TED2019
Peter Beck: Small rockets are the next space revolution
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We're in the dawn of a new space revolution, says engineer Peter Beck: the revolution of the small. In a talk packed with insights into the state of the space industry, Beck shares his work building rockets capable of delivering small payloads to space rapidly and reliably -- helping us search for extraterrestrial life, learn more about the solar system and create a global internet network.
Peter Beck - Rocket entrepreneur
As founder and CEO of Rocket Lab, Peter Beck oversees the manufacturing and launch of rockets designed to put small satellites into orbit. Full bio
As founder and CEO of Rocket Lab, Peter Beck oversees the manufacturing and launch of rockets designed to put small satellites into orbit. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
So what I'm going to talk about here is,
this is a power station.
this is a power station.
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So if you've ever wondered
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what a couple of million
horsepower looked like,
horsepower looked like,
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that's pretty much what it looks like.
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And for me, it's always
been about the rocket.
been about the rocket.
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In fact so much so
that when I was growing up,
that when I was growing up,
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the school called in my parents
to have a bit of a discussion,
to have a bit of a discussion,
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because they believed that my aspirations
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were unrealistic for what I wanted to do.
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(Laughter)
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And they suggested that I take up a job
at the local aluminium smelter,
at the local aluminium smelter,
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because I was very good with my hands.
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But for me, aluminium,
or as you Canadians say, "aluminum,"
or as you Canadians say, "aluminum,"
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was not part of my plan at all.
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So I started building
rockets when I was at school.
rockets when I was at school.
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They got bigger and bigger.
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I actually hold an unofficial
land speed record
land speed record
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for a rocket bike and roller blades
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while wearing a rocket pack.
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(Laughter)
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But as the rockets got larger and larger,
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and more and more complex,
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I started to be able to think
I could do something with this.
I could do something with this.
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Now today we hear about very large rockets
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taking humans to,
or aspiring to take humans to,
or aspiring to take humans to,
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the Moon, and Mars and beyond.
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And that's really important,
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but there's a revolution going
on in the space industry,
on in the space industry,
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and it's not a revolution of the big,
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it's a revolution of the small.
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So here we have an average-to-large-sized
spacecraft in 1990.
spacecraft in 1990.
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We can tell it's 1990
because of the powder blue smocks
because of the powder blue smocks
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for all the trained
in the clean rooms in 1990.
in the clean rooms in 1990.
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But that was your average-to-large-sized
spacecraft in 1990.
spacecraft in 1990.
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Here's a spacecraft
that's going to launch this year.
that's going to launch this year.
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This particular spacecraft
has four high-resolution cameras,
has four high-resolution cameras,
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a whole lot of senors,
a CoMP communication system.
a CoMP communication system.
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We're going to launch thousands
of these into the solar system
of these into the solar system
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to look for extraterrestrial life.
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Quite different.
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You see that Moore's law
really applied itself to spacecraft.
really applied itself to spacecraft.
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However, the rockets
that we've been building
that we've been building
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have been designed
for carrying these very large,
for carrying these very large,
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school-bus-sized spacecraft to orbit.
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But this kind of launch vehicle here
is not very practical
is not very practical
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for launching something
that will fit on the tip of my finger.
that will fit on the tip of my finger.
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And to give you a sense of scale here,
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this rocket is so large
that I inserted a picture of myself
that I inserted a picture of myself
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in my underpants, in complete confidence,
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knowing that you will
not be able to find me.
not be able to find me.
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That's how big this rocket actually is.
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(Laughter)
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Moving on.
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(Laughter)
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So this is our rocket --
it's called the Electron.
it's called the Electron.
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It's a small launch vehicle
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for lifting these small
payloads into orbit.
payloads into orbit.
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And the key here
is not the size of the rocket --
is not the size of the rocket --
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the key here is frequency.
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If you actually wanted
to democratize space
to democratize space
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and enable access to space,
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launch frequency is
the absolute most important thing
the absolute most important thing
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out of all of this.
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Now in order to really democratize space,
there's three things you have to do.
there's three things you have to do.
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And each one of these three things
has kind of the equivalent amount of work.
has kind of the equivalent amount of work.
