ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Ed Boyden - Neuroengineer
Ed Boyden is a professor of biological engineering and brain and cognitive sciences at the MIT Media Lab and the MIT McGovern Institute.

Why you should listen

Ed Boyden leads the Synthetic Neurobiology Group, which develops tools for analyzing and repairing complex biological systems such as the brain. His group applies these tools in a systematic way in order to reveal ground truth scientific understandings of biological systems, which in turn reveal radical new approaches for curing diseases and repairing disabilities. These technologies include expansion microscopy, which enables complex biological systems to be imaged with nanoscale precision, and optogenetic tools, which enable the activation and silencing of neural activity with light (TED Talk: A light switch for neurons). Boyden also co-directs the MIT Center for Neurobiological Engineering, which aims to develop new tools to accelerate neuroscience progress.

Amongst other recognitions, Boyden has received the Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences (2016), the BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award (2015), the Carnegie Prize in Mind and Brain Sciences (2015), the Jacob Heskel Gabbay Award (2013), the Grete Lundbeck Brain Prize (2013) and the NIH Director's Pioneer Award (2013). He was also named to the World Economic Forum Young Scientist list (2013) and the Technology Review World's "Top 35 Innovators under Age 35" list (2006). His group has hosted hundreds of visitors to learn how to use new biotechnologies and spun out several companies to bring inventions out of his lab and into the world. Boyden received his Ph.D. in neurosciences from Stanford University as a Hertz Fellow, where he discovered that the molecular mechanisms used to store a memory are determined by the content to be learned. Before that, he received three degrees in electrical engineering, computer science and physics from MIT. He has contributed to over 300 peer-reviewed papers, current or pending patents and articles, and he has given over 300 invited talks on his group's work.

More profile about the speaker
Ed Boyden | Speaker | TED.com
TED2011

Ed Boyden: A light switch for neurons

Ed Boyden: 為神經元安裝發光的配備

Filmed:
1,098,379 views

Ed Boyden 告訴我們通過轉錄光敏感的蛋白基因進入腦細胞,以及植入的光纖,他可以選擇性地活化或去活化特定的神經元細胞。利用這突破性的大腦精控制技術,他成功地在老鼠身上,治癒類似創傷症候群和某些失明現象,以期不久的未來發展神經修復術、神經性義肢。會議的主持人Juan Enriquez 在演講結束後引導簡短的"問與答"談話單元。
- Neuroengineer
Ed Boyden is a professor of biological engineering and brain and cognitive sciences at the MIT Media Lab and the MIT McGovern Institute. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:15
Think about your day for a second第二.
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花一點時間想想你的一天
00:17
You woke醒來 up, felt fresh新鮮 air空氣 on your face面對 as you walked out the door,
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早上你醒來,走出家門口,感覺清新空氣輕拂過你的臉龐.
00:20
encountered遇到 new colleagues同事 and had great discussions討論,
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巧遇你的一些新同事並和他們相談甚歡、
00:22
and felt in awe威嚴 when you found發現 something new.
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也為新奇的事物目瞪口呆.
00:24
But I bet賭注 there's something you didn't think about today今天 --
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但我敢打賭,有一些東西你今天絕對沒想到-
00:26
something so close to home
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有些東西是如此貼近您,
00:28
that you probably大概 don't think about it very often經常 at all.
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以至於很多時候你根本忽略它的存在.
00:30
And that's that all the sensations感覺, feelings情懷,
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那就是你所有的一切喜怒哀樂,一切感覺,
00:32
decisions決定 and actions行動
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所有的決定和行動
00:34
are mediated by the computer電腦 in your head
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都是被你腦袋裡的電腦所控制.
00:36
called the brain.
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也就是你的大腦.
00:38
Now the brain may可能 not look like much from the outside --
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大腦看起來和它的外表大不同--
00:40
a couple一對 pounds英鎊 of pinkish-gray粉灰 flesh,
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是幾英磅粉紅偏灰色的肉,
00:42
amorphous非晶 --
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無特定形狀--
00:44
but the last hundred years年份 of neuroscience神經科學
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但近百年來神經科學的研究
00:46
have allowed允許 us to zoom放大 in on the brain,
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使我們能夠放大細究大腦,
00:48
and to see the intricacy複雜 of what lies within.
