TEDxSydney
Craig Costello: In the war for information, will quantum computers defeat cryptographers?
Kreg Kostelo (Craig Costello): U ratu za informacije, hoće li kvantni kompjuteri poraziti kriptografe?
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Dok zaviruje u našu tehnološku budućnost, kriptograf Kreg Kostelo raspravlja o potencijalu kvantnih kompjutera da promene svet, što bi moglo da razori ograničenja koja su postavile naše današnje mašine, pružajući tako razbijačima šifri univerzalni ključ za digitalni svet. Pogledajte kako se Kostelo i njegove kolege kriptografi utrkuju da nanovo osmisle enkripciju i zaštite internet.
Craig Costello - Cryptographer
Craig Costello uses mathematics to secure the digital world, both against the threats that exist today and those that may exist in the future. Full bio
Craig Costello uses mathematics to secure the digital world, both against the threats that exist today and those that may exist in the future. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
I'm in the business
of safeguarding secrets,
of safeguarding secrets,
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Radim u oblasti zaštite tajni,
00:16
and this includes your secrets.
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a to podrazumeva vaše tajne.
00:19
Cryptographers are
the first line of defense
the first line of defense
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Kriptografi su prva linija odbrane
00:21
in an ongoing war that's been
raging for centuries:
raging for centuries:
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u ratu koji već vekovima bukti:
00:24
a war between code makers
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ratu između tvoraca šifri
00:27
and code breakers.
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i razbijača šifri.
00:29
And this is a war on information.
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A radi se o ratu za informacije.
00:32
The modern battlefield
for information is digital.
for information is digital.
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Savremeno ratište
za informacije je digitalno.
za informacije je digitalno.
00:35
And it wages across your phones,
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I zbiva se na vašim telefonima,
00:37
your computers
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kompjuterima
00:39
and the internet.
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i internetu.
00:41
Our job is to create systems that scramble
your emails and credit card numbers,
your emails and credit card numbers,
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Naš posao je da stvorimo sisteme
koji šifruju vaše mejlove
i brojeve kreditnih kartica,
i brojeve kreditnih kartica,
00:46
your phone calls and text messages --
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vaše telefonske pozive i tekstovne poruke,
00:48
and that includes those saucy selfies --
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a to uključuje i one pikantne selfije -
00:50
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
00:52
so that all of this information
can only be descrambled
can only be descrambled
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kako bi sve ove informacije
mogle da budu dešifrovane
mogle da budu dešifrovane
00:54
by the recipient that it's intended for.
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od strane primaoca kome su namenjene.
00:58
Now, until very recently,
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Sve do nedavno,
01:00
we thought we'd won this war for good.
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smatrali smo da smo za svagda
pobedili u ovom ratu.
pobedili u ovom ratu.
01:03
Right now, each of your smartphones
is using encryption
is using encryption
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Trenutno svi vaši pametni telefoni
koriste enkripciju
koriste enkripciju
01:06
that we thought was unbreakable
and that was going to remain that way.
and that was going to remain that way.
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koju smo smatrali nesalomivom
verujući da će tako i da ostane.
verujući da će tako i da ostane.
Pogrešili smo
01:11
We were wrong,
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01:13
because quantum computers are coming,
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jer stižu kvantni kompjuteri,
01:16
and they're going to change
the game completely.
the game completely.
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a oni će u potpunosti
da izmene pravila igre.
da izmene pravila igre.
01:20
Throughout history,
cryptography and code-breaking
cryptography and code-breaking
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Kroz istoriju, kriptografija
i razbijanje šifri
i razbijanje šifri
01:22
has always been this game
of cat and mouse.
of cat and mouse.
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su oduvek bili igra mačke i miša.
01:25
Back in the 1500s,
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Tokom 1500-ih,
01:27
Queen Mary of the Scots thought
she was sending encrypted letters
she was sending encrypted letters
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kraljica Meri od Škotske je mislila
da šalje šifrovana pisma
da šalje šifrovana pisma
koja jedino njeni vojnici
mogu da dešifruju.
mogu da dešifruju.
01:30
that only her soldiers could decipher.
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01:33
But Queen Elizabeth of England,
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Međutim, kraljica Elizabeta od Engleske
01:35
she had code breakers
that were all over it.
that were all over it.
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je imala razbijače šifri
koji su pomno radili.
koji su pomno radili.
01:38
They decrypted Mary's letters,
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Dešifrovali su Merina pisma,
01:40
saw that she was attempting
to assassinate Elizabeth
to assassinate Elizabeth
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videli da pokušava da ubije Elizabetu
01:43
and, subsequently,
they chopped Mary's head off.
they chopped Mary's head off.
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i stoga su odsekli Merinu glavu.
01:47
A few centuries later, in World War II,
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Nekoliko vekova kasnije,
u Drugom svetskom ratu,
u Drugom svetskom ratu,
01:50
the Nazis communicated
using the Engima code,
using the Engima code,
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nacisti su komunicirali
upotrebom šifre Enigma,
upotrebom šifre Enigma,
01:53
a much more complicated encryption scheme
that they thought was unbreakable.
that they thought was unbreakable.
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daleko komplikovanije enkripcijske sheme
koju su smatrali nesalomivom.
koju su smatrali nesalomivom.
01:58
But then good old Alan Turing,
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No, onda je dobri stari Alan Tjuring,
isti tip koji je izumeo ono što sada
nazivamo modernim kompjuterom,
nazivamo modernim kompjuterom,
02:00
the same guy who invented
what we now call the modern computer,
what we now call the modern computer,
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02:03
he built a machine and used it
to break Enigma.
to break Enigma.