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So the first is, obviously,
you have to build a rocket.
you have to build a rocket.
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The second is regulatory,
and the third is infrastructure.
and the third is infrastructure.
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So let's talk a little bit
about infrastructure.
about infrastructure.
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So this is our launch site --
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it's obviously not Cape Canaveral,
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but it's a little launch site --
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in fact, it's the only private
orbiter launch site
orbiter launch site
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in the entire world, down in New Zealand.
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And you may think
that's a bit of an odd place
that's a bit of an odd place
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to build a rocket company
and a launch site.
and a launch site.
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But the thing is that every time
you launch a rocket,
you launch a rocket,
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you have to close down
around about 2,000 kilometers of airspace,
around about 2,000 kilometers of airspace,
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2,000 kilometers
of marine and shipping space,
of marine and shipping space,
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and ironically, it's one
of the things in America
of the things in America
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that doesn't scale very well,
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because every time
you close down all that airspace,
you close down all that airspace,
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you disrupt all these travelers
trying to get to their destination.
trying to get to their destination.
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The airlines really hate rocket companies,
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because it costs them
around $70,000 a minute, and so on.
around $70,000 a minute, and so on.
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So what you really need,
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if you want to truly have
rapid access to space,
rapid access to space,
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is a reliable and frequent
access to space,
access to space,
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is you need, basically,
a small island nation
a small island nation
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in the middle of nowhere,
with no neighbors and no air traffic.
with no neighbors and no air traffic.
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And that just happened to be New Zealand.
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(Laughter)
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So, that's kind of the infrastructure bit.
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Now the next bit of that is regulatory.
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So, believe it or not,
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New Zealand is not known
for its space prowess,
for its space prowess,
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or at least it wasn't.
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And you can't just rock on up to a country
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with what is essentially
considered an ICBM,
considered an ICBM,
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because unfortunately,
if you can put a satellite into orbit,
if you can put a satellite into orbit,
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you can use that rocket
for doing significantly nasty things.
for doing significantly nasty things.
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So quickly, you run afoul
of a whole lot of rules and regulations,
of a whole lot of rules and regulations,
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and international treaties
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of the nonproliferation of weapons
of mass destruction and whatnot.
of mass destruction and whatnot.
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So it becomes quite complex.
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So in order for us
to launch down in New Zealand,
to launch down in New Zealand,
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we had to get the United States government
and the New Zealand government
and the New Zealand government
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to agree to sign a bilateral treaty.
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And then once that bilateral
treaty was signed
treaty was signed
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to safeguard the technology,
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the New Zealand government
had a whole lot of obligations.
had a whole lot of obligations.
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And they had to create
a lot of rules and regulations.
a lot of rules and regulations.
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In fact, they had to pass laws
through a select committee
through a select committee
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and through Parliament,
ultimately, and to complete laws.
ultimately, and to complete laws.
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Once you have laws,
you need somebody who administers them.
you need somebody who administers them.
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So they had to create a space agency.
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And once they did,
the Aussies felt left out,
the Aussies felt left out,
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so they had to create a space agency.
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And on and on it goes.
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So you see, there's a massive
portion of this, in fact,
portion of this, in fact,
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two thirds of it, that does not
even involve the rocket.
even involve the rocket.
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(Laughter)
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Now, let's talk about the rocket.
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You know, what I didn't say
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is that we're actually licensed to launch
every 72 hours for the next 30 years.
every 72 hours for the next 30 years.
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So we have more launch
availability as a private company
availability as a private company
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than America does as an entire country.
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And if you've got a launch every 72 hours,
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then that means you have to build
a rocket every 72 hours.
a rocket every 72 hours.
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And unfortunately, there's no such thing
as just a one-stop rocket shop.
as just a one-stop rocket shop.
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You can't go and buy
bits to build a rocket.
bits to build a rocket.
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Every rocket is absolutely bespoke,
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every component is absolutely bespoke.
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And you're in a constant
battle with physics every day.
battle with physics every day.
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Every single day,
I wake up and I battle physics.
I wake up and I battle physics.
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And I'll give you an example of this.
