ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Emma Belcher - Nuclear security expert
Emma Belcher develops and implements strategy for reducing the threat posed by nuclear weapons.

Why you should listen

Emma Belcher is the Director of Nuclear Challenges at the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation. In partnership with the MacArthur Foundation board of directors and president, she allocates roughly 20 million dollars in grants annually to organizations worldwide focused on nuclear policy. The MacArthur Foundation is the largest funder in the nuclear field. Prior to joining the MacArthur Foundation, Belcher published research on nuclear weapons at the Council on Foreign Relations as a Stanton Nuclear Security Fellow. She has also worked as an advisor in Australia’s Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet on national security and international affairs and as a public affairs officer at the Australian embassy in Washington, D.C.

Belcher is currently on the Advisor Board for N Square, a project of the New Venture Fund, which consists of a network of innovators working to end the nuclear threat. She was a fellow at the Harvard University's Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs and was named an Emerging Leader by the Chicago Council on Global Affairs. Belcher has a PhD and master’s degree from the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University, and a bachelor of arts from University of Melbourne.  

More profile about the speaker
Emma Belcher | Speaker | TED.com
TEDxMidAtlantic

Emma Belcher: 3 questions we should ask about nuclear weapons

艾玛 · 贝尔切: 关于核武器,我们应该问这 3 个问题

Filmed:
1,178,036 views

现如今有超过一万枚核弹头存在于这个世界上,每一枚都具有毁灭性的破坏力。为什么我们不去像对其他重大事件那样谈论这个潜在的危险呢?在这场切实的演讲中,核专家艾玛 · 贝尔切(Emma Belcher)与我们分享了我们要向政府官员提出的 3 个问题,以获得对核武器更深入的认识以及我们需要采取的安全措施。
- Nuclear security expert
Emma Belcher develops and implements strategy for reducing the threat posed by nuclear weapons. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:13
So you know when
you're doubled翻倍 over in pain疼痛
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你们有没有过
身体特别的难受的时候,
00:16
and you're wondering想知道, is it your appendix附录
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你在想是不是得了阑尾炎,
00:18
or maybe you ate something funny滑稽?
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或者是吃坏了肚子?
00:21
Well, when that happens发生 to me,
I call my friend朋友 Sasha萨沙 --
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我碰上这种事,
我会给我的朋友萨莎打电话——
00:25
Sasha萨沙 is a doctor医生 --
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萨莎是个医生——
00:26
and I say, "Should I rush
to the nearest最近的 emergency room房间
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我说“我是不是得
火急火燎得跑去最近的急救中心?”
00:29
in a panic恐慌?
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00:30
Or am I OK to relax放松 and just wait it out?"
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还是我可以放轻松,
等它自己好就行?”
00:33
Yes, I am that annoying恼人的 friend朋友.
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没错,我就是那个烦人的朋友。
00:39
But in September九月 2017,
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不过在 2017 年的九月份,
00:41
friends朋友 of mine were suddenly突然 calling调用 me
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我的一些朋友突然打电话找我,
00:44
for my professional专业的 opinion意见.
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来征求我专业的看法。
00:47
And no, I'm not a doctor医生,
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而且不,我并不是个医生,
00:49
but they were asking me
questions问题 of life and death死亡.
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不过他们问我的是关于生与死的问题。
00:53
So what was going on in September九月 of 2017?
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那么 2017 年九月发生了什么呢?
00:57
Well, North Korea韩国 was suddenly突然
and scarilyscarily all over the news新闻.
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朝鲜在一夜之间,
遍布各大新闻媒体,引得人心惶惶。
01:02
Kim Jong-un钟云 had tested测试 missiles导弹
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金正恩进行了导弹的试射试验,
01:05
potentially可能 capable of hitting
major重大的 US cities城市,
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而这些导弹具有
打击美国主要城市的潜力,
01:08
and President主席 Trump王牌 had responded回应
with tweets微博 of "fire and fury愤怒."
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总统特朗普在推特中以“炮火与怒火”回击。
01:14
And there was real真实 concern关心
that tensions紧张 would escalate升级
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人们非常担忧
目前紧张的局势有可能恶化,
01:18
to a potential潜在 war战争
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升级成一场潜在的战争,
