TED2005
Brian Greene: Making sense of string theory
Brian Greene: Smisel teorije strun
Filmed:
Readability: 4
6,215,922 views
Fizik Brian Greene razloži teorijo superstrun, zamisel, da majcene nitke energije, ki vibrirajo v 11 dimenzijah, ustvarjajo vse delce in sile v vesolju.
Brian Greene - Physicist
Brian Greene is perhaps the best-known proponent of superstring theory, the idea that minuscule strands of energy vibrating in a higher dimensional space-time create every particle and force in the universe. Full bio
Brian Greene is perhaps the best-known proponent of superstring theory, the idea that minuscule strands of energy vibrating in a higher dimensional space-time create every particle and force in the universe. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
In the year 1919,
0
1000
2000
Leta 1919
00:15
a virtually unknown German mathematician, named Theodor Kaluza
1
3000
7000
je skoraj neznan nemški
matematik Theodor Kaluza
matematik Theodor Kaluza
00:22
suggested a very bold and, in some ways, a very bizarre idea.
2
10000
7000
predlagal zelo drzno
in dokaj nenavadno zamisel.
in dokaj nenavadno zamisel.
Predpostavil je, da bi lahko naše vesolje
00:29
He proposed that our universe
3
17000
2000
00:31
might actually have more than the three dimensions
4
19000
3000
v resnici imelo več kot tri dimenzije,
00:34
that we are all aware of.
5
22000
3000
ki se jih zavedamo.
Torej, smerem levo-desno,
nazaj-naprej in gor-dol,
nazaj-naprej in gor-dol,
00:37
That is in addition to left, right, back, forth and up, down,
6
25000
3000
00:40
Kaluza proposed that there might be additional dimensions of space
7
28000
5000
je Kaluza dodal možne dimenzije prostora,
ki jih zaenkrat iz različnih
razlogov še ne opazimo.
razlogov še ne opazimo.
00:45
that for some reason we don't yet see.
8
33000
3000
00:48
Now, when someone makes a bold and bizarre idea,
9
36000
4000
Če se pojavi drzna in nenavadna zamisel,
je včasih ta samo drzna in nenavadna,
je včasih ta samo drzna in nenavadna,
00:52
sometimes that's all it is -- bold and bizarre,
10
40000
2000
nima pa nič skupnega z resničnim svetom.
00:54
but it has nothing to do with the world around us.
11
42000
3000
00:57
This particular idea, however --
12
45000
2000
Vendar je ta zamisel, o kateri govorim,
00:59
although we don't yet know whether it's right or wrong,
13
47000
3000
čeprav še ne vemo zagotovo,
če drži ali ne,
če drži ali ne,
in na koncu bom povedal o eksperimentih,
ki nam lahko čez nekaj let
ki nam lahko čez nekaj let
01:02
and at the end I'll discuss experiments which, in the next few years,
14
50000
3000
povedo, če drži ali ne,
01:05
may tell us whether it's right or wrong --
15
53000
2000
ta zamisel je močno vplivala
na razvoj fizike v prejšnjem stoletju
na razvoj fizike v prejšnjem stoletju
01:07
this idea has had a major impact on physics in the last century
16
55000
4000
in tudi zdaj navdihuje
veliko vodilnih raziskav.
veliko vodilnih raziskav.
01:11
and continues to inform a lot of cutting-edge research.
17
59000
3000
Torej, rad bi vam povedal
zgodbo o teh dodatnih dimenzijah.
zgodbo o teh dodatnih dimenzijah.
01:14
So, I'd like to tell you something about the story of these extra dimensions.
18
62000
4000
01:18
So where do we go?
19
66000
2000
Kam se naj obrnemo?
Za začetek potrebujemo uvod. Gremo v 1907.
Za začetek potrebujemo uvod. Gremo v 1907.
01:20
To begin we need a little bit of back story. Go to 1907.
20
68000
3000
01:23
This is a year when Einstein is basking in the glow
21
71000
4000
To je letnica,
ko Einstein počiva na lovorikah,
ko Einstein počiva na lovorikah,
ker je odkril
posebno teorijo relativnosti,
posebno teorijo relativnosti,
01:27
of having discovered the special theory of relativity
22
75000
3000
in se odloči sprejeti nov izziv -
01:30
and decides to take on a new project,
23
78000
3000
poskusil bo popolnoma razumeti
veliko, prodorno silo gravitacije.
veliko, prodorno silo gravitacije.
01:33
to try to understand fully the grand, pervasive force of gravity.
24
81000
7000
V tistem času je bilo veliko ljudi,
01:40
And in that moment, there are many people around
25
88000
3000
ki so menili, da je ta projekt že rešen.
01:43
who thought that that project had already been resolved.
26
91000
4000
Newton je v poznem 16. stoletju
dal svetu teorijo gravitacije,
dal svetu teorijo gravitacije,
01:47
Newton had given the world a theory of gravity in the late 1600s
27
95000
3000
01:50
that works well, describes the motion of planets,
28
98000
4000
ki dela dobro: opisuje gibanje planetov,
gibanje Lune, in tako dalje,
01:54
the motion of the moon and so forth,
29
102000
2000
01:56
the motion of apocryphal of apples falling from trees,
30
104000
3000
razlaga padec legendarnih jabolk
z dreves ljudem na glave.
z dreves ljudem na glave.
01:59
hitting people on the head.
31
107000
2000
In vse to je moč opisati
s pomočjo Newtonovega dela.
s pomočjo Newtonovega dela.
02:01
All of that could be described using Newton's work.
32
109000
2000
Ampak Einstein je ugotovil,
da je Newton pustil nekaj ob strani,
da je Newton pustil nekaj ob strani,
02:03
But Einstein realized that Newton had left something out of the story,
33
111000
4000
02:07
because even Newton had written
34
115000
3000
saj je Newton celo zapisal,
da ni, čeprav je razumel,
kako naj bi izračunal učinek gravitacije,
kako naj bi izračunal učinek gravitacije,
02:10
that although he understood how to calculate the effect of gravity,
35
118000
5000
nikakor mogel ugotoviti,
kako zares deluje.
kako zares deluje.
02:15
he'd been unable to figure out how it really works.
36
123000
3000
Kako je mogoče, da Sonce,
150 milijonov kilometrov daleč,
150 milijonov kilometrov daleč,
02:18
How is it that the Sun, 93 million miles away,
37
126000
3000
nekako vpliva na gibanje Zemlje?
02:21
[that] somehow it affects the motion of the Earth?
38
129000
3000
Kako Sonce vpliva skozi
ta prazen, nedejaven prostor?
ta prazen, nedejaven prostor?
02:24
How does the Sun reach out across empty inert space and exert influence?
39
132000
4000
02:28
And that is a task to which Einstein set himself --
40
136000
3000
In to je bila naloga,
ki si jo je Einstein zadal -
ki si jo je Einstein zadal -
02:31
to figure out how gravity works.