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So on the side of our rocket,
there's a silver stripe.
there's a silver stripe.
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The reason is because there's avionic
components behind there.
components behind there.
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We needed to lower
the emissivity of the skin
the emissivity of the skin
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so we didn't cook
the components from the sunlight.
the components from the sunlight.
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So we paint a silver stripe.
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Unfortunately, as you're
sailing through the Earth's atmosphere,
sailing through the Earth's atmosphere,
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you generate a lot of static electricity.
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And if you don't have conductive paint,
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you'll basically send lightning
bolts down to the Earth.
bolts down to the Earth.
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So even the silver paint
has to be triboelectrificated
has to be triboelectrificated
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and certified and applied and everything,
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and the stickers,
they're a whole nother story.
they're a whole nother story.
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But even the simplest thing
is always, always a real struggle.
is always, always a real struggle.
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Now, to the heart of any
launch vehicle is the engine.
launch vehicle is the engine.
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This is our Rutherford rocket engine.
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And usually, you measure rocket engines
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in terms of time to manufacture,
in terms of sort of months
in terms of sort of months
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or even sometimes years,
on really big engines.
on really big engines.
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But if you're launching every 72 hours --
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there's 10 engines per rocket --
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then you need to produce
an engine very quickly.
an engine very quickly.
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We needed to come up
with a whole new process
with a whole new process
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and a whole new cycle
for the rocket engine.
for the rocket engine.
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We came up with a new cycle
called the electric turbo pump,
called the electric turbo pump,
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but we also managed to be able
to 3D-print these rocket engines.
to 3D-print these rocket engines.
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So each one of these engines
is 3D-printed out of Inconel superalloy,
is 3D-printed out of Inconel superalloy,
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and right now, we can print round
about one engine every 24 hours.
about one engine every 24 hours.
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Now, the electric turbo pump cycle
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is a totally different
way to pump propellant
way to pump propellant
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into the rocket engine.
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So we carry about one megawatt
where the battery is on board.
where the battery is on board.
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And we have little electric turbo pumps,
about the size of a Coke can,
about the size of a Coke can,
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not much bigger than a Coke can.
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They spin at 42,000 RPM,
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and each one of those
Coke-can-sized turbo pumps
Coke-can-sized turbo pumps
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produces about the same
amount of horsepower
amount of horsepower
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as your average family car,
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and we have 20 of them on the rocket.
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So you can see even the simplest thing,
like pumping propellants,
like pumping propellants,
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always pretty much drives you insane.
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This is Electron, it works.
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(Laughter)
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(Applause)
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Not only does it work once,
it seems to work quite frequently,
it seems to work quite frequently,
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which is handy when you've got
a lot of customers to put on orbit.
a lot of customers to put on orbit.
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So far, we've put 25 satellites in orbit.
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And the really cool thing
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is we're able to do it
very, very accurately.
very, very accurately.
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In fact, we insert the satellites
to within an accuracy of 1.4 kilometers.
to within an accuracy of 1.4 kilometers.
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And I guess if you're riding in a cab,
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1.4 kilometers is not very accurate.
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But in, kind of, space terms,
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that equates to around
about 180 milliseconds.
about 180 milliseconds.
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We travel 1.4 kilometers
in about 180 milliseconds.
in about 180 milliseconds.
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So, it's actually quite hard to do.
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(Laughter)
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Now, what I want to talk
about here is space junk.
about here is space junk.
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We've talked a lot during
this talk about, you know,
this talk about, you know,
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how we want to launch really
frequently, every 72 hours,
frequently, every 72 hours,
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and all the rest of it.
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However, I don't want
to go down in history
to go down in history
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as the guy that put the most
amount of space junk in orbit.
amount of space junk in orbit.
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This is kind of the industry's
dirty little secret here,
dirty little secret here,
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what most people don't realize
is that the majority of space junk by mass
is that the majority of space junk by mass
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is not actually satellites,
it's dead rockets.
it's dead rockets.
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Because as you ascend to orbit,
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you have to shed
bits of the rocket to get there,
bits of the rocket to get there,
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with the battle of physics.