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napravio je mašinu
i koristio je da dešifruje Enigmu.
i koristio je da dešifruje Enigmu.
02:06
He deciphered the German messages
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Dešifrovao je nemačke poruke
02:08
and helped to bring Hitler
and his Third Reich to a halt.
and his Third Reich to a halt.
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i pomogao u slamanju Hitlera
i njegovog Trećeg rajha.
i njegovog Trećeg rajha.
02:11
And so the story has gone
throughout the centuries.
throughout the centuries.
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I tako se odvijala priča vekovima.
02:14
Cryptographers improve their encryption,
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Kriptografi unaprede enkripciju,
02:17
and then code breakers fight back
and they find a way to break it.
and they find a way to break it.
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a onda razbijači šifri uzvrate udarac
i pronađu način da je dešifruju.
i pronađu način da je dešifruju.
02:20
This war's gone back and forth,
and it's been pretty neck and neck.
and it's been pretty neck and neck.
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Ova ratna razmena je bila prilično tesna.
02:25
That was until the 1970s,
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Sve do 1970-ih
02:28
when some cryptographers
made a huge breakthrough.
made a huge breakthrough.
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kada su neki kriptografi
napravili ogroman pronalazak.
napravili ogroman pronalazak.
02:31
They discovered an extremely
powerful way to do encryption
powerful way to do encryption
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Otkrili su izuzetno moćan način enkripcije
02:35
called "public-key cryptography."
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nazvan „asimetrična kriptografija”.
02:37
Unlike all of the prior methods used
throughout history, it doesn't require
throughout history, it doesn't require
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Nasuprot svim prethodno korišćenim
metodama kroz istoriju, ova ne zahteva
metodama kroz istoriju, ova ne zahteva
02:42
that the two parties that want to send
each other confidential information
each other confidential information
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da dve strane koje žele da pošalju
jedna drugoj poverljive informacije
jedna drugoj poverljive informacije
02:45
have exchanged the secret key beforehand.
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moraju da prethodno razmene tajni ključ.
02:48
The magic of public-key cryptography
is that it allows us to connect securely
is that it allows us to connect securely
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Čarolija asimetrične kriptografije
je u tome što nam omogućuje bezbednu vezu
je u tome što nam omogućuje bezbednu vezu
02:52
with anyone in the world,
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s bilo kim u svetu,
02:55
whether we've exchanged
data before or not,
data before or not,
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bilo da smo prethodno
razmenili podatke ili ne.
razmenili podatke ili ne.
02:58
and to do it so fast that you and I
don't even realize it's happening.
don't even realize it's happening.
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A obavlja to toliko brzo da vi i ja
ni ne shvatamo da se dešava.
ni ne shvatamo da se dešava.
03:03
Whether you're texting your mate
to catch up for a beer,
to catch up for a beer,
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Bilo da šaljete poruku prijatelju
da izađete na pivo
da izađete na pivo
03:06
or you're a bank that's transferring
billions of dollars to another bank,
billions of dollars to another bank,
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ili ste banka koja prebacuje
milijarde dolara drugoj banci,
milijarde dolara drugoj banci,
03:10
modern encryption enables us
to send data that can be secured
to send data that can be secured
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moderna enkripcija nam omogućuje
da bezbedno šaljemo podatke
da bezbedno šaljemo podatke
03:13
in a matter of milliseconds.
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brzinom milisekundi.
03:17
The brilliant idea that makes
this magic possible,
this magic possible,
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Briljantna ideja zbok koje
je ova magija moguća
je ova magija moguća
03:20
it relies on hard mathematical problems.
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se zasniva na teškim
matematičkim problemima.
matematičkim problemima.
03:23
Cryptographers are deeply interested
in things that calculators can't do.
in things that calculators can't do.
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Kriptografi su suštinski zainteresovani
za ono što digitroni ne mogu.
za ono što digitroni ne mogu.
03:29
For example, calculators can multiply
any two numbers you like,
any two numbers you like,
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Na primer, digitroni mogu da množe
bilo koja dva broja koja poželite,
bilo koja dva broja koja poželite,
03:32
no matter how big the size.
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bez obzira na veličinu.
03:35
But going back the other way --
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No, vraćajući se na drugi način -
03:37
starting with the product and then asking,
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započinjući proizvodom a onda pitanjem:
03:39
"Which two numbers multiply
to give this one?" --
to give this one?" --
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„Koja dva broja pomnožena
daju ovaj broj?” -
daju ovaj broj?” -
03:41
that's actually a really hard problem.
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zapravo se radi o uistinu teškom problemu.
03:45
If I asked you to find which two-digit
numbers multiply to give 851,
numbers multiply to give 851,
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Ukoliko bih vam zatražio da otkrijete koji
dvocifreni brojevi pomnoženi daju 851,
dvocifreni brojevi pomnoženi daju 851,
03:51
even with a calculator,
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čak i sa digitronom,
03:52
most people in this room would have
a hard time finding the answer
a hard time finding the answer
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većini ljudi u ovoj prostoriji
bi bilo teško da otkriju odgovor
bi bilo teško da otkriju odgovor
03:55
by the time I'm finished with this talk.
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do kraja mog govora.
03:57
And if I make the numbers a little larger,
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A ako malo povećam brojeve,
04:00
then there's no calculator on earth
that can do this.
that can do this.
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onda nema tog digitrona na svetu
koji može to da reši.
koji može to da reši.
