ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Mary Lou Jepsen - Inventor, entrepreneur, optical physicist
Mary Lou Jepsen pushes the edges of what's possible in optics and physics, to make new types of devices, leading teams and working with huge factories that can ship vast volumes of these strange, new things.

Why you should listen

Mary Lou Jepsen is one of the world’s foremost engineers and scientists in optics, imaging and display -- inventing at the hairy, crazy edge of what physics allows, aiming to do what seems impossible and leading teams to achieve these in volume in partnership with the world’s largest manufacturers, in Asia. She has more than 200 patents published or issued.

Jepsen is the founder and CEO of Openwater, which aims to use new optics to see inside our bodies. Previously a top technical exec at Google, Facebook, Oculus and Intel, her startups include One Laptop Per Child, where she was CTO and chief architect on the $100 laptop. She studied at Brown, MIT and Rhode Island School of Design, and she was a professor at both MITs -- the one in Cambridge, Mass., and the Royal Melbourne Institute of Tech in Australia.

More profile about the speaker
Mary Lou Jepsen | Speaker | TED.com
TED2013

Mary Lou Jepsen: Could future devices read images from our brains?

Mary Lou Jepsen: 未來設備可唔可以讀到我哋大腦入面嘅影像?

Filmed:
1,035,856 views

作為尖端科技數碼顯示嘅專家,Mary Lou Jepsen 研究點樣能夠喺屏幕上面顯示到我哋腦裏面最有創意嘅想法。曾經作為一個大腦外科手術嘅病人,佢想去了解多啲同發明、創意同想法有關嘅神經活動。佢集合呢兩股熱情,喺呢場深刻嘅演講入面介紹兩個最新有關大腦嘅研究,而呢兩個研究有可能令我哋對自己點樣同諗啲咩有新嘅認識。
- Inventor, entrepreneur, optical physicist
Mary Lou Jepsen pushes the edges of what's possible in optics and physics, to make new types of devices, leading teams and working with huge factories that can ship vast volumes of these strange, new things. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:12
I had brain大腦 surgery手術 18 years ago,
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我十八年前做過腦部手術
00:15
and since因為 that time, brain大腦 science科學 has become成為
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自從嗰次之後,腦科學就成為我嘅興趣
00:17
a personal passion激情 of mine.
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00:19
I'm actually講真 an engineer工程師.
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實際上我係一個工程師
00:21
And first let me say, I recently最近 joined加入
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首先,我想講嘅係
最近我加入咗 Google 嘅月球探測器小組
00:24
Google's穀謌嘅 MoonshotMoonshot group,
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00:25
where I had a division劃分,
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喺入面我管理一個部門
00:27
the display顯示 division劃分 in Google谷歌 X,
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係 Google X 嘅顯示器部門
00:29
and the brain大腦 science科學 work I'm speaking about today今日
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今日我所講關於腦科學嘅研究
00:31
is work I did before I joined加入 Google谷歌
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係我加入Google 之前做嘅研究
係喺 Google 出面做嘅
00:34
and on the side一邊 outside外面 of Google谷歌.
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00:37
So that said, there's a stigma柱頭
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所以當你要做腦部手術
00:40
when you have brain大腦 surgery手術.
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會被人標籤
00:42
Are you still smart or not?
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會俾人質疑你係咪仍然聰明
00:45
And if not, can you make yourself自己 smart again?
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如果唔係嘅話
你可唔可以令你自己變返聰明
00:49
After my neurosurgery神經外科,
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喺我做完神經外科手術之後
00:51
part部分 of my brain大腦 was missing失蹤,
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我冇咗大腦一部份
00:53
and I had to deal交易 with that.
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而我就要面對呢樣嘢
00:55
It wasn't唔係 the grey灰色 matter個問題, but it
was the gooey膠粘 part部分 dead center中心
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唔係因為灰物質
而係又黏又軟嘅「死點」
00:58
that makes使 key關鍵 hormones激素 and neurotransmitters神經遞質.
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「死點」係產生主要荷爾蒙
同神經傳遞素嘅地方
01:02
Immediately即刻 after my surgery手術,
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我一做完手術
01:04
I had to decide決定 what amounts大量 of each每個 of over
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就要打超過一打強力化學劑
01:06
a dozen powerful強大 chemicals化學品 to take each每個 day,
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仲要決定每隻每日要食幾多
01:10
because if I just took nothing,
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因為如果我唔服用任何藥物
01:12
I would die within hours小時.
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我會喺幾個小時內死亡
01:14
Every day now for 18 years -- every single day --
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我過去嘅十八年
每日我都要決定藥物嘅配搭
01:18
I've had to try to decide決定 the combinations組合
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01:21
and mixtures混合物 of chemicals化學品,
