TED2002
Robert Full: Robots inspired by cockroach ingenuity
Robert Full om ingeniørkunst og evolution.
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Insekter og dyr har udviklet nogle fantastiske evner -- men, som Robert Full bemærker, er mange dyr faktisk over-udviklede. Hemmeligheden er kun at kopiere det nødvendige. Han viser, hvordan menneskelige ingeniører kan lære af dyrenes fiduser.
Robert Full - Biologist
Robert Full studies cockroach legs and gecko feet. His research is helping build tomorrow's robots, based on evolution's ancient engineering. Full bio
Robert Full studies cockroach legs and gecko feet. His research is helping build tomorrow's robots, based on evolution's ancient engineering. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:19
Welcome. If I could have the first slide, please?
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Velkommen. Må jeg bede om det første billede, tak?
00:33
Contrary to calculations made by some engineers, bees can fly,
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Modsat udregninger udført af visse ingeniører,
00:38
dolphins can swim, and geckos can even climb
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så kan bier flyve, delfiner kan svømme, og gekkoer kan sågar klatre
00:45
up the smoothest surfaces. Now, what I want to do, in the short time I have,
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op ad selv de glatteste overflader. Nuvel. Det, jeg ønsker at gøre på den korte tid, jeg har,
00:51
is to try to allow each of you to experience
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er at forsøge at lade hver enkelt af jer opleve,
00:55
the thrill of revealing nature's design.
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på en måde, den fornøjelse det er at afsløre naturens design.
01:01
I get to do this all the time, and it's just incredible.
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Jeg har lejlighed til at gøre det hele tiden, og det er simpelthen fantastisk.
01:03
I want to try to share just a little bit of that with you in this presentation.
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Jeg vil prøve at dele bare en smule af det med jer gennem denne præsentation.
01:09
The challenge of looking at nature's designs --
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Udfordringen ved at studere naturens design --
01:11
and I'll tell you the way that we perceive it, and the way we've used it.
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og jeg forklarer måden, vi betragter det på, og hvordan vi bruger det.
01:15
The challenge, of course, is to answer this question:
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Udfordringen er naturligvis at besvare dette spørgsmål:
01:17
what permits this extraordinary performance of animals
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Hvad tillader denne uovertrufne præstation hos dyr,
01:20
that allows them basically to go anywhere?
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der tillader dem at leve næsten overalt?
01:23
And if we could figure that out, how can we implement those designs?
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Og hvis vi kunne regne dét ud, hvordan vi kan selv gøre brug af disse udformninger?
01:30
Well, many biologists will tell engineers, and others,
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Mange biologer vil sige til ingeniører og andre,
01:33
organisms have millions of years to get it right;
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at organismerne har haft millioner af år til at regne tingene ud,
01:36
they're spectacular; they can do everything wonderfully well.
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de er storslåede, de kan gøre alt vidunderligt godt.
01:39
So, the answer is bio-mimicry: just copy nature directly.
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Så svaret er bio-efterligning -- bare kopier naturen direkte.
01:43
We know from working on animals that the truth is
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Fra at arbejde med dyr ved vi, at sandheden er, at
01:48
that's exactly what you don't want to do -- because evolution works
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det er nøjagtig hvad vi ikke skal gøre. For evolution fungerer
01:52
on the just-good-enough principle, not on a perfecting principle.
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ud fra tilstrækkelighedsprincippet, og ikke ud fra et princip om, at noget skal være perfekt.
01:55
And the constraints in building any organism, when you look at it,
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Og begrænsningerne i at bygge en hvilken som helst organisme er
01:59
are really severe. Natural technologies have incredible constraints.
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er virkelig store. Naturlige teknologier har utrolige begrænsninger.
02:04
Think about it. If you were an engineer and I told you
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Tænk over det. Tænk, hvis du var ingeniør, og jeg bad dig
02:07
that you had to build an automobile, but it had to start off to be this big,
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bygge en automobil, der i starten skulle have denne størrelse,
02:12
then it had to grow to be full size and had to work every step along the way.
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derefter skulle vokse til fuld størrelse, og som skulle fungere fejlfrit undervejs.
02:16
Or think about the fact that if you build an automobile, I'll tell you that you also -- inside it --
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Tænk over, at hvis du bygger en automobil, så beder jeg dig sørge for, at der indeni
02:20
have to put a factory that allows you to make another automobile.
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også er en fabrik, der kan skabe endnu en automobil.
02:24
(Laughter)
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(Latter)
02:26
And you can absolutely never, absolutely never, because of history
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Og du kan aldrig, absolut aldrig, på grund af historien
02:30
and the inherited plan, start with a clean slate.
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og den indbyggede plan, begynde med en ren tavle.
02:34
So, organisms have this important history.
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Så organismer har denne vigtige historie.
02:37
Really evolution works more like a tinkerer than an engineer.
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Evolution fungerer faktisk mere som en opfinder end som en ingeniør.
02:42
And this is really important when you begin to look at animals.
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Og dette er virkelig vigtigt, når man studerer dyr.
02:45
Instead, we believe you need to be inspired by biology.
