TEDxSydney
Ron McCallum: How technology allowed me to read
罗恩·麦卡勒姆: 科技如何让我阅读
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1948年，在出生后数月，罗恩·麦卡勒姆失明了。在这场令人陶醉的，感人的演讲中，他展示了他如何可以阅读--并庆祝了巧妙工具的发展和高度适应的电脑科技如何让这一切成为可能。通过它们的帮助，和慷慨的志愿者们，他成为了一名律师，一名学者，最重要的是，一名贪婪的阅读者。欢迎领略失明者的阅读革命。（录制于TEDxSydney。）
Ron McCallum - Labor lawyer and activist
Blind almost since birth, Ron McCallum is one of Australia's most respected legal scholars, and an activist on behalf of disabled people around the globe. Full bio
Blind almost since birth, Ron McCallum is one of Australia's most respected legal scholars, and an activist on behalf of disabled people around the globe. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
When I was about three or four years old,
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在我三四岁时
00:17
I remember my mum reading a story to me
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我记得我妈妈给我和两个哥哥
00:20
and my two big brothers,
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读过一个故事
00:23
and I remember putting up my hands
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我记得我伸出手
00:25
to feel the page of the book,
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去感触书页
00:27
to feel the picture they were discussing.
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去感触他们正在谈论的图画
00:31
And my mum said, "Darling,
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然后我妈妈说：“亲爱的，
00:33
remember that you can't see
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你要记得，你看不见
00:36
and you can't feel the picture
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你看不见这图画
00:39
and you can't feel the print on the page."
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你也不能感觉到书页上的字。”
00:42
And I thought to myself,
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而我在心里想
00:44
"But that's what I want to do.
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“但这正是我想做的。
00:46
I love stories. I want to read."
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我喜欢故事。我想读书。”
00:50
Little did I know
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我那时候并不知道
00:52
that I would be part of a technological revolution
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我将会成为技术革命的一个部分
00:55
that would make that dream come true.
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这个革命将实现我的梦想。
00:58
I was born premature by about 10 weeks,
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我是一个早产儿，大约提前10周出生，
01:02
which resulted in my blindness, some 64 years ago.
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这导致了我的失明，在64年以前。
01:06
The condition is known as retrolental fibroplasia,
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这种疾病叫做晶状体后纤维增生症，
01:09
and it's now very rare in the developed world.
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现在在发达国家中很少见，
01:13
Little did I know, lying curled up
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我那时几乎不知道，
01:16
in my prim baby humidicrib in 1948
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1948年，当我躺在恒温培养箱里的时候
01:21
that I'd been born at the right place
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我生在了正确的地点
01:24
and the right time,
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正确的时间
01:26
that I was in a country where I could participate
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我生在了这样一个国家
01:30
in the technological revolution.
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让我能参与到技术革命中。
01:33
There are 37 million totally blind people on our planet,
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现在在我们这个星球上，共有3700万完全失明的人
01:38
but those of us who've shared in the technological changes
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但是我们中间共享了技术进步的好处的
01:42
mainly come from North America, Europe,
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主要来自北美，欧洲，
01:45
Japan and other developed parts of the world.
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日本和其它发达国家。
01:49
Computers have changed the lives of us all in this room
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计算机改变了在场所有人
01:52
and around the world,
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以及全世界人的生活，
01:53
but I think they've changed the lives
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但是我认为和其他人相比
01:55
of we blind people more than any other group.
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计算机给我们盲人生活带来的改变更大。
01:58
And so I want to tell you about the interaction
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所以我想和你们聊聊我的经历
02:02
between computer-based adaptive technology
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关于以计算机为基础的适应技术
02:05
and the many volunteers who helped me over the years
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和许多多年帮助过我的志愿者们
02:09
to become the person I am today.
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成就了现在的我
02:13
It's an interaction between volunteers,
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这是关于一个志愿者，
02:15
passionate inventors and technology,
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激情的发明家和科技的合作
02:18
and it's a story that many other blind people could tell.
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还有一个每个盲人都会讲的故事
02:21
But let me tell you a bit about it today.
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今天让我讲一点这样的故事
02:26
When I was five, I went to school and I learned braille.
