TEDGlobal 2012
Maurizio Seracini: The secret lives of paintings
Maurizio Seracini：活在画中的秘密
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艺术史绝非一成不变。工程师Engineer Maurizio Seracini耗费30年的精力探寻达芬奇失传壁画“安吉亚里战役”。在探索过程中，尘封在历史中的大量作品昭然于世。这些画中秘密的探寻是否也可以成为一种另类的视觉体验？
Maurizio Seracini - Art diagnostician
Maurizio Seracini uses advanced tools common in engineering and medical labs to unravel centuries-old mysteries of art. Full bio
Maurizio Seracini uses advanced tools common in engineering and medical labs to unravel centuries-old mysteries of art. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:16
In 1975, I met in Florence a professor, Carlo Pedretti,
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1975年，我在佛罗伦萨巧遇了卡洛·佩德雷蒂教授，
00:20
my former professor of art history, and today
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我曾经的艺术史老师，如今他
00:24
a world-renowned scholar of Leonardo da Vinci.
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已是位享誉世界的莱昂纳多达芬奇研究家。
00:28
Well, he asked me if I could find some technological way
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他问我是否能找到一些技术手段
00:32
to unfold a five-centuries-old mystery related to
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去解开一个长达五个世纪的谜团，
00:36
a lost masterpiece by Leonardo da Vinci,
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关于达芬奇失传的作品——
00:39
the "Battle of Anghiari," which is supposed to be located
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那幅本来应该保存于佛罗伦萨的韦奇奥宫
00:41
in the Hall of the 500 in Palazzo Vecchio, in Florence.
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500人大厅的名画““安吉亚里之战”。
00:44
Well, in the mid-'70s, there were not great opportunities
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但是在上个世纪70年代没有太多施展才华的机会
00:47
for a bioengineer like me, especially in Italy, and so
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给我们这些生物工程学家，尤其是在意大利，所以
00:51
I decided, with some researchers from the United States
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我决定，加入一个由美国学者
00:55
and the University of Florence, to start probing the murals
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和佛罗伦萨大学共同发起的研究团队，深入探究那些
00:59
decorated by Vasari on the long walls of the Hall of the 500
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由瓦萨里主持装饰在500人大厅墙上的壁画
01:03
searching for the lost Leonardo.
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搜索莱昂纳多达芬奇丢失的作品。
01:06
Unfortunately, at that time we did not know that
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不幸的是，那时候我们还处在起步阶段
01:09
that was not exactly where we should be looking,
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完全没有任何头绪，不知道该从哪里开始寻找，
01:14
because we had to go much deeper in, and so the research
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所以我们并没有取得什么实质进展，因为我们没有深入的搜索，
01:18
came to a halt, and it was only taken up in 2000
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研究也因此停滞不前，直到2000年
01:22
thanks to the interest and the enthusiasm of the Guinness family.
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靠着吉尼斯家族的鼎力相助，研究活动才得以再度开展。
01:27
Well, this time, we focused on trying to reconstruct
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所以，这次我们将竭尽全力重现500人大厅
01:30
the way the Hall of the 500 was before the remodeling,
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重修之前的本来面目，
01:33
and the so-called Sala Grande, which was built in 1494,
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不仅如此我们还要重现传说中建于1494年的萨拉格兰德墙，
01:36
and to find out the original doors, windows,
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为了重现当年的那些门窗，
01:39
and in order to do that, we first created a 3D model,
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为了达到这一目的，我们首先制作了一些3D模型，
01:44
and then, with thermography, we went on to discover
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随后依靠热成像技术，我们找到了一些
01:47
hidden windows. These are the original windows of the hall
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隐藏起来的的窗户。这些窗户都是最初
01:50
of the Sala Grande. We also found out about the height
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存在于萨拉格兰德墙上的。不仅如此我们还测出了
01:54
of the ceiling, and we managed to reconstruct, therefore,
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最初天花板的高度，经过我们的不懈努力，
01:57
all the layout of this original hall
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最终，我们找出了瓦萨里改造之前
02:00
the way it was before there came Vasari,
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500人大厅的原始规划与布局
02:03
and restructured the whole thing,
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并且成功的重现了这一切
02:06
including a staircase that was very important
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包括一个非常重要的扶梯
02:09
in order to precisely place "The Battle of Anghiari"
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此扶梯是当时为了准确安放““安吉亚里之战”
02:14
on a specific area of one of the two walls.
