TED2012
Regina Dugan: From mach-20 glider to hummingbird drone
瑞姬娜･杜甘：从20马赫的滑翔机到蜂鸟无人机的感想
Filmed:
Readability: 4.1
1,741,914 views
“如果你知道自己不会失败，你会做什么？”曾担任美国国防部高级研究计划局局长的瑞姬娜･杜甘这样问我们。在这个令人激动的演讲中，她讲述了几个非同寻常的项目—— 一个机器人蜂鸟，一个由思想控制的义肢，还有互联网——她的机构创立于不怕失败。（TED的克里斯･安德森随后提问）
Regina Dugan - Former director of DARPA
As director of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), Regina Dugan oversaw the US armed forces' innovation engine. Now she deploys the same research tactics at Google. Full bio
As director of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), Regina Dugan oversaw the US armed forces' innovation engine. Now she deploys the same research tactics at Google. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
You should be nice
0
0
2000
你们要对书呆子
00:17
to nerds.
1
2000
2000
好点
00:19
In fact, I'd go so far as to say,
2
4000
2000
实际上，我想说
00:21
if you don't already have a nerd in your life,
3
6000
2000
如果你生活里还没有个书呆子
00:23
you should get one.
4
8000
3000
赶紧找一个
00:26
I'm just saying.
5
11000
2000
我也就是说说而已。
00:28
Scientists and engineers
6
13000
2000
科学家和工程师们
00:30
change the world.
7
15000
3000
改变这个世界。
00:33
I'd like to tell you
8
18000
2000
我想谈谈
00:35
about a magical place called DARPA
9
20000
3000
一个神奇的地方，叫DARPA（美国国防部高级研究计划局）
00:38
where scientists and engineers
10
23000
2000
在那儿科学家和工程师们
00:40
defy the impossible
11
25000
2000
都喜欢挑战不可能的事情，
00:42
and refuse to fear failure.
12
27000
3000
不惧怕失败。
00:45
Now these two ideas
13
30000
2000
现在，这两个观点联系紧密
00:47
are connected more than you may realize,
14
32000
3000
超乎你的想象，
00:50
because when you remove the fear of failure,
15
35000
4000
因为当你摆脱了对失败的恐惧，
00:54
impossible things
16
39000
2000
不可能的事情，
00:56
suddenly become possible.
17
41000
4000
就突然变成可能。
01:00
If you want to know how,
18
45000
2000
如果你想知道如何做到，
01:02
ask yourself this question:
19
47000
3000
那么，先问自己这样一个问题：
01:05
What would you attempt to do
20
50000
2000
如果你知道自己不会失败
01:07
if you knew you could not fail?
21
52000
3000
你会打算做什么？
01:10
If you really ask yourself
22
55000
2000
如果你真的问自己
01:12
this question,
23
57000
2000
这个问题，
01:14
you can't help but feel uncomfortable.
24
59000
3000
你会禁不住感到不舒服。
01:17
I feel a little uncomfortable.
25
62000
3000
我觉得有点不舒服。
01:20
Because when you ask it,
26
65000
2000
因为当你这样问的时候，
01:22
you begin to understand
27
67000
2000
你就开始明白
01:24
how the fear of failure constrains you,
28
69000
3000
失败的恐惧怎样束缚了你，
01:27
how it keeps us
29
72000
2000
怎样阻碍了我们
01:29
from attempting great things,
30
74000
3000
追求伟大的事情，
01:32
and life gets dull,
31
77000
3000
生活变得无趣，
01:35
amazing things stop happening.
32
80000
3000
奇妙的事情不再发生。
01:38
Sure, good things happen,
33
83000
2000
当然，好事情还是有，
01:40
but amazing things
34
85000
2000
但是神奇的事情
01:42
stop happening.
35
87000
2000
不再发生了。
01:44
Now I should be clear,
36
89000
3000
现在，我要说明一点，
01:47
I'm not encouraging failure,
37
92000
3000
我不是在鼓励失败
01:50
I'm discouraging
38
95000
2000
我在反对
01:52
fear of failure.
39
97000
3000
惧怕失败。
01:55
Because it's not failure itself
40
100000
2000
因为不是失败本身
01:57
that constrains us.
41
102000
2000
束缚了我们。
01:59
The path to truly new,
42
104000
2000
在通往真正新鲜
02:01
never-been-done-before things
43
106000
2000
没有人做过的事情的路上
02:03
always has failure along the way.
44
108000
3000
总会有失败。
02:06
We're tested.
45
111000
2000
我们受到了考验。
02:08
And in part, that testing feels an appropriate part
46
113000
4000
而考验是我们获得巨大成功的
02:12
of achieving something great.
47
117000
3000
应有条件。
02:15
Clemenceau said,
48
120000
2000
克里蒙梭说过：
02:17
"Life gets interesting when we fail,
49
122000
3000
“在我们失败时，生活变有趣了，
02:20
because it's a sign
50
125000
2000
因为它表明了
02:22
that we've surpassed ourselves."
51
127000
3000
我们超越了自己。”
02:25
In 1895,
52
130000
2000
1895年，
02:27
Lord Kelvin declared
53
132000
2000
开尔文爵士宣称，
02:29
that heavier-than-air flying machines
54
134000
2000
重过空气的飞行器
02:31
were impossible.
55
136000
2000
都是不可能飞起来的。
02:33
In October of 1903,
56
138000
2000
1903年10月，
02:35
the prevailing opinion
57
140000
2000
动力学专家
02:37
of expert aerodynamicists
58
142000
3000
普遍认为，
02:40
was that maybe in 10 million years
59
145000
2000
一千万年以后
02:42
we could build an aircraft that would fly.
60
147000
3000
人类才能造出能飞的飞机。
02:45
And two months later on December 17th,
61
150000
3000
但是两个月后，12月17日，
02:48
Orville Wright powered the first airplane
62
153000
3000
奥维尔･赖特驾驶第一架飞机
02:51
across a beach in North Carolina.
63
156000
3000
飞过了北卡罗来纳州的一个沙滩。
02:54
The flight lasted 12 seconds
64
159000
3000
这次飞行持续了12秒钟
02:57
and covered 120 feet.
65
162000
3000
行程为120英尺。
03:00
That was 1903.