01:19
or even nuclear weapons武器 use.
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或甚至要使用核武器。
01:23
So what my friends朋友
were calling调用 and asking was:
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所以我的朋友打电话来问的是:
01:25
Should they panic恐慌 or were the OK to relax放松?
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他们是否要开始恐慌,
还是说他们可以放心?
01:30
But really, they were asking me
a fundamental基本的 question:
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其实他们都在问一个基本问题:
01:36
"Am I safe安全?"
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“我现在安全吗?”
01:40
While I was reassuring令人欣慰 them that,
no, they didn't need to worry担心 just yet然而,
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在我劝他们放轻松,没事的,
他们还不必为此担心的时候,
01:44
the irony讽刺 of their question dawned破晓 on me.
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我意识到他们问题中很讽刺的一点。
01:48
What they hadn't有没有 really thought about
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他们没有想到的是,
01:51
is that we've我们已经 all been living活的
under a much larger cloud for decades几十年 --
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我们在这种乌云笼罩的状况下
生活数十年了——
01:54
potentially可能 a mushroom蘑菇 cloud --
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甚至还可能是蘑菇云——
01:56
without giving it much thought.
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我们却没去多想。
02:00
Now it's not surprising奇怪
that friends朋友 of mine
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那么如今我的朋友和许多其他人
02:02
and many许多 others其他 like them
don't know much about nuclear weapons武器
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不怎么了解也不去关注核武器,
02:05
and don't think about them.
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也就不奇怪了。
02:06
After all, the end结束 of the Cold War战争,
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毕竟冷战结束后,
02:09
the United联合的 States状态 and Russia俄国,
tension张力 abated减弱,
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美国和俄罗斯间局势缓和,
02:13
we started开始 dismantling拆解 nuclear weapons武器,
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我们开始销毁核武器,
02:15
and they started开始 to become成为
a relic遗迹 of the past过去.
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然后这种武器逐渐成为历史。
02:19
Generations didn't have to grow增长 up
with the specter幽灵 of nuclear war战争
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新一代人不需要在
核战争的在阴霾下长大。
02:22
hanging over their heads.
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02:25
And there other reasons原因 people don't like
to think about nuclear weapons武器.
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还有其他的原因让人
不喜欢去想核武器的事。
02:28
It's scary害怕, overwhelming压倒.
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它很吓人,让人无所适从。
02:31
I get it.
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我能理解。
02:32
Sometimes有时 I wish希望 I could have chosen选择
a cheerier欢呼者 field领域 to study研究.
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有时我也希望我当初选个
愉快一点的研究领域。
02:35
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
02:37
Perhaps也许 tax law would
have been more uplifting令人振奋.
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也许学税法更能振奋人心一些。
02:39
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
02:42
But in addition加成 to that,
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但是除此之外,
02:44
people have so many许多 other things
to think about in their busy lives生活,
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人们在繁忙的生活中
有那么多别的东西要去考虑,
02:48
and they'd他们会 much prefer比较喜欢 to think
about something over which哪一个
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他们更愿意去为那些
02:51
they feel they have
some semblance外表 of control控制,
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看似在他们控制之下的事情思考,
02:53
and they assume承担 that other people,
smarter聪明 than they on this topic话题,
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并且他们都以为总有别人,
比他们自己在这方面更聪明的人,
02:57
are working加工 away to keep us all safe安全.
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正在全力解决这个问题,
好让大家都平平安安。
03:01
And then, there are other reasons原因
people don't talk about this,
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另外人们不爱讨论核武器还有其他原因,
03:04
and one is because we, as nuclear experts专家,
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其中之一便是我们核专家,
03:07
use a whole整个 lot of convoluted令人费解
jargon行话 and terminology术语
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会用很多晦涩难懂的行话和专业术语
03:10
to talk about these issues问题:
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来谈论这些问题:
03:13
CVIDCVID, ICBM洲际弹道导弹, JCPOAJCPOA.
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CVID、ICBM、JCPOA。