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I stedet for mener vi, at man skal lade sig inspirere af biologi.
02:52
You need to discover the general principles of nature,
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Man skal finde naturens generelle principper,
02:56
and then use these analogies when they're advantageous.
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og så bruge disse analogier, når de er fordelagtige.
03:02
This is a real challenge to do this, because animals,
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Det er en sand udfordring at gøre dette fordi dyr,
03:05
when you start to really look inside them -- how they work --
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når man virkelig studerer, hvordan de fungerer,
03:08
appear hopelessly complex. There's no detailed history
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virker håbløst komplekse. Der findes ingen detaljeret historik
03:12
of the design plans, you can't go look it up anywhere.
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af grundtegningen, man kan ikke slå det op nogen steder.
03:15
They have way too many motions for their joints, too many muscles.
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De har for mange bevægelser i deres led, for mange muskler,
03:19
Even the simplest animal we think of, something like an insect,
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selv det simpleste dyr, for eksempel et insekt,
03:22
and they have more neurons and connections than you can imagine.
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og de har flere neuroner og forbindelser, end du kan forstille dig.
03:25
How can you make sense of this? Well, we believed --
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Hvordan kan du finde hoved og hale i dette? Tja, vi troede ---
03:30
and we hypothesized -- that one way animals could work simply,
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og vi opstillede hypoteser om -- at en måde dyr kunne fungere simpelt er,
03:35
is if the control of their movements
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hvis deres bevægelsesstyring
03:38
tended to be built into their bodies themselves.
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hovedsageligt var indbygget i deres kroppe.
03:44
What we discovered was that two-, four-, six- and eight-legged animals
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Hvad vi opdagede var, at to-, fire-, seks- og ottebenede dyr
03:51
all produce the same forces on the ground when they move.
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alle frembringer de samme energier på overfladen, når de bevæger sig.
03:54
They all work like this kangaroo, they bounce.
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De fungerer alle som denne kænguru, de springer.
03:58
And they can be modeled by a spring-mass system that we call the spring mass system
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Og de kan modeleres efter et fjederstyrkesystem, som vi kalder et "fjederstyrkesystem",
04:02
because we're biomechanists. It's actually a pogo stick.
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fordi vi er biomekanikere - det er i virkeligheden en kængurustylte.
04:05
They all produce the pattern of a pogo stick. How is that true?
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De producerer alle samme mønster som en kængurustylte. Hvordan kan det passe?
04:09
Well, a human, one of your legs works like two legs of a trotting dog,
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Jo, et menneske, et af jeres ben, fungerer som to ben på en hund der lunter,
04:15
or works like three legs, together as one, of a trotting insect,
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eller som tre ben tilsammen på et luntende insekt,
04:19
or four legs as one of a trotting crab.
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eller fire ben på en luntende krabbe.
04:21
And then they alternate in their propulsion,
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De skiftes i fremdriften,
04:25
but the patterns are all the same. Almost every organism we've looked at this way
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men mønstrene er alle de samme. Næsten alle organismer, som vi har studeret på denne måde,
04:30
-- you'll see next week, I'll give you a hint,
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-- det kommer i næste uge -- jeg giver jer et fingerpeg,
04:32
there'll be an article coming out that says that really big things
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der udkommer en artikel som fortæller, at virkelig store dyr
04:35
like T. rex probably couldn't do this, but you'll see that next week.
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såsom T.Rex sandsynligvis ikke kunne dette, men det ved I mere om i næste uge.
04:39
Now, what's interesting is the animals, then -- we said -- bounce along
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Det spændende er, at de dyr, som vi nævnte springer af sted
04:41
the vertical plane this way, and in our collaborations with Pixar,
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over det lodrette plan sådan her, og i vores samarbejde med Pixar
04:44
in "A Bug's Life," we discussed the
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i "Græsrødderne," diskuterede vi
04:46
bipedal nature of the characters of the ants.
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myrefolkenes tobenede beskaffenhed.
04:49
And we told them, of course, they move in another plane as well.
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Og vi forklarede dem, at de naturligvis også bevæger sig i et andet plan,
04:51
And they asked us this question. They say, "Why model
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og de stillede de os dette spørgsmål. De sagde, "Hvorfor skal vi
04:54
just in the sagittal plane or the vertical plane,
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kun modellere det sagittale, eller lodrette, plan,
04:56
when you're telling us these animals are moving
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når I nu siger, at disse dyr bevæger sig
04:58
in the horizontal plane?" This is a good question.
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i det vandrette plan?" Det er et godt spørgsmål.
05:01
Nobody in biology ever modeled it this way.
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Ingen inden for biologi har nogensinde modelleret det på den måde.
05:04
We took their advice and we modeled the animals moving
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Vi gjorde, som de sagde, og modellerede også dyrenes bevægelser
05:08
in the horizontal plane as well. We took their three legs,
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i det horisontale plan. Vi tog deres tre ben,
05:11
we collapsed them down as one.
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og samlede dem som ét,
05:12
We got some of the best mathematicians in the world
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vi fik nogle af verdens bedste matematikere
05:15
from Princeton to work on this problem.
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fra Princeton universitetet til at arbejde på udfordringen.
