TED2009
Robert Full: Learning from the gecko's tail
Robert Full：壁虎尾巴的学问
Filmed:
Readability: 3.7
722,710 views
生物学家Robert Full曾致力于研究壁虎具有吸附力的脚趾及其超强的攀爬能力。但是近日获取的高速摄像影片却展现了壁虎在其尾巴的使用上也有着惊人的才能。
Robert Full - Biologist
Robert Full studies cockroach legs and gecko feet. His research is helping build tomorrow's robots, based on evolution's ancient engineering. Full bio
Robert Full studies cockroach legs and gecko feet. His research is helping build tomorrow's robots, based on evolution's ancient engineering. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:18
Let me share with you today an original discovery.
0
0
5000
今天，我将与你们分享一个独立发现的故事。
00:23
But I want to tell it to you the way it really happened --
1
5000
3000
我想告诉你们这个发现究竟是如何发生的。
00:26
not the way I present it in a scientific meeting,
2
8000
2000
而不像科学会议，
00:28
or the way you'd read it in a scientific paper.
3
10000
3000
或是文献中介绍的故事。
00:31
It's a story about beyond biomimetics,
4
13000
3000
这个发现的领域超越了传统的仿生学，
00:34
to something I'm calling biomutualism.
5
16000
3000
我把它称作Biomutualism。
00:37
I define that as an association between biology and another discipline,
6
19000
3000
它是生物学与另一门学科
00:40
where each discipline reciprocally advances the other,
7
22000
4000
相互促进、发现的科研方法。
00:44
but where the collective discoveries that emerge are beyond any single field.
8
26000
4000
其共同研究的成果非任何单一学科所能及。
00:48
Now, in terms of biomimetics,
9
30000
2000
就仿生学来说，
00:50
as human technologies take on more of the characteristics of nature,
10
32000
3000
在人类科技不断学习、仿制自然的过程中，
00:53
nature becomes a much more useful teacher.
11
35000
3000
大自然成为了一个越来越有益的老师。
00:56
Engineering can be inspired by biology
12
38000
2000
比如工程师常在生物学中寻找启发，
00:58
by using its principles and analogies when they're advantageous,
13
40000
3000
借鉴自然中实用的原理和相似的现象。
01:01
but then integrating that with the best human engineering,
14
43000
3000
他们将这些启发与最好的工程方法相结合，
01:04
ultimately to make something actually better than nature.
15
46000
5000
才得以设计出超越自然界灵感来源本身的产品。
01:09
Now, being a biologist, I was very curious about this.
16
51000
3000
作为生物学家，我对这样一个过程很好奇。
01:12
These are gecko toes.
17
54000
2000
这是壁虎的脚趾。
01:14
And we wondered how they use these bizarre toes
18
56000
2000
我们很想知道壁虎是如何用这些奇怪的脚趾来
01:16
to climb up a wall so quickly.
19
58000
2000
飞快地爬墙。
01:18
We discovered it. And what we found was
20
60000
3000
我们已经找到了答案。
01:21
that they have leaf-like structures on their toes,
21
63000
2000
它们趾上有许多这样叶状的结构
01:23
with millions of tiny hairs that look like a rug,
22
65000
3000
每一片上有上百万这样非常小的刚毛。
01:26
and each of those hairs has the worst case of split-ends possible:
23
68000
3000
每一条刚毛还被最大可能的分叉，
01:29
about 100 to 1000 split ends that are nano-size.
24
71000
4000
大约100至1000个这样纳米级的分叉。
01:33
And the individual has 2 billion of these nano-size split ends.
25
75000
4000
这条壁虎有20亿左右这样的刚毛端。
01:37
They don't stick by Velcro or suction or glue.
26
79000
2000
它们并不是用于吸力、粘力或是尼龙搭扣的摩擦力。
01:39
They actually stick by intermolecular forces alone,
27
81000
3000
它们的吸附能力仅仅依靠分子间的作用力，
01:42
van der Waals forces.