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01:22
and try to get them, to stay alive活著.
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要配搭得啱先至可以生存落去
01:26
There have been several幾個 close關閉 calls調用.
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曾經有幾次我瀕臨死亡邊緣
01:29
But luckily好彩呀, I'm an experimentalist實驗家 at heart,
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但係好彩嘅係
我天生係一個玩試驗嘅人
01:33
so I decided決定 I would experiment實驗
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所以我決定我要通過試驗
01:36
to try to find more optimal最優 dosages劑量
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去發現更多適當嘅藥物劑量配搭
01:38
because there really isn't a clear清楚 road道路 map地圖
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因為從來冇清晰嘅指引
01:40
on this that's detailed詳細.
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01:42
I began初時 to try different不同 mixtures混合物,
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我開始嘗試唔同嘅配搭
01:44
and I was blown away by how
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而且我曾經怕只係少少劑量唔同
01:47
tiny changes變化 in dosages劑量
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01:49
dramatically大幅 changed my sense of self自我,
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而令到自我意識、想法、對人嘅行為
有好大唔同
01:52
my sense of who I was, my thinking思維,
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01:54
my behavior行為 towards people.
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01:56
One particularly特別 dramatic戲劇性 case情況下:
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一件特別喜劇性嘅事就係
01:59
for a couple夫婦 months I actually講真 tried試過 dosages劑量
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我有幾個月喺度服食緊 20 歲青年
會用嘅藥物配方
02:00
and chemicals化學品 typical典型 of a man in his early早期 20s,
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02:04
and I was blown away by how my thoughts思想 changed.
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然後對於自己食咗之後
思想出現改變而驚訝
02:07
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
02:10
I was angry all the time,
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我嗰時一直都發脾氣
02:13
I thought about sex constantly係咁,
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我成日都諗住「性」
02:15
and I thought I was the smartest person
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而且我覺得我係世界上最聰明嘅人
02:18
in the entire整個 world世界, and
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仲有…
02:20
—(Laughter笑聲)—
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(笑聲)
02:23
of course課程 over the years I'd
met遇到 guys kind一種 of like that,
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當然呢幾年嚟我遇過呢類型嘅人
02:26
or maybe kind一種 of toned-down色調向下 versions版本 of that.
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或者比嗰啲冇咁極端嘅人
02:28
I was kind一種 of extreme極端.
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而我係極端嘅人
02:30
But to me, the surprise驚喜 was,
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但對於我嚟講
最驚訝嘅係我冇努力令自己傲慢
02:33
I wasn't唔係 trying試圖 to be arrogant傲慢.
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02:35
I was actually講真 trying試圖,
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實際上我喺度試下
02:38
with a little bit of insecurity緊張,
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冇咗少少嘅安全感會點
從而解決一個擺喺我面前嘅問題
02:40
to actually講真 fix修復 a problem個問題 in front前面 of me,
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02:43
and it just didn't come out that way.
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不過事情發展唔係好似我所諗嘅
02:45
So I couldn't唔可以 handle處理 it.
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我解決唔到
02:47
I changed my dosages劑量.
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我改變劑量
但係嗰次嘅經歷
02:48
But that experience經驗, I think, gave me
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我對人同佢哋經歷嘅嘢有新嘅認識
02:51
a new新增功能 appreciation欣賞 for men男人
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02:52
and what they might可能 walk through透過,
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02:54
and I've gotten得到 along沿 with men男人
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從此之後,我同男性容易相處好多
02:56
a lot better since因為 then.
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02:58
What I was trying試圖 to do
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我調較呢啲荷爾蒙同神經傳遞素就係想
02:59
with tuning優化 these hormones激素
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03:01
and neurotransmitters神經遞質 and so forth提出
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03:04
was to try to get my intelligence情報 back
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恢復我患病前同手術前嘅智力
03:07
after my illness疾病 and surgery手術,
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仲有恢復我嘅創意同思維
03:10
my creative創造性 thought, my idea想法 flow.
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03:12
And I think mostly主要 in images圖像,
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我係一個視覺型思考嘅人
03:15
and so for me that became成為 a key關鍵 metric度量 --