05:17
And we were able to create a model
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Og vi var i stand til at skabe en model,
05:20
where animals are not only bouncing up and down,
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hvor dyr ikke bare springer op og ned,
05:21
but they're also bouncing side to side at the same time.
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men samtidig også fra side til side.
05:25
And many organisms fit this kind of pattern.
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Og mange organismer passer ind i denne type mønster.
05:27
Now, why is this important to have this model?
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Nuvel, hvorfor er det vigtigt at have denne model?
05:29
Because it's very interesting. When you take this model
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Fordi det er meget interessant. Når man tager denne model
05:32
and you perturb it, you give it a push,
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og påvirker den, giver den et skub,
05:35
as it bumps into something, it self-stabilizes, with no brain
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og den støder ind i noget, så selv-stabiliserer den, uden hjælp fra en hjerne,
05:39
or no reflexes, just by the structure alone.
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ej heller fra reflekser, alene ved hjælp af konstruktionen.
05:43
It's a beautiful model. Let's look at the mathematics.
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Det en smuk model. Lad os kigge på matematikken bag.
05:48
(Laughter)
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(Latter)
05:50
That's enough!
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Det vist rigeligt.
05:51
(Laughter)
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(Latter)
05:55
The animals, when you look at them running,
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Når man studerer dyr, mens de løber,
05:57
appear to be self-stabilizing like this,
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virker de til at være selvstabiliserende som dette,
06:00
using basically springy legs. That is, the legs can do
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grundlæggende ved brug af fjedrende ben. Det vil sige, at benene selv kan lave
06:03
computations on their own; the control algorithms, in a sense,
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beregninger, kontrolalgoritmerne er på sin vis
06:06
are embedded in the form of the animal itself.
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indbygget i dyrenes udformning.
06:09
Why haven't we been more inspired by nature and these kinds of discoveries?
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Hvorfor har vi ikke ladet os inspirere mere af naturen og denne slags opdagelser før?
06:16
Well, I would argue that human technologies are really different from
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Tja, jeg mener, at menneskelige teknologier er fundamentalt forskellige fra
06:20
natural technologies, at least they have been so far.
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naturlige teknologier, det har de i det mindste været hidtil.
06:23
Think about the typical kind of robot that you see.
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Tænk over den typiske type robot, man ser.
06:28
Human technologies have tended to be large, flat,
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Menneskelige teknologier har haft en tendens til store overflader,
06:31
with right angles, stiff, made of metal. They have rolling devices
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med rette vinkler, stive, skabt i metal. De har bevægende dele
06:36
and axles. There are very few motors, very few sensors.
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og aksler. Der er meget få motorer, meget få sensorer.
06:39
Whereas nature tends to be small, and curved,
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Hvorimod naturen plejer at være lille, og buet,
06:44
and it bends and twists, and has legs instead, and appendages,
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og den vender og drejer sig og har ben i stedet og har vedhæng,
06:47
and has many muscles and many, many sensors.
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den har mange muskler og mange, mange sensorer.
06:50
So it's a very different design. However, what's changing,
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Så det er et meget anderledes design. Det, der er ved at ændre sig,
06:54
what's really exciting -- and I'll show you some of that next --
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det, der er virkelig spændende -- og jeg vil vise jer noget af det om lidt --
06:56
is that as human technology takes on more of the characteristics
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er, at efterhånden som menneskelig teknologi antager flere karaktertræk
06:59
of nature, then nature really can become a much more useful teacher.
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fra naturen, så kan naturen blive en meget mere hjælpsom lærer.
07:05
And here's one example that's really exciting.
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Og her er et eksempel, der er virkelig spændende.
07:07
This is a collaboration we have with Stanford.
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Dette er et samarbejde, vi havde med Stanford universitetet.
07:09
And they developed this new technique, called Shape Deposition Manufacturing.
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Og de udviklede en ny teknik, der kaldes 'formændringsfremstilling'.
07:13
It's a technique where they can mix materials together and mold any shape
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Det en teknik, hvor man kan blande materialer sammen og give dem en hvilken som helst form,
07:17
that they like, and put in the material properties.
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og tillægge materialerne egenskaber.
07:21
They can embed sensors and actuators right in the form itself.
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De kan indstøbe sensorer og styremotorer i selve formen.
07:24
For example, here's a leg: the clear part is stiff,
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For eksempel er der her et ben. Den gennemsigtige del er hård,
07:29
the white part is compliant, and you don't need any axles there or anything.
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og den hvide del er eftergivende, og man behøver ingen aksler eller noget.
07:32
It just bends by itself beautifully.
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Den bøjer smukt helt af sig selv.
07:35
So, you can put those properties in. It inspired them to show off
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Så man kan indarbejde egenskaberne. Det inspirerede dem til at demonstrere
07:38
this design by producing a little robot they named Sprawl.
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dette design ved at fremstille en lille robot, som de kaldte Sprawl.
07:44
Our work has also inspired another robot, a biologically inspired bouncing robot,
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Vores arbejde har også inspireret en anden robot, en biologisk inspireret springende robot,
07:48
from the University of Michigan and McGill
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fra University of Michigan og McGill Universitetet.