28
84000
2000
也叫做范德华力。
01:44
And I'm really pleased to report to you today
29
86000
2000
今天我很高兴地告诉大家
01:46
that the first synthetic self-cleaning, dry adhesive has been made.
30
88000
5000
利用这个原理设计的自洁式干性黏结材料已经制成。
01:51
From the simplest version in nature, one branch,
31
93000
3000
从刚毛分叉这个简单的自然现象，
01:54
my engineering collaborator, Ron Fearing, at Berkeley,
32
96000
3000
我在伯克利的工程合作伙伴Ron Fearing
01:57
had made the first synthetic version.
33
99000
3000
发明了壁虎趾的合成版本。
02:00
And so has my other incredible collaborator,
34
102000
2000
另一个出色的合作伙伴也发明了相似的材料，
02:02
Mark Cutkosky, at Stanford --
35
104000
2000
他是斯坦福大学的Mark Cutkosky。
02:04
he made much larger hairs than the gecko,
36
106000
2000
尽管他用了比壁虎更大的刚毛
02:06
but used the same general principles.
37
108000
3000
但是工作原理却没有变。
02:09
And here is its first test.
38
111000
2000
这是第一次测试。
02:11
(Laughter)
39
113000
1000
(笑声)
02:12
That's Kellar Autumn, my former Ph.D. student,
40
114000
2000
这位是我曾指导过的博士Kellar Autumn，
02:14
professor now at Lewis and Clark,
41
116000
2000
现任路易斯－克拉克大学教授，
02:16
literally giving his first-born child up for this test.
42
118000
4000
为了测试甘愿牺牲自己的长女。
02:20
(Laughter)
43
122000
1000
(笑声)
02:21
More recently, this happened.
44
123000
2000
这是最近的一次试验。
02:23
Man: This the first time someone has actually climbed with it.
45
125000
3000
采访对象：这是这种材料第一次被用于攀墙。
02:26
Narrator: Lynn Verinsky, a professional climber,
46
128000
2000
解说：这位是专业攀登选手Lynn Verinsky
02:28
who appeared to be brimming with confidence.
47
130000
2000
她充满了信心。
02:30
Lynn Verinsky: Honestly, it's going to be perfectly safe. It will be perfectly safe.
48
132000
3000
Lynn Verinsky：老实说，这将是一次非常安全的试验。
02:33
Man: How do you know?
49
135000
2000
记者：你怎么知道？
02:35
Lynn Verinsky: Because of liability insurance. (Laughter)
50
137000
2000
Lynn Verinsky：因为我买了保险。
02:37
Narrator: With a mattress below and attached to a safety rope,
51
139000
2000
解说：在墙下放好床垫并系上安全绳，
02:39
Lynn began her 60-foot ascent.
52
141000
3000
Lynn开始了60英尺的攀登。
02:42
Lynn made it to the top in a perfect pairing
53
144000
3000
Lynn在好莱坞与科学完美的结合下
02:45
of Hollywood and science.
54
147000
3000
成功到达了顶端。
02:48
Man: So you're the first human being to officially emulate a gecko.
55
150000
3000
记者：你是第一个成功模仿壁虎的人。
02:51
Lynn Verinsky: Ha! Wow. And what a privilege that has been.
56
153000
6000
Lynn Verinsky：哈！喔。这让我觉得很特别。
02:57
Robert Full: That's what she did on rough surfaces.
57
159000
2000
Robert Full：这次试验是在粗糙墙壁上进行的。
02:59
But she actually used these on smooth surfaces --
58
161000
2000
她在光滑表面
03:01
two of them -- to climb up, and pull herself up.
59
163000
2000
也用这两个爬到过顶。
03:03
And you can try this in the lobby,
60
165000
2000
会后大家可以在大厅中自己尝试，
03:05
and look at the gecko-inspired material.
61
167000
4000
看看这些仿壁虎材料。
03:09
Now the problem with the robots doing this
62
171000
2000
要让机器人这么做有个问题
03:11
is that they can't get unstuck,
63
173000
2000
它们用这种材料粘上了以后
03:13
with the material.