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当我五岁的时候，我在学校学习了盲文
02:30
It's an ingenious system of six dots
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它是一套精妙的系统
02:32
that are punched into paper,
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六个打在纸上的点
02:34
and I can feel them with my fingers.
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我可以用手指感受到它们
02:37
In fact, I think they're putting up my grade six report.
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事实上，我想他们在展示我的成绩单
02:40
I don't know where Julian Morrow got that from.
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我不知道Julian Morrow从哪里得到它
02:43
(Laughter)
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（笑）
02:45
I was pretty good in reading,
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我很擅长阅读
02:46
but religion and musical appreciation needed more work.
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但是宗教和音乐欣赏需要更努力
02:51
(Laughter)
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（笑）
02:53
When you leave the opera house,
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当你离开歌剧院
02:55
you'll find there's braille signage in the lifts.
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你会发现电梯里的盲文标示
02:58
Look for it. Have you noticed it?
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找一找。你留意过它么？
03:02
I do. I look for it all the time.
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我留意过。我一直在寻找它。
03:05
(Laughter)
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（笑）
03:07
When I was at school,
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在我上学的时候
03:09
the books were transcribed by transcribers,
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图书是有抄写者抄写
03:13
voluntary people who punched one dot at a time
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志愿者一字一句的打点
03:15
so I'd have volumes to read,
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才使我有书籍可以阅读
03:17
and that had been going on, mainly by women,
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这个过程主要由女性完成
03:19
since the late 19th century in this country,
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在这个国家一直持续到19世纪后期
03:22
but it was the only way I could read.
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但是这是我唯一能够阅读的途径
03:25
When I was in high school,
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当我上高中时
03:27
I got my first Philips reel-to-reel tape recorder,
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我得到了我第一个Philips磁带录音机
03:31
and tape recorders became my sort of pre-computer
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录音机成为了我某种意义上前计算机时代的
03:34
medium of learning.
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学习途径
03:36
I could have family and friends read me material,
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我可以让我的亲人和朋友帮我读资料
03:40
and I could then read it back
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然后我可以随后多次阅读
03:42
as many times as I needed.
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只要我愿意
03:45
And it brought me into contact
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它还让我
03:46
with volunteers and helpers.
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与志愿者和协助者保持联系
03:48
For example, when I studied at graduate school
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例如，当我在加拿大的Queen's University
03:53
at Queen's University in Canada,
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学习研究生课程时
03:55
the prisoners at the Collins Bay jail agreed to help me.
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Collins Bay监狱的服刑者同意帮助我
03:59
I gave them a tape recorder, and they read into it.
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我给他们录音机，然后他们录下内容
04:02
As one of them said to me,
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就像他们其中的一人说的
04:03
"Ron, we ain't going anywhere at the moment."
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“Ron，反正我们现在哪里都去不了”
04:06
(Laughter)
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（笑）
04:08
But think of it. These men,
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但是想一想，这些人
04:10
who hadn't had the educational opportunities I'd had,
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他们从没拥有过我拥有的教育机会
04:14
helped me gain post-graduate qualifications in law
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帮助了我取得了法律研究生学位
04:19
by their dedicated help.
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通过他们一心一意的帮助
04:22
Well, I went back and became an academic
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当我回来
04:24
at Melbourne's Monash University,
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成为一名Melbourne's Monash University的学者
04:27
and for those 25 years,
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在那25年的时间里
04:31
tape recorders were everything to me.
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录音机是我的全部
04:33
In fact, in my office in 1990,
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事实上，1990年，在我的办公室
04:36
I had 18 miles of tape.
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我有18公里长的磁带
04:40
Students, family and friends all read me material.
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学生，亲人，和朋友都帮助我录制资料
04:47
Mrs. Lois Doery,
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路·杜瑞女士是
04:49
whom I later came to call my surrogate mum,
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我后来称她为我的代理母亲
04:52
read me many thousands of hours onto tape.
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她为我录制了几千小时的磁带
04:55
One of the reasons I agreed to give this talk today
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我同意这次演讲的一个原因就是
04:58
was that I was hoping that Lois would be here
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我希望她可以在这里
05:00
so I could introduce you to her and publicly thank her.
