TEDSalon London Spring 2011
Martin Hanczyc: The line between life and not-life
Martin Henkcik (Martin Hanczyc): Razlike između živih i neživih sistema
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Martin Henkcik (Martin Hanczyc) pravi protoćelije u svojoj laboratoriji, eksperimentalne grudvice sačinjene od hemijskih supstanci koje se ponašaju kao žive ćelije. Njegov rad nam demonstrira kako je život mogao da nastane na Zemlji... a možda i na nekom drugom mestu.
Martin Hanczyc - Chemist
Martin Hanczyc explores the path between living and nonliving systems, using chemical droplets to study behavior of the earliest cells. Full bio
Martin Hanczyc explores the path between living and nonliving systems, using chemical droplets to study behavior of the earliest cells. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
So historically there has
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Razmatranjem istorije shvatamo
00:17
been a huge divide between what people
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da je postojala velika razlika između onoga
00:20
consider to be non-living systems on one
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što ljudi smatraju neživim sistemom sa jedne strane,
00:23
side, and living systems on the other side.
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i živim sistemom sa druge.
00:25
So we go from, say, this beautiful and
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Tako da se taj raspon kreće od ovog lepog i
00:27
complex crystal as non-life, and this rather
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kompleksnog kristala koji je neživi sistem, i ove veoma
00:30
beautiful and complex cat on the other side.
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lepe i kompleksne mačke sa druge strane.
00:33
Over the last hundred and fifty years or so,
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U toku poslednjih 150 godina, nauka
00:36
science has kind of blurred this distinction
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je dosta uticala na naše poimanje šta je to
00:38
between non-living and living systems, and
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neživi, a šta živi organizam i te razlike više
00:40
now we consider that there may be a kind
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nisu tako jasne, te smatramo da postoji čitav jedan
00:42
of continuum that exists between the two.
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spektar inkrementnih prelaza između te dve oštre granice.
00:45
We'll just take one example here:
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Evo samo jednog primera:
00:47
a virus is a natural system, right?
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virus je prirodan sistem, zar ne?
00:49
But it's very simple. It's very simplistic.
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To je veoma jednostavan sistem. Pojednostavljen je.
00:51
It doesn't really satisfy all the requirements,
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Ne zadovoljava sve zahteve,
00:53
it doesn't have all the characteristics
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nema sve osobine
00:55
of living systems and is in fact a parasite
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živih sistema i u principu, da bi se reprodukovao
00:57
on other living systems in order to, say,
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i evoluirao, virus parazitira na
01:00
reproduce and evolve.
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drugim živim sistemima.
01:02
But what we're going to be talking about here
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Danas ćemo ovde pričati o
01:04
tonight are experiments done on this sort of
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eksperimentima koji su u principu odrađeni
01:06
non-living end of this spectrum -- so actually
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na kraju spektra koji predstavlja nežive organizme--
01:08
doing chemical experiments in the laboratory,
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to je izvođenje hemijskih eksperimenata u laboratoriji,
01:11
mixing together nonliving ingredients
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mešanje neživih sastojaka materije
01:13
to make new structures, and that these
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kako bismo napravili nove strukture, i kako ove nove
01:15
new structures might have some of the
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strukture mogu pokazivati neke
01:17
characteristics of living systems.
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od karakteristika živih sistema.
01:19
Really what I'm talking about here is
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Ja u principu govorim o pokušaju
01:21
trying to create a kind of artificial life.
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da napravim veštački život.
01:23
So what are these characteristics that I'm
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Koje su to osobine o kojima pričam?
01:25
talking about? These are them.
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To su ove osobine.
01:27
We consider first that life has a body.
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Prvo, mislimo da život poseduje telo.
01:29
Now this is necessary to distinguish the self
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To je neophodno kako bi se napravila razlika između organizma
01:31
from the environment.
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i spoljašnje sredine.
01:33
Life also has a metabolism. Now this is a
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Život takođe poseduje metabolizam. To je proces kojim
01:35
process by which life can convert resources
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živo biće prerađuje različite resurse
01:38
from the environment into building blocks
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iz spoljašnje sredine u gradivne jedinice kako
01:40
so it can maintain and build itself.
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bi uspelo da sebe održi i da sebe gradi i raste.
01:43
Life also has a kind of inheritable information.
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Život takođe poseduje naslednu informaciju.
01:45
Now we, as humans, we store our information
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Mi ljudi nosimo našu naslednu informaciju
01:47
as DNA in our genomes and we pass this
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zapisanu u DNK molekulu u našem genomu i prenosimo
01:50
information on to our offspring.
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tu informaciju našem potomstvu.