66
165000
2000
那是1903年。
03:02
One year later,
67
167000
2000
一年后，
03:04
the next declarations of impossibilities began.
68
169000
3000
又一个不可能宣言开始了。
03:07
Ferdinand Foch, a French army general
69
172000
3000
斐迪南･福煦，法国军队中一位将军，
03:10
credited with having one of the most original and subtle minds
70
175000
4000
他被人们赞誉具有最原始的
03:14
in the French army,
71
179000
2000
和微妙的思想之一，
03:16
said, "Airplanes are interesting toys,
72
181000
3000
他说：“飞机是个好玩的玩具，
03:19
but of no military value."
73
184000
4000
但是毫无军用价值。”
03:23
40 years later,
74
188000
2000
40年后，
03:25
aero experts coined the term transonic.
75
190000
3000
空气动力学专家创造了“跨音速（transonic）”这个术语。
03:28
They debated, should it have one S or two?
76
193000
5000
他们争论这个术语应该用一个S，还是两个S，
03:33
You see, they were having trouble in this flight regime,
77
198000
3000
你也明白，实际上他们是对该飞机体系有疑问，
03:36
and it wasn't at all clear
78
201000
2000
我们能否飞得比音速还快
03:38
that we could fly faster than the speed of sound.
79
203000
4000
那时还未得到解答。
03:42
In 1947,
80
207000
2000
1947年，
03:44
there was no wind tunnel data
81
209000
2000
那时还没有风洞实验数据，
03:46
beyond Mach 0.85.
82
211000
5000
只有0.85马赫这个数据。
03:51
And yet,
83
216000
2000
然而，
03:53
on Tuesday, October 14th, 1947,
84
218000
5000
1947年10月14日，星期二，
03:58
Chuck Yeager climbed into the cockpit
85
223000
3000
查克·雅戈尔爬进
04:01
of his Bell X-1
86
226000
2000
他的贝尔X-1号的座舱
04:03
and he flew
87
228000
2000
他飞向了
04:05
towards an unknown possibility,
88
230000
4000
未知的可能性
04:09
and in so doing,
89
234000
2000
他不停地飞，
04:11
he became the first pilot
90
236000
2000
最终，他成为了第一个
04:13
to fly faster than the speed of sound.
91
238000
4000
超音速飞行的飞行员。
04:22
Six of eight Atlas rockets
92
247000
2000
八个阿特拉斯火箭中
04:24
blew up on the pad.
93
249000
2000
有六个爆炸在发射台上。
04:26
After 11 complete mission failures,
94
251000
2000
在11次彻底任务失败后，
04:28
we got our first images from space.
95
253000
2000
我们看到了首张宇宙图像。
04:30
And on that first flight
96
255000
2000
而在那个首次飞行上，
04:32
we got more data
97
257000
2000
我们获得了比
04:34
than in all U-2 missions combined.
98
259000
5000
所有U-2任务加起来还要多的数据。
04:39
It took a lot of failures
99
264000
2000
失败了很多次
04:41
to get there.
100
266000
2000
才最终取得成功。
04:43
Since we took to the sky,
101
268000
2000
自从我们飞上天空后，
04:45
we have wanted to fly
102
270000
2000
我们就想
04:47
faster and farther.
103
272000
3000
飞得更快更远。
04:50
And to do so,
104
275000
2000
为此目的，
04:52
we've had to believe in impossible things.
105
277000
3000
我们应该相信不可能的事情。
04:55
And we've had to refuse
106
280000
2000
并且我们应该反对
04:57
to fear failure.
107
282000
3000
惧怕失败。
05:00
That's still true today.
108
285000
3000
这个观点现在依然正确。
05:03
Today, we don't talk about flying transonically,
109
288000
4000
今天，我们谈的不是跨音速飞行，
05:07
or even supersonically,
110
292000
3000
甚至超音速飞行，
05:10
we talk about flying hypersonically --
111
295000
3000
我们谈的是特超音速飞行——
05:13
not Mach 2 or Mach 3, Mach 20.
112
298000
4000
不是2马赫或者3马赫，而是20马赫。
05:17
At Mach 20,
113
302000
2000
在20马赫的速度下，
05:19
we can fly from New York to Long Beach
114
304000
2000
我们可以在11分钟20秒内
05:21
in 11 minutes and 20 seconds.
115
306000
3000
从纽约飞到长滩。
05:24
At that speed,
116
309000
2000
在这个速度下，
05:26
the surface of the airfoil
117
311000
2000
机翼表面温度
05:28
is the temperature of molten steel --
118
313000
2000
是钢水的温度——
05:30
3,500 degrees Fahrenheit --
119
315000
3000
华氏3,500度——
05:33
like a blast furnace.
120
318000
2000
就像一个高炉一样。
05:35
We are essentially burning the airfoil
121
320000
3000
在我们飞行时，我们实质上是在
05:38
as we fly it.
122
323000
2000
燃烧机翼。
05:40
And we are flying it,
123
325000
2000
而我们正在这样飞，
05:42
or trying to.
124
327000
2000
或者在尝试这样飞。
05:44
DARPA's hypersonic test vehicle
125
329000
3000
DARPA的特超音速测试飞机
05:47
is the fastest maneuvering aircraft
126
332000
2000
是前所未有的人类制造的
05:49
ever built.
127
334000
2000
最快的机动飞机。
05:51
It's boosted to near-space
128
336000
3000
这架飞机提升到了近太空的位置
05:54
atop a Minotaur IV rocket.
129
339000
2000
在米诺陶4火箭上空飞行。
05:56
Now the Minotaur IV has too much impulse,
130
341000
2000
但是米诺陶4火箭的推力太强大
05:58
so we have to bleed it off
131
343000
2000
为了减缓其推力
06:00
by flying the rocket
132
345000
2000
我们得让火箭在
06:02
at an 89 degree angle of attack
133
347000
2000
部分运行轨迹
06:04
for portions of the trajectory.
134
349000
3000
以89度攻击角来运行。
06:07
That's an unnatural act
135
352000
2000
这对于火箭来说，
06:09
for a rocket.
136
354000
2000
不是一种自然的行为。
06:11
The third stage has a camera.
137
356000
3000
第三次发射，火箭上有一个摄像机。
06:14
We call it rocketcam.