04:03
In fact, even the world's
fastest supercomputer
fastest supercomputer
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Zapravo, čak bi najbržem
superkompjuteru na svetu
superkompjuteru na svetu
04:06
would take longer
than the life age of the universe
than the life age of the universe
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trebalo više od životnog veka univerzuma
04:09
to find the two numbers
that multiply to give this one.
that multiply to give this one.
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da otkrije dva broja
koja pomnožena daju ovaj broj.
koja pomnožena daju ovaj broj.
04:13
And this problem,
called "integer factorization,"
called "integer factorization,"
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A ovaj problem se naziva
„rastavljanjem na faktore”,
„rastavljanjem na faktore”,
04:16
is exactly what each of your smartphones
and laptops is using right now
and laptops is using right now
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a to je baš ono što svaki vaš
pametni telefon i laptop trenutno koristi
pametni telefon i laptop trenutno koristi
04:20
to keep your data secure.
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da bi vaši podaci bili bezbedni.
04:22
This is the basis of modern encryption.
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Radi se o osnovi savremene enkripcije.
04:26
And the fact that all the computing power
on the planet combined can't solve it,
on the planet combined can't solve it,
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A činjenica da ni sve kompjuterske sile
na planeti zajedno ne mogu da je reše
na planeti zajedno ne mogu da je reše
04:30
that's the reason we cryptographers
thought we'd found a way
thought we'd found a way
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je razlog zašto smo mi kriptografi
smatrali da smo pronašli način
smatrali da smo pronašli način
04:33
to stay ahead of the code
breakers for good.
breakers for good.
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da za svagda budemo
ispred razbijača šifri.
ispred razbijača šifri.
04:37
Perhaps we got a little cocky
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Možda smo postali malčice drski
04:39
because just when we thought
the war was won,
the war was won,
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jer baš kad smo pomislili
da smo dobili rat,
da smo dobili rat,
04:42
a bunch of 20th-century physicists
came to the party,
came to the party,
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gomila fizičara iz XX veka
se pridružila zabavi
se pridružila zabavi
04:45
and they revealed
that the laws of the universe,
that the laws of the universe,
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i otkrili su da zakoni univerzuma,
04:47
the same laws that modern
cryptography was built upon,
cryptography was built upon,
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isti oni zakoni na kojima
počiva savremena kriptografija,
počiva savremena kriptografija,
04:51
they aren't as we thought they were.
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nisu ono što smo mislili da jesu.
04:54
We thought that one object couldn't be
in two places at the same time.
in two places at the same time.
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Mislili smo da jedan objekat ne može
da bude na dva mesta istovremeno.
da bude na dva mesta istovremeno.
04:58
It's not the case.
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Nije tako.
Mislili smo da nije moguće da se nešto
okreće u pravcu kazaljke na satu i obratno
okreće u pravcu kazaljke na satu i obratno
04:59
We thought nothing can possibly spin
clockwise and anticlockwise
clockwise and anticlockwise
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05:03
simultaneously.
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istovremeno.
05:05
But that's incorrect.
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Međutim, to nije tačno.
05:07
And we thought that two objects
on opposite sides of the universe,
on opposite sides of the universe,
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I mislili smo da dva objekta
na suprotnim stranama univerzuma,
na suprotnim stranama univerzuma,
05:10
light years away from each other,
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udaljeni svetlosnim godinama
jedan od drugog,
jedan od drugog,
05:13
they can't possibly influence
one another instantaneously.
one another instantaneously.
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ne mogu nikako da istovremeno
utiču jedan na drugog.
utiču jedan na drugog.
05:17
We were wrong again.
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Opet nismo bili u pravu.
05:20
And isn't that always the way
life seems to go?
life seems to go?
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I zar se ne čini da je tako uvek u životu?
05:22
Just when you think you've got
everything covered, your ducks in a row,
everything covered, your ducks in a row,
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Baš kad pomislite da ste sve rešili,
da je sve potaman,
da je sve potaman,
05:26
a bunch of physicists come along
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gomila fizičara dođe
05:27
and reveal that the fundamental laws
of the universe are completely different
of the universe are completely different
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i otkriju da su osnovni zakoni
univerzuma potpuno drugačiji
univerzuma potpuno drugačiji
05:31
to what you thought?
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nego što ste mislili?
05:32
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
05:33
And it screws everything up.
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I to sve zezne.
05:34
See, in the teeny tiny subatomic realm,
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Vidite, u sićušnoj subatomskoj oblasti,
05:39
at the level of electrons and protons,
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na nivou elektrona i protona,
05:42
the classical laws of physics,
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klasični zakoni fizike,
05:44
the ones that we all know and love,
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koje svi znamo i volimo,
05:46
they go out the window.
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potpuno otpadaju.
05:48
And it's here that the laws
of quantum mechanics kick in.
of quantum mechanics kick in.
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A baš tu nastupaju
zakoni kvantne mehanike.
zakoni kvantne mehanike.
05:51
In quantum mechanics,
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U kvantnoj mehanici
05:52
an electron can be spinning clockwise
and anticlockwise at the same time,
and anticlockwise at the same time,
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elektron može istovremeno da se obrće
u pravcu kazaljke na satu i obratno,
u pravcu kazaljke na satu i obratno,
05:57
and a proton can be in two places at once.
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a proton može da bude
na dva mesta istovremeno.
na dva mesta istovremeno.
06:01
It sounds like science fiction,
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Zvuči kao naučna fantastika,
06:04
but that's only because
the crazy quantum nature of our universe,
the crazy quantum nature of our universe,
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ali to je tako zbog sumanute
kvantne prirode našeg univerzuma
kvantne prirode našeg univerzuma
06:08
it hides itself from us.