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而准备的众多工具之一。
02:18
Well, we also learned that Vasari, who was commissioned
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而且我们还找到至少两个保护珍惜艺术品的案例，
02:21
to remodel the Hall of the 500 between 1560 and 1574
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由美第奇家族的大公爵科西莫一世授权负责
02:26
by the Grand Duke Cosimo I of the Medici family,
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1560年和1574年500人大厅
02:30
we have at least two instances when he saved masterpieces
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改造工程的瓦萨里先生所设计。
02:33
specifically by placing a brick wall in front of it
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具体措施是留出少许的间隙在新墙壁
02:37
and leaving a small air gap.
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与原有墙壁之间。
02:39
One that we [see] here, Masaccio, the church of Santa Maria Novella in Florence,
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其中之一是在佛罗伦萨圣塔玛利亚·诺维拉教堂，保护马萨乔的作品，
02:43
so we just said, well maybe, Visari has done something
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所以我们推测，也许，瓦萨里在500人大厅工程上
02:46
like that in the case of this great work of art by Leonardo,
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也会用相同的方法保护达芬奇的伟大艺术品，
02:49
since he was a great admirer of Leonardo da Vinci.
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因为他也是达芬奇的铁杆粉丝。
02:52
And so we built some very sophisticated radio antennas
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于是我们专门搭建一些非常复杂的雷达装置
02:56
just for probing both walls and searching for an air gap.
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专门对墙壁进行侦测，希望能找到存在于墙于墙之前的间隙。
03:01
And we did find many on the right panel of the east wall,
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最终我们确实找到了类似的间隙位于东墙的右侧，
03:06
an air gap, and that's where
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一个间隙，而且那里恰恰是
03:09
we believe "The Battle of Anghiari,"
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我们一直推测的““安吉亚里之战”被放置的位置，
03:10
or at least the part that we know has been painted,
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或者至少是另一幅壁画
03:12
which is called "The Fight for the Standard," should be located.
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“为军旗而战”的所在地。
03:16
Well, from there, unfortunately,
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很可惜的是
03:19
in 2004, the project
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2004年我们的研究活动被迫中止
03:22
came to a halt. Many political reasons.
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因为各种各样的政治因素
03:25
So I decided to go back to my alma mater,
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所以我那时决定回到我的母校，
03:27
and, at the University of California, San Diego,
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加州大学圣地亚哥分校，
03:30
and I proposed to open up a research center
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随后在我的倡议下
03:32
for engineering sciences for cultural heritage.
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为了更好的把工程科学运用到文化遗产的研究上，
03:35
And in 2007, we created CISA3 as a research center
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我校在2007年成立了CISA3 研究中心，
03:40
for cultural heritage, specifically art, architecture
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具体研究包括文化遗产，艺术，建筑学和
03:43
and archaeology. So students started to flow in,
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考古学。 愈来愈多的学生加入了我们，
03:45
and we started to build technologies, because that's
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自此我们开始开发各种必要的技术，因为
03:47
basically what we also needed in order to move forward
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我们认为只有开发更多的技术才能
03:50
and go and do fieldwork.
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在实践工作中取得进展。
03:53
We came back in the Hall of the 500 in 2011,
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我们在2011重返500人大厅，
03:57
and this time, with a great group of students,
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这一次，多了一大批优秀的学生
04:01
and my colleague, Professor Falko Kuester,
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以及我的同事，CISA3现任主管，
04:03
who is now the director at CISA3, and we
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法考库斯特教授， 我们这次回来
04:06
came back just since we knew already where to look for
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已经是胸有成竹，我们知道这次该去哪找，
04:10
to find out if there was still something left.
