TEDxSkoll
Benjamin Grant: What it feels like to see Earth from space
班傑明葛蘭特: 從太空中看地球是什麼感受？
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太空人從太空看地球的感受，永遠改變了他們。作家兼藝術家班傑明葛蘭特的目標，是透過一系列震撼人心的衛星影像，展示出人類對這個星球的影響，促使每個人都能體驗這規模驚人的美麗感受。葛蘭特說：「如果我們能採用更廣闊的視角，擁抱發生的真相，並思忖我們星球的長期健康，就能為我們唯一的家園創造一個更美好、更安全、更聰明的未來。」
Benjamin Grant - Artist, author
Through his mesmerizing satellite photographs, Benjamin Grant offers us a new way of seeing of our planet and ourselves. Full bio
Through his mesmerizing satellite photographs, Benjamin Grant offers us a new way of seeing of our planet and ourselves. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
It's Christmas Eve, 1968.
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在 1968 年的聖誕夜，
00:17
The Apollo 8 spacecraft
has successfully completed
has successfully completed
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阿波羅八號太空船
已成功圍繞月球軌道飛行三圈。
00:20
its first three orbits around the moon.
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00:24
Launched from Cape Canaveral
three days before,
three days before,
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它是三天前從卡納維爾角發射的，
00:27
this is the first time
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這是頭一回
00:29
that humans have ever traveled
beyond low Earth orbit.
beyond low Earth orbit.
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人類遠離低軌道去旅行。
00:34
On the vessel's fourth pass,
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當太空船繞行第四圈時，
00:36
the Earth slowly comes into view
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地球緩緩出現在視線中，
00:39
and reveals itself
above the Moon's horizon.
above the Moon's horizon.
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浮出月球的地平線。
00:43
Astronaut Bill Anders frantically
asks his crewmates where their camera is,
asks his crewmates where their camera is,
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太空人比爾安德斯瘋狂地
問他的組員照相機在哪裡，
問他的組員照相機在哪裡，
00:47
grabs the Hasselblad,
points it towards the window,
points it towards the window,
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一把抓起哈蘇相機，對著窗戶，
00:50
presses the shutter,
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按下快門，
00:51
and takes one of the most
important photographs of all time:
important photographs of all time:
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拍下了有史以來最重要的照片之一：
00:56
"Earthrise."
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「地出。」
00:58
When the crew was safely home
a few days later,
a few days later,
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幾天後，組員安全返家，
01:01
they were asked about the mission.
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他們被問及了這次任務。
01:03
Anders famously replied,
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安德斯著名的回覆是：
01:06
"We went to the moon,
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「我們去了月球，
01:08
but we actually discovered Earth."
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但事實上我們發現了地球。」
01:13
What did he and his fellow crewmates feel
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在這不凡的一刻，他和同組伙伴
01:17
in this incredible moment?
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是什麼感覺？
01:19
In a study released just this past year,
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在去年刊出的一篇研究中，
01:22
a team of researchers
at the University of Pennsylvania
at the University of Pennsylvania
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賓州大學的一組研究者
01:25
examined the testimonies
of hundreds of astronauts
of hundreds of astronauts
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探究了數百名有機會從太空
01:29
who had the opportunity
to view the Earth from space.
to view the Earth from space.
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看地球的太空人的說詞。
01:32
Their analysis uncovered
three common feelings:
three common feelings:
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他們的分析發現了三種共同的感受：
01:36
first, a greater appreciation
for Earth's beauty;
for Earth's beauty;
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第一，更欣賞地球之美；
01:40
second, an increased sense
of connection to all other living beings;
of connection to all other living beings;
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第二，對其他所有生物的
連結感增加了；
連結感增加了；
01:45
and third, an unexpected,
often overwhelming sense of emotion.
often overwhelming sense of emotion.
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第三，生起意外強烈的情感。
01:51
The researchers believe that seeing
the Earth from a great distance
the Earth from a great distance
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研究者相信，從遠距離看地球
01:54
provokes someone to develop
new cognitive frameworks
new cognitive frameworks
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能激發一個人發展出新的認知框架，
01:58
to understand what they are seeing.
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來了解他們所看見的景象。
02:01
They believe these astronauts
were forever changed
were forever changed
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他們相信，這些太空人被新景象、
02:04
by this new view,
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新視角、
02:06
this new perspective,
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新的透視遠景
02:08
this new visual truth.