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这样我就可以让大家认识她，并公开感谢她
05:04
But sadly, her health hasn't permitted her to come today.
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然而，遗憾的是，她的健康状况不允许她今天出席
05:08
But I thank you here, Lois, from this platform.
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但是我依旧要通过这个平台，表达对你的感谢。
05:13
(Applause)
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（鼓掌）
05:25
I saw my first Apple computer in 1984,
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我在1984年见到我的第一台苹果电脑
05:32
and I thought to myself,
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我对自己说
05:34
"This thing's got a glass screen, not much use to me."
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“这个东西是玻璃屏幕，对我没有用处”
05:39
How very wrong I was.
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我当时有多么的错误
05:43
In 1987, in the month our eldest son Gerard was born,
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在1987年，在我最大的儿子杰拉德出生的月份
05:47
I got my first blind computer,
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我得到了我的第一台盲人电脑
05:50
and it's actually here.
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它实际就在这里
05:53
See it up there?
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看到它了么？
05:55
And you see it has no, what do you call it, no screen.
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你看到了它没有，你们所说的，“屏幕”
05:59
(Laughter)
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（笑）
06:03
It's a blind computer.
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它是一台盲人电脑
06:05
(Laughter)
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（笑）
06:07
It's a Keynote Gold 84k,
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它的型号是Keynote Gold 84K，
06:10
and the 84k stands for it had 84 kilobytes of memory.
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84k表示它拥有8.4万字节的内存
06:14
(Laughter)
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（笑）
06:17
Don't laugh, it cost me 4,000 dollars at the time. (Laughter)
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不要笑， 它当时花费了我近4,000美元（笑）
06:22
I think there's more memory in my watch.
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我想我的手表有更大的内存
06:27
It was invented by Russell Smith, a passionate inventor
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它由新西兰的罗斯·史密斯发明，他是一位很有激情的发明家
06:30
in New Zealand who was trying to help blind people.
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一直尝试着帮助盲人
06:32
Sadly, he died in a light plane crash in 2005,
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遗憾的是，2005年他在一场空难中去世
06:36
but his memory lives on in my heart.
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但是关于他的记忆一直在我心中
06:39
It meant, for the first time,
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它意味着，头一次，
06:41
I could read back what I had typed into it.
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我能够重读我写过的内容
06:45
It had a speech synthesizer.
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它有语音合成器
06:47
I'd written my first coauthored labor law book
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1979年，我曾经在一台打字机上
06:49
on a typewriter in 1979 purely from memory.
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完全凭借记忆，写了我第一本劳动法的合著
06:54
This now allowed me to read back what I'd written
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现在它允许我重读我写过的内容
06:58
and to enter the computer world,
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并让我进入了计算机的世界
07:00
even with its 84k of memory.
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尽管它只有84k的内存
07:03
In 1974, the great Ray Kurzweil, the American inventor,
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1974年，伟大的Ray Kurzweil，一位美国发明家
07:09
worked on building a machine that would scan books
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致力于开发一台机器可以扫描书籍
07:11
and read them out in synthetic speech.
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并把文字以合成语音阅读出来
07:14
Optical character recognition units then
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当时视觉文字识别系统
07:16
only operated usually on one font,
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只能识别一种字体
07:19
but by using charge-coupled device flatbed scanners
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但是通过运用感光扫描仪
07:23
and speech synthesizers,
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和人工语音合成系统
07:25
he developed a machine that could read any font.
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他开发了一个可以阅读任何字体的机器
07:29
And his machine, which was as big as a washing machine,
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他的机器与洗衣机一样大
07:32
was launched on the 13th of January, 1976.
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在1976年1月13号正式发布
07:36
I saw my first commercially available Kurzweil
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在1989年3月份，我第一次见到了可商用的Kurzweil机器
07:40
in March 1989, and it blew me away,
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它给我留下了深刻的印象
07:43
and in September 1989,
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1989年9月份
07:46
the month that my associate professorship
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我获得了莫纳什大学助理教授
07:49
at Monash University was announced,
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的教职
07:51
the law school got one, and I could use it.