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找出那里究竟还有什么。
04:13
Well, we were confined though, limited, I should rather say,
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但是我们遇到各种刁难，或者说被限制
04:17
for several reasons that it's not worth explaining,
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因为一些根本不值得解释的原因
04:20
to endoscopy only, of the many other options we had,
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虽然我们有很多其他选择，却只能使用内镜检查技术
04:24
and with a 4mm camera attached to it,
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通过一个4毫米镜头来窥视，
04:28
we were successful in documenting and taking
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我们最终还是成功的证明
04:33
some fragments of what it turns out to be
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并且发现一些彩色的碎片
04:37
a reddish color, black color, and there is some
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包括淡红色碎片，黑色碎片
04:41
beige fragments that later on
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一些米黄色碎片随后也被发现
04:44
we ran a much more sophisticated exams,
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我们立刻对这些碎片展开了更多复杂的检验
04:47
XRF, X-ray diffraction, and the results are very positive
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包括射线荧光光谱，X光射线衍射，最终的结果对于我们的推测非常有利
04:53
so far. It seems to indicate that indeed
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至此，我们认为这个现象指出
04:55
we have found some pigments, and since we know for sure
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我们确实找到了一些颜料，而且我们能肯定
04:58
that no other artist has painted on that wall
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没有其他的艺术家曾经在这张墙上作画
05:01
before Vasari came in about 60 years later, well,
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直到大约六十年后瓦萨里来到这里，所以，
05:04
those pigments are therefore firmly related to mural painting
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这些颜料已经被确定跟壁画有密切的联系
05:07
and most likely to Leonardo.
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很有可能就是达芬奇那幅。
05:10
Well, we are searching for the highest and highly praised
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要知道，我们的研究是为了人类有史以来
05:15
work of art ever achieved by mankind.
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最崇高最伟大的艺术成就。
05:18
As a matter of fact, this is by far the most important
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一个重要是事实就是，这幅作品也是达芬奇目前为止
05:21
commission that Leonardo has ever had,
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接受的最重要的委托，
05:24
and for doing this great masterpiece, he was named
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正是因为这幅作品，他才被认为是
05:28
the number one artist influence at the time.
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那个时代最有影响力的艺术家。
05:33
I had also had the privilege since the last 37 years
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我非常荣幸在过去的37年里
05:37
to work on several masterpieces as you can see behind me,
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可以为这些杰作而工作，您可以看到他们就在我身后，
05:40
but basically to do what? Well, to assess, for example,
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不过您知道我的工作到底是什么吗？ 其实，就是对他们进行检验，比如
05:44
the state of conservation. See here the face of the
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这件稀世珍宝。看这里
05:46
Madonna of the Chair that when just shining a UV light on it
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“椅子上的麦当娜” 当紫外线照在这位女士脸上的时候
05:51
you suddenly see another, different lady,
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你会突然看到另一位，不同的女士
05:54
aged lady, I should rather say.
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年长的女士，我应该这么说。
05:56
There is a lot of varnish still sitting there, several retouches,
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有很多亮光漆还在她脸上，很多处的润饰，
05:59
and some over cleaning. It becomes very visible.
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有些地方过度清洗。所以很容易看出来。
06:02
But also, technology has helped to write new pages
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不仅如此，科技也已经为我们的历史写下了新的篇章
06:06
of our history, or at least to update pages of our histories.
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或者说至少更新了我们的历史。
06:09
For example, the "Lady with the Unicorn,"
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比如这幅”女士和独角兽“
06:11
another painting by Rafael, well, you see the unicorn.