03:17
It's really inaccessible人迹罕至
for a lot of people.
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这对很多人来说是难以理解的。
03:21
And, in reality现实, it actually其实 sometimes有时
I think makes品牌 us numb麻木
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并且事实上我认为有时
这反而让我们对我们真正
想要讨论的东西感到麻木,
03:25
to what we're really talking about here.
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03:28
And what we are really talking about here
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而我们在此真正想要讨论的东西,
03:31
is the fact事实 that,
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实际上是尽管我们从冷战以来
03:32
while we've我们已经 made制作 dramatic戏剧性 reductions减少
in the number of nuclear weapons武器
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已经在数量上大幅减少核武器,
03:35
since以来 the Cold War战争,
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03:37
right now, there are almost几乎 15,000
in the world世界 today今天.
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但是现在世界上仍然有
将近一万五千枚核弹头。
03:43
15,000.
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一万五千枚。
03:47
The United联合的 States状态 and Russia俄国 have
over 90 percent百分 of these nuclear weapons武器.
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美国和俄罗斯拥有超过 90% 的核武器。
03:53
If you're wondering想知道, these are
the countries国家 that have the rest休息.
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如果你想知道的话,
这些国家拥有剩下的核武器。
03:57
But they have far fewer,
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但是他们拥有的数量少太多了,
03:59
ranging不等 in the sort分类 of
300-ish-ish range范围 and below下面.
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在大约 300 多的范围内或者更少。
04:05
Adding添加 to this situation情况 is the fact事实
that we have new technologies技术
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更加雪上加霜的是,
我们拥有的最新科技
04:08
that potentially可能 bring带来 us new challenges挑战.
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可能会给我们带来全新的挑战。
04:11
Could you imagine想像, one day,
countries国家 like ours我们的 and others其他
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你可以想象吗?
某一天类似我们的和他们的国家
04:17
potentially可能 ceding割让 decisions决定
about a nuclear strike罢工 to a robot机器人,
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有可能把执行核打击的决策大权
交给一个基于计算机算法的
机器人来决定。
04:22
based基于 on algorithms算法?
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04:24
And what data数据 do they use
to inform通知 those algorithms算法?
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那么他们要用什么数据
来支持这些算法呢?
04:28
This is pretty漂亮 terrifying可怕的.
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这太可怕了。
04:31
So adding加入 to this are terrorism恐怖主义 potential潜在,
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除此之外还有潜在的恐怖主义、
04:35
cyberattacks网络攻击, miscalculation失算,
misunderstanding误解.
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网络攻击、计算差错和各国间的误会。
04:38
The list名单 of nuclear nightmares噩梦
tends趋向 to grow增长 longer by the day.
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核武器带来的噩梦
只会一天比一天多。
04:42
And there are a number
of former前任的 officials官员,
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并且有不少前任政府官员
04:45
as well as experts专家,
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和专家们
04:46
who worry担心 that right now,
we're in greater更大 danger危险
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担心我们现在正处于
04:50
than we were in various各个 points
in the Cold War战争.
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比冷战的各个时刻更大的危险之中。
04:54
So this is scary害怕.
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这是很恐怖。
04:56
What can we do?
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那我们能做些什么?
04:58
Well, thankfully感激地,
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谢天谢地的是,
05:00
["Duck and Cover"]
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【“卧倒并掩护”】
05:01
we don't have to rely依靠
on the advice忠告 from the 1950s.
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我们不需要依靠 50 年代的建议。
05:04
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
05:05
We can take some control控制,
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我们可以对此有所控制,
05:07
and the way we do that
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而为了实现这个,
05:09
is by starting开始 to ask
some fundamental基本的 questions问题
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我们要对于现状问几个基本的问题,
05:12
about the status状态 quo现状
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05:14
and whether是否 we are happy快乐
with the way it is.
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以及我们是否觉得现状可以接受。
05:18
We need to begin开始 asking