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所以影像就成為咗我依賴嘅嘢
03:18
how to get these mental心理 images圖像
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點樣用用嚟快速定型
自己諗法嘅心理影像
03:20
that I use as a way of rapid快速 prototyping成型,
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03:23
if you will, my ideas想法,
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03:25
trying試圖 on different不同 new新增功能 ideas想法 for size大小,
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去嘗試唔同嘅諗法
去模擬一下場景
03:27
playing out scenarios場景.
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呢種思維其實唔算新
03:29
This kind一種 of thinking思維 isn't new新增功能.
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03:31
PhiliosophersPhiliosophers like Hume休谟 and Descartes笛卡爾 and Hobbes霍布斯
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哲學家,例如休謨、笛卡兒以及霍布斯
03:34
saw things similarly同樣.
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亦都有類似嘅觀點
03:35
They thought that mental心理 images圖像 and ideas想法
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佢哋覺得心理影像同諗法
03:38
were actually講真 the same相同 thing.
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本質上係同一樣嘢
今日會有人對呢種觀點有異議
03:40
There are those today今日 that dispute糾紛 that,
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03:43
and lots of debates辯論 about how the mind介意 works工程,
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亦都有好多辯論拗話意識點樣運作
03:46
but for me it's simple簡單:
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但對我嚟講成件事好簡單啫
03:48
Mental心理 images圖像, for most of us,
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心理影像對於大多數我哋嚟講
03:50
are central中央 in inventive發明 and creative創造性 thinking思維.
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都係創造力同創意思維嘅地方
03:54
So after several幾個 years,
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所以幾年後我調整咗我自己
03:56
I tuned調諧 myself自己 up and I have lots of great,
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我得到好多好好
非常生動、精美嘅心理影像
03:59
really vivid生動 mental心理 images圖像 with a lot of sophistication複雜
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04:02
and the analytical分析 backbone骨幹 behind背後 them.
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同背後嘅分析
04:05
And so now I'm working工作 on,
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所以我宜家正喺度研究
04:06
how can I get these mental心理 images圖像 in my mind介意
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點樣令我腦海呢啲心理影像
04:11
out to my computer計數機 screen屏幕 faster更快?
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更快地顯示喺電腦屏幕上
04:13
Can you imagine想象, if you will,
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唔知道你哋有冇諗過
04:16
a movie電影 director導演 being able to use
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一個電影導演能夠
剩係用佢嘅想像力指揮成個世界?
04:18
her imagination想象 alone一手一腳 to
direct直接 the world世界 in front前面 of her?
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04:21
Or a musician音樂家 to get the music音樂 out of his head?
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或者一個音樂家可以
將佢腦入邊嘅歌搬出嚟
04:25
There are incredible不可思議 possibilities可能性 with this
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如果呢樣嘢可以俾創意嘅人
用光速分享佢哋唸嘅嘢
04:27
as a way for creative創造性 people
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呢樣嘢係無限可能
04:29
to share共享 at light speed速度.
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04:32
And the truth真理 is, the remaining剩餘 bottleneck瓶頸
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事實上要完成呢個可能性所遇到嘅瓶頸
04:34
in being able to do this
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04:35
is just upping加大 the resolution分辨率 of brain大腦 scan掃描 systems系統.
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就係提升腦掃描系統嘅解像度
04:39
So let me show顯示 you why I think
we're pretty close關閉 to getting得到 there
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宜家等我用最近兩個實驗話俾你聽
點解我哋就快可以跨過呢個樽頸啦
04:42
by sharing共享 with you two recent最近 experiments實驗
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呢兩個實驗係由
兩個最頂尖嘅神經科學小組做
04:44
from two top返回頁首 neuroscience神經 groups.
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04:47
Both used fMRIFmri technology技術 --
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佢哋都用咗 fMRI 技術
04:49
functional功能 magnetic resonance共振 imaging成像 technology技術 --
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即係功能性磁力共振造影技術
04:51
to image圖像 the brain大腦,
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掃描大腦
04:53
and here is a brain大腦 scan掃描 set設置 from Giorgio喬治 Ganis甘尼斯
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呢張係哈佛大學嘅 Giorgio Ganis 同佢嘅同事
04:56
and his colleagues同事 at Harvard哈佛.
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製成大腦掃描圖
04:58
And the left-hand左手 column shows顯示 a brain大腦 scan掃描
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左邊係當一個人睇圖片時嘅腦部情況
05:01
of a person looking at an image圖像.
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05:04
The middle中間 column shows顯示 the brainscanbrainscan
