Paul Hessburg: Why wildfires have gotten worse -- and what we can do about it
بول هيسبورغ: لماذا ازدادت الحرائق البرية سوءاً -- وكيف يمكننا إيقافها
Paul Hessburg studies very large forest landscapes and what makes them tick. Full bio
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of western forests have burned
الكثير من الغابات
is actually why my family and I live here.
هي سبب عيشي وعائلتي هنا
about what we're leaving behind
than the state of Oregon has burned
أكبر من ولاية أوريغون
have been destroyed.
have steadily increased
والمنازل المدمَّرة
than 100,000 acres --
we've managed this western landscape
أدرنا بها هذه المناظر الطبيعية
that we are currently seeing
studying these western landscapes,
المناظر الطبيعية الغربية
of our fire-management habits,
في إدارة الحرائق
of our beloved forests.
some tough truths about wildfires,
الحقائق الصعبة عن الحرائق البرية
to learn to better live with them
لأن نتعلم العيش بوجودها
to talk to you about today.
of 100 or 150 years ago.
قبل 100 أو 150 عاماً
were taken in the 1930s
في ثلاثينيات القرن العشرين
mountaintop lookouts,
these forests of old is "patchy."
was this constantly evolving patchwork
رقعة متطورة بثبات
canopy forests of all ages,
ومن كل الأجيال
by today's standards.
that this landscape was open,
كانت مفتوحة
of the open forest
في الغابات المفتوحة
shaping this historical patchwork:
هذه الرقعة التاريخية
whether a place faces north or south
إلى الشمال أو الجنوب
or in a valley bottom;
gets a lot of snow and rain,
من المطر والثلج
shaped the way fire behaved
منحى الحريق
between the patterns and the processes.
and fairly far apart.
and when they occurred,
and fires were less frequent,
they were quite a bit more severe.
the environments that they grew in
والبيئات التي نمت بها
they all worked together
across the landscape.
عبر الأراضي
of fire across the landscape.
عبر المناظر الطبيعية
helped the rest of the forest
lived on this landscape,
لعشرة آلاف عام
and to thin certain forests
ولتصغير غابات محددة
and the bison that they hunted.
التي كانوا يصيدونها
fires of summer.
التي لا يمكن التحكم بها
much later, in the mid-1800s,
في منتصف ثمانينيات القرن التاسع عشر
grazing was in high gear.
وصل رعي الماشية مستوى مرتفعاً
the cattle and the sheep ate the grasses
أكلت الماشية والخراف الأعشاب
for the historical fires,
لهذه النيران الكبيرة
from thinning out trees
من القضاء على الأشجار
and they acted as potent firebreaks,
التي كانت بمثابة فواصل قوية للحرائق
across this landscape.
which caused a sudden pivot
of the state of Connecticut.
to western Montana,
three million acres,
and it killed 87 people.
became public enemy number one,
الحرائق البرية عدو العامّة الأول
that we would think about wildfire
تجاه حرائق الغابات
just five years young at the time,
في ذلك الحين خمس سنوات
of putting out all wildfires
ability to put fires out,
it was now fire suppression
shaper of our forests.
got going in the west,
بدأ حصاد الأشجار في الغرب
the large and the old trees.
القديمة والكبيرة
of centuries of wildfires.
small trees filled in the gaps,
ملأت الفراغات
with trees so layered and close together
by roads and railroads,
بغير عمد
and logging, removing the big trees,
التي أزالت الأشجار الكبيرة
the current epidemic of trees.
looked like 100 years ago and today,
sculptured by mostly small
so close together,
tree sizes and ages
from acre to acre,
من فدان إلى فدان
and insect outbreaks,
on the forest floor,
على أرض الغابة
are getting hotter
40 to 80 days longer each year.
ب 40 إلى 80 يوماً كل عام
climatologists are predicting
in the middle of this.
of all new housing starts are being built
the power of the patchwork.
the severity of many of our future fires.
خطورة الحرائق في المستقبل
that we have tools
to intentionally thin out trees
كي نضعف الأشجار عمداً
reduce them and keep them reduced.
patches on the landscape
with some of these treatments
مع بعض هذه المعالجات
some of these treatments,
is that prescribed burning produces
regulated under air quality rules
تحت قوانين جودة الهواء
(ضحكات)
القابلة للسيطرة
in the summers
to get this changed.
of the patchwork.
and climate explanations,
and it will take us humans to solve it.
نحن البشر حلّها
are not well-supported.
المدارة ليست مدعومة جيداً
to magically go away
with them, don't we?
without lots of fire and lots of smoke.
من الحريق والدخان
make it our high priority
أولوية عالية
the current situation,
continued losses to megafires.
من الحرائق الهائلة
to our lawmakers,
لإدارة حرائقنا
are burned black?
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Paul Hessburg - Research ecologistPaul Hessburg studies very large forest landscapes and what makes them tick.
Why you should listen
Paul Hessburg is a research ecologist who builds models of historical and modern era conditions in large forests and studies what factors make them behave as they do. In fact, much of his research is trying to decipher what is normal. In his research, Hessburg wants to know how the forests we inherited worked before we changed them. What did "natural" look like, and what specifically did we change about naturalness? What's still working well, and what could use a hand down?
Hessburg has spent most of his adult life (35 years) in his dream job. He works for the USDA, Forest Service, at the Pacific Northwest Research Station, where he is stationed at a field laboratory in Wenatchee, WA, US. That's located about five blocks just east of heaven, he says. He has a doctorate in Forest Pathology from Oregon State University, and he has been working in forestry for 40 years. He's also an Affiliate Professor at the University of Washington, Seattle, USA.
In 2017, Hessburg was awarded his Research Station's Distinguished Scientist Award, and he will be awarded his Agencies' Distinguished Scientist Award for 2017, in February of 2018.
Over the last two years, Paul has traveled and spoken to over 100 western US communities about the new era of megafires and what we can do about it. As he says, "Unless we change a few of our forest and fire management habits in the US, we will lose many more beloved forests; some won’t recover in our lifetime."
Paul Hessburg | Speaker | TED.com