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koja se skriva od nas.
06:10
And it stayed hidden from us
until the 20th century.
until the 20th century.
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I bila je skrivena od nas sve do XX veka.
06:15
But now that we've seen it,
the whole world is in an arms race
the whole world is in an arms race
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Međutim, sad kad smo je otkrili,
čitav svet je u trci
čitav svet je u trci
06:19
to try to build a quantum computer --
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da sagradi kvantni kompjuter -
06:22
a computer that can harness the power
of this weird and wacky quantum behavior.
of this weird and wacky quantum behavior.
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kompjuter koji može da upregne
ovo čudno i uvrnuto kvantno ponašanje.
ovo čudno i uvrnuto kvantno ponašanje.
06:28
These things are so revolutionary
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To su toliko revolucionarne stvari
06:30
and so powerful
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i toliko moćne
06:32
that they'll make today's
fastest supercomputer
fastest supercomputer
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da će zbog njih današnji
najbrži superkompjuteri
najbrži superkompjuteri
06:35
look useless in comparison.
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da izgledaju beskorisno.
06:37
In fact, for certain problems
that are of great interest to us,
that are of great interest to us,
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Zapravo, za određene probleme
koji su nam od velikog značaja,
koji su nam od velikog značaja,
06:41
today's fastest supercomputer
is closer to an abacus
is closer to an abacus
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današnji najbrži superkompjuter
je bliži računaljci
je bliži računaljci
06:44
than to a quantum computer.
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nego kvantnom kompjuteru.
06:45
That's right, I'm talking about
those little wooden things with the beads.
those little wooden things with the beads.
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Tako je, govorim o onim
drvenim stvarčicama s kuglicama.
drvenim stvarčicama s kuglicama.
06:50
Quantum computers can simulate
chemical and biological processes
chemical and biological processes
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Kvantni kompjuter može da simulira
hemijske i biološke procese
hemijske i biološke procese
06:54
that are far beyond the reach
of our classical computers.
of our classical computers.
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koji su van domašaja
naših klasičnih kompjutera.
naših klasičnih kompjutera.
06:58
And as such, they promise to help us solve
some of our planet's biggest problems.
some of our planet's biggest problems.
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I kao takvi, obećavaju da će da reše
neke od najvećih problema naše planete.
neke od najvećih problema naše planete.
07:05
They're going to help us
combat global hunger;
combat global hunger;
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Pomoći će nam da pobedimo svetsku glad,
07:09
to tackle climate change;
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da se bavimo klimatksim promenama,
07:11
to find cures for diseases and pandemics
for which we've so far been unsuccessful;
for which we've so far been unsuccessful;
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da pronađemo lek za bolesti i pandemije
za kojima smo do sad bezuspešno tragali,
za kojima smo do sad bezuspešno tragali,
07:16
to create superhuman
artificial intelligence;
artificial intelligence;
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da stvorimo nadljudsku
veštačku inteligenciju
veštačku inteligenciju
07:20
and perhaps even more important
than all of those things,
than all of those things,
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i, ono što je možda i važnije
od svega ostalog,
od svega ostalog,
07:22
they're going to help us understand
the very nature of our universe.
the very nature of our universe.
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pomoći će nam da razumemo
samu prirodu univerzuma.
samu prirodu univerzuma.
07:28
But with this incredible potential
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Međutim, s ovim izvanrednim potencijalom
07:31
comes an incredible risk.
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ide i izvanredan rizik.
07:34
Remember those big numbers
I talked about earlier?
I talked about earlier?
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Sećate se velikih brojeva
o kojima sam pre govorio?
o kojima sam pre govorio?
07:38
I'm not talking about 851.
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2099
Ne govorim o 851.
07:40
In fact, if anyone in here
has been distracted
has been distracted
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Zapravo, ukoliko neko
ne može da se koncentriše
ne može da se koncentriše
jer pokušava da otkrije činioce,
07:42
trying to find those factors,
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07:43
I'm going to put you out of your misery
and tell you that it's 23 times 37.
and tell you that it's 23 times 37.
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rešiću vas muka i reći ću vam
da je to 23 puta 37.
da je to 23 puta 37.
07:47
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
07:48
I'm talking about the much
bigger number that followed it.
bigger number that followed it.
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Govorimo o mnogo većem broju
koji je išao posle.
koji je išao posle.
07:52
While today's fastest supercomputer
couldn't find those factors
couldn't find those factors
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Dok današnji najbrži superkompjuter
ne bi mogao da nađe te činioce
ne bi mogao da nađe te činioce
07:55
in the life age of the universe,
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tokom životnog veka univerzuma,
07:58
a quantum computer
could easily factorize numbers
could easily factorize numbers
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kvantni kompjuter bi sa lakoćom
mogao da rastavi na činioce
mogao da rastavi na činioce
08:01
way, way bigger than that one.
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daleko, daleko veće brojeve.
08:03
Quantum computers will break
all of the encryption currently used
all of the encryption currently used
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Kvantni kompjuter će da dešifruje
svu enkripciju koju trenutno koristimo
svu enkripciju koju trenutno koristimo
08:07
to protect you and I from hackers.
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da se zaštitimo od hakera.
08:09
And they'll do it easily.
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I učiniće to s lakoćom.
Dozvolite da se izrazim ovako:
08:12
Let me put it this way:
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08:13
if quantum computing was a spear,
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kad bi kvantni kompjuter bio koplje,
08:16
then modern encryption,
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onda bi savremena enkripcija,
08:18
the same unbreakable system
that's protected us for decades,
that's protected us for decades,
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baš taj nesalomivi sistem
koji nas je štitio decenijama,
koji nas je štitio decenijama,
08:21
it would be like a shield
made of tissue paper.
made of tissue paper.