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中間係同一個人諗返嗰張圖片時
腦部嘅情況
05:06
of that same相同 individual
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05:08
imagining想象, seeing看到 that same相同 image圖像.
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05:11
And the right column was created創建
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右邊係左邊幅圖減去中間幅圖得出嘅
05:13
by subtracting減去 the middle中間
column from the left column,
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05:17
showing顯示 the difference差異 to be nearly zero.
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兩者幾乎冇分別
05:20
This was repeated重複 on lots of different不同 individuals
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同一個實驗無論係
用唔同人、唔同嘅相都得出同一個結果
05:22
with lots of different不同 images圖像,
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05:25
always with a similar類似 result結果.
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05:27
The difference差異 between之間 seeing看到 an image圖像
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所以睇一個影像同想像嗰一個影像
05:29
and imagining想象 seeing看到 that same相同 image圖像
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05:31
is next to nothing.
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其實係沒有分別嘅
05:34
Next let me share共享 with you one other experiment實驗,
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我再講多一個實驗
呢個實驗係嚟自 Jack Gallant
喺加州大學柏克萊分校嘅實驗室
05:36
this from Jack积克 Gallant's英勇嘅 lab實驗室 at Cal卡爾 Berkeley伯剋利.
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05:41
They've佢地已經 been able to decode解碼 brainwaves電波
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佢哋能夠將腦電波轉做可認知嘅影像
05:43
into recognizable識別 visual視覺 fields領域.
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05:45
So let me set設置 this up for you.
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等我準備好先
05:47
In this experiment實驗, individuals were shown顯示
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喺實驗裏面
參加者要睇好幾百小時嘅 YouTube 影片
05:49
hundreds數以百計 of hours小時 of YouTubeYoutube videos視頻
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05:51
while scans掃描 were made作出 of their佢哋 brains大腦
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同時佢哋腦部會被掃描
05:53
to create創建 a large library圖書館 of their佢哋 brain大腦 reacting反應
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用嚟整一個有關佢哋腦部
對影片次序嘅反應嘅大型資料庫
05:56
to video視頻 sequences序列.
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05:59
Then a new新增功能 movie電影 was shown顯示 with new新增功能 images圖像,
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跟住一條新影片會播俾佢哋睇
裏面有新圖片、新人物、新動物
06:02
new新增功能 people, new新增功能 animals動物 in it,
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06:04
and a new新增功能 scan掃描 set設置 was recorded記錄.
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仲會有新嘅掃描
06:06
The computer計數機, using使用 brain大腦 scan掃描 data數據 alone一手一腳,
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電腦運用腦部掃描數據
嚟解讀新嘅大腦掃描
06:09
decoded解碼 that new新增功能 brain大腦 scan掃描
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06:11
to show顯示 what it thought the
individual was actually講真 seeing看到.
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然後電腦顯示佢認為
參加者實際睇到嘅嘢
06:16
On the right-hand右手 side一邊, you
see the computer's電腦嘅 guess,
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右手邊你會睇到嚟自電腦嘅推算
06:19
and on the left-hand左手 side一邊, the presented提出 clip剪輯.
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左邊就係實際上放映嘅片
06:23
This is the jaw-dropper顎式飲管.
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呢個結果真係令人呆咗
06:25
We are so close關閉 to being able to do this.
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我哋嘅技術已經非常接近
06:28
We just need to up the resolution分辨率.
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我哋只需要提高解像度
06:31
And now remember記得 that when you see an image圖像
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而且記住當你睇到一個圖像嘅時候
同你想像同一個圖像嘅時候
06:34
versus when you imagine想象 that same相同 image圖像,
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06:36
it creates創建 the same相同 brain大腦 scan掃描.
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你嘅大腦都會產生相同嘅掃描圖
06:40
So this was done with the highest-resolution最高分辨率
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大腦掃描講緊已經係用緊
最高像素嘅大腦掃描系統
06:42
brain大腦 scan掃描 systems系統 available可用 today今日,
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06:45
and their佢哋 resolution分辨率 has increased增加 really
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近幾年大腦掃描系統嘅解像度
提高咗一千倍
06:46
about a thousandfold千倍 in the last several幾個 years.
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06:50
Next we need to increase增加 the resolution分辨率
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下一步就係再提升解像度一千倍
06:52
another另一個 thousandfold千倍
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06:54
to get a deeper更深 glimpse一瞥.
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令我哋可以睇到更深入嘅嘢
06:56
How do we do that?
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我哋點樣做好?
06:57