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法学院购得了一台，并且我可以使用它
07:55
For the first time, I could read what I wanted to read
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人生中头一次，我可以读我想读的书籍
07:59
by putting a book on the scanner.
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只要把那本书放在扫描仪上
08:00
I didn't have to be nice to people!
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不需要我款待他人
08:03
(Laughter)
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（笑）
08:05
I no longer would be censored.
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我不再需要很审慎
08:08
For example, I was too shy then,
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比如，我过去太羞涩
08:11
and I'm actually too shy now, to ask anybody
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当然现在也很羞涩，请求别人
08:13
to read me out loud sexually explicit material.
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帮我阅读直白的情爱资料
08:16
(Laughter)
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（笑）
08:20
But, you know, I could pop a book on in the middle of the night, and --
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但是，你懂的，我可以在深夜将一本书放在扫描仪上
08:23
(Laughter) (Applause)
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（笑）（鼓掌）
08:33
Now, the Kurzweil reader is simply
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现在，库兹维尔阅读器只是
08:36
a program on my laptop.
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我笔记本上的一个程序
08:38
That's what it's shrunk to.
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它缩小到现在这样
08:40
And now I can scan the latest novel
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现在我可以扫描最新的小说
08:42
and not wait to get it into talking book libraries.
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迫不及待的把它加入语音图书馆中
08:44
I can keep up with my friends.
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我可以与朋友分享
08:47
There are many people who have helped me in my life,
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有很多人在我人生中帮助过我
08:51
and many that I haven't met.
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其中很多我从没见过
08:53
One is another American inventor Ted Henter.
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一位是美国发明家泰德·韩特
08:57
Ted was a motorcycle racer,
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泰德曾是摩托车赛车手
08:59
but in 1978 he had a car accident and lost his sight,
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但是在1978年他经历了一次车祸，从而失去了视力
09:04
which is devastating if you're trying to ride motorbikes.
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这将是灾难性的如果你尝试去骑摩托车
09:07
He then turned to being a waterskier
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他后来成为了划水运动员
09:10
and was a champion disabled waterskier.
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一度是残疾人划水运动冠军
09:13
But in 1989, he teamed up with Bill Joyce
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然而在1989年，他与比尔·乔伊斯合作
09:17
to develop a program that would read out
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开发了一个程序，可以阅读
09:21
what was on the computer screen
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任何在电脑屏幕上的内容
09:23
from the Net or from what was on the computer.
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无论来自网络或者电脑上的资料
09:25
It's called JAWS, Job Access With Speech,
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名叫JAWS，就是语音辅助系统的意思（Job Access With Speech）
09:28
and it sounds like this.
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它读起来是这样的
09:30
(JAWS speaking)
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（JAWS 在阅读）
09:41
Ron McCallum: Isn't that slow?
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它是不是很慢？
09:43
(Laughter)
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（笑）
09:44
You see, if I read like that, I'd fall asleep.
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如果我这样阅读，我可能睡着
09:46
I slowed it down for you.
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我已经为你调慢了速度
09:48
I'm going to ask that we play it at the speed I read it.
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我会要求以我平时阅读的速度重播一边
09:51
Can we play that one?
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可以重播一边么？
09:53
(JAWS speaking)
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（JAWS 在阅读）
10:07
(Laughter)
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（笑）
10:09
RM: You know, when you're marking student essays,
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你懂的，如果你在给学生的论文评分
10:11
you want to get through them fairly quickly.
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你希望快点读完他们
10:13
(Laughter) (Applause)
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（笑）（鼓掌）
10:23
This technology that fascinated me in 1987
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这项在1987年吸引我的技术
10:26
is now on my iPhone and on yours as well.
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现在就在我的iPhone上，也在你们的iPhone上
10:30
But, you know, I find reading with machines
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但是，我发现和机器一起阅读
10:33
a very lonely process.
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是一个非常孤独的过程
10:36
I grew up with family, friends, reading to me,
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在我的成长中，亲人，朋友陪伴我阅读
10:41
and I loved the warmth and the breath
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我热爱人们阅读中的
10:44
and the closeness of people reading.
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温暖，气息，和亲密
10:46
Do you love being read to?