41
139000
3000
ugotoviti, kako deluje gravitacija.
Naj vam pokažem, kaj je našel.
02:34
And let me show you what it is that he found.
42
142000
3000
Einstein je ugotovil,
02:37
So Einstein found
43
145000
1000
02:38
that the medium that transmits gravity is space itself.
44
146000
4000
da je posrednik gravitacije sam prostor.
02:42
The idea goes like this:
45
150000
2000
Zamisel je taka: predstavljajte si,
da je prostor temelj za vse, kar je.
da je prostor temelj za vse, kar je.
02:44
imagine space is a substrate of all there is.
46
152000
2000
02:46
Einstein said space is nice and flat, if there's no matter present.
47
154000
4000
Einstein je rekel,
da je prostor brez snovi raven.
da je prostor brez snovi raven.
02:50
But if there is matter in the environment, such as the Sun,
48
158000
4000
Kadar pa v okolju snov je, denimo Sonce,
povzroči, da se tkanina prostora
zvije in ukrivi.
zvije in ukrivi.
02:54
it causes the fabric of space to warp, to curve.
49
162000
4000
In to prenaša silo gravitacije.
02:58
And that communicates the force of gravity.
50
166000
2000
03:00
Even the Earth warps space around it.
51
168000
3000
Celo Zemlja ukrivi prostor okoli sebe.
03:03
Now look at the Moon.
52
171000
2000
Poglejmo zdaj Luno.
Luna vztraja v skladu s temi zamislimi
v svoji orbiti zato,
v svoji orbiti zato,
03:05
The Moon is kept in orbit, according to these ideas,
53
173000
3000
ker kroži po dolini ukrivljenega območja,
03:08
because it rolls along a valley in the curved environment
54
176000
3000
ki ga s svojo prisotnostjo ustvarijo
Sonce, Luna in Zemlja.
Sonce, Luna in Zemlja.
03:11
that the Sun and the Moon and the Earth can all create by virtue of their presence.
55
179000
5000
03:16
We go to a full-frame view of this.
56
184000
3000
Poglejmo zdaj veliko sliko.
Tudi Zemlja sama se zadržuje v orbiti,
03:19
The Earth itself is kept in orbit
57
187000
2000
ker kroži po območju, ki je ukrivljeno
zaradi prisotnosti Sonca.
zaradi prisotnosti Sonca.
03:21
because it rolls along a valley in the environment that's curved
58
189000
4000
03:25
because of the Sun's presence.
59
193000
2000
To je nova zamisel o tem,
kako gravitacija deluje.
kako gravitacija deluje.
03:27
That is this new idea about how gravity actually works.
60
195000
5000
03:32
Now, this idea was tested in 1919 through astronomical observations.
61
200000
5000
To teorijo so leta 1919
potrdili z astronomskimi opazovanji.
potrdili z astronomskimi opazovanji.
03:37
It really works. It describes the data.
62
205000
3000
Res dela. Opisuje podatke.
03:40
And this gained Einstein prominence around the world.
63
208000
4000
Z njo se je Einstein uveljavil v svetu.
03:44
And that is what got Kaluza thinking.
64
212000
4000
Prav ta teorija je dala Kaluzi misliti.
Kot Einstein je tudi on poskušal najti
tisto, čemur se reče "poenotena teorija".
tisto, čemur se reče "poenotena teorija".
03:48
He, like Einstein, was in search of what we call a unified theory.
65
216000
4000
03:52
That's one theory
66
220000
2000
To je ena teorija,
03:54
that might be able to describe all of nature's forces from one set of ideas,
67
222000
4000
ki bi opisovala vse naravne sile
z enim naborom zamisli,
z enim naborom zamisli,
03:58
one set of principles, one master equation, if you will.
68
226000
4000
z enim naborom načel,
z eno ključno enačbo, če hočete.
z eno ključno enačbo, če hočete.
04:02
So Kaluza said to himself,
69
230000
2000
Kaluza si je rekel:
04:04
Einstein has been able to describe gravity
70
232000
3000
Einsteinu se je posrečilo
opisati gravitacijo
opisati gravitacijo
z zvitostjo in ukrivljenostjo prostora -
04:07
in terms of warps and curves in space --
71
235000
2000
04:09
in fact, space and time, to be more precise.
72
237000
3000
v resnici, bolj natančno,
prostora in časa.
prostora in časa.
Mogoče bi lahko storil enako
s tisto drugo znano silo,
s tisto drugo znano silo,
04:12
Maybe I can play the same game with the other known force,
73
240000
5000
takrat znano kot elektromagnetna
sila - dandanes poznamo tudi druge,
sila - dandanes poznamo tudi druge,
04:17
which was, at that time, known as the electromagnetic force --
74
245000
3000
04:20
we know of others today, but at that time
75
248000
2000
a tedaj je bila to edina druga sila,
o kateri so ljudje razmišljali.
o kateri so ljudje razmišljali.
04:22
that was the only other one people were thinking about.
76
250000
2000
04:24
You know, the force responsible for electricity
77
252000
2000
Sila, pristojna za elektriko
04:26
and magnetic attraction and so forth.
78
254000
2000
ter magnetno privlačnost, in tako naprej.
04:28
So Kaluza says, maybe I can play the same game
79
256000
3000
Kaluza je rekel, lahko bi naredil enako
in opisal elektromagnetno silo
kot zvitja in ukrivljenosti.
kot zvitja in ukrivljenosti.
04:31
and describe electromagnetic force in terms of warps and curves.
80
259000
4000
Tu se je postavilo vprašanje:
zvitja in ukrivljenosti v čem?
zvitja in ukrivljenosti v čem?
04:35
That raised a question: warps and curves in what?
81
263000
3000
04:38
Einstein had already used up space and time,
82
266000
5000
Einstein je že porabil prostor in čas,
04:43
warps and curves, to describe gravity.
83
271000
2000
zvitja in ukrivljenosti,
da je opisal gravitacijo.
da je opisal gravitacijo.
04:45
There didn't seem to be anything else to warp or curve.
84
273000
3000
Ni bilo videti, da bi se dalo
še kaj zvijati ali ukrivljati.
še kaj zvijati ali ukrivljati.
04:48
So Kaluza said, well, maybe there are more dimensions of space.
85
276000
5000
Zato je Kaluza rekel: no, mogoče pa
obstaja več prostorskih razsežnosti.
obstaja več prostorskih razsežnosti.
04:53
He said, if I want to describe one more force,
86
281000
2000
Rekel je: če hočem opisovati še eno silo,
04:55
maybe I need one more dimension.
87
283000
2000
morda potrebujem še eno razsežnost.
04:57
So he imagined that the world had four dimensions of space, not three,
88
285000
4000
Zato si je zamislil, da ima svet
štiri dimenzije, ne tri,
štiri dimenzije, ne tri,
05:01
and imagined that electromagnetism was warps and curves
89
289000
4000
in si je zamislil, da je elektromagnetizem
zvijanje in ukrivljanje
zvijanje in ukrivljanje
v tej četrti dimenziji.