There's a lot of techniques技術 in this approach方法.
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有好多技術可以做到
07:00
One way is to crack裂紋 open打開 your
skull頭骨 and put in electrodes電極.
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其中一個方法係撬開你嘅頭顱
然後擺電極入去
但我唔贊成呢種做法
07:03
I'm not for that.
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07:05
There's a lot of new新增功能 imaging成像 techniques技術
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宜家已經有好多造影技術提出咗
07:08
being proposed提出, some even by me,
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有啲我都有份提出
07:10
but given the recent最近 success成功 of MRIMri,
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但因為宜家 MRI 技術嘅成功
07:13
first we need to ask問吓 the question個問題,
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我哋首先要諗一個問題
07:15
is it the end結束 of the road道路 with this technology技術?
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呢種技術係咪已經過時呢?
07:17
Conventional傳統 wisdom智慧 says the only way
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傳統理論嚟講
唯一能夠提高解像度嘅方法
07:20
to get higher resolution分辨率 is with bigger magnets攝石,
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係採用更加大嘅磁鐵
07:22
but at this pointD bigger magnets攝石
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但係更大嘅磁鐵
07:24
only offer提供 incremental增量 resolution分辨率 improvements改進,
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只係提高解像度少少
而唔能夠達到我哋需要嘅好一千倍
07:28
not the thousandfold千倍 we need.
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07:30
I'm putting forward向前 an idea想法:
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我諗與其用大舊磁鐵
07:32
instead相反 of bigger magnets攝石,
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07:34
let's make better magnets攝石.
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不如改善磁鐵嘅質素
宜家納米科學有新嘅突破
07:36
There's some new新增功能 technology技術 breakthroughs突破
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07:38
in nanoscience納米
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新技術可以用喺新型磁鐵嘅構造上面
07:40
when applied應用 to magnetic structures結構
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07:42
that have created創建 a whole整個 new新增功能 class of magnets攝石,
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07:45
and with these magnets攝石, we can lay down
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有咗呢啲磁鐵
我哋可以做到非常仔細
睇曬成個大腦嘅磁場造影
07:47
very fine detailed詳細 magnetic field領域 patterns模式
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07:49
throughout整個 the brain大腦,
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07:51
and using使用 those, we can actually講真 create創建
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用呢啲工具
07:54
holographic-like全息類 interference structures結構
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我哋可以整到全息樣嘅干預結構
07:57
to get precision精度 control控制 over many好多 patterns模式,
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嚟準確控制好多病情
08:00
as is shown顯示 here by shifting轉移 things.
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就好似呢度見到嘅影像轉換咁
08:03
We can create創建 much more complicated複雜 structures結構
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我哋可以整到更複雜
帶有少少唔同排列方式嘅結構
08:06
with slightly different不同 arrangements安排,
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08:08
kind一種 of like making決策 SpirographSpirograph.
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有啲似生產呼吸運動記錄器
08:11
So why does that matter個問題?
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噉點解呢個會咁重要?
08:13
A lot of effort努力 in MRIMri over the years
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過去幾年喺 MRI 嘅努力
08:16
has gone into making決策 really big,
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一直係整更大嘅磁鐵,係吧
08:19
really huge巨大 magnets攝石, right?
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08:21
But yet尚未 most of the recent最近 advances進展
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但係至今大部份解像度嘅增加
08:24
in resolution分辨率 have actually講真 come from
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都係嚟自MRI 系統
FM 無線電頻發射器同接收器裡面
08:26
ingeniously巧妙 clever encoding編碼 and decoding解碼 solutions解決方案
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08:30
in the F.M. radio無線電 frequency頻率 transmitters發射機 and receivers接收機
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08:33
in the MRIMri systems系統.
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非常勁嘅加密同解密方法
08:36
Let's also, instead相反 of a uniform均勻 magnetic field領域,
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與其用均勻磁場
同埋喺 FM 無線頻率之外
08:39
put down structured結構 magnetic patterns模式
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不如用有結構嘅磁模板
08:42
in addition除咗 to the F.M. radio無線電 frequencies頻率.
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所以我哋通過結合磁規律
08:45
So by combining結合 the magnetics patterns模式
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08:47
with the patterns模式 in the F.M. radio無線電 frequencies頻率
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同 FM 無線電頻處理嘅規律嚟