questions问题 of ourselves我们自己
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我们要向我们自己提问,
05:20
and of our elected当选 officials官员,
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向政府官员们提问,
05:22
and I'd like to share分享
three with you today今天.
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而今天我很乐意和你们分享三个问题。
05:26
The first one is,
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第一个是,
05:29
"How much nuclear risk风险
are you willing愿意 to take or tolerate容忍?"
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“你愿意承担多大的核风险?”
05:34
Right now, nuclear policy政策
depends依靠 on deterrence威慑 theory理论.
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现在,核武器政策取决于威慑理论。
05:39
Developed发达 in the 1950s,
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这套理论在 50 年代提出,
05:41
the idea理念 is that one
country's nuclear weapons武器
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意思是一个国家拥有核武器
05:43
prevents防止 another另一个 country国家
from using运用 theirs他们的.
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会防止其他国家用他们的核武器。
你核爆我,我就核爆你,
05:46
So you nuke核弹 me, I nuke核弹 you,
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05:50
and we both lose失去.
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我们都是输家。
05:52
So in a way, there's a stalemate僵持.
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所以某种程度上说,
双方陷入僵局。
05:55
No one uses使用 their weapons武器,
and we're all safe安全.
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没人用他们的武器,
我们就都安全了。
05:59
But this theory理论 has real真实 questions问题.
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但这个理论有些实际的问题。
06:04
There are experts专家
who challenge挑战 this theory理论
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一些挑战这个理论的专家提出:
06:07
and wonder奇迹: Does it really work
this way in practice实践?
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现实中真的会这样吗?
06:11
It certainly当然 doesn't allow允许
for mistakes错误 or miscalculations失误.
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这套理论不能容忍
一点失误和计算错误。
06:17
Now, I don't know about you,
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我不知道你们怎么想,
06:19
but I feel pretty漂亮 uncomfortable不舒服
gambling赌博 my future未来 survival生存,
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不过这让我非常不安,
要把你我的
下一代的存亡作为赌注,
06:25
yours你的, and our future未来 generations'几代人',
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06:28
on a theory理论 that is questionable可疑的
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全押在一个存在争议
06:32
and doesn't allow允许 any room房间 for a mistake错误.
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并且毫无容错率的理论上。
06:36
It makes品牌 me even more uncomfortable不舒服
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让我更加不安的是,
06:39
to be threatening危险的 the evaporation蒸发
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要去威胁用核武器
06:42
of millions百万 of people
on the other side of the Earth地球.
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让地球另一边
数以百万计的人全部蒸发。
06:46
Surely一定 we can do better for ourselves我们自己,
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我们当然自己可以做得更好,
06:49
drawing画画 on our ingenuity创造力
to solve解决 complex复杂 problems问题,
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运用我们的创造力去解决复杂的问题,
06:52
as we have in the past过去.
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就像我们过去一样。
06:55
After all, this is a man-made人造,
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终究,这都是人造的。
06:57
human-made人为 --
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人类制造的——
06:58
I shouldn't不能 say "man,"
because women妇女 were involved参与 --
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我不该说人(man),
因为女人也参与其中——
07:01
a human-made人为 problem问题.
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一个人类制造的问题。
07:04
We have human人的 solutions解决方案
that should be possible可能.
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我们有应该可行的、
更有人性的解决方案。
07:09
So, next下一个 question: "Who do you think
should make nuclear decisions决定?"
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所以下一个问题:
“你认为谁应该决定使用核武器?”
07:14
Right now, in this democracy民主,
in the United联合的 States状态,
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现在在我们这个民主政体,在美国,
07:18
one person
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有一个人
07:21
gets得到 to decide决定 whether是否 or not
to launch发射 a nuclear strike罢工.
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可以决定是否发动核打击。
07:26
They don't have to consult请教 anybody任何人.
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这个人不需要咨询任何人。
07:30
So that's the president主席.
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这就是我们的总统。