01:52
If we couple the first two -- the body and the metabolism --
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Ukoliko ukombinujemo prve dve - telo i metabolizam -
01:54
we can come up with a system that could
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doći ćemo do sistema koji bi mogao
01:56
perhaps move and replicate, and if we
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možda da se kreće i umnožava, i ukoliko
01:58
coupled these now to inheritable information,
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bismo to povezali sa naslednom informacijom,
02:01
we can come up with a system that would be
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dolazimo do sistema koji bi više
02:03
more lifelike, and would perhaps evolve.
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podsećao na živi sistem, i možda bi evoluirao.
02:05
And so these are the things we will try to do
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To su stvari koje mi pokušavamo da
02:07
in the lab, make some experiments that have
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uradimo u laboratoriji, radeći eksperimente koji podražavaju
02:09
one or more of these characteristics of life.
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jednu ili više osobina života.
02:12
So how do we do this? Well, we use
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Kako mi to radimo? Mi koristimo model
02:14
a model system that we term a protocell.
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sistem koji nazivamo proto-ćelija.
02:16
You might think of this as kind of like a
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Možete to zamisliti kao tip
02:18
primitive cell. It is a simple chemical
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primitivne ćelije. To je jednostavan hemijski
02:20
model of a living cell, and if you consider
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model žive ćelije, i razmotrite i to da
02:23
for example a cell in your body may have
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na primer jedna ćelija u vašem telu može imati
02:25
on the order of millions of different types
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milion različitih tipova
02:27
of molecules that need to come together,
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molekula koji se moraju naći jedan do drugog,
02:29
play together in a complex network
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interagovati u složenoj mreži
02:31
to produce something that we call alive.
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kako bi produkovali nešto što mi nazivamo "živim".
02:34
In the laboratory what we want to do
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Ono što želimo da uradimo u laboratoriji
02:36
is much the same, but with on the order of
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je slično tome, ali to je reda veličine
02:38
tens of different types of molecules --
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desetina različitih molekula--
02:40
so a drastic reduction in complexity, but still
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to je drastično smanjenje složenosti, ali i dalje
02:42
trying to produce something that looks lifelike.
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mi pokušavamo da dođemo do nečeg što podseća na život.
02:45
And so what we do is, we start simple
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Mi zato polazimo od jednostavnih stvari
02:47
and we work our way up to living systems.
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i razrađujemo prolaz do živih sistema.
02:50
Consider for a moment this quote by
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Porazmislite na momenat o ovom citatu
02:52
Leduc, a hundred years ago, considering a
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Leduka, od pre stotinu godina i njegovo razmatranje
02:54
kind of synthetic biology:
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o sintetičkoj biologiji:
02:56
"The synthesis of life, should it ever occur,
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"Ukoliko se ikada desi sintetički život,
02:58
will not be the sensational discovery which we
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to neće biti senzacionalno otkriće koje
03:00
usually associate with the idea."
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uobičajeno povezujemo sa tom idejom. "
03:02
That's his first statement. So if we actually
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To je njegova prva trvdnja. Tako da ako mi na kraju
03:04
create life in the laboratories, it's
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i stvorimo život u laboratoriji, to
03:06
probably not going to impact our lives at all.
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najverovatnije neće uopšte imati uticaj na naše živote.
03:08
"If we accept the theory of evolution, then
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" Ukoliko prihvatimo teoriju evolucije, tada će prvu
03:10
the first dawn of synthesis of life must consist
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zoru sintetičkog života predstvaljati
03:12
in the production of forms intermediate
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produkt među-formi između
03:14
between the inorganic and the organic
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neorganskog i organskog sveta,
03:16
world, or between the non-living
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ili izmeđi neživog
03:18
and living world, forms which possess
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i živog sveta, forme koje pokazuju
03:20
only some of the rudimentary attributes of life"
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samo neke rudimentarne karakteristike života"
03:22
-- so, the ones I just discussed --
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- to su primeri o kojima sam upravo pričao-
03:24
"to which other attributes will be slowly added
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njima će ostale osobine biti lagano pridodate
03:26
in the course of development by the
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u procesu razvoja, a delovanjem
03:28
evolutionary actions of the environment."
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evolutivnih pritisaka prirodne sredine."
03:30
So we start simple, we make some structures
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Početak je jednostavan, stvaramo neke forme
03:32
that may have some of these characteristics
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koje mogu imati pojedine osobine
03:34
of life, and then we try to develop that
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živog, a onda pokušamo da ih razvijemo da
03:36
to become more lifelike.
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postanu više nalik na živo.
03:38
This is how we can start to make a protocell.
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Ovako počinjemo da stvaramo proto-ćeliju.
03:40
We use this idea called self-assembly.
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Koristimo ideju o samouspostavljanju.