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給永遠改變了。
02:11
This feeling is commonly referred to
as the "overview effect."
as the "overview effect."
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這種感覺通常被稱為「總觀效應」。
02:17
Only 558 people
have ever been to outer space.
have ever been to outer space.
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只有 558 人曾去過外太空。
02:22
558 people had the opportunity
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558 人有機會
02:25
to gaze down in awe,
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能懷著敬畏心向下凝視
02:28
to wonder at our planet
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我們星球的奇觀，
02:30
floating in an infinite sea of darkness.
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看它漂浮在無盡的黑暗之海中。
02:33
But what if that number were bigger?
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但如果更多人看見這視野呢？
02:36
Three years ago,
I set off on my own mission:
I set off on my own mission:
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三年前，我開始自己的任務：
02:40
to see if I could bring this feeling
of overwhelming scale and beauty
of overwhelming scale and beauty
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嘗試看能否把這規模驚人的美麗感受
02:44
to many more people
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帶給更多人，
02:46
just by using one small computer
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只用我紐約小公寓中的一台小電腦。
02:48
in my small New York City apartment.
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02:51
It was then, in 2013,
that I launched "Daily Overview."
that I launched "Daily Overview."
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我在 2013 年推出了
「每日總觀」。
「每日總觀」。
02:55
Every day, I have used satellite imagery
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每天，我用衛星影像
02:59
to create one expansive
overhead view of our planet.
overhead view of our planet.
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製作一張我們星球的遼闊俯視圖。
03:03
More than 1,000 of these images
have been created thus far,
have been created thus far,
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目前已經製作出超過一千張影像，
03:08
and more than 600,000 people
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有超過六十萬人
03:10
tune in for this daily dose
of perspectives.
of perspectives.
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收看這每日透視遠景。
03:14
I create the imagery by curating photos
from the massive archive
from the massive archive
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我把「數位全球」這家衛星公司的
03:19
of a satellite company
called Digital Globe.
called Digital Globe.
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大量照片策劃製成影像。
03:22
They operate a constellation
of five satellites,
of five satellites,
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他們旗下一共有五個衛星在運行，
03:24
each roughly the size of an ambulance,
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每個的尺寸大約是救護車的大小，
03:27
that is constantly
taking pictures of the Earth
taking pictures of the Earth
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這些衛星不斷拍攝地球的照片，
03:29
as they orbit at
28,000 kilometers per hour.
28,000 kilometers per hour.
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同時以時速兩萬八千公里繞行地球。
03:35
Now, what does this mean?
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這是什麼意思？
03:37
Each of these satellites
is equipped with a camera
is equipped with a camera
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每一個衛星都裝有照相機，
03:40
that has a focal length of 16 meters,
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相機焦距是 16 公尺，
03:42
so that's roughly 290 times greater
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大約是配備標準 55mm 鏡頭的
03:46
than a DSLR camera equipped
with a standard 55 millimeter lens.
with a standard 55 millimeter lens.
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數位單眼相機的 290 倍。
03:51
So if were able to attach
one of their satellites
one of their satellites
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如果我們把其中一顆衛星
03:54
to the roof of this theater in Oxford,
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裝在牛津這家劇院的屋頂上，
03:57
we could take a picture of a football,
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我們就能清楚拍到阿姆斯特丹
04:00
clearly, on the pitch
at the stadium in Amsterdam.
at the stadium in Amsterdam.
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體育場中足球比賽的照片。
04:05
That's 450 kilometers away.
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那是 450 公里以外的比賽。
04:08
That's incredibly powerful technology.
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那是威力非常強大的技術。
04:11
And I decided at the beginning
of this project
of this project
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在這個專案開始時，
04:14
that I would use
that incredible technology
that incredible technology
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我決定要把這不可思議的技術
04:16
to focus on the places
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專注在人類衝擊這星球的地方。
04:18
where humans have impacted the planet.
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04:22
As a species, we dig and scrape
the Earth for resources,
the Earth for resources,
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我們人類物種
靠著挖掘和刮削地球來取得資源，
04:26
we produce energy,
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我們產生能源，
04:28
we raise animals
and cultivate crops for food,
and cultivate crops for food,
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我們養育動物並耕作作物來當食物，
04:32
we build cities, we move around,
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我們建立城市，我們四處移動，
04:35
we create waste.