08:50
processing處理 which can massively大量 increase增加
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大幅度增加一個掃描
入面可以獲得嘅資訊
08:52
the information信息 that we can extract提取
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08:54
in a single scan掃描.
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08:57
And on top返回頁首 of that, we can then layer
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除此之外
因為關於大腦結構
同記憶嘅知識不斷增加
08:59
our ever-growing不斷增長 knowledge知識
of brain大腦 structure結構 and memory記憶
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我哋可以做到
需要嘅千倍解像度增加
09:03
to create創建 a thousandfold千倍 increase增加 that we need.
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09:07
And using使用 fMRIFmri, we should be able to measure措施
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運用 fMRI 我哋應該可以量度
09:10
not just oxygenated含氧 blood flow,
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唔單止含氧血嘅流量
09:12
but the hormones激素 and neurotransmitters神經遞質
I've talked談到 about
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以至我之前所講嘅荷爾蒙同神經傳遞素
09:15
and maybe even the direct直接 neural神經 activity活動,
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可能甚至係直接嘅神經活動
09:17
which is the dream夢想.
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——我哋想做到嘅一個夢想
09:19
We're going to be able to dump轉儲 our ideas想法
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我哋將來可以直接將我哋嘅想法
轉落去數碼媒體
09:21
directly直接 to digital數字 media媒體.
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09:24
Could you imagine想象 if we could leapfrog跨越式 language語言
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你可唔可以想像到
如果我哋唔需要用語言
09:26
and communicate溝通 directly直接 with human人類 thought?
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只需要用大腦嘅思想
兩個人都可以傾到計?
09:31
What would we be capable可以 of then?
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我哋如果真係咁嘅話可以做到啲咩?
09:34
And how will we learn學習 to deal交易
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我哋應該點樣面對
每個人未經過濾嘅諗法?
09:36
with the truths真理 of unfiltered過濾 human人類 thought?
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09:41
You think the Internet互聯網 was big.
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你認為網絡係好大
09:43
These are huge巨大 questions個問題.
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但呢啲都係需要認真研究嘅問題
09:46
It might可能 be irresistible不可抗拒 as a tool工具
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可能網絡真係一個好吸引嘅工具
09:48
to amplify放大 our thinking思維 and communication通信 skills技能.
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去加強我哋思考同溝通嘅技巧
的而且確,相同嘅工具
09:52
And indeed講真, this very same相同 tool工具
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09:54
may可能 prove證明 to lead導致 to the cure治療
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磁力造影將會證明可以用於
阿爾海默症以及相關疾病嘅治療
09:56
for Alzheimer's阿尔茨海默病嘅 and similar類似 diseases疾病.
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我哋冇其他太多辦法,只有行呢條路
09:59
We have little option選項 but to open打開 this door.
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唔理點樣,或者有一年
10:03
Regardless無論, pick選擇 a year --
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呢個治療技術會唔會
5 年或者 15 年之內發生?
10:04
will it happen發生 in five years or 15 years?
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10:06
It's hard努力 to imagine想象 it taking採取 much longer.
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如果要用更多時間就有啲失望
10:11
We need to learn學習 how to take this step together一起.
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我哋需要一齊去實現佢
10:15
Thank you.
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多謝
(掌聲)
10:17
(Applause掌聲)
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Translated by Chen lushi
Reviewed by Sicong Ye

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Mary Lou Jepsen - Inventor, entrepreneur, optical physicist
Mary Lou Jepsen pushes the edges of what's possible in optics and physics, to make new types of devices, leading teams and working with huge factories that can ship vast volumes of these strange, new things.

Why you should listen

Mary Lou Jepsen is one of the world’s foremost engineers and scientists in optics, imaging and display -- inventing at the hairy, crazy edge of what physics allows, aiming to do what seems impossible and leading teams to achieve these in volume in partnership with the world’s largest manufacturers, in Asia. She has more than 200 patents published or issued.

Jepsen is the founder and CEO of Openwater, which aims to use new optics to see inside our bodies. Previously a top technical exec at Google, Facebook, Oculus and Intel, her startups include One Laptop Per Child, where she was CTO and chief architect on the $100 laptop. She studied at Brown, MIT and Rhode Island School of Design, and she was a professor at both MITs -- the one in Cambridge, Mass., and the Royal Melbourne Institute of Tech in Australia.

More profile about the speaker
Mary Lou Jepsen | Speaker | TED.com