64
175000
2000
松不开。
03:15
This is the gecko's solution. They actually peel their toes away
65
177000
3000
这是壁虎的解决方法。它们在爬墙时
03:18
from the surface, at high rates,
66
180000
2000
很快地从接触面
03:20
as they run up the wall.
67
182000
2000
把趾剥开。
03:22
Well I'm really excited today to show you
68
184000
3000
今天我很兴奋地展示给你们
03:25
the newest version of a robot, Stickybot,
69
187000
3000
一个崭新的机器人，Stickeybot。
03:28
using a new hierarchical dry adhesive.
70
190000
3000
它配备有仿壁虎的干性黏结材料。
03:31
Here is the actual robot.
71
193000
3000
这就是我说的机器人。
03:37
And here is what it does.
72
199000
3000
它是这样工作的。
03:45
And if you look,
73
207000
2000
请看，
03:47
you can see that it uses
74
209000
3000
它可以
03:50
the toe peeling,
75
212000
2000
剥开趾尖，
03:52
just like the gecko does.
76
214000
2000
和壁虎一样。
03:56
If we can show some of the video, you can see it climbing up the wall.
77
218000
3000
看它在录像中攀墙。
03:59
(Applause)
78
221000
2000
（鼓掌）
04:01
There it is.
79
223000
2000
看。
04:03
And now it can go on other surfaces because of the new adhesive
80
225000
3000
它适用与各种表面。
04:06
that the Stanford group was able to do
81
228000
3000
因为斯坦福研究组发明的新型黏结材料
04:09
in designing this incredible robot.
82
231000
3000
用在了它的设计上。
04:12
(Applause)
83
234000
3000
（鼓掌）
04:15
Oh. One thing I want to point out is, look at Stickybot.
84
237000
3000
哦。还有一点要指出的，Stickybot
04:18
You see something on it. It's not just to look like a gecko.
85
240000
4000
它身上还有一样东西，不只是为了让它看起来像壁虎。
04:22
It has a tail. And just when you think you've figured out nature,
86
244000
3000
它有一条尾巴。当你刚自以为了解了自然，
04:25
this kind of thing happens.
87
247000
2000
新的问题又来了。
04:27
The engineers told us, for the climbing robots,
88
249000
2000
设计它的工程师们告诉我们，用于攀登的机器人
04:29
that, if they don't have a tail,
89
251000
2000
如果没有尾巴
04:31
they fall off the wall.
90
253000
2000
一定会从墙上摔下来。
04:33
So what they did was they asked us
91
255000
2000
他们向我们提出了一个
04:35
an important question.
92
257000
2000
重要的问题。
04:37
They said, "Well, it kind of looks like a tail."
93
259000
4000
他们说：“这个看起来像一个尾巴。”
04:41
Even though we put a passive bar there.
94
263000
2000
尽管这只是一个不能运动的塑料杆。
04:43
"Do animals use their tails when they climb up walls?"
95
265000
3000
“动物们在攀登中也用尾巴么？”
04:46
What they were doing was returning the favor,
96
268000
2000
这些工程师做的叫做“礼尚往来”，
04:48
by giving us a hypothesis to test,
97
270000
3000
还给我们一个可以测试的假设，
04:51
in biology, that we wouldn't have thought of.
98
273000
3000
而这个假设并没有在生物学界被考虑过。
04:54
So of course, in reality, we were then panicked,
99
276000
3000
当时，我们自然的很紧张，
04:57
being the biologists, and we should know this already.
100
279000
2000
作为生物学家，我们应该知道问题的答案。
04:59
We said, "Well, what do tails do?"
101
281000
2000
所以我们自问：“尾巴有什么用？”
05:01
Well we know that tails store fat, for example.
102
283000
3000
我们知道尾巴被用来储存脂肪，
05:04
We know that you can grab onto things with them.
103
286000
3000
用作附肢。
05:07
And perhaps it is most well known
104
289000
2000
可能最为大家所知的
05:09
that they provide static balance.