138
359000
2000
我们称之为火箭摄像机。
06:16
And it's pointed
139
361000
2000
用于拍摄
06:18
at the hypersonic glider.
140
363000
3000
特超音速滑翔机。
06:21
This is the actual rocketcam footage
141
366000
3000
这是一段来自首次飞行的
06:24
from flight one.
142
369000
2000
真实录像。
06:26
Now to conceal the shape, we changed the aspect ratio a little bit.
143
371000
3000
我们稍稍改动了纵横比来遮掩滑翔机的样子
06:29
But this is what it looks like
144
374000
3000
但这正是从火箭发射的
06:32
from the third stage of the rocket
145
377000
2000
第三阶段上
06:34
looking at the unmanned glider
146
379000
2000
看到的无人操纵滑翔机的样子
06:36
as it heads into the atmosphere
147
381000
3000
它冲进大气层，
06:39
back towards Earth.
148
384000
2000
返回地球。
06:41
We've flown twice.
149
386000
2000
我们飞了两次
06:43
In the first flight,
150
388000
2000
头一次
06:45
no aerodynamic control of the vehicle.
151
390000
3000
没有对滑翔机操控
06:48
But we collected more hypersonic flight data
152
393000
3000
但我们也收集了
06:51
than in 30 years
153
396000
2000
比过去30年间
06:53
of ground-based testing combined.
154
398000
3000
地面测试总和还多的数据。
06:56
And in the second flight,
155
401000
3000
第二次飞行
06:59
three minutes of fully-controlled,
156
404000
3000
是历时3分钟的全程操控，
07:02
aerodynamic flight
157
407000
2000
空气动力飞行的
07:04
at Mach 20.
158
409000
2000
速度是20马赫。
07:06
We must fly again,
159
411000
2000
我们还要再飞一次
07:08
because amazing, never-been-done-before things
160
413000
4000
因为神奇的前人从未尝试过的事物
07:12
require that you fly.
161
417000
3000
促使我们飞行
07:15
You can't learn to fly at Mach 20
162
420000
3000
你飞不了20马赫
07:18
unless you fly.
163
423000
3000
除非你继续飞。
07:21
And while there's no substitute for speed,
164
426000
3000
虽然速度很重要，
07:24
maneuverability is a very close second.
165
429000
4000
操纵性也同样不可忽视
07:28
If a Mach 20 glider takes 11 minutes and 20 seconds
166
433000
3000
如果20马赫的滑翔机花11分钟20秒
07:31
to get from New York to Long Beach,
167
436000
2000
从纽约飞到长滩，
07:33
a hummingbird would take,
168
438000
2000
那么，一只蜂鸟大概要
07:35
well, days.
169
440000
3000
几天。
07:38
You see, hummingbirds are not hypersonic,
170
443000
2000
你知道，蜂鸟不是特超音速
07:40
but they are maneuverable.
171
445000
3000
但是操纵性很好
07:43
In fact, the hummingbird is the only bird
172
448000
3000
事实上，蜂鸟是唯一
07:46
that can fly backwards.
173
451000
2000
能后退飞行的鸟
07:48
It can fly up, down,
174
453000
2000
它能飞上飞下
07:50
forwards, backwards,
175
455000
2000
向前飞，向后飞
07:52
even upside-down.
176
457000
3000
甚至倒过来飞
07:55
And so if we wanted to fly in this room
177
460000
3000
所以，如果我们想在这个房间里
07:58
or places where humans can't go,
178
463000
2000
或者人类无法到达的地方飞行
08:00
we'd need an aircraft
179
465000
2000
我们就需要飞机
08:02
small enough and maneuverable enough
180
467000
3000
体积小，操作性强，
08:05
to do so.
181
470000
2000
方可达到此要求。
08:07
This is a hummingbird drone.
182
472000
3000
这是个蜂鸟无人驾驶飞机
08:10
It can fly in all directions,
183
475000
2000
它能向各个方向飞行
08:12
even backwards.
184
477000
2000
甚至向后飞
08:14
It can hover and rotate.
185
479000
3000
它能悬停和旋转。
08:17
This prototype aircraft
186
482000
2000
这个原型机
08:19
is equipped with a video camera.
187
484000
3000
配有一个视频摄像头
08:22
It weighs less than one AA battery.
188
487000
4000
它比一节AA电池还轻
08:26
It does not eat nectar.
189
491000
3000
还不用吃花蜜
08:29
In 2008,
190
494000
2000
2008年
08:31
it flew for a whopping 20 seconds,
191
496000
3000
它破天荒地飞了20秒
08:34
a year later, two minutes,
192
499000
2000
一年后是2分钟
08:36
then six,
193
501000
2000
然后是6分钟
08:38
eventually 11.
194
503000
2000
最终飞了11分钟
08:40
Many prototypes crashed -- many.
195
505000
4000
很多原型机都摔烂了——很多
08:44
But there's no way
196
509000
2000
但是无法
08:46
to learn to fly like a hummingbird
197
511000
2000
学会象蜂鸟一样飞
08:48
unless you fly.
198
513000
3000
除非不停地学习飞行
08:56
(Applause)
199
521000
8000
（掌声）
09:04
It's beautiful, isn't it.
200
529000
4000
很美妙，是吧
09:08
Wow.
201
533000
2000
哇
09:10
It's great.
202
535000
2000
非常棒
09:15
Matt is the first ever hummingbird pilot.
203
540000
3000
马特是首位蜂鸟飞行员
09:18
(Applause)
204
543000
7000
（掌声）
09:25
Failure is part of creating
205
550000
3000
失败是创造
09:28
new and amazing things.
206
553000
2000
美妙新事物的必经之路
09:30
We cannot both fear failure
207
555000
3000
我们不能害怕失败
09:33
and make amazing new things --
208
558000
4000
创造神奇的新事物——
09:37
like a robot
209
562000
2000
像机器人
09:39
with the stability of a dog on rough terrain,
210
564000
3000
能像狗一样平稳地在崎岖的地形，
09:42
or maybe even ice;
211
567000
2000
甚至冰面上行走；
09:44
a robot that can run like a cheetah,
212
569000
2000
象猎豹一样奔跑的机器人
09:46
or climb stairs like a human
213
571000
3000
或者像人一样爬楼梯的
09:49
with the occasional clumsiness of a human.