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看到大腦內的複雜構造.
00:50
And they've他們已經 told us that this brain
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過往的研究告訴我們,
00:52
is an incredibly令人難以置信 complicated複雜 circuit電路
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大腦是由數千億的神經元細胞
00:54
made製作 out of hundreds數以百計 of billions數十億 of cells細胞 called neurons神經元.
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組造成一個令人難以置信的複雜電路.
00:58
Now unlike不像 a human-designed人性化設計 computer電腦,
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不同於人為設計的電腦,
01:01
where there's a fairly相當 small number of different不同 parts部分 --
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只由相當少數的零件組成、
01:03
we know how they work, because we humans人類 designed設計 them --
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知道它們是如何運作,因為那是我們人類所設計的
01:06
the brain is made製作 out of thousands數千 of different不同 kinds of cells細胞,
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而大腦是由數千種不同種類的細胞架構的,
01:09
maybe tens of thousands數千.
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或許有數萬種吧。
01:11
They come in different不同 shapes形狀; they're made製作 out of different不同 molecules分子.
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它們各有不同的形狀,是由不同的分子組成,
01:13
And they project項目 and connect to different不同 brain regions地區,
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各自連結到大腦不同的區域。
01:16
and they also change更改 different不同 ways方法 in different不同 disease疾病 states狀態.
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會隨著不同疾病狀態而呈現不同的改變.
01:19
Let's make it concrete具體.
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讓我更進一步解釋.
01:21
There's a class of cells細胞,
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有一類細胞,是一種相當小的、
01:23
a fairly相當 small cell細胞, an inhibitory抑制 cell細胞, that quiets平靜下來 its neighbors鄰居.
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具抑制作用的細胞,專門控制它的鄰居,使大家安靜下來守紀律.
01:26
It's one of the cells細胞 that seems似乎 to be atrophied萎縮 in disorders障礙 like schizophrenia精神分裂症.
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在精神分裂症患者腦部被發現萎縮的細胞種類之一.
01:30
It's called the basket cell細胞.
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也就是所謂的籃狀細胞。
01:32
And this cell細胞 is one of the thousands數千 of kinds of cell細胞
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是我們正在學習瞭解中的
01:34
that we are learning學習 about.
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數千種細胞其中之一.
01:36
New ones那些 are being存在 discovered發現 everyday每天.
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還有更多新種類的細胞每天不斷地被發掘。
01:38
As just a second第二 example:
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這是第二個例子:
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these pyramidal金字塔 cells細胞, large cells細胞,
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這些是錐體細胞,很大的細胞,
01:42
they can span跨度 a significant重大 fraction分數 of the brain.
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它們覆蓋大腦很大一部分.
01:44
They're excitatory興奮.
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它們具有興奮性.
01:46
And these are some of the cells細胞
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當癲癇患者發病時,
01:48
that might威力 be overactive過度活躍 in disorders障礙 such這樣 as epilepsy癲癇.
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這類細胞都可能有些過度活躍.
01:51
Every一切 one of these cells細胞
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每一個腦神經細胞都像是
01:53
is an incredible難以置信 electrical電動 device設備.
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一種巧奪天工的電子器材。
01:56
They receive接收 input輸入 from thousands數千 of upstream上游 partners夥伴
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它們接收上千個上游腦神經細胞傳來的訊息
01:58
and compute計算 their own擁有 electrical電動 outputs輸出,
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規劃整理出自己的電子訊號,
02:01
which哪一個 then, if they pass通過 a certain某些 threshold,
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然後等到訊號強過臨界點後,
02:03
will go to thousands數千 of downstream下游 partners夥伴.
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就會把訊號傳送給成千上萬的下游細胞.
02:05
And this process處理, which哪一個 takes just a millisecond毫秒 or so,
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而這個過程,只需要一毫秒左右,
02:08
happens發生 thousands數千 of times a minute分鐘
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而且每分鐘發生幾千次,
02:10
in every一切 one of your 100 billion十億 cells細胞,
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同部在腦中1千億個腦細胞之間進行.