07:50
named RHex, for robot hexapod, and this one's autonomous.
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Den er døbt RHex, for 'robot hexapod' [6-fod], og den er selvstyrende.
07:58
Let's go to the video, and let me show you some of these animals moving
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Lad os gå over til video, så jeg kan vise jer nogle af disse dyr i bevægelse.
08:01
and then some of the simple robots
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Og derefter nogle af de simple robotter,
08:03
that have been inspired by our discoveries.
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som vores opdagelser har inspireret.
08:06
Here's what some of you did this morning, although you did it outside,
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Her er, hvad nogle af jer gjorde i morges, om end I gjorde det udendørs
08:10
not on a treadmill.
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og ikke på en trædemølle
08:12
Here's what we do.
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Her er, hvad vi gør.
08:15
(Laughter)
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(Latter)
08:17
This is a death's head cockroach. This is an American cockroach
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Dette er en "Dødningehoved kakerlak", en amerikansk kakerlak,
08:22
you think you don't have in your kitchen.
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som I tror, ikke findes i jeres køkken.
08:23
This is an eight-legged scorpion, six-legged ant, forty-four-legged centipede.
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Dette er en otte-benet skorpion, en seks-benet myre, et fireogfyrre-benet tusindben.
08:30
Now, I said all these animals are sort of working like pogo sticks --
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Nuvel, jeg sagde, at disse dyr stort set fungerer som kænguru stylter --
08:33
they're bouncing along as they move. And you can see that
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de springer af sted, når de bevæger sig, og man kan se dette
08:37
in this ghost crab, from the beaches of Panama and North Carolina.
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hos denne spøgelseskrabbe fra Panamas kyst og North Carolina.
08:40
It goes up to four meters per second when it runs.
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Den bevæger sig op til fire meter i sekundet, når den løber.
08:43
It actually leaps into the air, and has aerial phases
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Den springer faktisk op i luften og har faser, hvor den er luftbåren.
08:46
when it does it, like a horse, and you'll see it's bouncing here.
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Når den gør det, er den som en hest - bemærk, hvordan den hopper her.
08:50
What we discovered is whether you look at the leg of a human
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Hvad vi opdagde er, at uanset om man studerer et menneskeben,
08:53
like Richard, or a cockroach, or a crab, or a kangaroo,
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som Richard, eller en kakerlak, eller en krabbe, eller en kænguru,
08:59
the relative leg stiffness of that spring is the same for everything we've seen so far.
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så er fjedringens relative stivhed den samme for alt, hvad vi har studeret hidtil.
09:04
Now, what good are springy legs then? What can they do?
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Nå, hvad nytte har fjedrende ben så, hvad gør de godt for?
09:06
Well, we wanted to see if they allowed the animals
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Vi ønskede at undersøge, om det gav dyrene
09:08
to have greater stability and maneuverability.
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større stabilitet og manøvredygtighed.
09:11
So, we built a terrain that had obstacles three times the hip height
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Så vi byggede et terræn, der havde forhindringer på tre gange hoftehøjden
09:15
of the animals that we're looking at.
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på de dyr, som vi studerede,
09:16
And we were certain they couldn't do this. And here's what they did.
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og vi var overbeviste om, at de ikke kunne klare dette. Og her er hvad de gjorde.
09:20
The animal ran over it and it didn't even slow down!
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Dyret løb over dem og det sænkede ikke engang farten.
09:23
It didn't decrease its preferred speed at all.
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Det nedsatte ikke sin foretrukne hastighed overhovedet.
09:25
We couldn't believe that it could do this. It said to us
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Vi kunne ikke tro vores egne øjene. Det fortalte os,
09:28
that if you could build a robot with very simple, springy legs,
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at hvis man kunne bygge en robot med meget simple fjedrende ben,
09:33
you could make it as maneuverable as any that's ever been built.
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kunne man gøre den lige så menøvredygtig som nogen, der nogensinde er blevet bygget.
09:39
Here's the first example of that. This is the Stanford
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Her er det første eksempel på dette, dette er Stanfords
09:41
Shape Deposition Manufactured robot, named Sprawl.
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Shape Deposition Manufactured robot, Sprawl.
09:44
It has six legs -- there are the tuned, springy legs.
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Den har seks ben -- der er de tunede fjedrende ben.
09:50
It moves in a gait that an insect uses, and here it is
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Den bruger samme gangart som et insekt, og her er den
09:53
going on the treadmill. Now, what's important about this robot,
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på trædemøllen. Det, der er vigtigt ved denne robot,
10:00
compared to other robots, is that it can't see anything,
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sammenlignet med andre robotter, er, at den kan ikke se noget,
10:03
it can't feel anything, it doesn't have a brain, yet it can maneuver
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den kan ikke føle noget, den har ikke en hjerne, og alligevel kan den manøvrere
10:09
over these obstacles without any difficulty whatsoever.
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over disse forhindringer uden nogen som helst vanskeligheder.
10:15
It's this technique of building the properties into the form.
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Det er teknikken med at bygge egenskaberne ind i formen.