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我們產生廢物。
04:36
And in the process
of doing all of these things,
of doing all of these things,
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在做這些事情的過程中，
04:40
we shape landscapes and seascapes
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我們越來越掌控和塑造
04:43
and cityscapes with increasing
control and impunity.
control and impunity.
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地景、海景、和城市景，
且還能免於受罰。
且還能免於受罰。
04:48
So with that in mind,
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考量到那一點，
04:49
I would like to share
a few of my overviews with you now.
a few of my overviews with you now.
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我現在想與各位分享一些我的總觀。
04:53
Here we see cargo ships and oil tankers
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這裡我們看到的是貨輪和油輪，
04:57
waiting outside the entry
to the port of Singapore.
to the port of Singapore.
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在新加坡的港口入口外等待。
05:00
This facility is the second-busiest
in the world by terms of total tonnage,
in the world by terms of total tonnage,
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就船舶總噸數來看，
這是世界上第二忙碌的港口，
這是世界上第二忙碌的港口，
05:05
accounting for one-fifth
of the world's shipping containers
of the world's shipping containers
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佔全世界運輸貨櫃的五分之一，
05:09
and one half of the annual supply
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以及原油年供應量的一半。
05:11
of crude oil.
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05:13
If you look closely at this overview,
you'll see a lot of little specks.
you'll see a lot of little specks.
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如果你近看這張總觀圖，
你會看到很多小斑點。
你會看到很多小斑點。
05:17
Those are actually cows at a feedlot
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它們其實是飼育場中的牛隻，
05:20
in Summerfield, Texas,
in the United States.
in the United States.
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位在美國德州的薩莫菲爾德。
05:24
So once cows reach a particular weight,
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一旦牛隻達到了一定的重量，
05:26
roughly 300 kilograms,
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大約 300 公斤，
05:28
they are moved here
and placed on a specialized diet.
and placed on a specialized diet.
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牠們就會被遷到這裡，
給予特殊飲食。
給予特殊飲食。
05:31
Over the next three to four months,
the cows gain an additional 180 kilograms
the cows gain an additional 180 kilograms
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在接下來的三到四週，
這些牛隻會再增加 180 公斤，
這些牛隻會再增加 180 公斤，
05:37
before they are shipped off to slaughter.
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然後才會被送去宰殺。
05:39
You're also probably wondering
about this glowing pool at the top there.
about this glowing pool at the top there.
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你們可能在想上面
這個發光的池子是什麼。
這個發光的池子是什麼。
05:42
That gets its color from a unique
combination of manure, chemicals
combination of manure, chemicals
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它的顏色這麼獨特，
是因為結合了糞肥、化學物質、
是因為結合了糞肥、化學物質、
05:46
and a particular type of algae
that grows in the stagnant water.
that grows in the stagnant water.
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及一種只生長在靜水中的水藻。
05:51
This is the Mount Whaleback iron ore mine
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這是惠爾巴克山的鐵礦，
05:54
in the Pilbara region
of Western Australia,
of Western Australia,
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位在澳洲西部的皮爾巴拉地區，
05:57
a beautiful yet scary scar
on the face of the Earth.
on the face of the Earth.
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是地表一道美麗又可怕的疤痕。
06:01
Of the world's mined iron ore,
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世界上被開採出來的鐵礦中，
06:03
98 percent is used to make steel
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有 98% 被用來做鋼鐵，
06:06
and is therefore a major component
in the construction of buildings,
in the construction of buildings,
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是建築建設、汽車、電器──
06:09
automobiles or appliances
such as your dishwasher or refrigerator.
such as your dishwasher or refrigerator.
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如洗碗機或冰箱──的主要成份。
06:15
This is a solar concentrator
in Seville, Spain.
in Seville, Spain.
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這是西班牙塞維亞的太陽能聚光器。
06:18
So this facility contains 2,650 mirrors
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這個設施包含了 2,650 面鏡子，
06:23
which are arrayed in concentric circles
around an 140-meter-tall tower
around an 140-meter-tall tower
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以同心圓的方式擺放在
設施中心的一座 140 公尺
設施中心的一座 140 公尺
06:28
at its center.