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拉斐尔的作品，你们都看到独角兽了对吧。
06:14
A lot has been said and written about the unicorn, but
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这只独角兽引发了各种各样的推测与讨论，但是
06:16
if you take an X-ray of the unicorn, it becomes a puppy dog.
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如果给独角兽拍张X光的话，它就变成了一只小狗。
06:20
And — (Laughter) — no problem, but, unfortunately,
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然后，毫无疑问，但是，不幸的是
06:24
continuing with the scientific examination of this painting
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对这幅画的进一步科学检验得出的结论是
06:27
came out that Rafael did not paint the unicorn,
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拉斐尔并没有画独角兽
06:30
did not paint the puppy dog, actually left the painting
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也没有画小狗，事实上这是一幅
06:33
unfinished, so all this writing about the exotic symbol
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未完成的作品，于是乎所有关于这个奇异的独角兽的一切
06:37
of the unicorn — (Laughter) — unfortunately,
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天马行空的想象 很不幸
06:40
is not very reliable. (Laughter)
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都不是很可靠。
06:43
Well, also, authenticity. Just think for a moment
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同样的，真实性。稍微思考下
06:46
if science really could move in the field of authenticity
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如果有朝一日科学可以进入艺术品真伪
06:50
of works of art. There would be a cultural revolution
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的鉴定领域。那将是一场文化的革命，
06:53
to say the least, but also, I would say, a market revolution,
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即使退一步讲，我认为，也是艺术品市场的革命，
06:57
let me add. Take this example:
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让我补充下这个问题，做一下这个实验
06:59
Otto Marseus, nice painting, which is "Still Life"
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奥托·玛苏斯的名画"静止的生命"，它保存在
07:03
at the Pitti Gallery, and just have an infrared camera peering through,
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碧提宫画廊，刚刚经过红外线扫描，
07:07
and luckily for art historians, it just was confirmed
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对于艺术史学家来说很幸运，它刚被确认为真迹
07:10
that there is a signature of Otto Marseus. It even says
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因为有奥托玛苏斯的签名在上面。检测甚至告诉我们
07:13
when it was made and also the location.
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画是何时何地所做。
07:16
So that was a good result. Sometimes, it's not that good,
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所以说那是一个好结果。有时候，也不尽是好消息，
07:20
and so, again, authenticity and science could go together
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所以，再一次的，科学和真实性是可以携手
07:26
and change the way, not attributions being made,
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改变我们鉴赏艺术的方式，不影响我们欣赏艺术的初衷，
07:30
but at least lay the ground for a more objective,
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却使我们至少可以更客观的看待艺术
07:34
or, I should rather say, less subjective attribution,
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或者说少一些主观臆断
07:37
as it is done today.
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就像今天我们做的这些。
07:40
But I would say the discovery that really caught
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但是我想说这次的发现深深的勾起了
07:44
my imagination, my admiration, is the incredibly vivid
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我的想象力，我的仰慕之情，是一副非常不可思议的
07:48
drawing under this layer, brown layer,
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画作隐藏在这层棕褐色外层下，
07:51
of "The Adoration of the Magi." Here you see
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在"贤士来朝" 这幅作品里。这里您可以看到
07:55
a handmade setting XYZ scanner with an infrared camera put on it,
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一架人工搭建的红外成像扫描仪
07:59
and just peering through this brown layer
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刚刚穿过这幅画褐棕色的
08:02
of this masterpiece to reveal
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层颜料进行了细致的扫描
08:05
what could have been underneath.
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试图找到在表层颜料之下还有什么秘密
08:08
Well, this happens to be the most important painting
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非常好，我们恰好发现了这些在
08:10
we have in Italy by Leonardo da Vinci, and
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达芬奇创作于意大利的重要作品中
08:13
look at the wonderful images of faces that nobody has seen
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这些美妙的脸部肖相，自它诞生之日至今5个世纪，
08:18
for five centuries. Look at these portraits.
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从未展现在世人眼前。看看这些人物肖像
08:21
They're magnificent. You see Leonardo at work.