05:05
in that fourth dimension. Now here's the thing:
90
293000
2000
Zanimivo je pa to: ko je zapisal enačbe,
ki so opisovale zvijanje in ukrivljanje
ki so opisovale zvijanje in ukrivljanje
05:07
when he wrote down the equations describing warps and curves
91
295000
3000
v vesolju s štirimi prostorskimi
dimenzijami, ne tremi,
dimenzijami, ne tremi,
05:10
in a universe with four space dimensions, not three,
92
298000
3000
je našel stare enačbe, ki jih je Einstein
že izpeljal v treh dimenzijah -
že izpeljal v treh dimenzijah -
05:13
he found the old equations that Einstein had already derived in three dimensions --
93
301000
4000
te so bile za gravitacijo -
05:17
those were for gravity --
94
305000
1000
05:18
but he found one more equation because of the one more dimension.
95
306000
4000
pa še eno enačbo zaradi dodatne dimenzije.
In ko je pogledal to enačbo,
05:22
And when he looked at that equation,
96
310000
2000
je bila to ravno tista enačba,
05:24
it was none other than the equation
97
312000
2000
za katero so znanstveniki že dolgo vedeli,
da opisuje elektromagnetno silo.
da opisuje elektromagnetno silo.
05:26
that scientists had long known to describe the electromagnetic force.
98
314000
3000
05:29
Amazing -- it just popped out.
99
317000
2000
Neverjetno - kar skočila je ven.
05:31
He was so excited by this realization
100
319000
3000
Tako je bil navdušen nad tem spoznanjem,
05:34
that he ran around his house screaming, "Victory!" --
101
322000
3000
da je začel tekati po hiši
in kričati: "Zmaga!" -
in kričati: "Zmaga!" -
ker naj bi našel poenoteno teorijo.
05:37
that he had found the unified theory.
102
325000
3000
05:40
Now clearly, Kaluza was a man who took theory very seriously.
103
328000
7000
Očitno je, da je Kaluza bil človek,
ki je teorijo jemal zelo resno.
ki je teorijo jemal zelo resno.
On je v bistvu -
05:47
He, in fact --
104
335000
1000
05:48
there is a story that when he wanted to learn how to swim,
105
336000
3000
znana je zgodba o tem, da je,
ko se je hotel naučiti plavati,
ko se je hotel naučiti plavati,
05:51
he read a book, a treatise on swimming --
106
339000
3000
prebral knjigo, razpravo o plavanju -
05:54
(Laughter)
107
342000
1000
(Smeh)
05:55
-- then dove into the ocean.
108
343000
2000
- potem pa skočil v ocean.
05:57
This is a man who would risk his life on theory.
109
345000
3000
Ta človek bi tvegal življenje
na podlagi teorije.
na podlagi teorije.
06:00
Now, but for those of us who are a little bit more practically minded,
110
348000
4000
A za tiste med nami,
ki smo malo bolj praktičnega uma,
ki smo malo bolj praktičnega uma,
06:04
two questions immediately arise from his observation.
111
352000
3000
se takoj zastavita dve vprašanji
glede njegovega opažanja.
glede njegovega opažanja.
06:07
Number one: if there are more dimensions in space, where are they?
112
355000
4000
Prvo:
če je v prostoru več dimenzij, kje pa so?
če je v prostoru več dimenzij, kje pa so?
06:11
We don't seem to see them.
113
359000
2000
Kaže, da jih ne vidimo.
In drugo:
ali ta teorija res drži v potankostih,
ali ta teorija res drži v potankostih,
06:13
And number two: does this theory really work in detail,
114
361000
4000
ko jo poskusiš uporabiti
za opis sveta okoli nas?
za opis sveta okoli nas?
06:17
when you try to apply it to the world around us?
115
365000
3000
06:20
Now, the first question was answered in 1926
116
368000
4000
Odgovor na prvo vprašanje je leta 1926
našel mož, ki se je imenoval Oskar Klein.
našel mož, ki se je imenoval Oskar Klein.
06:24
by a fellow named Oskar Klein.
117
372000
2000
06:26
He suggested that dimensions might come in two varieties --
118
374000
4000
Predpostavil je,
da obstajata dve vrsti razsežnosti -
da obstajata dve vrsti razsežnosti -
06:30
there might be big, easy-to-see dimensions,
119
378000
3000
utegnejo biti velike
in lahko opazne dimenzije,
in lahko opazne dimenzije,
06:33
but there might also be tiny, curled-up dimensions,
120
381000
3000
utegnejo pa biti tudi majcene,
skodrane dimenzije,
skodrane dimenzije,
skodrane tako močno,
da tudi če so vse naokrog nas,
da tudi če so vse naokrog nas,
06:36
curled up so small, even though they're all around us,
121
384000
3000
jih ne moremo videti.
06:39
that we don't see them.
122
387000
2000
Naj vam to pokažem.
06:41
Let me show you that one visually.
123
389000
2000
06:43
So, imagine you're looking at something
124
391000
2000
Predstavljajte si, da gledate
kabel, ki podpira semafor.
kabel, ki podpira semafor.
06:45
like a cable supporting a traffic light.
125
393000
2000
06:47
It's in Manhattan. You're in Central Park -- it's kind of irrelevant --
126
395000
3000
To je Manhattan. Ste v Centralnem parku
- kar niti ni važno -
- kar niti ni važno -
06:50
but the cable looks one-dimensional from a distant viewpoint,
127
398000
4000
a kabel je od daleč
videti enodimenzionalen,
videti enodimenzionalen,
06:54
but you and I all know that it does have some thickness.
128
402000
3000
a mi vsi vemo, da ima neko debelino.
No, zelo težko jo je videti od daleč.
06:57
It's very hard to see it, though, from far away.
129
405000
2000
Če se približamo in pogledamo
iz perspektive, denimo,
iz perspektive, denimo,
06:59
But if we zoom in and take the perspective of, say,
130
407000
2000
07:01
a little ant walking around --
131
409000
2000
majhne mravlje, ki se sprehaja naokoli -
07:03
little ants are so small that they can access all of the dimensions --
132
411000
3000
majhne mravlje so tako majhne,
da pridejo do vseh dimenzij -
da pridejo do vseh dimenzij -
07:06
the long dimension,
133
414000
2000
do podolžne dimenzije,
pa tudi do obeh smeri po obsegu.
pa tudi do obeh smeri po obsegu.
07:08
but also this clockwise, counter-clockwise direction.
134
416000
3000
07:11
And I hope you appreciate this.
135
419000
2000
Upam, da to cenite.
Mravlje smo res dolgo
pripravljali do tega.
pripravljali do tega.
07:13
It took so long to get these ants to do this.
136
421000
2000
(Smeh)
07:15
(Laughter)
137
423000
1000
To ponazarja dejstvo, da so dimenzije
lahko dveh vrst: velike in male.
lahko dveh vrst: velike in male.