10:19
This is a graduate student. This is what he's doing to his thesis project --
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Dette er en dimitterende student, dette er hvad han gør ved sit afgangsprojekt,
10:22
very robust, if a graduate student
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meget robust hvis den dimitterende student
10:24
does that to his thesis project.
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gør det ved sit afgangs projekt.
10:26
(Laughter)
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(Latter)
10:27
This is from McGill and University of Michigan. This is the RHex,
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Dette er fra McGill og University of Michigan, dette er RHex,
10:31
making its first outing in a demo.
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den gør sin debut i en demonstration.
10:34
(Laughter)
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(Latter)
10:38
Same principle: it only has six moving parts,
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Samme princip. Den har kun seks bevægelige dele.
10:43
six motors, but it has springy, tuned legs. It moves in the gait of the insect.
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Seks motorer, men den har fjedrende, tunede ben. Den bevæger sig med et insekts gangart, hvor
10:49
It has the middle leg moving in synchrony with the front,
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det midterste ben bevæger sig synkront med det forreste
10:53
and the hind leg on the other side. Sort of an alternating tripod,
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og bagerste ben på dens modsatte side. En slags vekslende trefod,
10:57
and they can negotiate obstacles just like the animal.
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og de kan overkomme forhindringer nøjagtigt som dyret.
11:01
(Laughter)
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(Latter)
11:07
(Voice: Oh my God.)
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Åh, du godeste.
11:08
(Applause)
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(Klap salver)
11:13
Robert Full: It'll go on different surfaces -- here's sand --
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Den kan bevæge sig over forskellige overflader, her er sand,
11:15
although we haven't perfected the feet yet, but I'll talk about that later.
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selvom vi ikke har færdigudviklet fødderne endnu, men det taler vi om senere.
11:20
Here's RHex entering the woods.
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Her er RHex på vej ind i skoven.
11:23
(Laughter)
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(Latter)
11:38
Again, this robot can't see anything, it can't feel anything,
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husk, at denne robot ikke kan se noget, den kan intet føle,
11:42
it has no brain. It's just working with a tuned mechanical system,
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den har ingen hjerne. Den fungerer bare med et tunet mekanisk system,
11:48
with very simple parts, but inspired from the fundamental dynamics of the animal.
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med meget simple dele. Men inspireret af dyrs fundamentale funktioner.
11:58
(Voice: Ah, I love him, Bob.) RF: Here's it going down a pathway.
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Åh, jeg er vild med ham, Bob. Her smutter den ned ad en sti.
12:06
I presented this to the jet propulsion lab at NASA, and they said
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Jeg præsenterede dette for Jet Propulsion Lab hos NASA, og de sagde,
12:09
that they had no ability to go down craters to look for ice,
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at de ikke havde nogen mulighed for at gå ned i kratere for at lede efter is,
12:13
and life, ultimately, on Mars. And he said --
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og i sidste ende liv, på Mars. Og han sagde --
12:17
especially with legged-robots, because they're way too complicated.
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i særdeleshed med ben-robotter, fordi de er alt for komplicerede.
12:19
Nothing can do that. And I talk next. I showed them this video
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Intet kan klare det. Og jeg holdt tale bagefter. Jeg viste dem denne video
12:24
with the simple design of RHex here. And just to convince them
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med RHex' simple design her, og bare for at overbevise dem om,
12:27
we should go to Mars in 2011, I tinted the video orange
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at vi skulle med til Mars i 2011, tonede jeg videobilledet orange -
12:31
just to give them the sense of being on Mars.
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bare for at give dem fornemmelsen af at være på Mars.
12:34
(Laughter)
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(Latter)
12:35
(Applause)
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(Klapsalve)
12:43
Another reason why animals have extraordinary performance,
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En anden årsag til, at dyr har ekstraordinære evner
12:46
and can go anywhere, is because they have an effective interaction
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og kan bevæge sig overalt er, at de har et effektivt samspil
12:49
with the environment. The animal I'm going to show you,
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med deres omgivelser. Det dyr, jeg skal til at vise jer,
12:52
that we studied to look at this, is the gecko.
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som vi har studeret for at se dette fænomen, er gekkoen.
12:56
We have one here and notice its position. It's holding on.
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Vi har en her, og læg mærke til dens stilling. Den holder godt fast.
13:03
Now I'm going to challenge you. I'm going show you a video.
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Nu giver jeg jer en udfordring. Jeg viser jer en video.
13:06
One of the animals is going to be running on the level,
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Et af disse dyr kommer til at løbe over en vandret overflade,
13:08
and the other one's going to be running up a wall. Which one's which?
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og det andet kommer til at løbe op ad en væg. Hvilken gør hvad?
13:12
They're going at a meter a second. How many think the one on the left
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De bevæger sig en meter i sekundet. Hvor mange tror, det er den til venstre,
13:17
is running up the wall?
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der løber op ad væggen?
13:19
(Applause)
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(Klapsalve)
13:23
Okay. The point is it's really hard to tell, isn't it? It's incredible,
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Okay. Pointen er, at det er virkelig svært at se, ikke? Det utroligt.