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他们简直是太了不起了。 你们亲眼见证了达芬奇的技艺
08:24
You see the geniality of his creation, right directly
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你们看到了他作品中的温情，真真切切的
08:27
on the ground layer of the panel, and see
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体现在这张画的底层深处，再来看看
08:30
this cool thing, finding, I should rather say,
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这个很酷发现，我也许应该说
08:36
an elephant. (Laughter) Because of this elephant,
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一只大象。 （笑声）因为这只大象，
08:39
over 70 new images came out, never seen for centuries.
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还有超过70幅肖像一一浮现，数个世纪都没有人看到。
08:43
This was an epiphany. We came to understand
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这个发现犹如醍醐灌顶。我们才开始明白
08:47
and to prove that the brown coating that we see today
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并证明了这些我们所看到的褐色外层
08:50
was not done by Leonardo da Vinci, which left us
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并不是出自达芬奇之手，从而让我们
08:53
only the other drawing that for five centuries
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五个世纪都无人看到这些画作，
08:56
we were not able to see, so thanks only to technology.
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所以除了感谢科学还是只能感谢科学。
09:01
Well, the tablet. Well, we thought, well, if we all have
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好吧，说说平板电脑吧，我们觉得，不应该只有我们研究者
09:05
this pleasure, this privilege to see all this,
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有这个荣幸去享受到发掘和
09:08
to find all these discoveries, what about for everybody else?
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探究这些秘密的快乐，怎么才能让更多的人得到这个机会呢？
09:11
So we thought of an augmented reality application
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所以我们想到开发一种可以广泛应用的应用程序
09:14
using a tablet. Let me show you just simulating
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运行在平板电脑上。让我展示给大家
09:19
what we could be doing, any of us could be doing,
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我们可以用它来做什么，大家都可以在
09:22
in a museum environment.
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博物馆里这样做。
09:24
So let's say that we go to a museum with a tablet, okay?
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像我这样带着平板电脑来到博物馆，可以吧？
09:29
And we just aim the camera of the tablet
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然后我们只需要用镜头对准
09:32
to the painting that we are interested to see, like this.
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我们感兴趣的作品去看，就像这样。
09:38
Okay? And I will just click on it, we pause,
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没问题吧?然后我只要点一下这里，我们暂停，
09:44
and now let me turn to you so the moment the image,
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然后现在让我把它转向你们，所以你们可以看到那一刻
09:48
or, I should say, the camera, has locked in the painting,
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或者我应该说，摄像头，已经锁定了油画
09:52
then the images you just saw up there in the drawing
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然后你们刚刚看到的那些神秘的画中画
09:54
are being loaded. And so, see.
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已经被保存在电脑里。所以看着
09:58
We can, as we said, we can zoom in. Then we can scroll.
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我们可以，就像我说过得，我们可以放大。我们可以拖拽它。
10:02
Okay? Let's go and find the elephant.
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没问题吧？让我们开始寻找大象吧。
10:07
So all we need is one finger. Just wipe off
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所以我们只需要一只手指。只需要擦掉他们
10:10
and we see the elephant. (Applause)
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然后我们就看到大象了
10:15
(Applause)
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（掌声）
10:18
Okay? And then if we want,
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不错吧？不仅如此只要你想，
10:21
we can continue the scroll to find out, for example,
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我们可以继续在它上面寻找，比如，举个例子，
10:24
on the staircase, the whole iconography is going
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在楼梯那个例子里，整个图解都会被
10:28
to be changed. There are a lot of laymen reconstructing
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改变。那里有很多外行人也可以再现出
10:30
from the ruins of an old temple a new temple,
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来自旧神庙废墟的新神庙，
10:33
and there are a lot of figures showing up. See?