03:42
What that means is, I can mix some
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To znači da ja mogu da pomešam određene
03:44
chemicals together in a test tube in my lab,
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hemikalije u eksperimentalnoj tubi u laboratoriji
03:46
and these chemicals will start to self-associate
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i ove hemikalije će početi da se pridružuju
03:48
to form larger and larger structures.
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kako bi napravile veće i veće strukture.
03:50
So say on the order of tens of thousands,
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Tako da na razmeri od desetina hiljada,
03:52
hundreds of thousands of molecules will
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stotine hiljada molekula će se
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come together to form a large structure
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kretati jedni ka drugima i formiraće veliku strukturu
03:56
that didn't exist before.
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koja nije postojala pre toga.
03:58
And in this particular example,
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U ovom izdvojenom primeru,
04:00
what I took is some membrane molecules,
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ja sam upotrebio molekule membrane,
04:02
mixed those together in the right environment,
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pomešao ih u pravoj sredini,
04:04
and within seconds it forms these rather
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i nakon nekoliko sekundi oni formiraju ovu zaista
04:06
complex and beautiful structures here.
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složenu i lepu strukturu ovde.
04:08
These membranes are also quite similar,
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Ove mebrane su takođe veoma slične,
04:10
morphologically and functionally,
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morfološki i funkcionalno,
04:12
to the membranes in your body,
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membranama u vašem telu,
04:14
and we can use these, as they say,
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i možemo ih koristiti, kako bi se reklo,
04:16
to form the body of our protocell.
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da formiramo telo naše proto-ćelije.
04:18
Likewise,
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Na sličan način možemo
04:19
we can work with oil and water systems.
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raditi sa sistemima ulja i vode.
04:21
As you know, when you put oil and water together,
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Kao što znate, kada pomešate ulje i vodu,
04:23
they don't mix, but through self-assembly
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ne dolazi do mešanja, ali putem samo-organizacije
04:25
we can get a nice oil droplet to form,
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može doći do formiranja lepe kapljice ulja,
04:27
and we can actually use this as a body for
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i to možemo dalje koristiti kao telo za
04:29
our artificial organism or for our protocell,
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veštački organizam ili za našu proto-ćeliju,
04:31
as you will see later.
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kao što ćete kasnije videti.
04:33
So that's just forming some body stuff, right?
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To je samo kreiranje nekog vida tela, zar ne?
04:35
Some architectures.
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To je arhitektura.
04:37
What about the other aspects of living systems?
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Šta da radimo sa drugim aspektima živih sistema?
04:39
So we came up with this protocell model here
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Smislili smo model proto-ćelije koji vam
04:41
that I'm showing.
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ovde pokazujem.
04:43
We started with a natural occurring clay
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Počeli smo da radimo sa prirodnom glinom
04:45
called montmorillonite.
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koja se zove montmorilonit.
04:47
This is natural from the environment, this clay.
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Ova glina je deo prirodne okoline.
04:49
It forms a surface that is, say, chemically active.
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Formira površinu za koje se može reći da je hemijski aktivna.
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It could run a metabolism on it.
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Može biti osnova za odvijanje metabolizma.
04:53
Certain kind of molecules like to associate
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Određeni tipovi molekula se prirodno vezuju za
04:55
with the clay. For example, in this case, RNA, shown in red
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glinu. Na primer, u ovom slučaju RNK,
04:57
-- this is a relative of DNA,
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prikazana u crvenoj boji, rođaka DNK,
04:59
it's an informational molecule --
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je informacioni molekul-
05:01
it can come along and it starts to associate
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se može tu naći i doći će do povezivanja
05:03
with the surface of this clay.
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sa površinom gline.
05:05
This structure, then, can organize the
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Potom ova struktura može da omogući
05:07
formation of a membrane boundary around
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formiranje membrane koja je okružuje,
05:09
itself, so it can make a body of
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i da na taj način napravi branu od
05:11
liquid molecules around itself, and that's
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tečnih molekula oko sebe što je pokazano
05:13
shown in green here on this micrograph.
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zelenom bojom na ovim mikrografijama.
05:15
So just through self-assembly, mixing things
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Koristeći samo proces samoorganizacije i mešanja supstanci
05:17
together in the lab, we can come up with, say,
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u laboratoriji, možemo doći recimo do
05:20
a metabolic surface with some
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metaboličke površine na koju su prilepljeni
05:22
informational molecules attached
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molekuli koji prenose informacije
05:24
inside of this membrane body, right?
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u okviru membrane koja sve to uobličava, u redu?
05:26
So we're on a road towards living systems.
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Tako da smo na putu ka živim sistemima.
05:30
But if you saw this protocell, you would not
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Ali ukoliko biste ugledali ovu proto-ćeliju vi je ne biste
05:32
confuse this with something that was actually alive.
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pomešali ni sa čim što je zaista živo.