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So I'm going to give a little
Orbital Mechanics 101 here,
Orbital Mechanics 101 here,
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and talk about how we go to orbit,
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and how we do it really,
really differently from everybody else.
really differently from everybody else.
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So the second stage cruises along
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and then we separate off
a thing at the top called the kick stage,
a thing at the top called the kick stage,
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but we leave the second stage
in this highly elliptical orbit.
in this highly elliptical orbit.
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And at the perigee
of the orbit, or the lowest point,
of the orbit, or the lowest point,
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it dips into the Earth's atmosphere
and basically burns back up.
and basically burns back up.
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So now we're left
with this little kick stage,
with this little kick stage,
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that white thing
on the corner of the screen.
on the corner of the screen.
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It's got its own propulsion system,
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and we use it to raise and trim the orbit
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and then deploy the spacecraft.
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And then because it's got its own engine,
we put it into a retro orbit,
we put it into a retro orbit,
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put it back into a highly
elliptical orbit,
elliptical orbit,
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reenter it into the atmosphere
and burn it back up,
and burn it back up,
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and leave absolutely nothing behind.
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Now everybody else in the industry
is just downright filthy,
is just downright filthy,
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they just leave their crap
everywhere out there.
everywhere out there.
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(Laughter)
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(Applause)
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So I want to tell you
a little bit of a story,
a little bit of a story,
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and this is going to date me,
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but I went to a school at the very bottom
of the South Island in New Zealand,
of the South Island in New Zealand,
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tiny little school,
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and we had a computer
not dissimilar to this one.
not dissimilar to this one.
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And attached to that computer
was a little black box called a modem,
was a little black box called a modem,
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and every Friday, the class would gather
around the computer
around the computer
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and we would send an email
to another school in America
to another school in America
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that was lucky enough
to have the same kind of setup,
to have the same kind of setup,
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and we would receive an email back.
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And we thought that was just incredible,
absolutely incredible.
absolutely incredible.
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Now I often wonder
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what would happen
if I traveled back in time
if I traveled back in time
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and I sat down with myself
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and I explained all of the things
that were going to occur
that were going to occur
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because of that little black box
connected to the computer.
connected to the computer.
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You would largely think
that it would be complete fantasy.
that it would be complete fantasy.
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But the reality is that is where we are
right now with space.
right now with space.
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We're right on the verge
of democratizing space,
of democratizing space,
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and we have essentially sent
our first email to space.
our first email to space.
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Now I'll give you some examples.
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So last year, we flew a small satellite
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for a bunch of high school
students who had built it.
students who had built it.
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And the high school students were studying
the atmosphere of Venus.
the atmosphere of Venus.
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Those are high school students
launching their own satellite.
launching their own satellite.
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Another great example,
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there's a number of really big
programs right now
programs right now
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to place large constellations,
of small satellites in orbit
of small satellites in orbit
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to deliver internet
to every square millimeter on the planet.
to every square millimeter on the planet.
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And for pretty much
everybody in this room,
everybody in this room,
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that's just handy,
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because we can stream Netflix
anywhere we want.
anywhere we want.
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But if you think about the developing
countries of the world,
countries of the world,
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you've just disseminated
the entire knowledge of the world
the entire knowledge of the world
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to every single person in the world.
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And that's going to have
a pretty major effect.
a pretty major effect.
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Thanks very much.
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(Applause)
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Peter Beck - Rocket entrepreneurAs founder and CEO of Rocket Lab, Peter Beck oversees the manufacturing and launch of rockets designed to put small satellites into orbit.
Why you should listen
Peter Beck is on a mission to lift human potential by opening access to space for small satellites that perform vital services, such as weather monitoring, communications and Earth-observation.
After a childhood spent making homemade rockets in a small New Zealand town, Beck founded Rocket Lab, where he led the development of the Electron rocket. Throwing the rocket-building rulebook out the window, Beck and his team developed the world's first fully carbon-composite launch vehicle, powering it with 3D-printed, electric turbopump-fed engines. He also oversaw the development of the world's only private orbital launch site. In January 2018, Rocket Lab staged the first of many orbital launches.
Peter Beck | Speaker | TED.com