07:16
But this illustrates the fact that dimensions can be of two sorts:
138
424000
3000
07:19
big and small. And the idea that maybe the big dimensions around us
139
427000
4000
In misel, da so morda
velike dimenzije okrog nas
velike dimenzije okrog nas
tiste, ki jih z lahkoto vidimo,
07:23
are the ones that we can easily see,
140
431000
2000
07:25
but there might be additional dimensions curled up,
141
433000
3000
da pa so morda dodatne dimenzije skodrane,
tako kot obseg tega kabla,
07:28
sort of like the circular part of that cable,
142
436000
2000
07:30
so small that they have so far remained invisible.
143
438000
4000
tako majhne, da so doslej ostale nevidne.
07:34
Let me show you what that would look like.
144
442000
2000
Naj vam pokažem, kako bi to izgledalo.
07:36
So, if we take a look, say, at space itself --
145
444000
3000
Če zdaj pogledamo, recimo,
na prostor sam -
na prostor sam -
07:39
I can only show, of course, two dimensions on a screen.
146
447000
4000
seveda lahko prikažem
le dve dimenziji na zaslonu.
le dve dimenziji na zaslonu.
Nekdo bo nekega dne to popravil,
07:43
Some of you guys will fix that one day,
147
451000
2000
zaenkrat pa je vse,
kar na zaslonu ni ravno,
kar na zaslonu ni ravno,
07:45
but anything that's not flat on a screen is a new dimension,
148
453000
2000
nova dimenzija, ki se manjša
še in še in še,
še in še in še,
07:47
goes smaller, smaller, smaller,
149
455000
2000
07:49
and way down in the microscopic depths of space itself,
150
457000
4000
vse do mikroskopskih globin
prostora samega,
prostora samega,
07:53
this is the idea,
151
461000
1000
to je zamisel,
07:54
you could have additional curled up dimensions --
152
462000
2000
lahko bi imel dodatne skodrane dimenzije.
07:56
here is a little shape of a circle -- so small that we don't see them.
153
464000
3000
Tu je majhna oblika kroga -
tako so majhne, da jih ne vidimo.
tako so majhne, da jih ne vidimo.
07:59
But if you were a little ultra microscopic ant walking around,
154
467000
4000
A če bi vi bili ultramikroskopsko majcene
mravlje, ki bi se sprehajale naokoli,
mravlje, ki bi se sprehajale naokoli,
bi se sprehodili
v znanih velikih dimenzijah -
v znanih velikih dimenzijah -
08:03
you could walk in the big dimensions that we all know about --
155
471000
2000
08:05
that's like the grid part --
156
473000
2000
tukaj kot mreža -
a bi dosegali tudi
majcene skodrane dimenzije,
majcene skodrane dimenzije,
08:07
but you could also access the tiny curled-up dimension
157
475000
3000
ki so tako majhne,
da jih ne vidimo ne s prostim očesom,
da jih ne vidimo ne s prostim očesom,
08:10
that's so small that we can't see it with the naked eye
158
478000
2000
08:12
or even with any of our most refined equipment.
159
480000
3000
ne z nobeno najbolj izpopolnjeno opremo.
Toda globoko spodvihana
v tkanino prostora samega,
v tkanino prostora samega,
08:15
But deeply tucked into the fabric of space itself,
160
483000
3000
08:18
the idea is there could be more dimensions, as we see there.
161
486000
4000
je zamisel, da bi lahko bilo več dimenzij,
kar vidimo tukaj.
kar vidimo tukaj.
08:22
Now that's an explanation
162
490000
4000
No, to je razlaga
08:26
about how the universe could have more dimensions than the ones that we see.
163
494000
4000
o tem, kako bi vesolje lahko imelo
več dimenzij, kot jih vidimo.
več dimenzij, kot jih vidimo.
08:30
But what about the second question that I asked:
164
498000
3000
Kaj pa drugo vprašanje,
ki sem ga postavil:
ki sem ga postavil:
ali ta teorija dejansko deluje,
08:33
does the theory actually work
165
501000
2000
ko jo poskusiš uporabiti
v resničnem svetu?
v resničnem svetu?
08:35
when you try to apply it to the real world?
166
503000
2000
08:37
Well, it turns out that Einstein and Kaluza and many others
167
505000
3000
Izkazalo se je, da so Einstein,
Kaluza in mnogo drugih
Kaluza in mnogo drugih
08:40
worked on trying to refine this framework
168
508000
5000
poskušali izpopolniti ta okvir
in ga uporabiti v fiziki vesolja,
08:45
and apply it to the physics of the universe
169
513000
3000
kot so jo takrat razumeli,
in v podrobnostih ni delovala.
in v podrobnostih ni delovala.
08:48
as was understood at the time, and, in detail, it didn't work.
170
516000
4000
Ena podrobnost, na primer,
08:52
In detail, for instance,
171
520000
1000
po tej teoriji se jim izračuni
za maso elektrona niso izšli prav.
za maso elektrona niso izšli prav.
08:53
they couldn't get the mass of the electron
172
521000
2000
08:55
to work out correctly in this theory.
173
523000
2000
08:57
So many people worked on it, but by the '40s, certainly by the '50s,
174
525000
5000
Ogromno ljudi je delalo na tem,
ampak v 40-ih in zagotovo v 50-ih
ampak v 40-ih in zagotovo v 50-ih
je ta nenavadna, a zelo privlačna zamisel,
09:02
this strange but very compelling idea
175
530000
4000
kako poenotiti zakone fizike, že izginila.
09:06
of how to unify the laws of physics had gone away.
176
534000
3000
09:09
Until something wonderful happened in our age.
177
537000
4000
Dokler se ni nekaj prelepega
zgodilo v naši dobi.
zgodilo v naši dobi.
09:13
In our era, a new approach to unify the laws of physics
178
541000
4000
Nov pristop k poenotenju
fizikalnih zakonov v našem času,
fizikalnih zakonov v našem času,
ki mu sledimo fiziki, vključno z mano
09:17
is being pursued by physicists such as myself,
179
545000
2000
09:19
many others around the world,
180
547000
2000
ter mnogimi drugimi po svetu.
se imenuje teorija superstrun,
kot ste nakazovali.
kot ste nakazovali.
09:21
it's called superstring theory, as you were indicating.
181
549000
3000
09:24
And the wonderful thing is that superstring theory
182
552000
4000
Najlepše je to, da teorija superstrun
na prvi pogled nima nič skupnega
z zamislijo o dodatnih dimenzijah,
z zamislijo o dodatnih dimenzijah,
09:28
has nothing to do at first sight with this idea of extra dimensions,
183
556000
4000
09:32
but when we study superstring theory,
184
560000
3000
A ko preučujemo teorijo superstrun,
ugotovimo, da oživi to zamisel
v iskrivi, novi obliki.
v iskrivi, novi obliki.
09:35
we find that it resurrects the idea in a sparkling, new form.