05:34
It's actually quite lifeless. Once it forms,
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U suštini u njoj nema života. Kada se formira,
05:36
it doesn't really do anything.
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u principu ne čini ništa.
05:38
So, something is missing.
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Tako da nešto tu nedostaje.
05:40
Some things are missing.
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Neke stvari nedostaju.
05:42
So some things that are missing is,
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Neke od osobina koje nedostaju su, na primer,
05:44
for example, if you had a flow of energy
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protok energije kroz sistem,
05:46
through a system, what we'd want
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ono što bismo mi želeli je da ta
05:48
is a protocell that can harvest
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proto-ćelija požnje
05:50
some of that energy in order to maintain itself,
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deo energije kako bi održala samu sebe,
05:52
much like living systems do.
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baš kao što živi sistemi čine.
05:54
So we came up with a different protocell
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Tako da smo došli do drugačijeg modela
05:56
model, and this is actually simpler than the previous one.
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proto-ćelije, i u principu je jednostavniji od prethodnog.
05:58
In this protocell model, it's just an oil droplet,
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Ovo je samo kapljica ulja, taj novi model proto-ćelije,
06:00
but a chemical metabolism inside
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ali sa takvim metabolizmom u sebi da
06:02
that allows this protocell to use energy
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može da koristi energiju kako
06:04
to do something, to actually become dynamic,
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bi uradila nešto, kako bi postala dinamična,
06:07
as we'll see here.
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kao što ćete videti.
06:09
You add the droplet to the system.
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Dodate samo ovu kapljicu u sistem.
06:11
It's a pool of water, and the protocell
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Ovo je bazen vode i proto-ćelija počinje
06:13
starts moving itself around in the system.
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da se kreće u okviru tog sistema.
06:15
Okay? Oil droplet forms
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U redu? Kapljica ulja se formira procesom
06:17
through self-assembly, has a chemical
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samoorganizacije, unutar sebe poseduje
06:19
metabolism inside so it can use energy,
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hemijski metabolizam tako da može da koristi energiju
06:21
and it uses that energy to move itself
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koju koristi kako bi se
06:23
around in its environment.
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kretala u sredini gde se nalazi.
06:25
As we heard earlier, movement is very
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Kao što smo ranije čuli, kretanje je jako
06:27
important in these kinds of living systems.
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važno kod ovih tipova živog sistema.
06:29
It is moving around, exploring its environment,
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Kreće se uokolo, istražuje okolinu,
06:31
and remodeling its environment, as you see,
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i menja okolinu, kao što vidite,
06:33
by these chemical waves that are forming by the protocell.
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baš ovim hemijskim talasima koje sama protoćelija formira.
06:35
So it's acting, in a sense, like a living system
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Tako da se na neki način ponaša kao živi sistem koji
06:37
trying to preserve itself.
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pokušava da se održi.
06:40
We take this same moving protocell here,
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Uzmemo ovu istu proto-ćeliju odavde,
06:43
and we put it in another experiment,
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postavimo je u drugi eksperiment,
06:45
get it moving. Then I'm going
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i pokrenemo je. Potom ću ja
06:47
to add some food to the system,
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dodati malo hrane u sistem,
06:49
and you'll see that in blue here, right?
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i uočićete to u plavoj boji ovde, u redu?
06:52
So I add some food source to the system.
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Tako da ja dodam izvor hrane u sistem.
06:54
The protocell moves. It encounters the food.
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Protoćelija se kreće. Nailazi na hranu.
06:56
It reconfigures itself and actually then
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Potom se uspostavi iznova i u stanju je
06:58
is able to climb to the highest concentration
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da se popenje do najviše koncentracije
07:00
of food in that system and stop there.
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hrane u tom sistemu, i tu se zaustavi.
07:02
Alright? So not only do we have this system
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U redu? Tako da ne samo da imamo ovaj sistem
07:04
that has a body, it has a metabolism,
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koji ima telo, ima metabolizam,
07:06
it can use energy, it moves around.
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može koristiti energiju, i kreće se uokolo.
07:09
It can sense its local environment
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Ono može da oseti spoljašnju sredinu
07:11
and actually find resources
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i u principu pronalazi izvore energije
07:13
in the environment to sustain itself.
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u svoj sredini kako bi se održalo.
07:15
Now, this doesn't have a brain, it doesn't have
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Sada, ne poseduje mozak, ne poseduje
07:17
a neural system. This is just a sack of
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nervni sistem. Ovo je samo grupa
07:19
chemicals that is able to have this interesting
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hemijskih supstanci koja je u stanju da ispolji
07:21
and complex lifelike behavior.
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ovo interesantno, složeno ponašanje slično živom sistemu.