105
291000
3000
是尾巴在保持静态平衡上的作用。
05:12
(Laughter)
106
294000
1000
（笑声）
05:13
It can also act as a counterbalance.
107
295000
3000
它也可以被用作配重。
05:16
So watch this kangaroo.
108
298000
3000
看这只袋鼠。
05:19
See that tail? That's incredible!
109
301000
2000
看那条尾巴，多么惊人！
05:21
Marc Raibert built a Uniroo hopping robot.
110
303000
4000
Marc Raibert设计了一个跳跃机器人Uniroo。
05:25
And it was unstable without its tail.
111
307000
3000
在没有尾巴的情况下，它无法保持平衡。
05:31
Now mostly tails limit maneuverability,
112
313000
2000
但另一个方面，尾巴限制了机动性。
05:33
like this human inside this dinosaur suit.
113
315000
4000
像这个穿恐龙服的人。
05:37
(Laughter)
114
319000
1000
（笑声）
05:38
My colleagues actually went on to test this limitation,
115
320000
4000
我的同事还专门测试了这个限制。
05:42
by increasing the moment of inertia of a student, so they had a tail,
116
324000
4000
通过增加一位学生的转动惯量，模拟尾巴的影响。
05:46
and running them through and obstacle course,
117
328000
2000
学生在障碍跑时
05:48
and found a decrement in performance,
118
330000
2000
机动性明显地降低了。
05:50
like you'd predict.
119
332000
3000
正如你所预料的。
05:53
(Laughter)
120
335000
1000
（笑声）
05:54
But of course, this is a passive tail.
121
336000
3000
但这是一个不能动的被动尾巴。
05:57
And you can also have active tails.
122
339000
2000
你也可以有一条能动的主动尾巴。
05:59
And when I went back to research this, I realized
123
341000
2000
我回去思考这个问题时，突然想到
06:01
that one of the great TED moments in the past,
124
343000
2000
在此前TED上
06:03
from Nathan,
125
345000
2000
我与Nanthan
06:05
we've talked about an active tail.
126
347000
2000
讨论过能动的尾巴。
06:07
Video: Myhrvold thinks tail-cracking dinosaurs
127
349000
2000
录像：Myhrvold认为有长尾巴的恐龙
06:09
were interested in love, not war.
128
351000
5000
兴趣在于交配，而非打斗。
06:14
Robert Full: He talked about the tail being a whip for communication.
129
356000
3000
Robert Full：他（Nanthan）介绍尾巴被当作鞭子用于交流。
06:17
It can also be used in defense.
130
359000
4000
用于自卫。
06:21
Pretty powerful.
131
363000
2000
很有力。
06:23
So we then went back and looked at the animal.
132
365000
2000
回到实验室，我们开始观察壁虎。
06:25
And we ran it up a surface.
133
367000
2000
让它攀登一个垂直表面。
06:27
But this time what we did is we put a slippery patch
134
369000
2000
但在表面上端有一节是会打滑的，
06:29
that you see in yellow there.
135
371000
2000
也就是录像中黄色部分。
06:31
And watch on the right what the animal is doing with its tail
136
373000
4000
再看右边，看它打滑后
06:35
when it slips. This is slowed down 10 times.
137
377000
2000
是如何用它的尾巴的。这是放慢10倍后。
06:37
So here is normal speed.
138
379000
2000
这是正常速度。
06:39
And watch it now slip,
139
381000
2000
看它打滑，
06:41
and see what it does with its tail.
140
383000
2000
看它的尾巴。
06:46
It has an active tail that functions as a fifth leg,
141
388000
2000
它的主动尾巴被用作第五条腿。
06:48
and it contributes to stability.
142
390000
2000
帮助保持平衡。
06:50
If you make it slip a huge amount, this is what we discovered.
143
392000
4000
如果让壁虎打滑得更多的话，我们就会看到这样。
06:57
This is incredible.
144
399000
2000
真是难以置信。
06:59
The engineers had a really good idea.