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你希望倾听么？
10:48
And one of my most enduring memories
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一段我最珍爱的记忆是
10:51
is in 1999, Mary reading to me and the children
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1999年，Mary为我和孩子们阅读
10:57
down near Manly Beach
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在Manly海滩边
10:59
"Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone."
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“哈利波特和魔法石”
11:02
Isn't that a great book?
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那不是一本很棒的书么？
11:05
I still love being close to someone reading to me.
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我依旧热爱与为我阅读的人保持亲密
11:08
But I wouldn't give up the technology,
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但是我不会放弃科技
11:09
because it's allowed me to lead a great life.
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因为它允许我过上了美好的生活
11:15
Of course, talking books for the blind
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当然，盲人的有声读物
11:17
predated all this technology.
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先于这些科技
11:19
After all, the long-playing record was developed
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毕竟，可以长时间播放的录音
11:22
in the early 1930s,
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在19世纪30年代初期已经发明了
11:24
and now we put talking books on CDs
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现在我们将图书刻录在CD上
11:26
using the digital access system known as DAISY.
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通过DAISY数码系统
11:32
But when I'm reading with synthetic voices,
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但是当我通过人工语音阅读时
11:35
I love to come home and read a racy novel
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我期望回到家里
11:38
with a real voice.
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听到真实的声音阅读一本轻快的小说
11:42
Now there are still barriers
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现在依旧有很多障碍
11:44
in front of we people with disabilities.
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阻挡在我们残疾人面前
11:46
Many websites we can't read using JAWS
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很多网站我们不能通过JAWS系统阅读
11:49
and the other technologies.
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或者其他的技术
11:50
Websites are often very visual,
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网站通常很视觉化
11:53
and there are all these sorts of graphs
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有很多各种各样的图片
11:54
that aren't labeled and buttons that aren't labeled,
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它们没有被标示，按钮也没有被标示
11:57
and that's why the World Wide Web Consortium 3,
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这就是为什么World Wide Web Consortium 3，
12:01
known as W3C, has developed worldwide standards
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W3C，开发了一套世界通用的
12:06
for the Internet.
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互联网准则
12:08
And we want all Internet users or Internet site owners
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因而，我们希望所有互联网用户和互联网拥有者
12:13
to make their sites compatible so that
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让他们的网站兼容
12:15
we persons without vision can have a level playing field.
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这样，我们这些没有视觉的人们，可以有一席之地
12:20
There are other barriers brought about by our laws.
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还有其他由法律产生的障碍
12:24
For example, Australia,
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例如，澳大利亚，
12:27
like about one third of the world's countries,
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就像世界上三分之一的国家一样，
12:29
has copyright exceptions which allow books to be brailled
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有版权特例，允许书籍被翻译成盲字
12:34
or read for we blind persons.
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或者为我们盲人阅读
12:36
But those books can't travel across borders.
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但是这些书籍不能跨越国界
12:39
For example, in Spain, there are a 100,000
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例如，在西班牙，有100,000本
12:42
accessible books in Spanish.
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可使用的西班牙语图书
12:44
In Argentina, there are 50,000.
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在阿根廷，有五万本
12:46
In no other Latin American country
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在其他拉丁美洲国家
12:48
are there more than a couple of thousand.
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有上千本
12:50
But it's not legal to transport the books
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但是将图书从西班牙带到拉丁美洲
12:52
from Spain to Latin America.
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是违法的
12:55
There are hundreds of thousands of accessible books
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有十万多本可使用的图书
12:58
in the United States, Britain, Canada, Australia, etc.,
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在美国，英国，加拿大，澳大利亚，等等
13:01
but they can't be transported to the 60 countries
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但是他们不能被带到其他60多个
13:03
in our world where English is the first and the second language.
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英语是母语或者第二语言的国家
13:06
And remember I was telling you about Harry Potter.
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记得我曾告诉你们关于哈利·波特的故事
13:10
Well, because we can't transport books across borders,
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因为我们不能将图书穿越国境
13:13
there had to be separate versions read
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因此必须有很多独立的阅读版本
13:15
in all the different English-speaking countries:
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在不同的英语国家：
13:18
Britain, United States, Canada, Australia,
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英国，美国，加拿大，澳大利亚，
13:21
and New Zealand all had to have
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和新西兰，都必须拥有
13:23
separate readings of Harry Potter.