13:28
we looked at students do this and they couldn't tell.
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Vi så på, mens vores studerende prøvede at regne det ud, og de kunne ikke se forskel.
13:30
They can run up a wall at a meter a second, 15 steps per second,
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De kan løbe op ad en væg med 1 meter i sekundet, 15 skridt på et sekund,
13:33
and they look like they're running on the level. How do they do this?
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og de får det til at se ud som om de løber vandret. Hvordan bærer de sig ad?
13:37
It's just phenomenal. The one on the right was going up the hill.
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Det simpelthen fænomenalt. Det er den til højre, der bevægede sig op ad bakke.
13:43
How do they do this? They have bizarre toes. They have toes
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Hvordan gør de dette -- de har bizarre tæer -- de har tæer,
13:47
that uncurl like party favors when you blow them out,
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som retter sig ud som Nytårs-truthorn, når man puster i dem,
13:51
and then peel off the surface, like tape.
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og derefter skrælles af overfladen ligesom tape.
13:54
Like if we had a piece of tape now, we'd peel it this way.
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Som hvis vi havde et stykke tape nu, ville vi skrælles det af sådan.
13:56
They do this with their toes. It's bizarre! This peeling inspired
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Det gør de med deres tæer. Det bizart. Denne skrællen inspirerede
14:03
iRobot -- that we work with -- to build Mecho-Geckos.
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iRobot, som vi arbejder med, til at bygge Mecho-Gekkoer.
14:06
Here's a legged version and a tractor version, or a bulldozer version.
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Her er version med ben, og en traktor - eller bulldozer - version.
14:13
Let's see some of the geckos move with some video,
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Las os se nogle af gekkoerne bevæge sig på video,
14:15
and then I'll show you a little bit of a clip of the robots.
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og bagefter viser jeg en lille bid af et klip med vores robotter.
14:18
Here's the gecko running up a vertical surface. There it goes,
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Her er gekkoen, der løber op ad en lodret flade, der var den,
14:21
in real time. There it goes again. Obviously, we have to slow this down a little bit.
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i uredigeret hastighed, der var den igen. Tydeligvis er vi nødt til at køre dette lidt langsommere.
14:28
You can't use regular cameras.
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Man kan ikke bruge almindelige kameraer.
14:30
You have to take 1,000 pictures per second to see this.
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Man er nødt til at tage 1,000 billeder pr. sekund for at kunne se dette.
14:33
And here's some video at 1,000 frames per second.
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Og her er noget film skudt med 1,000 billeder pr. sekund.
14:36
Now, I want you to look at the animal's back.
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Nu vil jeg bede jer lægge mærke til dyrets ryg.
14:38
Do you see how much it's bending like that? We can't figure that out --
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Kan I se hvor meget, den bøjer sådan der? Vi kan ikke regne det ud --
14:41
that's an unsolved mystery. We don't know how it works.
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det et uløst mysterie. Vi har ingen ide om, hvordan det fungerer.
14:44
If you have a son or a daughter that wants to come to Berkeley,
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Hvis I har en søn eller en datter, som vil til Berkeley,
14:47
come to my lab and we'll figure this out. Okay, send them to Berkeley
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så kom ned på mit laboratorie, så kan vi regne det ud sammen. Okay, send dem til Berkeley,
14:51
because that's the next thing I want to do. Here's the gecko mill.
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fordi det er det næste, jeg vil gøre. Her er gekkomøllen.
14:54
(Laughter)
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(Latter)
14:55
It's a see-through treadmill with a see-through treadmill belt,
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Det en gennemsigtig trædemølle med et gennemsigtigt løbebånd,
14:58
so we can watch the animal's feet, and videotape them
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så vi kan studere dyrets fødder, og filme dem på video
15:01
through the treadmill belt, to see how they move.
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gennem trædemøllens bånd, for at se hvordan de bevæger sig.
15:04
Here's the animal that we have here, running on a vertical surface.
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Her er et dyr, som vi fik til at løbe op ad en lodret flade,
15:08
Pick a foot and try to watch a toe, and see if you can see what the animal's doing.
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vælg en fod og prøv at kigge på en tå, og læg mærke til om du kan se, hvad dyret gør.
15:14
See it uncurl and then peel these toes.
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Se tæerne folde ud og skrælle af.
15:16
It can do this in 14 milliseconds. It's unbelievable.
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Den kan gøre det på 14 millisekunder. Det utroligt.
15:23
Here are the robots that they inspire, the Mecho-Geckos from iRobot.
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Her er de robotter, som de har inspieret, Mecho-Gekkoerne fra iRobot.
15:27
First we'll see the animals toes peeling -- look at that.
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Først ser vi dyrets tå skrælle af -- se engang.
15:32
And here's the peeling action of the Mecho-Gecko.
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Og her er så Mecho-Gekkoens tå-skrællen,
15:36
It uses a pressure-sensitive adhesive to do it.
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den bruger et tryk-følsomt klæbemiddel til at gøre det.
