TED2014
Robert Full: The secrets of nature's grossest creatures, channeled into robots
Robert Full: Skrivnosti najbolj ogabnih bitij narave se stekajo v robote
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Kako se lahko roboti stabilizirajo na zahtevnem terenu, hodijo z glavo navzdol, izvajajo gimnastične gibe in se zaletavajo v stene, ne da bi se poškodovali? Robert Full si je ogledal neverjetno telo ščurka, da bi pokazal, kaj se lahko od njih naučijo robotski inženirji.
Robert Full - Biologist
Robert Full studies cockroach legs and gecko feet. His research is helping build tomorrow's robots, based on evolution's ancient engineering. Full bio
Robert Full studies cockroach legs and gecko feet. His research is helping build tomorrow's robots, based on evolution's ancient engineering. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
Even nature's most disgusting creatures
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Celo najbolj nagnusna bitja narave
00:15
have important secrets,
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imajo pomembne skrivnosti,
00:18
but who would want a swarm of cockroaches
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a le kdo bi hotel,
da roj ščurkov hiti proti njemu?
da roj ščurkov hiti proti njemu?
00:19
coming towards them?
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00:21
Yet one of the greatest differences
between natural and human technologies
between natural and human technologies
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A vendar je ena največjih razlik
med naravno in človeško tehnologijo
med naravno in človeško tehnologijo
00:24
relates to robustness.
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povezana z robustnostjo.
00:26
Robust systems are stable in complex
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Robustni sistemi so stabilni v zapletenih
00:29
and new environments.
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in novih okoljih.
00:31
Remarkably, cockroaches can self-stabilize
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Osupljivo, a ščurki se lahko
samouravnavajo,
samouravnavajo,
00:32
running over rough terrain.
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ko tečejo prek neravnega površja.
00:34
When we put a jet pack on them,
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Ko smo jim dali raketni pogon
ali pa povzročili motnjo, kot je potres,
ali pa povzročili motnjo, kot je potres,
00:35
or give them a perturbation like an earthquake,
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00:37
we discovered that their wonderfully tuned legs
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smo odkrili, da jim njihove
čudovito uglašene noge
čudovito uglašene noge
00:40
allow them to self-stabilize
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omogočijo, da se samouravnavajo
00:42
without using any of their brainpower.
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brez posredovanja možganov.
00:45
They can go over complex terrain like grass,
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Lahko gredo čez
zapleteno površje, kot je trava,
zapleteno površje, kot je trava,
00:49
no problem, and not get destabilized.
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brez problema in se ne destabilizirajo.
00:51
We discovered a new behavior where,
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Odkrili smo novo vrsto vedenja,
kjer se zaradi svoje oblike
kjer se zaradi svoje oblike
00:52
because of their shape,
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00:53
they actually roll automatically to their side
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pravzaprav avtomatično zavalijo na bok,
00:55
to go through this artificial test bit of grass.
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da lahko potujejo prek te testne zelenice.
00:59
Robust systems can perform multiple tasks
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Robustni sistemi lahko izvajajo
več nalog z isto strukturo.
več nalog z isto strukturo.
01:02
with the same structure.
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01:04
Here's a new behavior we've discovered.
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Tu je novo vedenje, ki smo ga odkrili.
01:06
The animals rapidly invert and disappear
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Živali se zelo hitro obrnejo in izginejo
01:08
in less than 150 milliseconds — you never see them —
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v manj kot 150 milisekundah -
sploh jih ne vidite -
sploh jih ne vidite -
01:10
using the same structures that
they use to run, their legs.
they use to run, their legs.
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z uporabo struktur,
ki jih imajo za tek, svojih nog.
ki jih imajo za tek, svojih nog.
01:12
They can run upside down
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Tečejo lahko z glavo navzdol
01:14
very rapidly on rods, branches and wires,
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zelo hitro po palicah, vejah in žicah,
01:17
and if you perturb one of those branches,
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in če vznemirite eno teh vej,
01:19
they can do this.
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lahko naredijo tole.
01:20
They can perform gymnastic maneuvers
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Izvajajo lahko gimnastične gibe,
01:22
like no robot we have yet.
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kot jih ne more še noben od robotov,
ki jih imamo.
ki jih imamo.
01:24
And they have nearly unlimited
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In imajo skoraj neomejene možnosti
manevriranja s to isto strukturo
manevriranja s to isto strukturo
01:26
maneuverability with that same structure
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01:29
and unprecedented access to a variety
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in neverjeten dostop do
različnih vrst območij.
različnih vrst območij.
01:33
of different areas.
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01:37
They have wings for flying when they get warm,
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Imajo krila, da letijo, ko jim je vroče,
01:40
but they use those same wings to flip over
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uporabljajo pa jih tudi za to,
da se spet obrnejo, če padejo na hrbet.
da se spet obrnejo, če padejo na hrbet.