07:23
If we count the number of chemicals
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Ukoliko izbrojimo broj hemijskih supstanci
07:25
in that system, actually, including the water
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u tom sistemu, uključujući i vodu koja je
07:27
that's in the dish, we have five chemicals
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u posudi, dolazimo do 5 hemikalija
07:29
that can do this.
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koje mogu ovo da urade.
07:31
So then we put these protocells together in a
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Potom postavimo ove proto-ćelije zajedno u
07:33
single experiment to see what they would do,
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isti eksperiment i posmatramo šta će se desiti,
07:35
and depending on the conditions, we have
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i u zavisnosti od uslova, imamo proto-ćelije
07:37
some protocells on the left that are
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sa leve strane koje se
07:39
moving around and it likes to touch the other
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kreću uokolo i sviđa im se da dodiruju druge
07:41
structures in its environment.
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strukture u svojoj okolini.
07:43
On the other hand we have two moving
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Sa druge strane imamo dve proto-ćelije
07:45
protocells that like to circle each other,
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koje se kreću i prosto kruže jedna oko druge,
07:47
and they form a kind of a dance, a complex dance with each other.
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tako da to podseća na vrstu plesa, složenog plesa u duetu.
07:49
Right? So not only do individual protocells
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Zar ne? Tako da ne samo da pojedinačne proto-ćelije
07:51
have behavior, what we've interpreted as
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karakteriše određeno ponašanje, koje mi shvatamo kao
07:53
behavior in this system, but we also have
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ponašanje u ovom sistemu, već se susrećemo
07:55
basically population-level behavior
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takođe i sa ponašanjem na nivou populacije što
07:58
similar to what organisms have.
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je slično onome što i organizme karakteriše.
08:01
So now that you're all experts on protocells,
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Pošto se sada svi stručnjaci za proto-ćelije,
08:04
we're going to play a game with these protocells.
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igraćemo se malo sa ovim proto-ćelijama.
08:06
We're going to make two different kinds.
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Napravićemo dve različite vrste.
08:08
Protocell A has a certain kind of chemistry
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Proto-ćelija A poseduje određenu vrstu hemije
08:11
inside that, when activated, the protocell
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u sebi, i kada je aktivirana ta proto-ćelija počinje
08:13
starts to vibrate around, just dancing.
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da vibrira uokolo, prosto pleše.
08:15
So remember, these are primitive things,
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Zapamtite da pričamo o primitivnim stvarima,
08:17
so dancing protocells, that's very
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tako da su nama proto-ćelije koje plešu
08:19
interesting to us. (Laughter)
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veoma interesantan fenomen. (Smeh)
08:21
The second protocell has a different
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Drugi tip proto-ćelije poseduje drukčiju vrstu
08:23
chemistry inside, and when activated,
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hemije i kada su aktivirane
08:25
the protocells all come together and they fuse
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ove proto-ćelije se prosto udruže i stope
08:27
into one big one. Right?
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u jednu veliku proto-ćeliju. U redu?
08:29
And we just put these two together
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Samo ih stavimo zajedno u
08:31
in the same system.
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isti sistem.
08:33
So there's population A,
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Ovo je populacija A,
08:35
there's population B, and then
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ovo je populacija B, i potom
08:37
we activate the system,
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mi aktiviramo sistem,
08:39
and protocell Bs, they're the blue ones,
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i proto-ćelija tipa B, to su ove plave ovde,
08:41
they all come together. They fuse together
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one se ujedine. Sjedine su i formiraju
08:43
to form one big blob, and the other protocell
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jednu veliku grudvu, a druge proto-ćelije prosto
08:45
just dances around. And this just happens
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samo plešu uokolo. Ovo se praktično dešava
08:47
until all of the energy in the system is
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dok se ne istroši sva energija u sistemu
08:49
basically used up, and then, game over.
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a potom se igra završava.
08:52
So then I repeated this experiment
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Potom sam ponovio ovaj eksperiment
08:54
a bunch of times, and one time
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nebrojeno puta, i jednom se
08:56
something very interesting happened.
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nešto veoma interesantno desilo.
08:58
So, I added these protocells together
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Prosto sam dodao proto-ćelije zajedno u
09:00
to the system, and protocell A and protocell B
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sistem, i proto-ćelija A i proto-ćelija B
09:02
fused together to form a hybrid protocell AB.
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su se sjedinile i formirale hibridnu proto-ćeliju AB.
09:04
That didn't happen before. There it goes.
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To se ranije nije dešavalo. Ovako to izgleda.
09:06
There's a protocell AB now in this system.
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Sada imamo i proto-ćeliju AB u sistemu.
09:09
Protocell AB likes to dance around for a bit,
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Proto-ćelija AB voli da malo pleše tu,
09:12
while protocell B does the fusing, okay?
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dok proto-ćelija B odrađuje sjedinjavanje, u redu?