02:12
as long as you live生活
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只要你還活著,
02:14
and think and feel.
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有思想、有感覺都是如此.
02:17
So how are we going to figure數字 out what this circuit電路 does?
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那麼我們如何能確認這個電路各扮演什麼角色呢?
02:20
Ideally理想的情況下, we could go through通過 the circuit電路
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理想的情況下,我們可以通過電路,
02:22
and turn these different不同 kinds of cell細胞 on and off
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開啟或關閉這些不同類型的細胞
02:25
and see whether是否 we could figure數字 out
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看看我們能否找出
02:27
which哪一個 ones那些 contribute有助於 to certain某些 functions功能
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它們各自特殊的功能,
02:29
and which哪一個 ones那些 go wrong錯誤 in certain某些 pathologies病理.
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或是當它們表現不正常時,所產生的那些病癥.
02:31
If we could activate啟用 cells細胞, we could see what powers權力 they can unleash發揮,
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如果我們可以啟動某些細胞,我們就知道它們可以發揮什麼能力、
02:34
what they can initiate發起 and sustain支持.
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什麼功能是它們可以啟動或維持的.
02:36
If we could turn them off,
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如果我們可以將它們關閉,
02:38
then we could try and figure數字 out what they're necessary必要 for.
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我們就可以試著弄清楚他們對我們的必要性是什麼。
02:40
And that's a story故事 I'm going to tell you about today今天.
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這就是今天我要告訴你的故事.
02:43
And honestly老老實實, where we've我們已經 gone走了 through通過 over the last 11 years年份,
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真的,超過11年的研究經歷中,
02:46
through通過 an attempt嘗試 to find ways方法
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我們企圖尋找方法
02:48
of turning車削 circuits電路 and cells細胞 and parts部分 and pathways途徑 of the brain
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去開關腦中的電路、細胞、任何小部份
02:50
on and off,
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和它們傳導的途徑.
02:52
both to understand理解 the science科學
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不僅是為了滿足對科學的好奇心
02:54
and also to confront面對 some of the issues問題
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也為了正視、解決人類現在
02:57
that face面對 us all as humans人類.
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所面臨的一些問題.
03:00
Now before I tell you about the technology技術,
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現在,在我開始告訴你有關的科技之前,
03:03
the bad news新聞 is that a significant重大 fraction分數 of us in this room房間,
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我要告訴您一個壞消息,在這房間裡的不少人
03:06
if we live生活 long enough足夠,
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如果活的夠久
03:08
will encounter遭遇, perhaps也許, a brain disorder紊亂.
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他們的大腦就會有機會紊亂,不聽指揮.
03:10
Already已經, a billion十億 people
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目前,約有十億人
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have had some kind of brain disorder紊亂
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已經得了大腦病變,
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that incapacitates癱瘓 them,
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以至他們癱瘓殘障。
03:16
and the numbers數字 don't do it justice正義 though雖然.
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而數字無法真切代表出疾病的嚴重性.
03:18
These disorders障礙 -- schizophrenia精神分裂症, Alzheimer's老年癡呆症,
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這些疾病-精神分裂症,阿茲海默老年癡呆症、
03:20
depression蕭條, addiction --
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憂鬱症,癮癖-
03:22
they not only steal our time to live生活, they change更改 who we are.
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疾病不僅偷走我們的生命,還改變我們的人格
03:25
They take our identity身分 and change更改 our emotions情緒
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不僅剽竊走我們的自我認知,還改變我們的情緒--
03:27
and change更改 who we are as people.
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讓我們變成另一個人。
03:30
Now in the 20th century世紀,
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20世紀的今天,
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there was some hope希望 that was generated產生
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由於治療腦部疾病的新藥品
03:36
through通過 the development發展 of pharmaceuticals藥品 for treating治療 brain disorders障礙,
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不斷被研發出來,為我們帶來一絲希望。
03:39
and while many許多 drugs毒品 have been developed發達
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縱使已有許多藥物能
03:42
that can alleviate緩和 symptoms症狀 of brain disorders障礙,
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緩解腦部疾病的的症狀,
03:44
practically幾乎 none沒有 of them can be considered考慮 to be cured治愈.