01:42
if they get destabilized.
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01:46
Very effective.
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Zelo učinkovito.
01:47
Robust systems are also fault tolerant and fail-safe.
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Robustni sistemi so tudi tolerantni
do napak in odporni nanje.
do napak in odporni nanje.
01:51
This is the foot of a cockroach.
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To je ščurkovo stopalo. Ima ščetine,
lepljive blazinice in kremplje,
lepljive blazinice in kremplje,
01:52
It has spines, gluey pads and claws,
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01:55
but if you take off those feet,
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ampak, če jih odstranite,
se še vedno premikajo po grobem terenu
se še vedno premikajo po grobem terenu
01:57
they can still go over rough terrain,
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01:58
like the bottom video that you see,
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kot vidite na spodnjem posnetku,
ne da bi se kaj upočasnili. Neverjetno.
ne da bi se kaj upočasnili. Neverjetno.
02:00
without hardly slowing down. Extraordinary.
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02:04
They can run up mesh without their feet.
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Brez stopal lahko plezajo
navzgor po mrežah.
navzgor po mrežah.
02:07
Here's an animal using a normal, alternating tripod:
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To je žival, ki hodi v
izmenjujočem trikoraku:
izmenjujočem trikoraku:
02:09
three legs, three legs, three legs,
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tri noge, tri noge, tri noge,
02:11
but in nature, the insects often have lost their legs.
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a v naravi žuželke noge pogosto izgubijo.
02:14
Here's one moving with two middle legs gone.
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Tu je ena, ki hodi brez dveh srednjih nog.
02:18
It can even lose three legs, in a tripod,
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Lahko celo izgubi tri noge iz trikoraka
in razvije nov korak, skakajoč korak.
in razvije nov korak, skakajoč korak.
02:21
and adopt a new gait, a hopping gait.
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02:25
And I point out that all of these videos
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In naj povem, da so vsi ti posnetki
upočasnjeni za dvajsetkrat,
upočasnjeni za dvajsetkrat,
02:27
are slowed down 20 times,
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02:29
so they're actually really fast, when you see this.
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in so v resnici zelo hitri, ko gledate.
02:31
Robust systems are also damage resistant.
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Robustni sistemi so tudi
odporni na poškodbe.
odporni na poškodbe.
02:34
Here's an animal climbing up a wall.
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Tu žival pleza po zidu.
02:36
It looks like a rapid, smooth, vertical climb,
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Videti je kot hiter,
gladek, navpični vzpon,
gladek, navpični vzpon,
02:39
but when you slow it down,
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a ko to upočasnite,
vidite nekaj zelo drugačnega.
vidite nekaj zelo drugačnega.
02:40
you see something very different.
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02:42
Here's what they do.
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Kaj pravzaprav naredijo.
02:44
They intentionally have a
head-on collision with the wall
head-on collision with the wall
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Namerno se zaletijo naravnost v steno,
02:47
so they don't slow down and can transition up it
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da ne izgubijo hitrosti in
lahko splezajo na zid v 75 milisekundah.
lahko splezajo na zid v 75 milisekundah.
02:49
in 75 milliseconds.
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02:52
And they can do this in part because they have
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In to lahko naredijo deloma tudi zato,
ker imajo neverjetno zunanje okostje.
ker imajo neverjetno zunanje okostje.
02:53
extraordinary exoskeletons.
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02:55
And they're really just made up of compliant joints
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Pravzaprav so narejeni iz
kopice prilegajočih se sklepov,
kopice prilegajočih se sklepov,
02:59
that are tubes and plates
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ki so cevi in plošče,
ki so povezani med sabo.
ki so povezani med sabo.
03:01
connected to one another.
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03:03
Here's a dissection of an abdomen of a cockroach.
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Tu je prerez ščurkovega trupa.
03:05
You see these plates, and you
see the compliant membrane.
see the compliant membrane.
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Vidite te plošče in gibljivo membrano.
03:09
My engineering colleague at Berkeley
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Moji inženirski kolega z Univerze Berkeley
03:12
designed with his students
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je s svojimi študenti oblikoval
novo izdelovalno tehniko,
novo izdelovalno tehniko,
03:13
a novel manufacturing technique
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03:15
where you essentially origami the exoskeleton,
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kjer pravzaprav zložite
zunanji skelet kot origami.
zunanji skelet kot origami.
03:18
you laser cut it, laminate it,
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ga lasersko izrežete, razdelite v plasti,
in nato skupaj zložite robota.
in nato skupaj zložite robota.
03:20
and you fold it up into a robot.
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03:22
And you can do that now in less than 15 minutes.
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In to lahko zdaj naredite
v manj kot 15 minutah.
v manj kot 15 minutah.