145
401000
3000
可见工程师们想了一个很好的主意。
07:02
And then of course we wondered,
146
404000
2000
之后我们想：
07:04
okay, they have an active tail, but let's picture them.
147
406000
2000
行，它们有一条能动的尾巴，让我们想像一下。
07:06
They're climbing up a wall, or a tree.
148
408000
3000
壁虎在爬墙，或是树。
07:09
And they get to the top and let's say there's some leaves there.
149
411000
3000
到了顶上，我们假设那里有一些叶子。
07:12
And what would happen if they climbed on the underside of that leaf,
150
414000
3000
当它们爬到了叶子的反面
07:15
and there was some wind, or we shook it?
151
417000
3000
如果刚好有风，或者我在摇树会怎样？
07:18
And we did that experiment, that you see here.
152
420000
3000
可以看到，我们做了这样的试验。
07:21
(Applause)
153
423000
1000
（鼓掌）
07:22
And this is what we discovered.
154
424000
2000
这是我们的发现。
07:24
Now that's real time. You can't see anything.
155
426000
2000
正常速度，什么也看不到。
07:26
But there it is slowed down.
156
428000
2000
但是减速之后
07:30
What we discovered was the world's fastest air-righting response.
157
432000
3000
我们发现了世界上最快的空中姿势矫正反应。
07:33
For those of you who remember your physics, that's a zero-angular-momentum
158
435000
2000
还记得物理的听众知道这是一个零角动量的
07:35
righting response. But it's like a cat.
159
437000
2000
姿势矫正。像猫一样。
07:37
You know, cats falling. Cats do this. They twist their bodies.
160
439000
3000
猫在自由落体的时候，做相似的动作。它们扭转躯干。
07:40
But geckos do it better.
161
442000
2000
但壁虎做的更好。
07:42
And they do it with their tail.
162
444000
3000
它们利用尾巴。
07:45
So they do it with this active tail as they swing around.
163
447000
3000
在尾巴转圈的同事纠正姿势。
07:48
And then they always land in the sort of superman skydiving posture.
164
450000
4000
所以它们总是依像超人一样空中飞人的姿势落地。
07:54
Okay, now we wondered, if we were right,
165
456000
2000
我们进一步想到，如果这是真确的，
07:56
we should be able to test this in a physical model, in a robot.
166
458000
3000
应该可以用在机器人上。
07:59
So for TED we actually built a robot,
167
461000
2000
我们特地为TED制作了一个机器人，
08:01
over there, a prototype, with the tail.
168
463000
3000
在那边，一个有尾巴的机器人原型。
08:04
And we're going to attempt the first air-righting response
169
466000
2000
我们将在这里尝试在机器人上的第一次
08:06
in a tail, with a robot.
170
468000
2000
空中姿势矫正试验。
08:08
If we could have the lights on it.
171
470000
2000
给灯光。
08:10
Okay, there it goes.
172
472000
5000
开始⋯⋯
08:15
And show the video.
173
477000
2000
放录像。
08:20
There it is.
174
482000
2000
看。
08:22
And it works just like it does in the animal.
175
484000
3000
和壁虎尾巴的原理一样。
08:25
So all you need is a swing of the tail to right yourself.
176
487000
4000
只要甩动尾巴就可以纠正自己的姿势。
08:29
(Applause)
177
491000
2000
（鼓掌）
08:31
Now, of course, we were normally frightened
178
493000
2000
当然，我们对此非常吃惊
08:33
because the animal has no gliding adaptations,
179
495000
2000
因为壁虎没有滑翔的能力，
08:35
so we thought, "Oh that's okay. We'll put it in a vertical wind tunnel.
180
497000
4000
所以我们想：“没问题，把壁虎放在垂直的风洞中。”
08:39
We'll blow the air up, we'll give it a landing target, a tree trunk,
181
501000
3000
向上吹风，在风洞边放一根树干作为目的地，
08:42
just outside the plexi-glass enclosure, and see what it does.