07:32
He or she can decide决定 --
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他或她可以
07:35
within a very limited有限 amount of time,
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在非常有限的时间内,
07:37
under great pressure压力, potentially可能,
depending根据 on the scenario脚本,
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根据不同情况,
也许在巨大的压力之下,
07:42
maybe based基于 on a miscalculation失算
or a misunderstanding误解 --
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也许基于错误的计算或误解的基础上,
07:46
they can decide决定 the fate命运
of millions百万 of lives生活:
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他们可以决定数以百万计的人的命运:
07:49
yours你的, mine, our community's社区.
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你的、我的以及整个社会的。
07:54
And they can do this
and launch发射 a nuclear strike罢工,
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总统可以这样做,
发动一次核打击,
07:58
potentially可能 setting设置 in motion运动
the annihilation歼灭 of the human人的 race种族.
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很可能推动毁灭全人类的进程。
08:05
Wow.
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哇哦。
08:08
This doesn't have to be
our reality现实, though虽然, and in fact事实,
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不过我们并不用接受这样的现实,
08:11
in a number of other countries国家
that have nuclear weapons武器, it's not,
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实际上很多别的,
拥有核武器的国家并不是这样的,
08:14
including包含 countries国家
that are not democracies民主.
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包括不是民主政体的国家。
08:19
We created创建 this system系统. We can change更改 it.
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我们创造这套体制,
我们也可以改变它,
08:22
And there's actually其实 a movement运动
underway进行 to do so.
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而且有正在进行的运动在为此努力。
08:25
So this leads引线 me to my third第三 question:
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那这就引出我的第三个问题:
08:28
"What do your elected当选 officials官员
know about nuclear weapons武器,
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“你们的政府官员对核武器有多少了解,
08:32
and what types类型 of decisions决定
are they likely容易 to take on your behalf代表?"
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并且他们会代表你做出什么样的决定?“
08:37
Well, Congress国会 has
a very important重要 role角色 to play
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确实国会在其中扮演非常重要的角色,
08:40
in oversight疏忽 of and interrogating询问
US nuclear weapons武器 policy政策.
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去监督和讯问美国的核武政策。
08:45
They can decide决定 what to fund基金,
what not to fund基金,
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他们可以决定给什么拨款,不给什么拨款,
08:48
and they represent代表 you.
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而且他们代表你们。
08:50
Now unfortunately不幸,
since以来 the end结束 of the Cold War战争,
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现在很不幸的是,自冷战结束以来,
08:53
we've我们已经 seen看到 a real真实 decline下降
in the level水平 of understanding理解,
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我们看到的是华盛顿在这些问题上
08:57
on Capitol国会大厦 Hill爬坡道, about these issues问题.
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理解的程度有真真切切的下降。
08:59
While we are starting开始 to see
some terrific了不起 new champions冠军 emerge出现,
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在我们开始见证新的
优秀的政治家崭露头角的同时,
09:03
the reality现实 is that the general一般
lack缺乏 of awareness意识
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现实却是这种普遍缺乏的意识,
09:06
is highly高度 concerning关于,
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让人非常担忧,
09:08
given特定 that these people need to make
critically危重 important重要 decisions决定.
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尤其是这些人要负责做出极其重要的决定。
09:14
To make matters事项 worse更差,
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更糟糕的是,
09:15
the political政治 partisanship党派之争
that currently目前 grips交手 Washington华盛顿
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在政府内根深蒂固的党派偏见与纷争
09:19
also affects影响 this issue问题.
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也同样对此有影响。
09:21
This wasn't always the case案件, though虽然.
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不过这并不是总是这样的。
09:23
At the end结束 of the Cold War战争,
members会员 from both sides双方 of the aisle走道
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在冷战结束时,对抗的双方都具有
09:26
had a really good understanding理解 about
the nuclear challenges挑战 we were facing面对
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对于我们所面对的核问题的深刻理解,
09:31
and worked工作 together一起
on cooperative合作社 programs程式.
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并且共同进行合作项目。
09:34
They recognized认可