03:28
These robots, called DASH,
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Ti roboti se imenujejo DAZH,
Dinamični Avtonomni Zloženi Heksapod,
Dinamični Avtonomni Zloženi Heksapod,
03:30
for Dynamic Autonomous Sprawled Hexapod,
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03:33
are highly compliant robots,
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in so zelo gibljivi roboti
03:36
and they're remarkably robust as a result
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in posledično zelo robustni.
03:39
of these features.
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03:41
They're certainly incredibly damage resistant.
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Prav gotovo so neverjetno
odporni na poškodbe.
odporni na poškodbe.
03:47
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
03:51
They even have some of the
behaviors of the cockroaches.
behaviors of the cockroaches.
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Imajo celo nekaj
vedenjskih lastnosti ščurkov.
vedenjskih lastnosti ščurkov.
03:53
So they can use their smart, compliant body
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Lahko uporabijo svoje
pametno, gibljivo telo,
pametno, gibljivo telo,
03:55
to transition up a wall
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da preidejo na steno
na zelo preprost način.
na zelo preprost način.
03:58
in a very simple way.
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04:01
They even have some of the beginnings
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Imajo tudi zametke hitrega obračanja,
s katerim izginejo.
s katerim izginejo.
04:02
of the rapid inversion behavior
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04:04
where they disappear.
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04:07
Now we want to know why they can go anywhere.
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Radi bi vedeli,
zakaj lahko gredo kamorkoli.
zakaj lahko gredo kamorkoli.
04:08
We discovered that they can go through
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Odkrili smo, da lahko zlezejo
skozi tri milimetrske špranje,
skozi tri milimetrske špranje,
04:10
three-millimeter gaps,
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04:11
the height of two pennies, two stacked pennies,
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to je višina dveh penijev,
drugega na drugem,
drugega na drugem,
04:14
and when they do this,
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04:15
they can actually run through those confined spaces
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in ko to naredijo, lahko pravzaprav
tečejo skozi te ozke prostore
tečejo skozi te ozke prostore
04:17
at high speeds,
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pri visokih hitrostih,
04:19
although you never see it.
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čeprav tega ne morete nikoli videti.
04:22
To understand it better,
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04:23
we did a CT scan of the exoskeleton
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Za boljše razumevanje
smo naredili CT sliko zunanjega okostja,
smo naredili CT sliko zunanjega okostja,
04:25
and showed that they can compress their body
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ki kaže, da lahko svoje telo stisnejo
za več kot 40 odstotkov.
za več kot 40 odstotkov.
04:27
by over 40 percent.
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04:30
We put them in a materials testing machine
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Dali smo jih v napravo
za testiranje materialov,
za testiranje materialov,
04:31
to look at the stress strain analysis
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da bi si ogledali analizo stresnih testov
04:33
and showed that they can withstand forces
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in ugotovili, da lahko prenesejo sile,
04:36
800 times their body weight,
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ki so osemstokrat
večje od njihove teže,
večje od njihove teže,
04:37
and after this they can fly and run
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in po tem lahko letijo in tečejo
povsem normalno.
povsem normalno.
04:39
absolutely normally.
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04:41
So you never know where
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Tako nikoli ne veste,
04:43
curiosity-based research will lead,
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kam vas vodi raziskava,
ki temelji na radovednosti,
ki temelji na radovednosti,
04:46
and someday you may want a swarm
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in nekega dne boste mogoče želeli,
04:48
of cockroach-inspired robots
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da roj robotov, ki se zgledujejo
po ščurkih, hiti proti vam.
po ščurkih, hiti proti vam.
04:50
to come at you.
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04:52
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
04:59
Thank you.
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Hvala.
05:01
(Applause)
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(Aplavz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Robert Full - BiologistRobert Full studies cockroach legs and gecko feet. His research is helping build tomorrow's robots, based on evolution's ancient engineering.
Why you should listen
UC Berkeley biologist Robert Full is fascinated by the motion of creatures like cockroaches, crabs and geckos having many legs, unusual feet or talented tails. He has led an effort to demonstrate the value of learning from Nature by the creating interdisciplinary collaborations of biologists, engineers, mathematicians and computer scientists from academia and industry. He founded CiBER, the Center for interdisciplinary Bio-inspiration in Education and Research, and the Poly-PEDAL Laboratory, which studies the Performance, Energetics and Dynamics of Animal Locomotion (PEDAL) in many-footed creatures (Poly).
His research shows how studying a diversity of animals leads to the discovery of general principles which inspire the design of novel circuits, artificial muscles, exoskeletons, versatile scampering legged search-and-rescue robots and synthetic self-cleaning dry adhesives based on gecko feet. He is passionate about discovery-based education leading to innovation -- and he even helped Pixar’s insect animations in the film A Bug's Life.
Robert Full | Speaker | TED.com