214
574000
5000
略带趔趄的机器人
09:54
Or perhaps, Spider Man
215
579000
3000
或者，蜘蛛人
09:57
will one day be Gecko Man.
216
582000
3000
有一天将变成壁虎人
10:00
A gecko can support
217
585000
2000
壁虎能挂住
10:02
its entire body weight
218
587000
2000
整个身体
10:04
with one toe.
219
589000
2000
只用一个脚趾头
10:06
One square millimeter of a gecko's footpad
220
591000
3000
壁虎脚趾上一平方毫米
10:09
has 14,000 hair-like structures
221
594000
3000
有一万四千个毛发状结构
10:12
called setae.
222
597000
2000
叫刚毛
10:14
They are used to help it grip to surfaces
223
599000
3000
它们帮助壁虎抓住物体表面
10:17
using intermolecular forces.
224
602000
3000
采用分子间作用力
10:20
Today we can manufacture structures
225
605000
3000
今天我们能够造出
10:23
that mimic the hairs of a gecko's foot.
226
608000
3000
模仿壁虎脚趾毛发的结构
10:26
The result,
227
611000
2000
结果是，
10:28
a four-by-four-inch
228
613000
2000
一个四乘四英尺的
10:30
artificial nano-gecko adhesive.
229
615000
4000
人造奈米壁虎胶粘剂
10:34
can support a static load
230
619000
2000
能够承载静态负荷
10:36
of 660 pounds.
231
621000
2000
660磅。
10:38
That's enough to stick
232
623000
2000
这足以
10:40
six 42-inch plasma TV's to your wall,
233
625000
3000
把一台42英尺的等离子电视机贴在墙上
10:43
no nails.
234
628000
2000
一个钉子都不要。
10:45
So much for Velcro, right?
235
630000
3000
这就是所谓魔术贴，对不对？
10:48
And it's not just passive structures,
236
633000
3000
不光是被动式结构
10:51
it's entire machines.
237
636000
3000
整个机器也已经造出来了
10:54
This is a spider mite.
238
639000
2000
这就是个红蜘蛛
10:56
It's one millimeter long,
239
641000
2000
只有一毫米长
10:58
but it looks like Godzilla
240
643000
2000
但在微型机器旁
11:00
next to these micromachines.
241
645000
3000
它看上去跟哥斯拉怪兽一样大
11:03
In the world of Godzilla spider mites,
242
648000
3000
在哥斯拉红蜘蛛怪兽世界里
11:06
we can make millions of mirrors,
243
651000
3000
我们可造出上百万个镜子
11:09
each one-fifth the diameter
244
654000
2000
每个镜子的直径
11:11
of a human hair,
245
656000
2000
只有人类毛发直径的1/5,
11:13
moving at hundreds of thousands of times per second
246
658000
3000
每秒以成千上万次的频率移动
11:16
to make large screen displays,
247
661000
3000
来创造出大型的屏幕显示
11:19
so that we can watch movies like "Godzilla"
248
664000
2000
这样，我们就能观看到高清电影
11:21
in high-def.
249
666000
3000
比如《哥斯拉》
11:24
And if we can build machines
250
669000
2000
而且，如果我们能制造
11:26
at that scale,
251
671000
2000
那种尺寸的机器
11:28
what about Eiffel Tower-like trusses
252
673000
3000
那么像埃菲尔铁塔一样微型
11:31
at the microscale?
253
676000
2000
桁架结构？
11:33
Today we are making metals
254
678000
3000
如今我们制造
11:36
that are lighter than Styrofoam,
255
681000
2000
比发泡胶还轻的金属
11:38
so light
256
683000
2000
很轻
11:40
they can sit atop a dandelion puff
257
685000
2000
能架在一个蒲公英蓬蓬上
11:42
and be blown away
258
687000
2000
轻轻一吹
11:44
with a wisp of air --
259
689000
2000
便吹走了——
11:46
so light
260
691000
2000
很轻
11:48
that you can make a car that two people can lift,
261
693000
3000
你可以制造一辆两个人就能抬起来的轿车
11:51
but so strong
262
696000
2000
但很强大
11:53
that it has the crash-worthiness of an SUV.
263
698000
3000
它具备越野车的耐撞性。
11:56
From the smallest wisp of air
264
701000
3000
我们从最小的一缕空气
11:59
to the powerful forces of nature's storms.
265
704000
3000
谈到大自然风暴的强大力量。
12:02
There are 44 lightning strikes per second
266
707000
3000
全球每秒会产生
12:05
around the globe.
267
710000
2000
44次闪电。
12:07
Each lightning bolt heats the air
268
712000
3000
每一道闪电都能把空气
12:10
to 44,000 degrees Fahrenheit --
269
715000
2000
加热到44,000华氏度——
12:12
hotter than the surface of the Sun.
270
717000
3000
比太阳表面还热。
12:15
What if we could use
271
720000
2000
我们能不能利用
12:17
these electromagnetic pulses
272
722000
2000
这些电磁脉冲
12:19
as beacons,
273
724000
2000
作为信标呢
12:21
beacons in a moving network
274
726000
3000
一个强大传输器
12:24
of powerful transmitters?
275
729000
3000
移动网络中的信标呢？
12:27
Experiments suggest
276
732000
2000
实验表明
12:29
that lightning could be the next GPS.
277
734000
5000
闪电能成为下一代GPS（全球定位系统）
12:34
Electrical pulses form the thoughts in our brains.
278
739000
3000
电脉冲在我们的大脑里形成思想。
12:37
Using a grid the size of your thumb,
279
742000
3000
蒂姆在他的大脑表面上，用一个网格，
12:40
with 32 electrodes
280
745000
2000
大拇指大小，
12:42
on the surface of his brain,
281
747000
2000
有32个电极，
12:44
Tim uses his thoughts
282
749000
2000
他通过他的思想
12:46
to control an advanced prosthetic arm.
283
751000
6000
控制一个高级的义肢
12:52
And his thoughts
284
757000
2000
而他的思想
12:54
made him reach for Katie.
285
759000
2000
使他联系到了凯蒂。
12:56
This is the first time
286
761000
4000
这是人类首次
13:00
a human has controlled a robot
287
765000
2000
用思想单独
13:02
with thought alone.