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bila poput štita od papirne maramice.
08:25
Anyone with access to a quantum computer
will have the master key
will have the master key
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Svako sa pristupom kvantnom kompjuteru
će da ima univerzalni ključ
će da ima univerzalni ključ
08:29
to unlock anything they like
in our digital world.
in our digital world.
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da otključa sve što poželi
u našem digitalnom svetu.
u našem digitalnom svetu.
08:33
They could steal money from banks
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1812
Mogli bi da kradu novac iz banki
08:35
and control economies.
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i da kontrolišu ekonomije.
08:37
They could power off hospitals
or launch nukes.
or launch nukes.
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Mogli bi da iseku struju u bolnicama
ili da ispale nuklearku.
ili da ispale nuklearku.
08:40
Or they could just sit back
and watch all of us on our webcams
and watch all of us on our webcams
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Ili bi mogli prosto da sednu
i posmatraju sve nas preko naših kamera
i posmatraju sve nas preko naših kamera
08:43
without any of us knowing
that this is happening.
that this is happening.
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a da niko od nas ne zna da se to dešava.
08:49
Now, the fundamental unit of information
on all of the computers we're used to,
on all of the computers we're used to,
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Elementarna informaciona jedinica
na svim kompjuterima na koje smo navikli,
na svim kompjuterima na koje smo navikli,
08:53
like this one,
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poput ovoga,
08:54
it's called a "bit."
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naziva se „bit”.
08:56
A single bit can be one of two states:
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Jedan bit može da bude
u jednom od dva stanja:
u jednom od dva stanja:
08:58
it can be a zero or it can be a one.
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može da bude nula ili jedinica.
09:02
When I FaceTime my mum
from the other side of the world --
from the other side of the world --
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Kada preko Fejs tajma razgovaram
s mamom koja je na drugoj strani sveta -
s mamom koja je na drugoj strani sveta -
09:05
and she's going to kill
me for having this slide --
me for having this slide --
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ubiće me zbog ovog slajda -
09:08
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
09:09
we're actually just sending each other
long sequences of zeroes and ones
long sequences of zeroes and ones
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mi zapravo međusobno razmenjujemo
duge nizove nula i jedinica
duge nizove nula i jedinica
09:13
that bounce from computer to computer,
from satellite to satellite,
from satellite to satellite,
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koji poskakuju od kompjutera
do kompjutera, od satelita do satelita,
do kompjutera, od satelita do satelita,
09:16
transmitting our data at a rapid pace.
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2146
prenoseći naše podatke velikom brzinom.
09:18
Bits are certainly very useful.
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546829
2003
Bitovi su trenutno veoma korisni.
09:20
In fact, anything
we currently do with technology
we currently do with technology
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2696
Zapravo, sve što trenutno
radimo s tehnologijom
radimo s tehnologijom
09:23
is indebted to the usefulness of bits.
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2062
dugujemo praktičnosti bita.
09:26
But we're starting to realize
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1389
Međutim, počinjemo da uviđamo
09:28
that bits are really poor at simulating
complex molecules and particles.
complex molecules and particles.
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4515
da su bitovi zaista loši za simulaciju
složenih molekula i čestica.
složenih molekula i čestica.
09:33
And this is because, in some sense,
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561394
1976
A razlog za to je, na neki način,
09:35
subatomic processes can be doing
two or more opposing things
two or more opposing things
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3085
što subatomski procesi mogu da obavljaju
dve ili više suprotnih stvari istovremeno
dve ili više suprotnih stvari istovremeno
09:38
at the same time
187
566503
1188
09:39
as they follow these bizarre rules
of quantum mechanics.
of quantum mechanics.
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dok prate bizarna pravila
kvantne mehanike.
kvantne mehanike.
09:43
So, late last century,
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1544
U kasnom prošlom veku,
09:44
some really brainy physicists
had this ingenious idea:
had this ingenious idea:
190
572800
3217
nekim izuzetno pametnim fizičarima
je pala na pamet genijalna ideja
je pala na pamet genijalna ideja
09:48
to instead build computers
that are founded
that are founded
191
576041
2001
da prave kompjutere zasnovane
09:50
on the principles of quantum mechanics.
192
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2090
na prinicipima kvantne mehanike.
09:54
Now, the fundamental unit of information
of a quantum computer,
of a quantum computer,
193
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3219
Elementarna informaciona jedinica
kvantnog kompjutera
kvantnog kompjutera
09:57
it's called a "qubit."
194
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1248
se naziva „kubit”,
09:59
It stands for "quantum bit."
195
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1800
što je u prevodu „kvantni bit”.
10:02
Instead of having just two states,
like zero or one,
like zero or one,
196
590986
3257
Umesto da ima samo dva stanja,
poput nule ili jedinice,
poput nule ili jedinice,
10:06
a qubit can be an infinite
number of states.
number of states.
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2889
kubit može da ima beskonačan broj stanja.
10:09
And this corresponds to it being
some combination of both zero and one
some combination of both zero and one
198
597849
3666
A to znači da je kubit
nekakva kombinacija i nule i jedinice
nekakva kombinacija i nule i jedinice
10:13
at the same time,
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1787
istovremeno.
10:15
a phenomenon that we call "superposition."
200
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2189
Ovu pojavu nazivamo „superpozicijom”.
