
12:43
in concepts and changes in technology.
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預測會發生嘜嘢事嘅一句話：
12:45
"We always overestimate the change that will occur
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「我哋永遠都高估咗係未來兩年會發生嘅變化，
12:48
in the next two years and underestimate
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并且低估咗未來十年會發生嘅變化。」
12:50
the change that will occur in the next 10." -- Bill Gates.
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--比爾·蓋茨。
12:54
Thanks very much.
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多謝大家。
12:55
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Thomas Insel - Neuroscientist and psychiatristThe Director of the National Institute of Mental Health, Thomas Insel supports research that will help us understand, treat and even prevent mental disorders.
Why you should listen
Thomas Insel has seen many advances in the understanding of mental disorders since becoming the Director of the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) in 2002. During his tenure, major breakthroughs have been made in the areas of practical clinical trials, autism research and the role of genetics in mental illnesses.
Prior to his appointment at the NIMH, Insel was a professor of psychiatry at Emory University, studying the neurobiology of complex social behaviors. While there, he was the founding director of the NSF Center for Behavioral Neuroscience and director of the NIH-funded Center for Autism Research. He has published over 250 scientific articles and four books and has served on numerous academic, scientific, and professional committees and boards. He is a member of the Institute of Medicine, a fellow of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, and a recipient of the Outstanding Service Award from the U.S. Public Health Service and the 2010 La Fondation IPSEN Neuronal Plasticity Prize.
Thomas Insel | Speaker | TED.com