288
767000
3000
控制机器人。
13:05
And it is the first time
289
770000
2000
这也是七年来
13:07
that Tim has held Katie's hand
290
772000
2000
蒂姆第一次
13:09
in seven years.
291
774000
2000
与凯蒂握手。
13:11
That moment mattered
292
776000
2000
这一刻对蒂姆和凯蒂来说
13:13
to Tim and Katie,
293
778000
2000
都非同寻常的
13:15
and this green goo
294
780000
2000
这个绿色粘质
13:17
may someday matter to you.
295
782000
3000
也许有一天会对你很重要
13:20
This green goo
296
785000
2000
这个绿色粘质
13:22
is perhaps the vaccine that could save your life.
297
787000
3000
也许是能救你性命的疫苗
13:25
It was made in tobacco plants.
298
790000
3000
它是用烟草植物制作的。
13:28
Tobacco plants
299
793000
2000
烟草
13:30
can make millions of doses of vaccine
300
795000
3000
能在短短几周而不是几个月内
13:33
in weeks instead of months,
301
798000
3000
制成数百万剂疫苗
13:36
and it might just be
302
801000
2000
而且这大概是有史以来
13:38
the first healthy use of tobacco ever.
303
803000
4000
烟草第一次被用于健康用途
13:42
And if it seems far-fetched
304
807000
2000
如果你觉得
13:44
that tobacco plants could make people healthy,
305
809000
3000
烟草能使人健康有些牵强
13:47
what about gamers that could solve problems
306
812000
3000
那么，对游戏玩家解决了专家都
13:50
that experts can't solve?
307
815000
2000
束手无策的问题，你有什么想法呢？
13:52
Last September,
308
817000
2000
去年九月份
13:54
the gamers of Foldit
309
819000
2000
蛋白质折叠电子游戏（Foldit）的玩家
13:56
solved the three-dimensional structure
310
821000
2000
就解决了逆转录病毒蛋白酶的
13:58
of the retroviral protease
311
823000
2000
三维结构
14:00
that contributes to AIDS in rhesus monkeys.
312
825000
3000
这对猕猴身上艾滋病毒的治疗作出了贡献。
14:03
Now understanding this structure
313
828000
2000
现在，理解这个结构
14:05
is very important for developing treatments.
314
830000
4000
对治疗手段的发展非常重要。
14:09
For 15 years,
315
834000
2000
15年来，
14:11
it was unsolved
316
836000
2000
科学界都无法
14:13
in the scientific community.
317
838000
2000
解决这个问题。
14:15
The gamers of Foldit
318
840000
2000
而蛋白质折叠电子游戏（Foldit）的玩家
14:17
solved it in 15 days.
319
842000
3000
15天就搞定了。
14:20
Now they were able to do so
320
845000
2000
现在，他们能共同协作
14:22
by working together.
321
847000
2000
来解决这个问题。
14:24
They were able to work together
322
849000
2000
他们能够协作
14:26
because they're connected by the Internet.
323
851000
2000
是因为互联网把他们联结起来。
14:28
And others, also connected to the Internet,
324
853000
3000
而其他一样通过互联网联系的很多人
14:31
used it as an instrument of democracy.
325
856000
4000
把互联网当作民主的武器。
14:35
And together
326
860000
2000
他们在一起
14:37
they changed the fate of their nation.
327
862000
3000
改变了他们国家的命运。
14:40
The Internet is home to two billion people,
328
865000
3000
互联网是20亿人
14:43
or 30 percent of the world's population.
329
868000
3000
或者世界30％的人口的家园。
14:46
It allows us to contribute
330
871000
3000
它使我们能以个人名义
14:49
and to be heard
331
874000
2000
发言，
14:51
as individuals.
332
876000
2000
并被聆听。
14:53
It allows us to amplify
333
878000
3000
它使我们放大
14:56
our voices and our power
334
881000
3000
群体的声音
14:59
as a group.
335
884000
2000
和力量。
15:01
But it too had humble beginnings.
336
886000
3000
但它也是出身卑微的。
15:04
In 1969, the internet was but a dream,
337
889000
3000
1969年，互联网还只是痴人说梦，
15:07
a few sketches on a piece of paper.
338
892000
2000
纸上谈兵。
15:09
And then on October 29th,
339
894000
3000
然后在1969年10月29日，
15:12
the first packet-switched message was sent
340
897000
2000
第一个数据包交换信息
15:14
from UCLA to SRI.
341
899000
3000
从加州大学洛杉矶分校传到斯坦福研究所。
15:17
The first two letters of the word "Login,"
342
902000
3000
Login的头两个字母
15:20
that's all that made it through --
343
905000
2000
是使其成功发送的全部原因——
15:22
an L and an O --
344
907000
2000
字母L和O——
15:24
and then a buffer overflow crashed the system.
345
909000
2000
接着缓冲器溢出使系统崩溃了。
15:26
(Laughter)
346
911000
3000
（笑声）
15:29
Two letters,
347
914000
2000
两个字母
15:31
an L and an O,
348
916000
3000
L和O
15:34
now a worldwide force.
349
919000
4000
如今成为全球力量。
15:38
So who are these scientists and engineers
350
923000
3000
那么，在那个叫做DARPA的神奇地方里的
15:41
at a magical place called DARPA?
351
926000
3000
科学家和工程师都是什么样的人？
15:44
They are nerds,
352
929000
3000
他们都是书呆子
15:47
and they are heroes among us.
353
932000
3000
还是我们当中的英雄。
15:50
They challenge existing perspectives
354
935000
2000
他们在科学的边缘
15:52
at the edges of science
355
937000
2000
以及要求极高的条件下
15:54
and under the most demanding of conditions.
356
939000
4000
挑战固有的观念。
15:58
They remind us
357
943000
2000
他们提醒我们，
16:00
that we can change the world
358
945000
2000
如果我们与不可能斗争
16:02
if we defy the impossible
359
947000
2000
我们不害怕失败
16:04
and we refuse to fear failure.
360
949000
4000
我们就能改变世界。
16:08
They remind us
361
953000
2000
他们让我们知道
16:10
that we all have nerd power.
362
955000
3000
我们每个人都有书呆子的力量。
16:13
Sometimes we just forget.