10:18
And when we have two qubits
in superposition,
in superposition,
201
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2705
A kada imamo dva kubita u superpoziciji,
10:21
we're actually working across
all four combinations
all four combinations
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2382
zapravo imamo posla
sa sve četiri kombinacije
sa sve četiri kombinacije
10:23
of zero-zero, zero-one,
one-zero and one-one.
one-zero and one-one.
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2510
nula-nula, nula-jedan,
jedan-nula i jedan-jedan.
jedan-nula i jedan-jedan.
10:26
With three qubits,
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1346
Kod tri kubita,
10:28
we're working in superposition
across eight combinations,
across eight combinations,
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3241
na delu imamo superpoziciju
sa osam kobinacija
sa osam kobinacija
10:31
and so on.
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1152
i tako dalje.
10:33
Each time we add a single qubit,
we double the number of combinations
we double the number of combinations
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3950
Svaki put kada dodamo samo jedan kubit,
udvostručimo broj kombinacija
udvostručimo broj kombinacija
10:37
that we can work with in superposition
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3602
koje deluju u superpoziciji
10:40
at the same time.
209
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1179
istovremeno.
10:43
And so when we scale up
to work with many qubits,
to work with many qubits,
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631005
2629
Kada uvećamo razmere upotrebe kubita,
10:45
we can work with an exponential
number of combinations
number of combinations
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3622
možemo da imamo na delu
eksponencijalan broj kombinacija
eksponencijalan broj kombinacija
10:49
at the same time.
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istovremeno.
10:51
And this just hints at where the power
of quantum computing is coming from.
of quantum computing is coming from.
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3635
A ovo samo nagoveštava moć
koja počiva u kvantnim kompjuterima.
koja počiva u kvantnim kompjuterima.
10:56
Now, in modern encryption,
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1327
Kod savremene enkripcije,
10:59
our secret keys, like the two factors
of that larger number,
of that larger number,
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3928
naše tajne šifre, poput
dva proizvoda tog velikog broja,
dva proizvoda tog velikog broja,
11:03
they're just long sequences
of zeroes and ones.
of zeroes and ones.
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2277
one su tek dugi nizovi nula i jedinica.
11:06
To find them,
217
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1244
Da bi ih dešifrovao,
11:07
a classical computer must go through
every single combination,
every single combination,
218
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4444
klasični kompjuter mora da proveri
svaku kombinaciju pojedinačno,
svaku kombinaciju pojedinačno,
11:12
one after the other,
219
660275
1151
jednu za drugom,
11:13
until it finds the one that works
and breaks our encryption.
and breaks our encryption.
220
661450
3079
sve dok pronađe onu koja deluje
i razbije našu enkripciju.
i razbije našu enkripciju.
11:18
But on a quantum computer,
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1548
Međutim, sa kvantnim kompjuterom
11:20
with enough qubits in superposition,
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3193
i uz dovoljan broj kubita u superpoziciji,
11:25
information can be extracted
from all combinations at the same time.
from all combinations at the same time.
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4331
možemo da izdvojimo informacije
iz svih kombinacija istovremeno.
iz svih kombinacija istovremeno.
11:30
In very few steps,
224
678912
1254
U svega nekoliko koraka,
11:32
a quantum computer can brush aside
all of the incorrect combinations,
all of the incorrect combinations,
225
680190
3974
kvantni kompjuter može da odstrani
sve netačne kombinacije,
sve netačne kombinacije,
11:36
home in on the correct one
226
684188
1413
da se ustremi na tačne
11:37
and then unlock our treasured secrets.
227
685625
2061
i da potom otključa naše dragocene tajne.
11:44
Now, at the crazy quantum level,
228
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2566
Sad, na sumanutom kvantnom nivou,
11:47
something truly incredible
is happening here.
is happening here.
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2622
ovde se nešto uistinu neverovatno dešava.
11:52
The conventional wisdom
held by many leading physicists --
held by many leading physicists --
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3674
Konvencionalna mudrost
koju poseduju mnogi vodeći fizičari -
koju poseduju mnogi vodeći fizičari -
11:56
and you've got to stay
with me on this one --
with me on this one --
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704323
2619
i morate da ostanete prisebni
dok ovo izgovaram -
dok ovo izgovaram -
11:58
is that each combination is actually
examined by its very own quantum computer
examined by its very own quantum computer
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4423
glasi da svaku kombinaciju zapravo
proverava njen lični kvantni kompjuter
proverava njen lični kvantni kompjuter
12:03
inside its very own parallel universe.
233
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2549
unutar sopstvenog paralelnog univerzuma.
12:07
Each of these combinations,
they add up like waves in a pool of water.
they add up like waves in a pool of water.
234
715303
3901
Sve ove kombinacije
se nadovezuju poput talasa u bazenu.
se nadovezuju poput talasa u bazenu.
12:12
The combinations that are wrong,
235
720085
1986
Netačne kombinacije
12:14
they cancel each other out.
236
722095
1978
se međusobno poništavaju.
12:16
And the combinations that are right,
237
724097
1760
A tačne kombinacije
12:17
they reinforce and amplify each other.
238
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1859
se međusobno snaže i pojačavaju.
12:20
So at the end of the quantum
computing program,
computing program,
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2665
Pa na kraju programa kvantnog kompjutera
12:22
all that's left is the correct answer,
240
730930
2817
sve što preostaje je tačan odgovor
12:25
that we can then observe
here in this universe.
here in this universe.
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2553
koji možemo da opazimo
ovde u ovom univerzumu.
ovde u ovom univerzumu.
12:29
Now, if that doesn't make
complete sense to you, don't stress.
complete sense to you, don't stress.
242
737575
3136
Sad, ukoliko vam sve ovo
i nema baš smisla, bez brige.
i nema baš smisla, bez brige.