185
563000
3000
09:38
So, let me just tell you how that goes.
186
566000
2000
Naj vam povem, kako to gre.
Teorija superstrun - kaj je to?
09:40
Superstring theory -- what is it?
187
568000
2000
To je teorija,
ki skuša odgovoriti na vprašanje:
ki skuša odgovoriti na vprašanje:
09:42
Well, it's a theory that tries to answer the question:
188
570000
2000
kaj so osnovni, temeljni,
nedeljivi, nerazrezljivi sestavni deli,
nedeljivi, nerazrezljivi sestavni deli,
09:44
what are the basic, fundamental, indivisible, uncuttable constituents
189
572000
5000
09:49
making up everything in the world around us?
190
577000
4000
ki sestavljajo vse na svetu okoli nas?
09:53
The idea is like this.
191
581000
2000
Zamisel je taka.
Predstavljajte si,
da gledamo znan predmet, svečo v svečniku,
da gledamo znan predmet, svečo v svečniku,
09:55
So, imagine we look at a familiar object, just a candle in a holder,
192
583000
5000
in predstavljajte si,
da želimo ugotoviti, iz česa je narejena.
da želimo ugotoviti, iz česa je narejena.
10:00
and imagine that we want to figure out what it is made of.
193
588000
3000
Odpotujmo v globine predmeta
in si oglejmo sestavne delce.
in si oglejmo sestavne delce.
10:03
So we go on a journey deep inside the object and examine the constituents.
194
591000
4000
10:07
So deep inside -- we all know, you go sufficiently far down, you have atoms.
195
595000
4000
Globoko znotraj - vsi vemo,
če greš dovolj globoko, prideš do atomov.
če greš dovolj globoko, prideš do atomov.
10:11
We also all know that atoms are not the end of the story.
196
599000
3000
Vemo tudi, da atomi še niso konec zgodbe.
10:14
They have little electrons that swarm around a central nucleus
197
602000
4000
Imajo majhne elektrone,
ki rojijo okrog jedra v sredi,
ki rojijo okrog jedra v sredi,
z nevtroni in protoni.
10:18
with neutrons and protons.
198
606000
1000
10:19
Even the neutrons and protons have smaller particles inside of them known as quarks.
199
607000
5000
Celo nevtroni in protoni vsebujejo
manjše delce, ki so znani kot kvarki.
manjše delce, ki so znani kot kvarki.
10:24
That is where conventional ideas stop.
200
612000
3000
Tu se običajne zamisli končajo.
10:27
Here is the new idea of string theory.
201
615000
2000
Tu pa je nova zamisel teorije strun.
10:29
Deep inside any of these particles, there is something else.
202
617000
5000
Globoko v vseh teh delcih
je še nekaj drugega.
je še nekaj drugega.
Tisto nekaj drugega
je poplesujoča nit energije.,
je poplesujoča nit energije.,
10:34
This something else is this dancing filament of energy.
203
622000
3000
Izgleda kot struna, ki trepeče -
10:37
It looks like a vibrating string --
204
625000
2000
od tod prihaja zamisel, teorija strun.
10:39
that's where the idea, string theory comes from.
205
627000
2000
10:41
And just like the vibrating strings that you just saw in a cello
206
629000
3000
Tako kot lahko nihajoče strune,
ki ste jih videli na čelu,
ki ste jih videli na čelu,
10:44
can vibrate in different patterns,
207
632000
2000
nihajo po različnih vzorcih,
lahko tudi te nihajo po različnih vzorcih.
10:46
these can also vibrate in different patterns.
208
634000
2000
Ne ustvarjajo različnih tonov,
10:48
They don't produce different musical notes.
209
636000
2000
temveč ustvarjajo različne delce,
ki sestavljajo svet okoli nas.
ki sestavljajo svet okoli nas.
10:50
Rather, they produce the different particles making up the world around us.
210
638000
4000
Če so te zamisli pravilne,
10:54
So if these ideas are correct,
211
642000
1000
10:55
this is what the ultra-microscopic landscape of the universe looks like.
212
643000
5000
je ultra-mikroskopska
pokrajina vesolja videti tako.
pokrajina vesolja videti tako.
11:00
It's built up of a huge number
213
648000
2000
Zgrajena je iz velikanskega števila
11:02
of these little tiny filaments of vibrating energy,
214
650000
4000
teh majcenih niti nihajoče energije,
11:06
vibrating in different frequencies.
215
654000
2000
ki nihajo na različnih frekvencah.
11:08
The different frequencies produce the different particles.
216
656000
3000
Različne frekvence
ustvarjajo različne delce.
ustvarjajo različne delce.
11:11
The different particles are responsible
217
659000
3000
Različni delci so odgovorni
11:14
for all the richness in the world around us.
218
662000
3000
za vsa bogastva v svetu okoli nas.
V tem vidiš poenotenje,
11:17
And there you see unification,
219
665000
2000
saj so snovni delci, elektroni in kvarki,
11:19
because matter particles, electrons and quarks,
220
667000
3000
delci sevanja, fotoni, gravitoni,
vsi zgrajeni iz istega bistva.
vsi zgrajeni iz istega bistva.
11:22
radiation particles, photons, gravitons, are all built up from one entity.
221
670000
6000
11:28
So matter and the forces of nature all are put together
222
676000
4000
Tako so snov in sile narave povezane
11:32
under the rubric of vibrating strings.
223
680000
2000
pod rubriko nihajočih strun.
11:34
And that's what we mean by a unified theory.
224
682000
4000
In to je mišljeno s poenoteno teorijo.
11:38
Now here is the catch.
225
686000
2000
Pojavi pa se zagata.
11:40
When you study the mathematics of string theory,
226
688000
3000
Ko preučuješ matematiko teorije strun,
11:43
you find that it doesn't work
227
691000
2000
odkriješ, da teorija ne deluje
v vesolju, ki ima le tri razsežnosti.
v vesolju, ki ima le tri razsežnosti.
11:45
in a universe that just has three dimensions of space.
228
693000
3000
Ne dela niti v vesolju s štirimi,
petimi ali šestimi dimenzijami.
petimi ali šestimi dimenzijami.
11:48
It doesn't work in a universe with four dimensions of space, nor five, nor six.
229
696000
4000
11:52
Finally, you can study the equations, and show that it works
230
700000
4000
Končno, lahko proučuješ enačbe in pokažeš,
da delujejo v vesolju,
ki ima 10 prostorskih razsežnosti
ki ima 10 prostorskih razsežnosti
11:56
only in a universe that has 10 dimensions of space
231
704000
4000
in eno časovno.
12:00
and one dimension of time.
232
708000
2000
12:02
It leads us right back to this idea of Kaluza and Klein --
233
710000
5000
To nas pripelje nazaj
k zamisli Kaluze in Kleina,
k zamisli Kaluze in Kleina,
da ima naš svet, ko je ustrezno opisan,
12:07
that our world, when appropriately described,
234
715000
3000
več dimenzij, kot jih vidimo.