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高塔上。
06:30
At the top of the tower,
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在塔頂
06:31
there is a capsule of molten salt
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有個熔鹽容器，
06:34
that gets heated by the beams
of light reflected upwards
of light reflected upwards
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它會被下面鏡子
向上反射的光線加溫。
向上反射的光線加溫。
06:37
from the mirrors below.
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06:39
From there, the salt circulates
to a storage tank underground,
to a storage tank underground,
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鹽就會從那裡循環到地下的儲存槽，
06:43
where it produces steam,
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在那裡產生蒸氣，
06:44
which spins turbines
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讓渦輪轉動，
06:46
and generates enough electricity
to power 70,000 homes
to power 70,000 homes
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產生的電力足以供給七萬個家庭，
06:49
and offsets 30,000 tons
of carbon dioxide emissions every year.
of carbon dioxide emissions every year.
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並抵消掉每年三萬噸的
二氧化碳排放量。
二氧化碳排放量。
06:55
This overview shows deforestation
in Santa Cruz, Bolivia
in Santa Cruz, Bolivia
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這張總觀圖是玻利維亞
聖克魯斯的森林砍伐，
聖克魯斯的森林砍伐，
06:59
immediately adjacent
to untouched tracts of rainforest.
to untouched tracts of rainforest.
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緊鄰著還未受影響的大片雨林。
07:04
Deforestation in the country
has primarily been driven
has primarily been driven
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砍伐該國森林的動機主要來自於
07:06
by the expansion of mechanized agriculture
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擴張的機械化農業和養牛牧場，
07:09
and cattle ranching,
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07:11
so as the country tries to meet
the demand of its growing population
the demand of its growing population
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試圖滿足該國人口成長的糧食需求。
07:14
and feed them,
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07:15
the sacrificial destruction
of its rainforest
of its rainforest
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這麼做的代價就是雨林
07:17
has taken place to do so.
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被犧牲、被摧毀。
07:20
It is estimated that the country
lost 4.5 million acres of rainforest
lost 4.5 million acres of rainforest
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估計該國僅僅在 2000 年
到 2010 年的十年間，
到 2010 年的十年間，
07:25
in one decade alone
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就損失了450 萬英畝的雨林。
07:26
from 2000 until 2010.
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07:29
This is the Eixample district
in Barcelona, Spain.
in Barcelona, Spain.
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這是西班牙巴賽隆納的擴展區。
07:33
So the overview perspective
can be incredibly helpful
can be incredibly helpful
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總觀的視角是很有幫助的，
07:36
to help us understand how cities function
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能讓我們了解城市如何運作，
07:38
and how we can devise
smarter solutions for urban planning,
smarter solutions for urban planning,
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及如何能為都市計畫
想出更聰明的解決方案，
想出更聰明的解決方案，
07:41
and this will become only more relevant
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且這將來只會變得更重要，
07:43
as it is expected that 4.9 billion people
will live in cities around the world
will live in cities around the world
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因為預期到 2030 年時，
全世界會有 49 億人
全世界會有 49 億人
07:49
by the year 2030.
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住在城市中。
07:51
This area of Barcelona is characterized
by its strict grid pattern,
by its strict grid pattern,
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巴賽隆納這個區域的特色
包括工整的格狀排列、
包括工整的格狀排列、
07:55
apartments with communal courtyards
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公寓配有社區公有的庭院、
07:57
and these octagonal intersections
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以及八角形的交叉口，
07:59
which allow for more sunlight,
better ventilation
better ventilation
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這種設計能帶進更多陽光、
更流通的空氣、
更流通的空氣、
08:02
and additional parking at street level.
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以及更多的街邊停車位。
08:05
And here we see that grid pattern
but under much different circumstances.
but under much different circumstances.
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我們在這張圖裡看到那種格狀模式，
但狀況卻很不同。
08:10
This is the Dadaab Refugee Camp
in northern Kenya,
in northern Kenya,
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這是肯亞北部的達達阿布難民營，
08:14
the largest such facility
of its kind in the world.
of its kind in the world.