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幾乎沒有任何一種能被認為可以完全治癒腦部病變。
03:47
And part部分 of that's because we're bathing洗澡 the brain in the chemical化學.
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部分的原因是因為,服藥就好似把大腦浸泡在化學藥劑中
03:50
This elaborate闡述 circuit電路
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但是腦部內精心設計的電路是由
03:52
made製作 out of thousands數千 of different不同 kinds of cell細胞
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數千種不同的細胞組成
03:54
is being存在 bathed沐浴 in a substance物質.
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卻都被浸泡在同一種液體中.
03:56
That's also why, perhaps也許, most of the drugs毒品, and not all, on the market市場
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這也是為什麼,市場上的許多藥物,並不是所有的,
03:58
can present當下 some kind of serious嚴重 side effect影響 too.
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都會引起一些嚴重的副作用
04:01
Now some people have gotten得到 some solace慰藉
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現在有些人把電極植入大腦中
04:04
from electrical電動 stimulators刺激 that are implanted植入 in the brain.
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刺激腦細胞來改善某些疾病的症狀.
04:07
And for Parkinson's帕金森氏 disease疾病,
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的確對於像帕金森氏症病患,
04:09
Cochlear人工耳蝸 implants植入物,
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由耳蝸植入電極
04:11
these have indeed確實 been able能夠
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確實能夠帶來
04:13
to bring帶來 some kind of remedy補救
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某種程度的緩解,
04:15
to people with certain某些 kinds of disorder紊亂.
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降低病人的身體殘礙的程度.
04:17
But electricity電力 also will go in all directions方向 --
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但是電流波會導向各個方向-
04:19
the path路徑 of least最小 resistance抵抗性,
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而且"專撿軟柿子捏",傳向阻礙力最小的通路
04:21
which哪一個 is where that phrase短語, in part部分, comes from.
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想來這也可能是這句名言的起源.
04:23
And it also will affect影響 normal正常 circuits電路 as well as the abnormal不正常 ones那些 that you want to fix固定.
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電流也有可能影響到正常的電路,不只在我們想修復的不正常處.
04:26
So again, we're sent發送 back to the idea理念
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所以問題回到
04:28
of ultra-precise超精密 control控制.
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極精密的控制上.
04:30
Could we dial-in撥號 information信息 precisely恰恰 where we want it to go?
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我們可不可能只把訊息傳送到標靶區呢?
04:34
So when I started開始 in neuroscience神經科學 11 years年份 ago,
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11年前,當我開始投入神經科學研究時,
04:38
I had trained熟練 as an electrical電動 engineer工程師 and a physicist物理學家,
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我已受過電氣工程師和物理學家的訓練,
04:41
and the first thing I thought about was,
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所以首先我想到是,
04:43
if these neurons神經元 are electrical電動 devices設備,
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如果這些神經元都是電氣設備的話,
04:45
all we need to do is to find some way
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我們須要做的只是找到某種方式,
04:47
of driving主動 those electrical電動 changes變化 at a distance距離.
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在一定距離中傳送電流的變化到目的地.
04:49
If we could turn on the electricity電力 in one cell細胞,
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如果我們能使某一個細胞的電路被打開,
04:51
but not its neighbors鄰居,
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而不要干擾到它的鄰居們.
04:53
that would give us the tool工具 we need to activate啟用 and shut關閉 down these different不同 cells細胞,
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這將讓我們有能力去活化或催眠不同的各種細胞,
04:56
figure數字 out what they do and how they contribute有助於
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進而瞭解它們的功能和對
04:58
to the networks網絡 in which哪一個 they're embedded嵌入式.
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整體腦神經系統的貢獻.
05:00
And also it would allow允許 us to have the ultra-precise超精密 control控制 we need
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同時也允許我們去執行極精密的控制,
05:02
in order訂購 to fix固定 the circuit電路 computations計算
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以修改腦中出了錯的
05:05
that have gone走了 awry.
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電路運算.
05:07
Now how are we going to do that?