12:32
(Laughter)
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1048
(Smeh)
12:33
You're in good company.
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1223
U dobrom ste društvu.
12:36
Niels Bohr, one of
the pioneers of this field,
the pioneers of this field,
245
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3166
Nils Bor, jedan od pionira u ovoj oblasti
12:39
he once said that anyone
who could contemplate quantum mechanics
who could contemplate quantum mechanics
246
747395
3007
je jednom rekao da bilo ko
ko razmišlja o kvantnoj mehanici,
ko razmišlja o kvantnoj mehanici,
12:42
without being profoundly shocked,
247
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2363
a nije istinski zapanjen njome,
12:44
they haven't understood it.
248
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1456
zapravo je ne razume.
12:46
(Laughter)
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1427
(Smeh)
12:47
But you get an idea
of what we're up against,
of what we're up against,
250
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2155
Međutim, jasno vam je sa čime se suočavamo
12:49
and why it's now up to us cryptographers
251
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2062
i zašto smo mi kriptografi sad na redu
12:52
to really step it up.
252
760009
1363
da se bacimo na posao.
12:54
And we have to do it fast,
253
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2089
A moramo da budemo brzi
12:56
because quantum computers,
254
764787
2032
jer kvantni kompjuteri
12:58
they already exist in labs
all over the world.
all over the world.
255
766843
3023
već postoje u laboratorijama širom sveta.
13:03
Fortunately, at this minute,
256
771248
1897
Srećom, u ovom trenutku,
13:05
they only exist
at a relatively small scale,
at a relatively small scale,
257
773169
2670
postoje u relativno malim razmerama,
13:07
still too small to break
our much larger cryptographic keys.
our much larger cryptographic keys.
258
775863
3065
još uvek suviše malim da bi razbili
naše veće kriptografske šifre.
naše veće kriptografske šifre.
13:12
But we might not be safe for long.
259
780127
1684
Međutim, možda nismo još dugo bezbedni.
13:14
Some folks believe that secret
government agencies
government agencies
260
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2496
Neki veruju da su tajne vladine agencije
13:17
have already built a big enough one,
261
785488
1913
već napravile jedan dovoljno velik,
13:19
and they just haven't told anyone yet.
262
787425
1973
samo što još nikom nisu rekle.
13:21
Some pundits say
they're more like 10 years off.
they're more like 10 years off.
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789961
2429
Neki akademici kažu
da su verovatno tu za 10 godina.
da su verovatno tu za 10 godina.
13:24
Some people say it's more like 30.
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1860
Neki kažu da je izglednije za 30 godina.
13:27
You might think that
if quantum computers are 10 years away,
if quantum computers are 10 years away,
265
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2857
Možda smatrate da, ako su
kvantni kompjuteri 10 godina daleko,
kvantni kompjuteri 10 godina daleko,
13:30
surely that's enough time
for us cryptographers to figure it out
for us cryptographers to figure it out
266
798044
3064
da mi kartografi zasigurno imamo
dovoljno vremena da shvatimo
dovoljno vremena da shvatimo
13:33
and to secure the internet in time.
267
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1694
kako da obezbedimo internet na vreme.
13:34
But unfortunately, it's not that easy.
268
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1887
Međutim, nažalost nije to baš tako lako.
13:37
Even if we ignore
the many years that it takes
the many years that it takes
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2188
Čak iako zanemarimo
godine koje su potrebne
godine koje su potrebne
13:39
to standardize and deploy and then
roll out new encryption technology,
roll out new encryption technology,
270
807733
3666
da se standardizuje, pripremi, a onda
pusti u rad nova tehnologija enkripcije,
pusti u rad nova tehnologija enkripcije,
13:43
in some ways we may already be too late.
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na neki način, možda smo već zakasnili.
13:47
Smart digital criminals
and government agencies
and government agencies
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Pametni digitalni kriminalci
i vladine agencije
i vladine agencije
13:50
may already be storing
our most sensitive encrypted data
our most sensitive encrypted data
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možda već skladište
naše najosetljivije šifrovane podatke
naše najosetljivije šifrovane podatke
13:54
in anticipation for
the quantum future ahead.
the quantum future ahead.
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unapred iščekujući kvantnu budućnost.
13:59
The messages of foreign leaders,
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Poruke stranih vođa,
14:02
of war generals
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ratnih generala
14:04
or of individuals who question power,
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ili pojedinaca koji se
suprotstavljaju onima na vlasti,
suprotstavljaju onima na vlasti,
14:07
they're encrypted for now.
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za sada su pod enkripcijom.
14:10
But as soon as the day comes
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Ali čim svane dan
14:12
that someone gets their hands
on a quantum computer,
on a quantum computer,
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kada se neko dočepa kvantnog kompjutera,
14:14
they can retroactively break
anything from the past.
anything from the past.
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moći će retroaktivno
da otključaju sve iz prošlosti.
da otključaju sve iz prošlosti.
U određenim vladinim
i finansijskim sektorima
i finansijskim sektorima
14:19
In certain government
and financial sectors
and financial sectors
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14:21
or in military organizations,
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1403
ili vojnim organizacijama,
14:22
sensitive data has got to remain
classified for 25 years.
classified for 25 years.
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osetljivi podaci moraju da budu
poverljivi 25 godina.
poverljivi 25 godina.
14:26
So if a quantum computer
really will exist in 10 years,
really will exist in 10 years,
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Dakle, ako će kvantni kompjuter
zaista da postoji za 10 godina,
zaista da postoji za 10 godina,
14:29
then these guys are already
15 years too late
15 years too late
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onda su ovi momci već 15 godina zadocnili
14:31
to quantum-proof their encryption.