363
958000
4000
有时候我们就是忘了。
16:17
You see, there was a time
364
962000
2000
你知道，你曾经
16:19
when you weren't afraid of failure,
365
964000
2000
不怕失败，
16:21
when you were a great artist or a great dancer
366
966000
3000
你是个出色的艺术家或舞蹈家
16:24
and you could sing, you were good at math,
367
969000
2000
你会唱歌，你擅长数学
16:26
you could build things, you were an astronaut,
368
971000
3000
你会建造东西，你是个宇航员
16:29
an adventurer, Jacques Cousteau,
369
974000
2000
一个探险者，雅克·库斯托
16:31
you could jump higher, run faster,
370
976000
2000
你比任何人都跳得高，跑得快
16:33
kick harder than anyone.
371
978000
3000
踢得远。
16:36
You believed in impossible things
372
981000
2000
你相信不可能的事情
16:38
and you were fearless.
373
983000
2000
并且你无所畏惧。
16:40
You were totally and completely in touch
374
985000
4000
你已经切切实实地完全与你
16:44
with your inner superhero.
375
989000
4000
内心世界的超人联系在一起了。
16:48
Scientists and engineers
376
993000
3000
科学家和工程师
16:51
can indeed change the world.
377
996000
3000
确实能改变世界。
16:54
So can you.
378
999000
2000
你也可以。
16:56
You were born to.
379
1001000
2000
你生来就可以。
16:58
So go ahead,
380
1003000
2000
所以向前走，
17:00
ask yourself,
381
1005000
2000
问自己，
17:02
what would you attempt to do
382
1007000
3000
你打算做什么
17:05
if you knew you could not fail?
383
1010000
2000
如果你知道你不会失败？
17:07
Now I want to say,
384
1012000
2000
现在，我想说
17:09
this is not easy.
385
1014000
3000
这并不容易。
17:12
It's hard to hold onto this feeling,
386
1017000
2000
坚持这种想法很难，
17:14
really hard.
387
1019000
2000
真的很难。
17:16
I guess in some way,
388
1021000
2000
我想，在某种程度上
17:18
I sort of believe it's supposed to be hard.
389
1023000
2000
我觉得这是很困难的。
17:20
Doubt and fear always creep in.
390
1025000
3000
怀疑和恐惧总是趁虚而入
17:23
We think someone else, someone smarter than us,
391
1028000
3000
我们想到别人，想到比我们更聪明的人
17:26
someone more capable,
392
1031000
2000
比我们更有能力的人，
17:28
someone with more resources will solve that problem.
393
1033000
3000
比我们拥有更多的解决问题的资源的人。
17:31
But there isn't anyone else;
394
1036000
2000
但实际上没有任何别的人；
17:33
there's just you.
395
1038000
3000
只有你。
17:36
And if we're lucky,
396
1041000
2000
而且如果我们幸运的话，
17:38
in that moment,
397
1043000
2000
在那样动摇的时刻，
17:40
someone steps into that doubt and fear,
398
1045000
3000
有人会解决那样的疑虑和恐惧，
17:43
takes a hand and says,
399
1048000
3000
拿起我们的手，对我们说
17:46
"Let me help you believe."
400
1051000
3000
“让我来帮助你相信。”
17:49
Jason Harley did that for me.
401
1054000
3000
詹森･哈利就为我做了这样的事情。
17:52
Jason started at DARPA
402
1057000
3000
詹森从2010年3月18日
17:55
on March 18th, 2010.
403
1060000
2000
开始在DARPA供职。
17:57
He was with our transportation team.
404
1062000
4000
他是我们运输组的。
18:01
I saw Jason nearly every day,
405
1066000
2000
我几乎每天都会碰到詹森，
18:03
sometimes twice a day.
406
1068000
2000
有时一天两次。
18:05
And more so than most,
407
1070000
2000
很多时候，
18:07
he saw the highs and the lows,
408
1072000
3000
他看到我生活的起伏，
18:10
the celebrations and the disappointments.
409
1075000
4000
成功和失败。
18:14
And on one particularly dark day for me,
410
1079000
4000
在我非常难过的一天里，
18:18
Jason sat down
411
1083000
2000
詹森坐下来
18:20
and he wrote an email.
412
1085000
3000
给我写了封邮件。
18:23
He was encouraging,
413
1088000
2000
他在鼓励我，
18:25
but firm.
414
1090000
2000
但态度很果断。
18:27
And when he hit send,
415
1092000
2000
当他点击发送时，
18:29
he probably didn't realize what a difference it would make.
416
1094000
3000
他大概没有意识到这封邮件对我产生的影响。
18:32
It mattered to me.
417
1097000
2000
它对我意义非凡。
18:34
In that moment
418
1099000
2000
在那一刻
18:36
and still today
419
1101000
3000
还有今天
18:39
when I doubt,
420
1104000
2000
当我怀疑时，
18:41
when I feel afraid,
421
1106000
3000
当我感到害怕时，
18:44
when I need to reconnect
422
1109000
2000
当我需要重新恢复，
18:46
with that feeling,
423
1111000
2000
那个信念时，
18:48
I remember his words,
424
1113000
3000
我想起他的话
18:51
they were so powerful.
425
1116000
2000
他的话是如此有力。
18:53
Text: "There is only time enough to iron your cape
426
1118000
3000
文本：“你有足够的时间铸造斗篷
18:56
and back to the skies for you."
427
1121000
3000
飞回属于你的天空。”
19:00
♫ Superhero, superhero. ♫
428
1125000
2000
♫超人，超人♫
19:02
♫ Superhero, superhero. ♫
429
1127000
3000
♫超人，超人♫
19:07
♫ Superhero, superhero. ♫
430
1132000
3000
♫超人，超人♫
19:10
♫ Superhero, superhero. ♫
431
1135000
2000
♫超人，超人♫
19:12
♫ Superhero, superhero. ♫
432
1137000
2000
♫超人，超人♫
19:18
Voice: Because that's what being a superhero is all about.
433
1143000
4000
声音：因为这就是超人要做的事
19:24
RD: "There is only time enough
434
1149000
2000
RD：“你有足够的时间
19:26
to iron your cape
435
1151000
2000
铸造斗篷
19:28
and back to the skies for you."
436
1153000
5000
飞回属于你的天空。”
19:33
And remember,
437
1158000
2000
记住，
19:35
be nice to nerds.