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那我們該怎麼做呢?
05:09
Well there are many許多 molecules分子 that exist存在 in nature性質,
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自然界中存有很多小分子,
05:11
which哪一個 are able能夠 to convert兌換 light into electricity電力.
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能夠將光能轉化成電能.
05:14
You can think of them as little proteins蛋白質
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你可以把它們想像成類太陽能電池
05:16
that are like solar太陽能 cells細胞.
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的微小蛋白質。
05:18
If we can install安裝 these molecules分子 in neurons神經元 somehow不知何故,
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如果我們將這些分子安裝在神經元內
05:21
then these neurons神經元 would become成為 electrically drivable驅動 with light.
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那麼這些神經元將可以被光驅動
05:24
And their neighbors鄰居, which哪一個 don't have the molecule分子, would not.
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而相鄰的神經細胞因為不具有這些轉化分子不會被活化.
05:27
There's one other magic魔法 trick you need to make this all happen發生,
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但是還需要一個神奇的技術配合一切才能成功.
05:29
and that's the ability能力 to get light into the brain.
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那就是怎麼讓光進入腦中啊!
05:32
And to do that -- the brain doesn't feel pain疼痛 -- you can put --
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並且要做到這-把光導入大腦而不引起疼痛--
05:35
taking服用 advantage優點 of all the effort功夫
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我們運用腦中本有的
05:37
that's gone走了 into the Internet互聯網 and communications通訊 and so on --
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互聯網和其溝通能力等等功能-
05:39
optical光纖 fibers纖維 connected連接的 to lasers激光器
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將光纖連接到雷射光
05:41
that you can use to activate啟用, in animal動物 models楷模 for example,
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使我們能夠精準的利用光束來啟動細胞
05:43
in pre-clinical臨床前研究 studies學習,
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讓我們從臨床實驗前期的動物研究中
05:45
these neurons神經元 and to see what they do.
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知道各神經元扮演的角色.
05:47
So how do we do this?
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那麼,如何才能做到這一點?
05:49
Around 2004,
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大約在2004年,
05:51
in collaboration合作 with Gerhard格哈德 Nagel內格爾 and Karl卡爾 Deisseroth戴瑟羅特,
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在與吉爾 納格(Gerhard Nagel),和卡爾 得許窪多(Karl Deisseroth) 的合作中
05:53
this vision視力 came來了 to fruition享用.
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一切的構想終於開花結果
05:55
There's a certain某些 alga藻類 that swims游泳 in the wild野生,
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我們發現一種野生的藻類
05:58
and it needs需求 to navigate導航 towards light
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它們會自動導航向光源游去,
06:00
in order訂購 to photosynthesize光合作用 optimally最佳.
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好讓自身的光合作用發揮到最佳狀態。
06:02
And it senses感官 light with a little eye-spot眼點,
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它感光系統是一個光感眼點,
06:04
which哪一個 works作品 not unlike不像 how our eye works作品.
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跟我們的眼睛運作方法不同.
06:07
In its membrane, or its boundary邊界,
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在眼點的外膜,或者其周圍,
06:09
it contains包含 little proteins蛋白質
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含有這些小蛋白質
06:12
that indeed確實 can convert兌換 light into electricity電力.
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可以將光能轉化成電能。
06:15
So these molecules分子 are called channelrhodopsinschannelrhodopsins.
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這些分子被稱為:視紫質管道(channelrhodospins).
06:18
And each of these proteins蛋白質 acts行為 just like that solar太陽能 cell細胞 that I told you about.
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這些蛋白質就像我之前說的跟太陽能電池的功能一樣。
06:21
When blue藍色 light hits點擊 it, it opens打開 up a little hole
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當藍光照射到它,它會開一個小洞,
06:24
and allows允許 charged帶電 particles粒子 to enter輸入 the eye-spot眼點,
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讓帶電粒子進入眼點。
06:26
and that allows允許 this eye-spot眼點 to have an electrical電動 signal信號
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然後眼點就能產生電子信號,
06:28
just like a solar太陽能 cell細胞 charging充電 up a battery電池.