12:10
has more dimensions than the ones that we see.
235
718000
3000
12:13
Now you might think about that and say, well,
236
721000
3000
To lahko premisliš in reče, no,
prav, veste, če imaš dodatne dimenzije,
in če so res na tesno skodrane,
in če so res na tesno skodrane,
12:16
OK, you know, if you have extra dimensions, and they're really tightly curled up,
237
724000
3000
12:19
yeah, perhaps we won't see them, if they're small enough.
238
727000
4000
gotovo, najbrž jih ne bomo videli,
če so dovolj majhne.
če so dovolj majhne.
A če se sprehaja tam spodaj drobcena
civilizacija zelenih človečkov,
civilizacija zelenih človečkov,
12:23
But if there's a little tiny civilization of green people walking around down there,
239
731000
3000
12:26
and you make them small enough, and we won't see them either. That is true.
240
734000
5000
in jih narediš dovolj majhne,
tudi njih ne bomo videli. To je res.
tudi njih ne bomo videli. To je res.
Ena od drugih napovedi teorije strun -
12:31
One of the other predictions of string theory --
241
739000
3000
12:34
no, that's not one of the other predictions of string theory.
242
742000
3000
ne, ni to ena od drugih napovedi
teorije strun.
teorije strun.
12:37
(Laughter)
243
745000
1000
(Smeh)
12:38
But it raises the question:
244
746000
2000
Postavlja pa vprašanje:
ali le poskušamo skriti
te dodatne dimenzije,
te dodatne dimenzije,
12:40
are we just trying to hide away these extra dimensions,
245
748000
2000
12:42
or do they tell us something about the world?
246
750000
3000
ali pa nam povedo kaj o svetu?
12:45
In the remaining time, I'd like to tell you two features of them.
247
753000
4000
V času, ki preostane, bi rad pojasnil
dve njihovi značilnosti.
dve njihovi značilnosti.
Prva je, mnogi verjamemo,
da te dodatne dimenzije
da te dodatne dimenzije
12:49
First is, many of us believe that these extra dimensions
248
757000
4000
skrivajo odgovor na verjetno
najgloblje vprašanje
najgloblje vprašanje
12:53
hold the answer to what perhaps is the deepest question
249
761000
4000
12:57
in theoretical physics, theoretical science.
250
765000
3000
v teoretični fiziki,
v teoretični znanosti.
v teoretični znanosti.
13:00
And that question is this: when we look around the world,
251
768000
4000
In vprašanje je: ko se oziramo po svetu,
kot so se znanstveniki zadnje stoletje,
13:04
as scientists have done for the last hundred years,
252
772000
2000
kaže, da 20 številk
dobro opiše naše vesolje.
dobro opiše naše vesolje.
13:06
there appear to be about 20 numbers that really describe our universe.
253
774000
4000
13:10
These are numbers like the mass of the particles,
254
778000
3000
To so številke, kot mase delcev,
denimo elektronov in kvarkov,
moč gravitacije,
moč gravitacije,
13:13
like electrons and quarks, the strength of gravity,
255
781000
2000
13:15
the strength of the electromagnetic force --
256
783000
2000
moč elektromagnetnih sil -
13:17
a list of about 20 numbers
257
785000
2000
seznam približno 20 številk,
ki so bile izmerjene neverjetno natančno,
13:19
that have been measured with incredible precision,
258
787000
3000
13:22
but nobody has an explanation
259
790000
2000
a nihče ne zna razložiti,
zakaj imajo številke take vrednosti,
kot jih imajo.
kot jih imajo.
13:24
for why the numbers have the particular values that they do.
260
792000
4000
13:28
Now, does string theory offer an answer?
261
796000
3000
Zdaj, ali teorija strun ponuja odgovor?
Še ne.
Še ne.
13:31
Not yet.
262
799000
1000
13:32
But we believe the answer for why those numbers have the values they do
263
800000
4000
A verjamemo, da odgovor,
zakaj so številke take, kot so,
zakaj so številke take, kot so,
morda zavisi od oblike dodatnih dimenzij.
13:36
may rely on the form of the extra dimensions.
264
804000
3000
In lepo je to, da če bi imele te številke
vrednosti drugačne, kot jih poznamo,
vrednosti drugačne, kot jih poznamo,
13:39
And the wonderful thing is, if those numbers
265
807000
2000
13:41
had any other values than the known ones,
266
809000
3000
vesolja, kot ga poznamo, ne bi bilo.
13:44
the universe, as we know it, wouldn't exist.
267
812000
3000
To je globoko vprašanje.
13:47
This is a deep question.
268
815000
1000
Zakaj so te številke tako dobro uglašene,
13:48
Why are those numbers so finely tuned
269
816000
2000
13:50
to allow stars to shine and planets to form,
270
818000
2000
da omogočajo,
da zvezde sijejo in se planeti tvorijo,
da zvezde sijejo in se planeti tvorijo,
13:52
when we recognize that if you fiddle with those numbers --
271
820000
3000
ko razumemo,
da če se igračkaš s temi številkami -
da če se igračkaš s temi številkami -
če bi imel tu gori 20 številčnic
13:55
if I had 20 dials up here
272
823000
2000
13:57
and I let you come up and fiddle with those numbers,
273
825000
2000
in bi pustil, da se pridete igračkat,
13:59
almost any fiddling makes the universe disappear.
274
827000
4000
bi skoraj vsaka sprememba povzročila,
da vesolje izgine.
da vesolje izgine.
14:03
So can we explain those 20 numbers?
275
831000
3000
Ali lahko pojasnimo teh 20 številk?
14:06
And string theory suggests that those 20 numbers
276
834000
2000
Teorija strun kaže,
da je teh 20 številk
da je teh 20 številk
14:08
have to do with the extra dimensions.
277
836000
2000
povezanih z dodatnimi dimenzijami.
14:10
Let me show you how.
278
838000
2000
Naj vam pokažem, kako.
14:12
So when we talk about the extra dimensions in string theory,
279
840000
4000
Torej, ko govorimo
o dodatnih razsežnostih v teoriji strun,
o dodatnih razsežnostih v teoriji strun,
14:16
it's not one extra dimension,
280
844000
2000
to ni ena dodatna razsežnost,
14:18
as in the older ideas of Kaluza and Klein.
281
846000
4000
kot v starih zamislih Kaluze in Kleina.
To govori teorija strun
o dodatnih dimenzijah.
o dodatnih dimenzijah.
14:22
This is what string theory says about the extra dimensions.
282
850000
3000
Imajo zelo bogato,
prepleteno geometrijo.
prepleteno geometrijo.
14:25
They have a very rich, intertwined geometry.
283
853000
3000
14:28
This is an example of something known as a Calabi-Yau shape --
284
856000
4000
To je primer nečesa,
kar je znano kot oblika Calabi-Yau -
kar je znano kot oblika Calabi-Yau -
14:32
name isn't all that important.