09:15
But then something even more interesting happens.
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Ali potom se nešto još interesantnije desilo.
09:18
Watch when these two large protocells,
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Gledajte sada kako se ove dve velike proto-ćelije,
09:20
the hybrid ones, fuse together.
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hibridne ćelije sjedinjuju.
09:22
Now we have a dancing protocell
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Sada imamo proto-ćeliju koja pleše i
09:25
and a self-replication event. Right. (Laughter)
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i udvaja se sama. U redu. (Smeh)
09:29
Just with blobs of chemicals, again.
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I sve to samo uz pomoć šačice hemikalija.
09:31
So the way this works is, you have
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Način na koji to funkcioniše je sledeći,
09:33
a simple system of five chemicals here,
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imate ovde jednostavan sistem od pet hemikalija,
09:35
a simple system here. When they hybridize,
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i jednostavan sistem ovde. Dođe do njihovog sjedinjavanja,
09:37
you then form something that's different than
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i dobijete nešto što je različito od polaznog
09:39
before, it's more complex than before,
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sistema, kompleksnije je od polaznog sistema,
09:41
and you get the emergence of another kind of
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i pojavljuje se nova osobina koja je karakteristična
09:43
lifelike behavior which
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za živi sistem a to je
09:45
in this case is replication.
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u ovom slučaju replikacija.
09:47
So since we can make some interesting
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S obzirom da možemo da napravimo interesantne
09:49
protocells that we like, interesting colors and
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proto-ćelije koje nam se sviđaju, interesantnih boja i
09:51
interesting behaviors, and they're very easy
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interesantnog ponašanja, i to veoma lako,
09:53
to make, and they have interesting lifelike
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i pokazuju pri tome interesantne karakteristike
09:55
properties, perhaps these protocells have
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živih sistema, možda ove proto-ćelije mogu da nam
09:58
something to tell us about the origin of life
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kažu nešto o poreklu života na
10:00
on the Earth. Perhaps these represent an
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Zemlji. Možda ovo predstvalja jednostavan korak,
10:02
easily accessible step, one of the first steps
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a to je jedan od prvih koraka
10:04
by which life got started on the early Earth.
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koji je doveo do početka života na Zemlji.
10:07
Certainly, there were molecules present on
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Sigurno je da su postojali razni molekuli u
10:09
the early Earth, but they wouldn't have been
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ranoj istoriji Zemlje, ali to nisu bila ova čista
10:11
these pure compounds that we worked with
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jedinjenja sa kojima smo mi radili u
10:13
in the lab and I showed in these experiments.
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laboratoriji i pokazali vam ove eksperimente.
10:15
Rather, they'd be a real complex mixture of
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To su pre bile složene smeše raznih jedinjenja,
10:17
all kinds of stuff, because
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s obzirom na to da nekontorlisane
10:19
uncontrolled chemical reactions produce
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hemijske reakcije dovode do nastanka
10:21
a diverse mixture of organic compounds.
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raznolikih smeša organskih jedinjenja.
10:23
Think of it like a primordial ooze, okay?
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Razmišljajte o tome kao o primordijalnoj supi, u redu?
10:26
And it's a pool that's too difficult to fully
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To je sistem koji je veoma teško potpuno
10:28
characterize, even by modern methods, and
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okarakterisati čak i modernim metodama, i ti
10:30
the product looks brown, like this tar here
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produkti su braon boje, kao katran prikazan
10:32
on the left. A pure compound
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sa leve strane. Da biste uvideli kontrast,
10:34
is shown on the right, for contrast.
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sa desne strane je pokazano čisto jedinjenje.
10:36
So this is similar to what happens when you
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Ovo je slično onome što se desi kada
10:38
take pure sugar crystals in your kitchen,
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stavite čiste kristale šećera u posudu
10:40
you put them in a pan, and you apply energy.
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u svojoj kuhinji, i zagrejete posudu.
10:42
You turn up the heat, you start making
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Povećate potom temperaturu, i tako počnu da se
10:44
or breaking chemical bonds in the sugar,
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formiraju i raskidaju hemijske veze u šećeru,
10:46
forming a brownish caramel, right?
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i formira se braon karamel, zar ne?
10:48
If you let that go unregulated, you'll
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Ukoliko ne regulišite taj proces, proces uspostvaljanja
10:50
continue to make and break chemical bonds,
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i raskidanja hemijskih veza se nastavlja,
10:52
forming an even more diverse mixture of
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i tako nastaje još raznovrsnija smeša molekula
10:54
molecules that then forms this kind of black
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koji formiraju crnu katransku masu
10:56
tarry stuff in your pan, right, that's
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na vašoj posudi, koju je veoma teško
10:58
difficult to wash out. So that's what
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oprati. Tako da bi izvor inicijalnog života
11:00
the origin of life would have looked like.