438
1160000
2000
对书呆子好点儿
19:37
(Applause)
439
1162000
15000
（掌声）
19:52
Thank you. Thank you.
440
1177000
2000
谢谢
19:54
(Applause)
441
1179000
2000
（掌声）
19:56
Chris Anderson: Regina, thank you.
442
1181000
2000
克里斯･安德森：瑞姬娜，谢谢。
19:58
I have a couple of questions.
443
1183000
2000
我有几个问题。
20:00
So that glider of yours,
444
1185000
2000
那么，你的滑翔机，
20:02
the Mach 20 glider,
445
1187000
2000
那个20马赫的滑翔机，
20:04
the first one, no control, it ended up in the Pacific I think somewhere.
446
1189000
3000
第一架，无操控，我想是在太平洋的某个地方消失了吧。
20:07
RD: Yeah, yeah. It did. (CA: What happened on that second flight?)
447
1192000
3000
RD：没错。是这样。（CA：那第二架呢？）
20:10
Yeah, it also went into the Pacific. (CA: But this time under control?)
448
1195000
4000
没错，第二架也掉进太平洋了（CA：但这次是在操控下？）
20:14
We didn't fly it into the Pacific.
449
1199000
3000
我们没把它飞进太平洋。
20:17
No, there are multiple portions of the trajectory
450
1202000
3000
不，飞行轨道有多个部分。
20:20
that are demanding
451
1205000
2000
如果真的以那个速度飞行，
20:22
in terms of really flying at that speed.
452
1207000
3000
要求会非常高。
20:25
And so in the second flight,
453
1210000
3000
所以在第二次飞行中
20:28
we were able to get three minutes
454
1213000
2000
在坠机前我们做到了3分钟
20:30
of fully aerodynamic control of the vehicle before we lost it.
455
1215000
4000
对滑翔机的全气动控制。
20:34
CA: I imagine you're not planning to open up to passenger service
456
1219000
3000
CA：那我估计你们还没打算在近期提供
20:37
from New York to Long Beach anytime soon.
457
1222000
2000
从纽约到长滩的乘客服务。
20:39
RD: It might be a little warm.
458
1224000
3000
RD：可能会太暖和。
20:42
CA: What do you picture that glider being used for?
459
1227000
3000
CA：你能描述一下那个滑翔机的用途？
20:45
RD: Well our responsibility
460
1230000
2000
RD：呃，我们的责任是
20:47
is to develop the technology for this.
461
1232000
2000
开发这种滑翔机的技术。
20:49
How it's ultimately used
462
1234000
2000
最终用途
20:51
will be determined by the military.
463
1236000
2000
将由军队决定
20:53
Now the purpose of the vehicle though,
464
1238000
3000
目前这个滑翔机的用途
20:56
the purpose of the technology,
465
1241000
2000
这项技术的用途
20:58
is to be able to reach anywhere in the world
466
1243000
2000
是能在60分钟内
21:00
in less than 60 minutes.
467
1245000
2000
抵达世界任何一个地方。
21:02
CA: And to carry a payload
468
1247000
2000
CA：并搭载一个
21:04
of more than a few pounds? (RD: Yeah.)
469
1249000
2000
只有几磅多的东西？（RD：是的。）
21:06
Like what's the payload it could carry?
470
1251000
4000
那么可能会运载什么？
21:10
RD: Well I don't think we ultimately know what it will be, right.
471
1255000
3000
RD：呃，我想我们还不知道，对吧
21:13
We've got to fly it first.
472
1258000
2000
我们首先得让它飞起来。
21:15
CA: But not necessarily just a camera?
473
1260000
2000
CA：但不会只是个摄像机吧？
21:17
RD: No, not necessarily just a camera.
474
1262000
4000
RD：不，不一定只是个摄像机。
21:21
CA: It's amazing.
475
1266000
3000
CA：太棒了
21:24
The hummingbird?
476
1269000
2000
蜂鸟？
21:26
RD: Yeah?
477
1271000
2000
RD：嗯？
21:28
CA: I'm curious, you started your beautiful sequence on flight
478
1273000
4000
CA：我很好奇，你在描述飞行时，
21:32
with a plane kind of trying to flap its wings
479
1277000
2000
以一架试图拍打机翼却不成功的飞机开头，
21:34
and failing horribly,
480
1279000
2000
顺序很漂亮。
21:36
and there haven't been that many planes built since
481
1281000
3000
从那拍动翅膀的飞机失败后
21:39
that flap wings.
482
1284000
2000
这种飞机就没有再问世。
21:41
Why did we think that this was the time to go biomimicry
483
1286000
3000
为什么我们会认为，现在这是个进行生态模拟的时代
21:44
and copy a hummingbird?
484
1289000
2000
去模拟蜂鸟？
21:46
Isn't that a very expensive solution
485
1291000
2000
这对一个可操纵的小型飞行物来说
21:48
for a small maneuverable flying object?
486
1293000
4000
不是个很昂贵的方案？
21:52
RD: So I mean, in part,
487
1297000
2000
RD：所以，我认为，一方面，
21:54
we wondered if it was possible to do it.
488
1299000
2000
我们想知道是否有可能做到
21:56
And you have to revisit these questions
489
1301000
2000
而且你不得多次重温
21:58
over time.
490
1303000
2000
这些问题。
22:00
The folks at AeroVironment
491
1305000
2000
AeroVironmen公司t的人员
22:02
tried 300 or more different wing designs,
492
1307000
3000
尝试了三百多种不同的机翼设计
22:05
12 different forms of the avionics.
493
1310000
3000
12种不同形式的航空电子设备。
22:08
It took them 10 full prototypes
494
1313000
2000
他们废了10个完整的原型机
22:10
to get something that would actually fly.
495
1315000
2000
才最终制作出能真的飞起来的飞机。
22:12
But there's something really interesting
496
1317000
3000
但是如果一个飞行器看起来像
22:15
about a flying machine
497
1320000
2000
一个你能认出来的物体
22:17
that looks like something you'd recognize.
498
1322000
3000
那么这是很有趣的。
22:20
So we often talk about stealth
499
1325000
2000
所以我们常常讨论隐形
22:22
as a means for avoiding any type of sensing,
500
1327000
3000
作为一种避开各种感测的途径
22:25
but when things looks just natural,
501
1330000
3000
但是当事物看起来很自然时，
22:28
you also don't see them.