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859791
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u zaštiti enkripcije.
14:34
So while many scientists around the world
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862858
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Dok se mnogi naučnici širom sveta
14:36
are racing to try to build
a quantum computer,
a quantum computer,
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utrkuju u pravljenju kvantnog kompjutera,
14:39
us cryptographers are urgently
looking to reinvent encryption
looking to reinvent encryption
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mi kriptografi hitno tragamo
za novom enkripcijom
za novom enkripcijom
14:43
to protect us long before that day comes.
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2202
kako bismo se zaštitili na vreme.
14:46
We're looking for new,
hard mathematical problems.
hard mathematical problems.
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Tragamo za novim, teškim
matematičkim problemima.
matematičkim problemima.
14:50
We're looking for problems that,
just like factorization,
just like factorization,
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Tragamo za problemima koji,
baš poput faktorizacije,
baš poput faktorizacije,
14:53
can be used on our smartphones
and on our laptops today.
and on our laptops today.
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mogu da se koriste na pametnim telefonima
i na našim laptopovima.
i na našim laptopovima.
14:57
But unlike factorization,
we need these problems to be so hard
we need these problems to be so hard
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Međutim, nasuprot faktorizaciji,
potrebno je da problemi budu toliko teški
potrebno je da problemi budu toliko teški
15:01
that they're even unbreakable
with a quantum computer.
with a quantum computer.
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889995
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kako bi bili nerešivi
čak i za kvantni kompjuter.
čak i za kvantni kompjuter.
15:06
In recent years, we've been digging around
a much wider realm of mathematics
a much wider realm of mathematics
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U skorije vreme, pretraživali smo
znatno širu oblast matematike
znatno širu oblast matematike
15:09
to look for such problems.
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1526
tragajući za takvim problemima.
15:12
We've been looking at numbers and objects
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900205
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Razmatrali smo brojeve i objekte
15:14
that are far more exotic
and far more abstract
and far more abstract
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koji su daleko egzotičniji i apstraktniji
15:16
than the ones that you and I are used to,
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904392
1956
od onih na koje smo navikli,
15:18
like the ones on our calculators.
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poput onih na našem digitronu.
I smatramo da smo otkrili
neke geometrijske probleme
neke geometrijske probleme
15:19
And we believe we've found
some geometric problems
some geometric problems
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907993
2380
15:22
that just might do the trick.
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koji bi mogli da obave posao.
15:24
Now, unlike those two-
and three-dimensional geometric problems
and three-dimensional geometric problems
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3063
Nasuprot tim dvo- i trodimenzionalnim
geometrijskim problemima
geometrijskim problemima
koje smo morali da rešavamo
olovkom i milimetarskim papirom
olovkom i milimetarskim papirom
15:27
that we used to have to try to solve
with pen and graph paper in high school,
with pen and graph paper in high school,
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u srednjoj školi,
15:31
most of these problems are defined
in well over 500 dimensions.
in well over 500 dimensions.
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većina ovih problema je definisana
u preko 500 dimenzija.
u preko 500 dimenzija.
15:36
So not only are they a little hard
to depict and solve on graph paper,
to depict and solve on graph paper,
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Stoga, ne samo da ih je malčice teško
nacrtati i rešiti na milimetarskom papiru,
nacrtati i rešiti na milimetarskom papiru,
već verujemo i da su van domašaja
kvantnog kompjutera.
kvantnog kompjutera.
15:40
but we believe they're even
out of the reach of a quantum computer.
out of the reach of a quantum computer.
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3472
15:45
So though it's early days,
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Dakle, iako je još rano,
15:47
it's here that we are putting our hope
as we try to secure our digital world
as we try to secure our digital world
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ovde smeštamo naše nade dok pokušavamo
da osiguramo naš digitalni svet
da osiguramo naš digitalni svet
15:51
moving into its quantum future.
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1970
koji se seli u kvantnu budućnost.
15:55
Just like all of the other scientists,
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Baš kao i svi drugi naučnici,
15:57
we cryptographers are tremendously excited
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2163
mi kriptografi smo beskrajno uzbuđeni
15:59
at the potential of living in a world
alongside quantum computers.
alongside quantum computers.
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947235
3857
zbog mogućnosti da živimo u svetu
zajedno sa kvantnim kompjuterima.
zajedno sa kvantnim kompjuterima.
16:04
They could be such a force for good.
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2153
Mogli bi da budu
velika sila na strani dobra.
velika sila na strani dobra.
16:09
But no matter what
technological future we live in,
technological future we live in,
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Međutim, u kakvoj god
tehnološkoj budućnosti živeli,
tehnološkoj budućnosti živeli,
16:16
our secrets will always be
a part of our humanity.
a part of our humanity.
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naše tajne će uvek da budu
deo naše čovečnosti.
deo naše čovečnosti.
16:22
And that is worth protecting.
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A to je vredno zaštite.
16:25
Thanks.
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Hvala.
16:26
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Craig Costello - CryptographerCraig Costello uses mathematics to secure the digital world, both against the threats that exist today and those that may exist in the future.
Why you should listen
Together with his colleagues, Craig Costello builds software with the goal of safeguarding the internet before large-scale quantum computing becomes a reality. He is a senior researcher in the Cryptography and Security Group at Microsoft Research in the USA. He is primarily interested in the cryptographic applications of computational number theory, in particular curve-, pairing- and lattice-based cryptography.
More profile about the speakerCraig Costello | Speaker | TED.com