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izgledao slično tome.
11:02
You needed to get life out of this junk that
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Treba da dobijete život iz ovog smeća koje je
11:04
is present on the early Earth,
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postojalo na mladoj planeti Zemlji,
11:06
four, 4.5 billion years ago.
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pre 4-4.5 milijardi godina.
11:08
So the challenge then is,
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Izazov leži u tome da zaboravite
11:10
throw away all your pure chemicals in the lab,
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na sva čista hemijska jedinjena koja imate u laboratoriji,
11:12
and try to make some protocells with lifelike
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i pokušate da napravite proto-ćelije koje pokazuju
11:14
properties from this kind of primordial ooze.
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osobine živih sistema sa ovim tipom primordijalne supe.
11:17
So we're able to then see the self-assembly
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Bili smo u mogućnosti da uočimo samo-organizovanje
11:19
of these oil droplet bodies again
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tela ovih uljanih kapljica ponovo,
11:21
that we've seen previously,
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kao što smo i ranije videli,
11:23
and the black spots inside of there
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a ove crne tačke unutar njih su ustvari
11:25
represent this kind of black tar -- this diverse,
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prosto tip crnog katrana-- tip tog raznovrsnog,
11:27
very complex, organic black tar.
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veoma složenog, organskog crnog katrana.
11:29
And we put them into one of these
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Ubacimo ih u jedan od ovih
11:31
experiments, as you've seen earlier, and then
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eksperimenata, kao što ste ranije videli, i potom
11:33
we watch lively movement that comes out.
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posmatramo živopisne pokrete koji nastaju iz toga.
11:35
They look really good, very nice movement,
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Deluju veoma dobro, prave lepe pokrete,
11:37
and also they appear to have some kind of
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a takođe se čini i da pokazuju izvestan oblik
11:39
behavior where they kind of circle
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ponašanja pri kojem oni na neki način kruže
11:41
around each other and follow each other,
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jedni oko drugih, i prate jedan drugog,
11:44
similar to what we've seen before -- but again,
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slično onome što smo već videli--ali ovog puta,
11:46
working with just primordial conditions,
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da napomenem još jednom, koristeći samo primordijalne uslove,
11:48
no pure chemicals.
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ne čiste hemikalije.
11:50
These are also, these tar-fueled protocells,
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Ove proto-ćelije na bazi katrana su
11:52
are also able to locate resources
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takođe sposobne da lociraju izvore energije
11:54
in their environment.
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u svojoj okolini.
11:55
I'm going to add some resource from the left,
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Dodaću izvor energije sa leve strane,
11:57
here, that defuses into the system,
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baš ovde, i raspršiće se po sistemu,
11:59
and you can see, they really like that.
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i videćete da proto-ćelije to baš vole.
12:01
They become very energetic, and able
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Postaju veoma energične, i u stanju su da nađu izvore
12:03
to find the resource in the environment,
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energije u svojoj sredini,
12:05
similar to what we saw before.
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slično onome što smo ranije videli.
12:07
But again, these are done in these primordial
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Napominjem ponovo da je sve ovo sada urađeno
12:09
conditions, really messy conditions,
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u uslovima primordijalne supe, to su zbrkani, složeni uslovi,
12:11
not sort of sterile laboratory conditions.
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a ne sterilni laboratorijski uslovi.
12:13
These are very dirty little protocells,
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Ovo su u principu veoma nečiste male
12:15
as a matter of fact. (Laughter)
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proto-ćelije. (Smeh).
12:17
But they have lifelike properties, is the point.
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Suština je u tome da imaju osobine koje podsećaju na živi sistem.
12:20
So, doing these artificial life experiments
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Rad na ovim eksperimentima o veštačkom životu nam
12:23
helps us define a potential path between
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pomaže da definišemo moguću putanju koja
12:26
non-living and living systems.
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povezuje nežive i žive sisteme.
12:29
And not only that, but it helps us
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I ne samo to, pomaže nam i da
12:31
broaden our view of what life is
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proširimo našu percepciju o tome šta je život
12:33
and what possible life there could be
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i kakav mogući život bi se mogao dešavati
12:35
out there -- life that could be very different
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u vasioni-- život koji bi mogao biti veoma različit
12:37
from life that we find here on Earth.
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od života koji nalazimo ovde na Zemlji.
12:40
And that leads me to the next
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To me vodi do sledećeg
12:42
term, which is "weird life."
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izraza, a to je "čudan život".
12:44
This is a term by Steve Benner.
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Ovo je izraz Stiva Benera.