502
1333000
2000
你也就看不到它们了
22:30
CA: Ah. So it's not necessarily just the performance.
503
1335000
3000
CA：啊，所以不一定只是性能
22:33
It's partly the look. (RD: Sure.)
504
1338000
2000
外形也是其中的元素 （RD：当然。）
22:35
It's actually, "Look at that cute hummingbird
505
1340000
2000
确实如此，”看，一只可爱的蜂鸟
22:37
flying into my headquarters."
506
1342000
2000
飞进了我的总部。”
22:39
(Laughter)
507
1344000
4000
（笑声）
22:43
Because I think, as well as the awe of looking at that,
508
1348000
2000
因为我想，虽然我们现在怀着敬畏的心情看着它
22:45
I'm sure some people here are thinking,
509
1350000
2000
但我相信肯定有人在想
22:47
technology catches up so quick,
510
1352000
2000
科技日新月异
22:49
how long is it
511
1354000
2000
什么时候
22:51
before some crazed geek with a little remote control
512
1356000
2000
就有疯狂的极客拿着个小摇控器
22:53
flies one through a window of the White House?
513
1358000
2000
让蜂鸟通过白宫的窗户飞进去？
22:55
I mean, do you worry about the Pandora's box issue here?
514
1360000
4000
我的意思是，你有没有担心潘多拉盒子的问题？
22:59
RD: Well look, our singular mission
515
1364000
4000
RD：呃，我想，我们的唯一任务
23:03
is the creation and prevention of strategic surprise.
516
1368000
3000
是创造和预防策略性的突袭。
23:06
That's what we do.
517
1371000
2000
这是我们的工作。
23:08
It would be inconceivable
518
1373000
2000
如果我们做的事情
23:10
for us to do that work
519
1375000
3000
不能同时让人们激动
23:13
if we didn't make people excited and uncomfortable with the things that we do
520
1378000
3000
和不舒服，那么我们的工作
23:16
at the same time.
521
1381000
2000
就没有意义。
23:18
It's just the nature of what we do.
522
1383000
3000
这仅是我们工作的性质
23:21
Now our responsibility
523
1386000
2000
现在，我们的责任是
23:23
is to push that edge.
524
1388000
2000
不断地推进技术
23:25
And we have to be, of course, mindful and responsible
525
1390000
4000
当然我们也得留意
23:29
of how the technology is developed
526
1394000
2000
该技术的发展和最终用途
23:31
and ultimately used,
527
1396000
2000
并对其负责，
23:33
but we can't simply close our eyes
528
1398000
2000
但是我们不能干脆闭上眼睛，
23:35
and pretend that it isn't advancing; it's advancing.
529
1400000
3000
假装技术不在进步；其实，技术在进步着。
23:38
CA: I mean, you're clearly a really inspiring leader.
530
1403000
4000
CA：我的意思是，你是个很激励人的领导者。
23:42
And you persuade people
531
1407000
2000
你鼓励人们
23:44
to go to these great feats of invention,
532
1409000
2000
踊跃参与发明的伟大壮举，
23:46
but at a personal level,
533
1411000
2000
但是从个人层面来说，
23:48
in a way I can't imagine doing your job.
534
1413000
2000
我想象不了你进行工作的方式。
23:50
Do you wake up in the night sometimes,
535
1415000
2000
你晚上睡觉时，有时会不会醒来
23:52
just asking questions
536
1417000
2000
问自己
23:54
about the possibly unintended consequences
537
1419000
2000
你的团队的聪明才智会不会
23:56
of your team's brilliance?
538
1421000
2000
有不可预期的后果？
23:58
RD: Sure.
539
1423000
2000
RD：当然。
24:00
I think you couldn't be human
540
1425000
3000
既然是人
24:03
if you didn't ask those questions.
541
1428000
2000
都会问过那些问题。
24:05
CA: How do you answer them?
542
1430000
2000
CA：你怎么回答的呢？
24:07
RD: Well I don't always have answers for them, right.
543
1432000
4000
RD：呃，我回答不了全部问题，对吧。
24:11
I think that we learn
544
1436000
3000
我觉得我们在
24:14
as time goes on.
545
1439000
2000
不断地学习。
24:16
My job is one of the most exhilarating jobs you could have.
546
1441000
6000
我的工作是最令人振奋的工作之一
24:22
I work with some of the most amazing people.
547
1447000
4000
我跟非常优秀的人一起工作
24:26
And with that exhilaration,
548
1451000
2000
那种合作的愉快，
24:28
comes a really deep sense
549
1453000
2000
随之而来的是强烈的
24:30
of responsibility.
550
1455000
2000
责任感。
24:32
And so you have on the one hand
551
1457000
2000
这样，你一方面获得了
24:34
this tremendous lift
552
1459000
3000
可能性的
24:37
of what's possible
553
1462000
3000
巨大提升
24:40
and this tremendous seriousness
554
1465000
3000
以及其意义的
24:43
of what it means.
555
1468000
2000
巨大严肃性。
24:45
CA: Regina, that was jaw-dropping, as they say.
556
1470000
3000
CA：瑞姬娜，他们说，那种工作令人瞠目结舌。
24:48
Thank you so much for coming to TED. (RD: Thank you.)
557
1473000
3000
谢谢来到TED（RD：谢谢）
24:51
(Applause)
558
1476000
4000
（掌声）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Regina Dugan - Former director of DARPAAs director of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), Regina Dugan oversaw the US armed forces' innovation engine. Now she deploys the same research tactics at Google.
Why you should listen
Businesswoman and technology developer Regina Dugan achieved national prominence when she became the first woman in charge of Darpa, the Pentagon's research arm. Dugan earned a reputation as a motivator and creative thinker, spurring non-traditional projects like a nationwide contest to find hidden balloons in order to test the power of social networks for intelligence gathering.
In a previous stint at the agency, Dugan investigated mine-detection technology, and her work wasn't limited to the lab. In Mozambique she drove a mine-clearing vehicle during a live detection exercise. Dugan currently is senior vice president at Motorola, where her mission is to advance the company's technology, which one day may include password tattoos. Ask her and she may show you hers.
Regina Dugan | Speaker | TED.com