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是世上同類型設施中規模最大的。
08:16
To cope with the influx of refugees
who are fleeing Somalia,
who are fleeing Somalia,
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為要處理逃離索馬利亞的難民
08:20
where there is famine and conflict,
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湧入所造成的饑荒與衝突問題，
08:22
the UN has built this area
gridded out at left
gridded out at left
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聯合國建立了左邊的這個區域，
08:24
called the LFO extension
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稱為難民法令 (LFO) 延伸區，
08:26
to house more and more refugees
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來讓更多的難民居住，
08:28
who are arriving and occupying
these white dots,
these white dots,
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他們到達之後就佔據了這些白點，
08:31
which are actually tents
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其實就是帳篷，
08:32
which will slowly fill up
the area over time.
the area over time.
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隨時間，它們緩緩地佔滿整個區域。
08:35
So if you have one of these overviews,
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因此，一張這樣的總觀圖
08:38
you have a moment in time.
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顯示一個時刻；
08:41
If we have two overviews, however,
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如果有兩張總觀圖，
08:43
we are able to tell stories
about changes in time.
about changes in time.
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我們就能述說隨著時間改變的故事。
08:46
I call that feature
of the project "Juxtapose,"
of the project "Juxtapose,"
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我稱專案的這項特徵為
「並列 (Juxtapose)」，
「並列 (Juxtapose)」，
08:49
and we'll share a few examples
of it with you now.
of it with you now.
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現在我們就來看幾個例子。
08:52
So the tulip fields in Netherlands
bloom every year in April.
bloom every year in April.
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荷蘭的鬱金香田每年四月會綻放。
08:57
So we take an image
captured in March a few weeks before
captured in March a few weeks before
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我們取得開花前幾週，三月的照片，
09:00
and contrast it to one
taken a few weeks later.
taken a few weeks later.
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把它和幾週後拍的照片做比對。
09:03
We're able to watch the flowers bloom
in this magnificent cascade of color.
in this magnificent cascade of color.
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我們就能觀賞花朵綻放
壯觀的顏色變化。
09:09
It is estimated that the Dutch produce
4.3 billion tulip bulbs every year.
4.3 billion tulip bulbs every year.
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估計荷蘭每年生產
43 億個鬱金香球莖。
09:16
In 2015, two dams collapsed
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2015 年，有兩個水壩倒塌了，
09:19
at an iron ore mine
in southeastern Brazil,
in southeastern Brazil,
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地點在巴西東南部的鐵礦區，
09:22
causing one of the worst
environmental disasters
environmental disasters
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造成該國史上最慘烈的
09:24
in the history of the country.
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環境災難之一。
09:26
It is estimated that 62 million
cubic meters of waste
cubic meters of waste
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估計有六千兩百萬立方公尺的廢棄物
09:30
were released when the dams broke,
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在水壩毀壞時被釋放出來，
09:32
destroying numerous villages
in the process,
in the process,
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過程中摧毀了眾多村落，
09:34
including Bento Rodrigues,
seen here before ...
seen here before ...
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包括班托羅德里格斯，
這張圖是潰堤之前，
以及潰堤之後。
09:40
and after the flood.
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09:43
Ultimately, 19 people
were killed in this disaster.
were killed in this disaster.
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最終，有 19 人死於這場災難。
09:46
Half a million people did not
have access to clean drinking water
have access to clean drinking water
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後續很長一段時間，
有五十萬人無法取得乾淨飲用水，
09:49
for an extended period of time,
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09:52
and the waste soon entered
into the Doce River,
into the Doce River,
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廢棄物很快就進入多西河，
09:54
extended for 650 kilometers
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漫延了 650 公里長，
09:57
all the way into the sea,
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一路到入海處，
09:58
killing unknowable amounts
of plant and animal life along the way.
of plant and animal life along the way.
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過程中害死了無法計數的
植物與動物。
植物與動物。
10:03
And lastly, here is a story
related to the crisis in Syria,
related to the crisis in Syria,
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最後，這個故事和敘利亞危機有關，
10:07
a conflict which has claimed the lives
of hundreds of thousands of people
of hundreds of thousands of people
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一場衝突奪走了成千上百條人命，
10:11
and displaced millions.
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迫使百萬人離開家園。
10:13
So this patch of desert
is seen in Mafraq, Jordan in 2011,
is seen in Mafraq, Jordan in 2011,
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2011 年可以看見
約旦馬弗拉克的這塊沙漠，
約旦馬弗拉克的這塊沙漠，
10:17
the year the conflict started,
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衝突也是這年開始的，
10:19
and when we compare it to an image
captured just this year in 2017,
captured just this year in 2017,
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我們將它與 2017 年的
影像做比對，
影像做比對，
10:24
we see the construction
of the Zaatari refugee camp.
of the Zaatari refugee camp.