285
860000
2000
ime ni tako pomembno.
14:34
But, as you can see,
286
862000
2000
Vendar, kot vidite,
se dodatne dimenzije zvijajo vase
14:36
the extra dimensions fold in on themselves
287
864000
3000
14:39
and intertwine in a very interesting shape, interesting structure.
288
867000
4000
in se prepletajo v zelo zanimive oblike,
v zanimivo strukturo.
v zanimivo strukturo.
In zamisel je,
da če tako izgledajo dodatne dimenzije,
da če tako izgledajo dodatne dimenzije,
14:43
And the idea is that if this is what the extra dimensions look like,
289
871000
5000
potem bi bila mikroskopska pokrajina
našega vesolja vse okoli nas
našega vesolja vse okoli nas
14:48
then the microscopic landscape of our universe all around us
290
876000
4000
videti takole
na najmanjših lestvicah.
na najmanjših lestvicah.
14:52
would look like this on the tiniest of scales.
291
880000
2000
Ko zamahneš z roko,
14:54
When you swing your hand,
292
882000
1000
14:55
you'd be moving around these extra dimensions over and over again,
293
883000
3000
bi se kar naprej pomikal
okoli teh dodatnih razsežnosti,
okoli teh dodatnih razsežnosti,
a so tako majhne,
da tega ne bi vedel.
da tega ne bi vedel.
14:58
but they're so small that we wouldn't know it.
294
886000
2000
Kaj pa je potem fizikalna posledica,
povezana s temi 20 številkami?
povezana s temi 20 številkami?
15:00
So what is the physical implication, though, relevant to those 20 numbers?
295
888000
3000
15:03
Consider this. If you look at the instrument, a French horn,
296
891000
3000
Razmislite o tem.
Če pogledate instrument, francoski rog,
15:06
notice that the vibrations of the airstreams
297
894000
3000
opazite, da so nihanja zračnih tokov
odvisna od oblike instrumenta.
15:09
are affected by the shape of the instrument.
298
897000
2000
15:11
Now in string theory,
299
899000
2000
V teoriji strun
so vse številke odraz načina,
kako strune lahko nihajo.
kako strune lahko nihajo.
15:13
all the numbers are reflections of the way strings can vibrate.
300
901000
3000
15:16
So just as those airstreams
301
904000
2000
Prav tako, kot na zračne tokove
15:18
are affected by the twists and turns in the instrument,
302
906000
3000
vplivajo zavoji in obrati v instrumentu,
15:21
strings themselves will be affected
303
909000
2000
bodo na strune same vplivali
vzorci nihanj v geometriji,
v kateri se gibljejo.
v kateri se gibljejo.
15:23
by the vibrational patterns in the geometry within which they are moving.
304
911000
4000
15:27
So let me bring some strings into the story.
305
915000
2000
Naj vnesem nekaj strun v zgodbo.
15:29
And if you watch these little fellows vibrating around --
306
917000
3000
In če gledate te male stvarce,
kako vibrirajo naokoli
kako vibrirajo naokoli
- vsak hip bodo tu - so že,
15:32
they'll be there in a second -- right there,
307
920000
2000
boste opazili,
da so načini, kako vibrirajo,
da so načini, kako vibrirajo,
15:34
notice that they way they vibrate is affected
308
922000
2000
odvisni od geometrije
dodatnih dimenzij.
dodatnih dimenzij.
15:36
by the geometry of the extra dimensions.
309
924000
2000
15:38
So, if we knew exactly what the extra dimensions look like --
310
926000
3000
Torej, če bi vedeli,
kako dodatne dimenzije izgledajo -
kako dodatne dimenzije izgledajo -
15:41
we don't yet, but if we did --
311
929000
2000
mi še ne, ampak če bi -
15:43
we should be able to calculate the allowed notes,
312
931000
3000
bi morali biti sposobni,
da izračunamo dovoljene tone,
da izračunamo dovoljene tone,
dovoljene vzorce nihanja.
15:46
the allowed vibrational patterns.
313
934000
2000
In če bi lahko izračunali
dovoljene vzorce nihanja,
dovoljene vzorce nihanja,
15:48
And if we could calculate the allowed vibrational patterns,
314
936000
3000
bi morali biti sposobni
izračunati teh 20 številk.
izračunati teh 20 številk.
15:51
we should be able to calculate those 20 numbers.
315
939000
3000
15:54
And if the answer that we get from our calculations
316
942000
4000
In če bi se odgovor,
dobljen z našimi izračuni
dobljen z našimi izračuni
15:58
agrees with the values of those numbers
317
946000
2000
ujemal z vrednostmi teh številk,
16:00
that have been determined
318
948000
2000
ki so bile določene
16:02
through detailed and precise experimentation,
319
950000
3000
s podrobnim in natančnim
eksperimentiranjem,
eksperimentiranjem,
16:05
this in many ways would be the first fundamental explanation
320
953000
5000
bi to v mnogih pogledih bila
prva temeljna razlaga,
prva temeljna razlaga,
16:10
for why the structure of the universe is the way it is.
321
958000
5000
zakaj je struktura vesolja
taka, kot je.
taka, kot je.
Zdaj, druga zadeva,
ki jo želim dodelati je:
ki jo želim dodelati je:
16:15
Now, the second issue that I want to finish up with is:
322
963000
3000
16:18
how might we test for these extra dimensions more directly?
323
966000
5000
kako bi lahko testirali
te dodatne razsežnosti bolj neposredno?
te dodatne razsežnosti bolj neposredno?
16:23
Is this just an interesting mathematical structure
324
971000
3000
Ali je to le zanimiva
matematična struktura,
matematična struktura,
16:26
that might be able to explain
325
974000
2000
ki bi lahko pojasnila
16:28
some previously unexplained features of the world,
326
976000
5000
nekatere prej nepojasnjene
značilnosti sveta,
značilnosti sveta,
ali lahko dejansko preverimo
te dodatne razsežnosti?
te dodatne razsežnosti?
16:33
or can we actually test for these extra dimensions?
327
981000
3000
In mislimo
- in to je, mislim, zelo razburljivo -
- in to je, mislim, zelo razburljivo -
16:36
And we think -- and this is, I think, very exciting --
328
984000
2000
16:38
that in the next five years or so we may be able to test
329
986000
4000
da bomo v naslednjih
petih letih ali kaj takega
petih letih ali kaj takega
lahko preverili obstoj
teh dodatnih dimenzij.
teh dodatnih dimenzij.
16:42
for the existence of these extra dimensions.
330
990000
3000
Tako bo to šlo.
16:45
Here's how it goes. In CERN, Geneva, Switzerland,
331
993000
4000
V CERN-u, Ženeva, Švica,
gradijo stroj, ki se imenuje
Veliki hadronski trkalnik.
Veliki hadronski trkalnik.
16:49
a machine is being built called the Large Hadron Collider.