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而且可以看到很多人影出现了。看吧？
10:37
This is not just a curiosity, because it changes
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这不只是满足好奇心，因为它改变的
10:40
not just the iconography as you see it, but the iconology,
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不只是你看到的图像，还改变了图像学，
10:43
the meaning of the painting,
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和这幅画的意义
10:45
and we believe this is a cool way, easy way,
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并且我们相信这个方式很时髦，简单，
10:48
that everybody could have access to, to become more
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所以每个人都能掌握它，
10:51
the protagonist of your own discovery, and not just
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当走过博物馆无数的房间时，
10:54
be so passive about it, as we are when we walk through
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你可以成为探险故事的主演，
10:58
endless rooms of museums.
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而不是被动的去欣赏。
11:02
(Applause)
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（掌声）
11:07
Another concept is the digital clinical chart, which sounds
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另一个概念叫做数字化临床图表，听起来非常容易理解
11:11
very obvious if we were to talk about real patients,
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就如同我们面对的是真正的病人，
11:13
but when we talk about works of art, unfortunately,
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很不幸，当我们面对艺术品的时候，
11:16
it's never been tapped as an idea.
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还没有人从这种角度出发。
11:18
Well, we believe, again, that this should be the beginning,
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但是，我们相信，有信心认为这个理念需要开始落实，
11:20
the very first step, to do real conservation,
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第一步，去做真正的保护工作，
11:23
and allowing us to really explore and to understand
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允许我们这样的人，进行真实的探索和研究
11:26
everything related to the state of our conservation,
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所有与这些稀世珍宝有关的一切，
11:29
the technique, materials, and also if, when, and why
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包括技巧、原料，以及我们该何时
11:32
we should restore, or, rather, to intervene on
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以及处于何种目的去修复，或者，去干涉
11:37
the environment surrounding the painting.
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画作周围的环境。
11:40
Well, our vision is to rediscover
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其实，我们的观点是去重新发掘
11:44
the spirit of the Renaissance, create a new discipline
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文艺复兴的精神，创造一个新的准则
11:46
where engineering for cultural heritage is actually
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为保护文化遗产而衍生出的工程学，实际上
11:50
a symbol of blending art and science together.
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已经成为把艺术与科学融合在一起的标志。
11:53
We definitely need a new breed of engineers
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为此我们肯定需要新一代的工程师
11:55
that will go out and do this kind of work and
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我们会到世界各地做这些工作
11:58
rediscover for us these values, these cultural values
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重新发掘艺术作品，这些文化价值
12:02
that we badly need, especially today.
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对于今天的我们是特别急需的。
12:05
And if you want to summarize in one just single word,
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如果你想把这些做个总结，
12:08
well, this is what we're trying to do.
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那么，这就是我们正在奋斗的方向——
12:11
We're trying to give a future to our past
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我们正努力将未来（科技）应用到历史（文化）之中
12:14
in order to have a future.
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目的是拥有一个更好的未来。
12:16
As long as we live a life of curiosity and passion,
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只要我们的生活充满好奇与激情
12:19
there is a bit of Leonardo in all of us. Thank you. (Applause)
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每个人都是艺术家，就像达芬奇一样。谢谢大家。
12:23
(Applause)
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（掌声）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Maurizio Seracini - Art diagnosticianMaurizio Seracini uses advanced tools common in engineering and medical labs to unravel centuries-old mysteries of art.
Why you should listen
It’s surprising to hear of a former engineer and medical student who has dedicated his career to the analysis of more than 2,500 works of art. But Maurizio Seracini is not your typical art connoisseur. He uses technologies from both of his worlds, such as multispectral imaging, sonogram and x-ray, to peer through the layers of paintings and reveal their secrets.
Most famous is Seracini’s more-than-30-year quest to find Leonardo Da Vinci’s missing painting The Battle of Anghiari. Seracini suspects the piece is behind another giant fresco painted by Giorgio Vasari in the Sala dei Cinquecento in Florence, Italy. To find it, Seracini must find a way to look beneath Vasari’s masterpiece while keeping it intact.
Maurizio Seracini | Speaker | TED.com