15:39
Peeling in the animal. Peeling in the Mecho-Gecko --
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Dyrets skrælning, Mecho-Gekkoens skrælning,
15:42
that allows them climb autonomously. Can go on the flat surface,
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der lader dem kravle autonomt op ad flade overflader,
15:45
transition to a wall, and then go onto a ceiling.
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bevæge sig over på væggen, og derefter over på loftet.
15:48
There's the bulldozer version. Now, it doesn't use pressure-sensitive glue.
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Her er bulldozer versionen. Den bruger ikke tryk-følsom lim.
15:54
The animal does not use that.
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Det gør dyret jo heller ikke.
15:56
But that's what we're limited to, at the moment.
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Men det er, hvad vi er begrænset til i øjeblikket.
15:58
What does the animal do? The animal has weird toes.
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Hvordan gør dyret det? Dyret har underlige tæer,
16:03
And if you look at the toes, they have these little leaves there,
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og hvis man kigger på tæerne, har de sådanne små blade,
16:07
and if you blow them up and zoom in, you'll see
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og hvis man forstørrer dem og zoomer ind, ser man,
16:09
that's there's little striations in these leaves.
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at der er små revner i disse blade.
16:12
And if you zoom in 270 times, you'll see it looks like a rug.
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Og hvis man zoomer in 270 gange, ligner det et tæppe.
16:19
And if you blow that up, and zoom in 900 times,
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Og hvis man forstørrer dét, og zoomer ind 900 gange,
16:22
you see there are hairs there, tiny hairs. And if you look carefully,
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ser man, at der er hår der, små hår, og hvis man ser godt efter,
16:27
those tiny hairs have striations. And if you zoom in on those 30,000 times,
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har disse små hår også revner. Og hvis man zoomer ind 30,000 gange,
16:33
you'll see each hair has split ends.
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ser man, at hvert hår er spaltet i enden.
16:36
And if you blow those up, they have these little structures on the end.
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Og hvis man forstørrer disse, har de sådanne små strukturer på enden.
16:41
The smallest branch of the hairs looks like spatulae,
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Den mindste gren af hårene ligner en spartel,
16:43
and an animal like that has one billion of these nano-size split ends,
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og et dyr som dette har 1 milliard af disse nano-store spaltede ender
16:50
to get very close to the surface. In fact, there's the diameter of your hair --
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for at komme meget tæt på overfladen. Faktisk er her diameteren på dit hår,
16:55
a gecko has two million of these, and each hair has 100 to 1,000 split ends.
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en gekko har 2 millioner af disse, og hvert hår har mellem 100 og 1000 spaltede ender.
17:01
Think of the contact of that that's possible.
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Forstil jer, hvor meget kontakt, de kan have.
17:04
We were fortunate to work with another group
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Vi var heldige at arbejde sammen med en anden gruppe
17:06
at Stanford that built us a special manned sensor,
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på Stanford, som byggede en speciel bemandet sensor til os,
17:08
that we were able to measure the force of an individual hair.
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hvormed vi var i stand til at måle styrken på et enkelt hår.
17:11
Here's an individual hair with a little split end there.
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Her er et enkelt hår med en lille spalte i enden,
17:16
When we measured the forces, they were enormous.
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da vi målte kræfterne, var de enorme,
17:18
They were so large that a patch of hairs about this size --
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de var så store, at med en samling af hår på cirka denne størrelse
17:21
the gecko's foot could support the weight of a small child,
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kunne gekkoens fod nemt støtte et lille barns vægt --
17:25
about 40 pounds, easily. Now, how do they do it?
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ca. 20 kg. Nuvel, hvordan gør de så det?
17:29
We've recently discovered this. Do they do it by friction?
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Vi opdagde dette for nylig. Gør de det gennem friktion?
17:33
No, force is too low. Do they do it by electrostatics?
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Nej, styrken er for lav. Gør de det via statikelektricitet?
17:36
No, you can change the charge -- they still hold on.
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Nej, man kan ændre ladningen uden, at de slipper.
17:38
Do they do it by interlocking? That's kind of a like a Velcro-like thing.
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Gør de det ved sammenføjning? Det en lidt ligesom Velcro.
17:41
No, you can put them on molecular smooth surfaces -- they don't do it.
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Nej, man kan sætte dem på en molekylær flad overflade -- det ikke det de gør.
17:44
How about suction? They stick on in a vacuum.
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Hvad med sugekopper? De hænger fast i vakuum.
17:48
How about wet adhesion? Or capillary adhesion?
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Hvad så med fugt binding? Eller kapellær binding?
17:51
They don't have any glue, and they even stick under water just fine.
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De har ingen lim, og de hænger sågar fint fast under vand.
17:54
If you put their foot under water, they grab on.
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Hvis du sætter deres fødder under vand så griber de fast.
17:56
How do they do it then? Believe it or not, they grab on
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Hvordan gør de det så? Tro det eller lad være griber de fast
18:00
by intermolecular forces, by Van der Waals forces.
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ved hjælp af indermolekylære kræfter, ved hjælp af van der Waals kræfter.