that nuclear risk风险 reduction减少
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他们认识到核武器的削减实在太重要了,
09:38
was far too important重要 to allow允许 it
to succumb屈服于 to political政治 partisanship党派之争.
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以至于政治斗争都要为它让路。
09:43
They created创建 programs程式
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他们开启了一些项目,
09:44
such这样 as the Nunn-Lugar纳恩-卢加尔 Cooperative合作社
Threat威胁 Reduction减少 Program程序,
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比如《纳恩-卢格减少威胁合作计划》,
09:47
which哪一个 sought追捧 to lock down and eliminate消除
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该计划旨在控制与销毁
09:50
vulnerable弱势 nuclear material材料
in the former前任的 Soviet苏联 Union联盟.
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前苏联不稳定的核原料。
09:54
So we need to return返回 to this era时代
of bipartisanship两党合作,
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所以我们需要回到那个
当年双边合作的年代,
09:58
mutual相互 problem-solving解决问题
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根据对于我们面对的挑战
10:01
that's based基于 on understanding理解
and awareness意识 about the challenges挑战 we face面对
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和实际核危机的意识和理解,
10:05
and the real真实 nuclear dangers危险.
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以此来相互解决问题。
10:08
And that's where you come in.
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而这就是你出场的时候。
10:10
Public上市 pressure压力 is important重要.
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公众的压力很关键。
10:13
Leaders领导者 need a constituent组分 base基础 to act法案.
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领导人需要一群忠实的选民
才会行动起来。
10:16
So create创建 that constituent组分 base基础,
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那么为了创造这群忠实的选民,
10:18
by asking them some simple简单 questions问题.
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问他们一些简单的问题。
10:22
Ask them, "What do you know
about nuclear weapons武器?"
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问他们,“你对核武器了解多少?”
10:25
"Do you have a nuclear expert专家
on your staff员工?
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“你的麾下是否有核专家?
10:28
Or, if not, do you know
somebody you could refer参考 to
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或者如果没有,你知道有谁
在你要做出重大决定的时候,
10:31
if you need to make
an important重要 decision决定?"
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可以向其咨询和请教的?”
10:34
Start开始 to find out what they believe
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开始了解他们的想法,
10:36
and whether是否 it aligns对齐
with your own拥有 views意见 and values.
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看看是否和你自己的看法和价值观所吻合。
10:40
Ask them, "How would you choose选择
to spend US national国民 treasure宝藏?
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问他们,“你会怎么去用美国的国家财富?
10:46
On a new nuclear arms武器 race种族
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是用在新的核武军备竞赛上,
10:48
or another另一个 national国民 security安全 priority优先,
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或是别的国家安全优先事项,
10:50
such这样 as cybersecurity网络安全 or climate气候 change更改?"
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比如网络安全或者气候变化?”
10:54
Ask them, "Are you willing愿意
to put aside在旁边 partisanship党派之争
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问他们,“你是否愿意先将党派争斗放在一边,
10:57
to address地址 this existential存在 threat威胁
that affects影响 my survival生存
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好好着手解决现存的、
影响我和你忠实选民生命的威胁?”
11:02
and your constituents'选民' survival生存?"
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11:06
Now, people will tell you nuclear policy政策
is far too difficult to understand理解
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然后人们会告你,核武器政策太难理解了,
11:10
and complexed复合 and nuanced细致入微
for the general一般 public上市 to understand理解,
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对于普通大众来讲,
实在太复杂有太多细节了,
11:14
let alone单独 debate辩论.
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更不要说讨论了。
11:16
After all, this is "national国民 security安全."
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毕竟,这是“国家安全”。
11:19
There needs需求 to be secrets秘密.
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有些事必须得是机密。
11:22
Don't let that put you off.
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但不要被这套说辞迷惑了。
11:24
We debate辩论 all sorts排序 of issues问题
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我们讨论各种各样
11:26
that are critically危重 important重要
to our lives生活 --
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对于我们生活至关重要的事情,
11:28
why should nuclear weapons武器
be any different不同?
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为什么核武器就是特例?