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不同语音版本的Harry Potter
13:26
And that's why, next month in Morocco,
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这就是为什么，下个月在Morocco，
13:29
a meeting is taking place between all the countries.
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一个国际会议将举行
13:31
It's something that a group of countries
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它关于一些国家
13:33
and the World Blind Union are advocating,
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和世界盲人组织所倡导的
13:35
a cross-border treaty
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一个跨界协议
13:37
so that if books are available under a copyright exception
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期望如果一些图书在一个版权特例下可使用
13:40
and the other country has a copyright exception,
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其他国家也有版权特例
13:42
we can transport those books across borders
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我们就可以让这些图书穿越国界
13:45
and give life to people, particularly in developing countries,
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给予人们生活，尤其在发展中国家，
13:48
blind people who don't have the books to read.
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那些没有书籍可以阅读的盲人们
13:52
I want that to happen.
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我希望这可以成为现实
13:54
(Applause)
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（鼓掌）
14:02
My life has been extraordinarily blessed
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我的人生很幸运
14:05
with marriage and children
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拥有美好的婚姻和孩子
14:08
and certainly interesting work to do,
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还有非常有趣的工作
14:11
whether it be at the University of Sydney Law School,
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不论是在悉尼大学法学院
14:14
where I served a term as dean,
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在那里我曾任职院长
14:15
or now as I sit on the United Nations Committee
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或者我在日内瓦联合国委员会
14:19
on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, in Geneva.
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代表残疾人的利益
14:22
I've indeed been a very fortunate human being.
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我一直以来都是非常幸运的人
14:27
I wonder what the future will hold.
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我猜想未来会是如何
14:30
The technology will advance even further,
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科技会更加进步
14:33
but I can still remember my mum saying, 60 years ago,
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但是我始终记得，母亲在60年前说的话，
14:37
"Remember, darling,
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“记住，亲爱的，
14:39
you'll never be able to read the print with your fingers."
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用你的手指，你永远不能阅读到纸上的文字
14:43
I'm so glad that the interaction between braille transcribers,
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我很庆幸，盲文翻译员
14:48
volunteer readers and passionate inventors,
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志愿者，和激情发明家的相互影响
14:51
has allowed this dream of reading to come true for me
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让我可以阅读的梦想变成现实
14:54
and for blind people throughout the world.
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也让世界上所有盲人的梦想成真
14:57
I'd like to thank my researcher Hannah Martin,
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我要感谢我的研究员汉娜·马丁，
15:01
who is my slide clicker, who clicks the slides,
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她是我的投影助手，帮我播放投影
15:04
and my wife, Professor Mary Crock, who's the light of my life,
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和我的妻子，玛丽·库鲁克教授，她是我生活的光芒
15:08
is coming on to collect me.
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她正准备接走我
15:10
I want to thank her too.
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我也要感谢她
15:11
I think I have to say goodbye now.
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我想我要说再见了
15:13
Bless you. Thank you very much.
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祝福你们。感谢您们。
15:15
(Applause)
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（鼓掌）
15:16
Yay! (Applause)
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Yay！（鼓掌）
15:32
Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. (Applause)
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好。好。好。好。好。（鼓掌）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Ron McCallum - Labor lawyer and activistBlind almost since birth, Ron McCallum is one of Australia's most respected legal scholars, and an activist on behalf of disabled people around the globe.
Why you should listen
Ron McCallum AO is one of Australia's most respected industrial and discrimination lawyers and a prominent human rights advocate. With a long career as a legal academic and teacher, in 1993 he became the first totally blind person appointed to a full professorship at any Australian university when he became Professor in Industrial Law at the University of Sydney. He served as Dean of the University of Sydney Law School for five years and is now an emeritus professor. McCallum is a leading light in the disabled community, working for equality among all Australians. He is also chair of the United Nations Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.
Read TEDxSydney's Q&A with Ron McCallum >>
Ron McCallum | Speaker | TED.com