182
504000
4000
看它怎么办。
08:46
(Laughter)
183
508000
1000
（笑声）
08:47
So we did. And here is what it does.
184
509000
3000
我们就这么做了。看壁虎如何应对。
08:50
So the wind is coming from the bottom. This is slowed down 10 times.
185
512000
5000
风从下往上吹。放慢10倍。
08:55
It does an equilibrium glide. Highly controlled.
186
517000
4000
它在水平滑翔。控制得非常好。
08:59
This is sort of incredible. But actually it's quite beautiful,
187
521000
3000
令人难以置信。在照片上，
09:02
when you take a picture of it.
188
524000
3000
也很优美。
09:05
And it's better than that, it -- just in the slide -- maneuvers in mid-air.
189
527000
5000
还有更有趣的，它还可以在空中机动。
09:10
And the way it does it, is it takes its tail
190
532000
2000
用它的尾巴，
09:12
and it swings it one way to yaw left, and it swings its other way to yaw right.
191
534000
4000
向一边甩动转向左，向另一边甩动，转向右。
09:16
So we can maneuver this way.
192
538000
2000
可以这样机动。
09:18
And then -- we had to film this several times to believe this --
193
540000
3000
我们拍摄了很多次，才相信眼前所见。
09:21
it also does this. Watch this.
194
543000
3000
看，它还可以这样。
09:24
It oscillates its tail up and down like a dolphin.
195
546000
2000
像海豚一样上下摆动尾巴。
09:26
It can actually swim through the air.
196
548000
3000
在空中游动。
09:29
But watch its front legs. Can you see what they are doing?
197
551000
5000
但注意它的前腿。看的出来它在做什么么？
09:34
What does that mean for the origin of flapping flight?
198
556000
3000
联想这个动作对于研究飞行起源的意义。
09:37
Maybe it's evolved from coming down from trees,
199
559000
3000
也许飞行是动物从树上坠落，
09:40
and trying to control a glide.
200
562000
2000
试图控制滑翔而进化而来的。
09:42
Stay tuned for that.
201
564000
2000
这个问题值得关注。
09:44
(Laughter)
202
566000
2000
（笑声）
09:46
So then we wondered, "Can they actually maneuver with this?"
203
568000
3000
我们又想：“壁虎真的能靠尾巴这样机动么？”
09:49
So there is the landing target. Could they steer towards it
204
571000
3000
这是叶子做的目的地。它们有没有能力滑翔过去呢？
09:52
with these capabilities? Here it is in the wind tunnel.
205
574000
2000
在风洞里。
09:54
And it certainly looks like it.
206
576000
2000
貌似可以。
09:56
You can see it even better from down on top.
207
578000
3000
从上往下的角度更清楚。
09:59
Watch the animal.
208
581000
2000
看它。
10:02
Definitely moving towards the landing target.
209
584000
2000
绝对是向目的地在机动。
10:04
Watch the whip of its tail as it does it. Look at that.
210
586000
4000
看它的尾巴。
10:08
It's unbelievable.
211
590000
2000
难以置信。
10:10
So now we were really confused,
212
592000
2000
我们被弄糊涂了。
10:12
because there are no reports of it gliding.
213
594000
2000
因为文献中并未记录壁虎拥有滑翔的能力。
10:14
So we went, "Oh my god, we have to go to the field,
214
596000
2000
所以我们决定，一定要去野外
10:16
and see if it actually does this."
215
598000
2000
看是否如此。
10:18
Completely opposite of the way you'd see it on a nature film, of course.
216
600000
3000
这个自然和大家在自然纪录片中看到的顺序截然相反。
10:21
We wondered, "Do they actually glide in nature?"
217
603000
3000
我们想：“自然界中，这种壁虎是否滑翔。”
10:24
Well we went to the forests of Singapore and Southeast Asia.
218
606000
2000
我们前往东南亚新加坡的森林中。
10:26
And the next video you see is the first time we've showed this.
219
608000
2000
下一个短片是我们第一次展示。
10:28
This is the actual video -- not staged, a real research video --
220
610000
3000
这个短片没用道具，没有作假，是第一手的科研数据。
10:31
of animal gliding down. There is a red trajectory line.