332
997000
4000
To je stroj,
ki bo poslal delce po krožnem predoru,
ki bo poslal delce po krožnem predoru,
16:53
It's a machine that will send particles around a tunnel,
333
1001000
3000
v nasprotnih smereh,
blizu svetlobne hitrosti.
blizu svetlobne hitrosti.
16:56
opposite directions, near the speed of light.
334
1004000
2000
16:58
Every so often those particles will be aimed at each other,
335
1006000
4000
Vsake toliko časa bodo ti delci
usmerjeni drug proti drugemu,
usmerjeni drug proti drugemu,
tako da se bodo čelno trčili.
17:02
so there's a head-on collision.
336
1010000
2000
Upati je, da če bodo imela
trčenja dovolj energije,
trčenja dovolj energije,
17:04
The hope is that if the collision has enough energy,
337
1012000
4000
da bo izvrglo nekaj ostankov trka
17:08
it may eject some of the debris from the collision
338
1016000
3000
iz naših dimenzij v druge dimenzije.
17:11
from our dimensions, forcing it to enter into the other dimensions.
339
1019000
5000
17:16
How would we know it?
340
1024000
2000
Kako bi to vedeli?
No, izmerili bomo
količino energije po trčenju,
količino energije po trčenju,
17:18
Well, we'll measure the amount of energy after the collision,
341
1026000
3000
jo primerjali s količino energije prej,
17:21
compare it to the amount of energy before,
342
1029000
2000
in če je energije
po trčenju manj kot prej,
po trčenju manj kot prej,
17:23
and if there's less energy after the collision than before,
343
1031000
4000
bo to dokaz,
da je energija odšla drugam.
da je energija odšla drugam.
17:27
this will be evidence that the energy has drifted away.
344
1035000
2000
Če bo odšla tako,
da bomo to lahko izračunali,
da bomo to lahko izračunali,
17:29
And if it drifts away in the right pattern that we can calculate,
345
1037000
3000
bo to dokaz, da dodatne dimenzije so.
17:32
this will be evidence that the extra dimensions are there.
346
1040000
3000
Naj vam pokažem to zamisel vizualno.
17:35
Let me show you that idea visually.
347
1043000
2000
Imamo določeno vrsto delca,
ki se imenuje graviton -
ki se imenuje graviton -
17:37
So, imagine we have a certain kind of particle called a graviton --
348
1045000
3000
17:40
that's the kind of debris we expect to be ejected out,
349
1048000
4000
to pa je vrsta razbitin,
za katere pričakujemo, da se izvržejo,
za katere pričakujemo, da se izvržejo,
če dodatne dimenzije res so.
17:44
if the extra dimensions are real.
350
1052000
2000
Tu je, kako bo poskus potekal.
17:46
But here's how the experiment will go.
351
1054000
1000
17:47
You take these particles. You slam them together.
352
1055000
3000
Vzameš te delce. Treščiš jih skupaj.
Treščiš jih skupaj, in če smo imeli prav,
17:50
You slam them together, and if we are right,
353
1058000
2000
17:52
some of the energy of that collision
354
1060000
2000
bo nekaj energije tega trka
17:54
will go into debris that flies off into these extra dimensions.
355
1062000
4000
šlo v razbitine,
ki odletijo v dodatne dimenzije.
ki odletijo v dodatne dimenzije.
17:58
So this is the kind of experiment
356
1066000
2000
To je torej take vrste eksperiment,
18:00
that we'll be looking at in the next five, seven to 10 years or so.
357
1068000
4000
na katerega bomo pozorni naslednjih pet,
sedem do 10 let ali kaj takega.
sedem do 10 let ali kaj takega.
18:04
And if this experiment bears fruit,
358
1072000
3000
In če bo ta poskus obrodil sadove,
18:07
if we see that kind of particle ejected
359
1075000
3000
če opazimo, da je bil izvržen tak delec,
da obstaja manj energije
v naših dimenzijah,
v naših dimenzijah,
18:10
by noticing that there's less energy in our dimensions
360
1078000
3000
18:13
than when we began,
361
1081000
2000
kot na začetku,
to bo dokazalo,
da dodatne dimenzije obstajajo.
da dodatne dimenzije obstajajo.
18:15
this will show that the extra dimensions are real.
362
1083000
3000
In zame je to res izjemna zgodba
in izjemna priložnost.
in izjemna priložnost.
18:18
And to me this is a really remarkable story,
363
1086000
3000
18:21
and a remarkable opportunity. Going back to Newton with absolute space --
364
1089000
4000
Če se vrnemo k Newtonu
z absolutnim prostorom -
z absolutnim prostorom -
ni zagotovil nič, samo areno, oder,
18:25
didn't provide anything but an arena, a stage
365
1093000
2000
kjer dogodki v vesolju potekajo.
18:27
in which the events of the universe take place.
366
1095000
2000
Pa pride Einstein in pravi,
18:29
Einstein comes along and says,
367
1097000
2000
v redu, prostor in čas se lahko zvijata
in krivita - to je gravitacija.
in krivita - to je gravitacija.
18:31
well, space and time can warp and curve -- that's what gravity is.
368
1099000
3000
18:34
And now string theory comes along and says,
369
1102000
4000
Pa pride zdaj še teorija strun in pravi,
seveda, gravitacija, kvantna mehanika,
elektromagnetizem,
elektromagnetizem,
18:38
yes, gravity, quantum mechanics, electromagnetism,
370
1106000
3000
vse skupaj v enem paketu,
18:41
all together in one package,
371
1109000
2000
a le, če je v vesolju več dimenzij,
kot je tistih, ki jih vidimo.
kot je tistih, ki jih vidimo.
18:43
but only if the universe has more dimensions than the ones that we see.
372
1111000
4000
18:47
And this is an experiment that may test for them in our lifetime.
373
1115000
5000
In to je poskus,
ki to lahko preizkusi za našega življenja.
ki to lahko preizkusi za našega življenja.
18:52
Amazing possibility.
374
1120000
2000
Neverjetna možnost.
Najlepša hvala.
18:54
Thank you very much.
375
1122000
2000
(Ploskanje)
18:56
(Applause)
376
1124000
7000
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Brian Greene - PhysicistBrian Greene is perhaps the best-known proponent of superstring theory, the idea that minuscule strands of energy vibrating in a higher dimensional space-time create every particle and force in the universe.
Why you should listen
Greene, a professor of physics and mathematics at Columbia University, has focused on unified theories for more than 25 years, and has written several best-selling and non-technical books on the subject including The Elegant Universe, a Pulitzer finalist, and The Fabric of the Cosmos — each of which has been adapted into a NOVA mini-series. His latest book, The Hidden Reality, explores the possibility that our universe is not the only universe.
Greene believes science must be brought to general audiences in new and compelling ways, such as his live stage odyssey, Icarus at the Edge of Time, with original orchestral score by Philip Glass, and the annual World Science Festival, which he co-founded in 2008 with journalist Tracy Day.
Brian Greene | Speaker | TED.com