18:04
You know, you probably had this a long time ago in chemistry,
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Du havde sikkert noget om det her for længe siden i kemi,
18:06
where you had these two atoms, they're close together,
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om, hvis to atomer er tæt på hinanden,
18:08
and the electrons are moving around. That tiny force is sufficient
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og elektronerne bevæger sig rundt. Dén lille kraft er tilstrækkelig
18:11
to allow them to do that because it's added up so many times
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til at lade dem gøre dette, fordi det sker så mange gange
18:14
with these small structures.
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med disse små strukturer.
18:17
What we're doing is, we're taking that inspiration of the hairs,
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Det vi gør er, at vi lader os inspirere af hårene,
18:22
and with another colleague at Berkeley, we're manufacturing them.
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og sammen med en anden kollega fra Berkeley fremstiller vi dem.
18:27
And just recently we've made a breakthrough, where we now believe
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Og vi har for nylig gjort en landvinding, og mener nu, at
18:30
we're going to be able to create the first synthetic, self-cleaning,
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vi bliver i stand til at skabe det første syntetiske, selvrensende,
18:35
dry adhesive. Many companies are interested in this.
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tørre bindemiddel. Mange virksomheder er interesserede i dette.
18:40
(Laughter)
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(Latter)
18:43
We also presented to Nike even.
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Vi gav endda også en præsentation til Nike.
18:45
(Laughter)
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(Latter)
18:48
(Applause)
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(Klapsalve)
18:54
We'll see where this goes. We were so excited about this
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Vi får se, hvor det fører hen. Vi var sådan oppe at køre over dette,
18:57
that we realized that that small-size scale --
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at det gik op for os, at på denne lillebitte skala,
19:00
and where everything gets sticky, and gravity doesn't matter anymore --
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hvor alting bliver klistret, og tyngdekraften ikke betyder noget længere,
19:03
we needed to look at ants and their feet, because
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måtte vi studere myrer og deres fødder, fordi
19:06
one of my other colleagues at Berkeley has built a six-millimeter silicone
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en af mine andre kollegaer på Berkeley har bygget en seks-millimeter stor
19:11
robot with legs. But it gets stuck. It doesn't move very well.
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silikonerobot med ben. Men den sidder fast. Den bevæger sig ikke særlig godt.
19:14
But the ants do, and we'll figure out why, so that ultimately
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Men det gør myrerne, og vi skal nok finde ud af hvorfor, så vi i sidste ende
19:17
we'll make this move. And imagine: you're going to be able
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kan få den til at bevæge sig. Forestil jer, engang vil man kunne have
19:20
to have swarms of these six-millimeter robots available to run around.
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sværme af disse seks-millimeter robotter til at løbe rundt.
19:25
Where's this going? I think you can see it already.
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Hvor fører dette hen? Jeg tror allerede, I kan forestille jer det.
19:28
Clearly, the Internet is already having eyes and ears,
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Tydeligvis har internettet allerede øjne og ører,
19:32
you have web cams and so forth. But it's going to also have legs and hands.
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I har webkameraer og så videre. Men det får også ben og fødder.
19:36
You're going to be able to do programmable
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Du bliver i stand til at lave programmerbart
19:38
work through these kinds of robots, so that you can run,
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arbejde med disse robotter, så man kan løbe,
19:42
fly and swim anywhere. We saw David Kelly is at the beginning of that with his fish.
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flyve og svømme overalt. Vi så David Kelly's starte det med hans fisk.
19:51
So, in conclusion, I think the message is clear.
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Som konklusion mener jeg, budskabet er klart.
19:53
If you need a message, if nature's not enough, if you care about
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Hvis du har rbug for et budskab, hvis naturen i sig selv ikke er nok, hvis du interesserer dig for
19:57
search and rescue, or mine clearance, or medicine,
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redningsarbejde, eller minerydning, eller medicin,
19:59
or the various things we're working on, we must preserve
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eller de forskellige ting, vi arbejder på, er det nødvendigt at bevare
20:03
nature's designs, otherwise these secrets will be lost forever.
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naturens design, ellers går disse hemmeligheder tabt for altid.
20:07
Thank you.
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Tak skal I have.
20:08
(Applause)
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(Klapsalve)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Robert Full - BiologistRobert Full studies cockroach legs and gecko feet. His research is helping build tomorrow's robots, based on evolution's ancient engineering.
Why you should listen
UC Berkeley biologist Robert Full is fascinated by the motion of creatures like cockroaches, crabs and geckos having many legs, unusual feet or talented tails. He has led an effort to demonstrate the value of learning from Nature by the creating interdisciplinary collaborations of biologists, engineers, mathematicians and computer scientists from academia and industry. He founded CiBER, the Center for interdisciplinary Bio-inspiration in Education and Research, and the Poly-PEDAL Laboratory, which studies the Performance, Energetics and Dynamics of Animal Locomotion (PEDAL) in many-footed creatures (Poly).
His research shows how studying a diversity of animals leads to the discovery of general principles which inspire the design of novel circuits, artificial muscles, exoskeletons, versatile scampering legged search-and-rescue robots and synthetic self-cleaning dry adhesives based on gecko feet. He is passionate about discovery-based education leading to innovation -- and he even helped Pixar’s insect animations in the film A Bug's Life.
Robert Full | Speaker | TED.com