221
613000
3000
红色是它的滑翔轨迹。
10:34
Look at the end to see the animal.
222
616000
2000
结尾可以更清楚的看到壁虎。
10:36
But then as it gets closer to the tree,
223
618000
2000
当它接近树干时，
10:38
look at the close-up. And see if you can see it land.
224
620000
3000
看放大部分。能不能看到它着陆。
10:42
So there it comes down. There is a gecko at the end of that trajectory line.
225
624000
3000
这是它在下降。轨迹末端可以看到一只壁虎。
10:45
You see it there? There? Watch it come down.
226
627000
2000
看到没有？看它滑落。
10:47
Now watch up there and you can see the landing. Did you see it hit?
227
629000
3000
现在注意看着陆，看到没有？
10:50
It actually uses its tail too,
228
632000
2000
它确实用上了尾巴。
10:52
just like we saw in the lab.
229
634000
3000
和我们实验室里看到的一样。
10:55
So now we can continue this mutualism
230
637000
4000
继续一开始和工程师的互助互利，
10:59
by suggesting that they can make an active tail.
231
641000
3000
建议他们设计一条能动的尾巴。
11:02
And here is the first active tail, in the robot,
232
644000
5000
这是机器人上第一条能动的尾巴，
11:07
made by Boston Dynamics.
233
649000
3000
由波士顿动力公司研制。
11:10
So to conclude, I think we need to build biomutualisms, like I showed,
234
652000
4000
总结来说，我认为要进一步像我所介绍的这样，增强生物与其他学科的互动，
11:14
that will increase the pace of basic discovery in their application.
235
656000
3000
加快基础科学的研究与应用。
11:17
To do this though, we need to redesign education in a major way,
236
659000
3000
要做到这点，我们需要从根本上从新设计我们的教育，
11:20
to balance depth with interdisciplinary communication,
237
662000
3000
在深度与跨学科交互两个方面做到平衡。
11:23
and explicitly train people how to contribute to, and benefit from other disciplines.
238
665000
5000
专门训练能在多学科获利并贡献的人才。
11:28
And of course you need the organisms and the environment to do it.
239
670000
4000
当然，同时还需要良好的生态与环境。
11:32
That is, whether you care about security, search and rescue or health,
240
674000
3000
无论你关心国防、搜寻与救护还是医疗，
11:35
we must preserve nature's designs,
241
677000
2000
我们要保护自然，
11:37
otherwise these secrets will be lost forever.
242
679000
3000
不然自然界的秘密将被永远埋没。
11:40
And from what I heard from our new president,
243
682000
4000
就我们新总统的态度来看，
11:44
I'm very optimistic. Thank you.
244
686000
2000
我很乐观。谢谢。
11:46
(Applause)
245
688000
2000
（掌声）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Robert Full - BiologistRobert Full studies cockroach legs and gecko feet. His research is helping build tomorrow's robots, based on evolution's ancient engineering.
Why you should listen
UC Berkeley biologist Robert Full is fascinated by the motion of creatures like cockroaches, crabs and geckos having many legs, unusual feet or talented tails. He has led an effort to demonstrate the value of learning from Nature by the creating interdisciplinary collaborations of biologists, engineers, mathematicians and computer scientists from academia and industry. He founded CiBER, the Center for interdisciplinary Bio-inspiration in Education and Research, and the Poly-PEDAL Laboratory, which studies the Performance, Energetics and Dynamics of Animal Locomotion (PEDAL) in many-footed creatures (Poly).
His research shows how studying a diversity of animals leads to the discovery of general principles which inspire the design of novel circuits, artificial muscles, exoskeletons, versatile scampering legged search-and-rescue robots and synthetic self-cleaning dry adhesives based on gecko feet. He is passionate about discovery-based education leading to innovation -- and he even helped Pixar’s insect animations in the film A Bug's Life.
Robert Full | Speaker | TED.com