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可以看見扎泰里難民營的興建。
10:28
So just as the astronauts of Apollo 8
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所以，就像阿波羅八號的太空人
10:31
watched the Earth rising above
the lunar landscape for the first time,
the lunar landscape for the first time,
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初次看著地球從月亮的地景升起，
10:35
there is no way
that you could have imagined
that you could have imagined
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你想像不到
10:37
what the places I just showed you
look like from outer space.
look like from outer space.
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我剛剛展示的那些地方
從外太空看起來是什麼樣子。
從外太空看起來是什麼樣子。
10:42
And while you may enjoy
the aesthetics of an image,
the aesthetics of an image,
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你可能欣賞影像的美感，
10:45
once you learn exactly
what it is you're seeing,
what it is you're seeing,
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一旦你了解看到的是什麼，
10:47
you may struggle with the fact
that you still like it.
that you still like it.
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可能就會陷入
是否仍然喜歡的天人交戰了。
是否仍然喜歡的天人交戰了。
10:51
And that's the tension
I want to create with my work,
I want to create with my work,
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那是我希望能造出的有張力的作品。
10:54
because I believe
it is that contemplation,
it is that contemplation,
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因為我相信沉思、內在的對話，
10:57
that internal dialogue
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10:59
that will lead to greater
interest in our planet
interest in our planet
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會使我們對這星球更感興趣，
11:01
and more awareness
of what we're doing to it.
of what we're doing to it.
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並且更能意識到
我們加諸於這星球的種種。
我們加諸於這星球的種種。
11:04
I believe that viewing the Earth
from the overview perspective
from the overview perspective
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我相信，從總觀的視角來看地球，
11:07
is more important now than ever before.
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當下遠比以前更為重要。
11:11
Through the incredible technology
of these high-flying cameras,
of these high-flying cameras,
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透過這些高空相機的驚人科技，
11:14
we can see, monitor and expose
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我們得以看見、監控、並揭露出
11:18
the unprecedented impact
that we are having.
that we are having.
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我們所造成的史無先例之影響。
11:21
And whether we are scientists
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不論我們是科學家、
11:23
or engineers or policymakers
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工程師、決策者、
11:26
or investors or artists,
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投資者或藝術家，
11:29
if we can adopt
a more expansive perspective,
a more expansive perspective,
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如果我們能採用更廣闊的視角，
11:32
embrace the truth of what is going on
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擁抱發生的真相，
11:36
and contemplate the long-term
health of our planet,
health of our planet,
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並思忖我們星球的長期福祉，
11:40
we will create a better
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我們就能創造一個更美好、
11:42
and safer and smarter future
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更安全、更聰明的未來，
11:45
for our one and only home.
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為了我們唯一的家園。
11:47
Thank you.
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謝謝。
11:48
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Benjamin Grant - Artist, authorThrough his mesmerizing satellite photographs, Benjamin Grant offers us a new way of seeing of our planet and ourselves.
Why you should listen
By curating and composing high-resolution aerial imagery, Benjamin Grant has repurposed a medium once reserved for security experts into a tool that provides us with a thought-provoking look at human impact on our planet. As the founder of Daily Overview, he tells a story not only of man's relationship to the earth but also of how a determined search for novel perspectives can shift our psychology, inspire greater collaboration and stimulate visions for a better future.
Grant has grown Daily Overview into one of the most popular blogs on social media, garnering the largest following on Instagram (currently 556,000+ followers) of any brand with an environmental focus. His best-selling book Overview: A New Perspective of Earth has been critically-acclaimed by the New York Times, The Economist, Fast Company, CNN and was selected as one of the "Best Books of 2016" by Amazon, The Smithsonian and the Los Angeles Times. First published in October 2016, the book has been translated into seven languages.
Images from Daily Overview have been featured in hundreds of publications around the world including the New York Times, Washington Post, WIRED, The Economist, VICE and more. Grant has shown large-format prints at numerous exhibitions around the world with noteworthy installations in Munich, San Francisco, New York, Tel Aviv, Los Angeles and Hjo, Sweden.
Benjamin Grant | Speaker | TED.com