11:31
We debate辩论 health健康 care关心,
education教育, the environment环境.
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我们讨论医保、教育和环境。
11:34
Surely一定 congressional国会 oversight疏忽,
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当然作为美国民主标志的
11:37
civic公民 participation参与 that are
such这样 hallmarks特点 of US democracy民主,
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国会监督和公民参与,
11:41
surely一定 they apply应用 here.
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这些自然都在此适用。
11:44
After all, these are cases of life
and death死亡 that we're talking about.
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毕竟我们谈论的事关乎生死。
11:50
And we won't惯于 all agree同意,
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我们虽不会全都同意彼此,
11:52
but whether是否 or not you believe
nuclear weapons武器 keep us safe安全
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但无论你觉得核武器确保我们的安全,
11:56
or that nuclear weapons武器 are a liability责任,
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或者核武器只是个累赘,
11:59
I urge敦促 you to put aside在旁边
partisan党派, ideological思想 issues问题
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我想在此劝大家放下党派偏见与意识形态,
12:04
and listen to each other.
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好好聆听他人。
12:08
So I'll tell you now what I didn't have
the guts胆量 to tell my friends朋友 at the time.
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那么我现在可以告诉你们,
当初我没有胆量告诉我朋友的话。
12:13
No, you're not safe安全 --
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不,你并不安全——
12:16
not just because of North Korea韩国.
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不仅仅是因为朝鲜。
12:18
But there is something
you can do about it.
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不过你可以尽自己的一份力,
12:23
Demand需求 that your elected当选 representatives代表
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要求你们选出的议员,
12:26
can give you answers答案 to your questions问题,
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给出你们问题的答案,
12:29
and answers答案 that you can live生活 with
224
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你们可以接受的
12:32
and that billions数十亿 of others其他
can live生活 with too.
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以及千千万万民众们可以接受的答案。
12:36
And if they can't,
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如果他们做不到,
12:37
stay on them until直到 they can.
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反复跟提这事直到他们做到为止。
12:41
And if that doesn't work,
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如果还是没用,
12:43
find others其他, who are able能够
to represent代表 your views意见.
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找其他可以代表你们观点的人。
12:48
Because by doing so, we can begin开始
to change更改 the answer回答 to the question
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因为只有这样做,
我们才能改变这个问题的答案。
12:54
"Am I safe安全?"
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“我安全吗?”
12:57
(Applause掌声)
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(掌声)
Translated by Saanman Fong
Reviewed by Lipeng Chen

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Emma Belcher - Nuclear security expert
Emma Belcher develops and implements strategy for reducing the threat posed by nuclear weapons.

Why you should listen

Emma Belcher is the Director of Nuclear Challenges at the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation. In partnership with the MacArthur Foundation board of directors and president, she allocates roughly 20 million dollars in grants annually to organizations worldwide focused on nuclear policy. The MacArthur Foundation is the largest funder in the nuclear field. Prior to joining the MacArthur Foundation, Belcher published research on nuclear weapons at the Council on Foreign Relations as a Stanton Nuclear Security Fellow. She has also worked as an advisor in Australia’s Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet on national security and international affairs and as a public affairs officer at the Australian embassy in Washington, D.C.

Belcher is currently on the Advisor Board for N Square, a project of the New Venture Fund, which consists of a network of innovators working to end the nuclear threat. She was a fellow at the Harvard University's Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs and was named an Emerging Leader by the Chicago Council on Global Affairs. Belcher has a PhD and master’s degree from the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University, and a bachelor of arts from University of Melbourne.  

More profile about the speaker
Emma Belcher | Speaker | TED.com