12:47
This is used in reference to a report
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Izraz je korišćen 2007. u izveštaju
12:49
in 2007 by the National Research Council
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Nacionalnog istraživačkog saveta u
12:51
in the United States, wherein
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Sjedinjenim Državama, kada su pokušali da
12:53
they tried to understand how we can
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shvate kako bismo mogli da tražimo
12:55
look for life elsewhere in the universe, okay,
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život na drugim mestima u univerzumu,
12:57
especially if that life is very different from life
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naročito ako je taj život veoma različit od života
12:59
on Earth. If we went to another planet and
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na Zemlji. Ukoliko bismo otišli na drugu planetu i mislimo
13:02
we thought there might be life there,
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da tamo možda postoji život,
13:04
how could we even recognize it as life?
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kako mi uopšte možemo prepoznati to kao život?
13:06
Well, they came up with three very general
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Došli su do tri veoma uopštena kriterijuma.
13:08
criteria. First is -- and they're listed here.
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Izlistani su ovde- prvi je.
13:10
The first is, the system has to be in
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Prvi kriterijum glasi da sistem ne može biti
13:12
non-equilibrium. That means the system
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u ravnoteži. To samo znači u principu
13:14
cannot be dead, in a matter of fact.
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da sistem ne može biti mrtav.
13:15
Basically what that means is, you have
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To jednostavno znači da postoji energija koja
13:17
an input of energy into the system that life
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ulazi u sistem koji "život" može
13:19
can use and exploit to maintain itself.
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koristiti i upotrebiti da održi samog sebe.
13:22
This is similar to having the Sun shining
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To je slično Suncu koje obasjava
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on the Earth, driving photosynthesis,
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Zemlju i podržava fotosintezu,
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driving the ecosystem.
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što pokreće ekosistem.
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Without the Sun, there's likely to be
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Bez Sunca, najverovatnije ne bi uopšte
13:30
no life on this planet.
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bilo života na ovoj planeti.
13:32
Secondly, life needs to be in liquid form,
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Drugi kriterijum je da život mora biti u tečnoj formi,
13:34
so that means even if we had some
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a to znači da ukoliko bismo imali
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interesting structures, interesting molecules
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neke interesantne strukture i molekule
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together but they were frozen solid,
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zajedno u zamrznutom, čvrstom stanju
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then this is not a good place for life.
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to ne bi bilo optimalno mesto za život.
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And thirdly, we need to be able to make
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Treće, neophodno je da budemo u stanju da uspostavimo
13:44
and break chemical bonds. And again
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i razgradimo hemijske veze. Ponovo,
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this is important because life transforms
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to je važno zato što život transformiše
13:48
resources from the environment into
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izvore energije iz svoje sredine u
13:50
building blocks so it can maintain itself.
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gradivne jedinice kako bi sebe održao.
13:52
Now today, I told you about very strange
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Danas sam vam pričao o veoma stranim i
13:54
and weird protocells -- some that contain clay,
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čudnim proto-ćelijama-- neke sadrže glinu,
13:56
some that have primordial ooze in them,
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neke sadrže primordijalnu supu u sebi,
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some that have basically oil
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neke sadrže ulje umesto
14:01
instead of water inside of them.
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vode u sebi.
14:03
Most of these don't contain DNA,
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Većina njih ne poseduje DNK,
14:05
but yet they have lifelike properties.
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ali opet imaju osobine koje podsećaju na živi svet.
14:07
But these protocells satisfy
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Ali ove proto-ćelije zadovoljavaju ove
14:10
these general requirements of living systems.
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opšte zahteve koje treba živi sistem da ispolji.
14:13
So by making these chemical, artificial
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Radeći ove hemijske eksperimente,
14:15
life experiments, we hope not only
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eksperimente o veštačkom životu, nadamo se da ćemo razumeti
14:17
to understand something fundamental
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ne samo osnove o nastanku
14:19
about the origin of life and the existence
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života i opstanku na našoj planeti,
14:21
of life on this planet, but also
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već takođe i koji bi se to
14:23
what possible life there could be
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mogući oblici života mogli naći
14:25
out there in the universe. Thank you.
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u univerzumu. Hvala vam.
14:28
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Martin Hanczyc - ChemistMartin Hanczyc explores the path between living and nonliving systems, using chemical droplets to study behavior of the earliest cells.
Why you should listen
Martin Hanczyc is developing novel synthetic chemical systems based on the properties of living systems, in a quest to understand how life forms. These synthetic systems, or "protocells," are model systems of primitive living cells and chemical examples of artificial life. As Rachel Armstrong puts it: "Although the protocell model system is just a chemically modified oil droplet, its dynamics are astonishingly varied and complex."
He's based at the Institute of Physics and Chemistry and the Center for Fundamental Living Technology (FLinT) in Denmark. He is also an Honorary Senior Lecturer at the Bartlett School of Architecture, University College London.
Martin Hanczyc | Speaker | TED.com