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就像太陽能電池充電的道理一樣。
06:31
So what we need to do is to take these molecules分子
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因此,我們需要做的就是把這些分子,
06:33
and somehow不知何故 install安裝 them in neurons神經元.
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想辦法安裝在神經元中。
06:35
And because it's a protein蛋白,
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而且因為它是一種蛋白質,
06:37
it's encoded編碼 for in the DNA脫氧核糖核酸 of this organism生物.
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而有關的DNA可以從藻類中被拆解出
06:40
So all we've我們已經 got to do is take that DNA脫氧核糖核酸,
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所以我們要做的就是採取這段DNA,
06:42
put it into a gene基因 therapy治療 vector向量, like a virus病毒,
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利用基因治療的運輸工具,像是病毒,
06:45
and put it into neurons神經元.
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攜帶進腦神經元中.
06:48
So it turned轉身 out that this was a very productive生產的 time in gene基因 therapy治療,
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剛巧那幾年基因治療正蓬葧發展,
06:51
and lots of viruses病毒 were coming未來 along沿.
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多種不同的病毒都可被利用.
06:53
So this turned轉身 out to be very simple簡單 to do.
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我們發現原來這非常簡單容易
06:55
And early in the morning早上 one day in the summer夏季 of 2004,
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在2004年夏天的一個早上,
06:58
we gave it a try, and it worked工作 on the first try.
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是我們第一次嘗試這個實驗,而且一舉成功。
07:00
You take this DNA脫氧核糖核酸 and you put it into a neuron神經元.
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我們把DNA送進神經元中,
07:03
The neuron神經元 uses使用 its natural自然 protein-making蛋白生產 machinery機械
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神經元則利用它自己本有的蛋白質製造裝置
07:06
to fabricate製造 these little light-sensitive光敏感 proteins蛋白質
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編造出許多小感光蛋白質,
07:08
and install安裝 them all over the cell細胞,
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很快的整個神經元細胞都佈滿了這種蛋白質,
07:10
like putting solar太陽能 panels面板 on a roof屋頂,
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就像在屋頂上安裝太陽能電池板一樣。
07:12
and the next下一個 thing you know,
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不用多久,
07:14
you have a neuron神經元 which哪一個 can be activated活性 with light.
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我們就有個能被光活化的神經元.
07:16
So this is very powerful強大.
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這是非常有價值的發現.
07:18
One of the tricks技巧 you have to do
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其中一個關鍵的技巧是必須要準確地
07:20
is to figure數字 out how to deliver交付 these genes基因 to the cells細胞 that you want
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將感光DNA傳送到某些特定腦神經元中的,
07:22
and not all the other neighbors鄰居.
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而不是它們的左鄰右舍們。
07:24
And you can do that; you can tweak the viruses病毒
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而我們可以這樣做:我們可以調整變換病毒
07:26
so they hit擊中 just some cells細胞 and not others其他.
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讓病毒只去襲擊某些特定的神經元。
07:28
And there's other genetic遺傳 tricks技巧 you can play
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當然也可以利用其他生物基因工程的技術
07:30
in order訂購 to get light-activated光活化 cells細胞.
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來獲得可被光活化細胞。
07:33
This field領域 has now come to be known已知 as optogenetics光遺傳學.
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這個領域現在被稱為光電遺傳學(optogenetics)。
07:37
And just as one example of the kind of thing you can do,
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舉個例子來說,你可以這樣做,
07:39
you can take a complex複雜 network網絡,
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你可以在一個複雜的網絡系統中,
07:41
use one of these viruses病毒 to deliver交付 the gene基因
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使用一種病毒去輸送基因到特定的一類細胞內
07:43
just to one kind of cell細胞 in this dense稠密 network網絡.
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即使是在高密度的細胞社區裡也能達成.
07:46
And then when you shine閃耀 light on the entire整個 network網絡,
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然後用光去照射整個細胞社區,
07:48
just that cell細胞 type類型 will be activated活性.
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而只有那種具感光蛋白質的細胞會被活化.
07:50
So for example, lets讓我們 sort分類 of consider考慮 that basket cell細胞 I told you about earlier --
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好!讓我們用之前所提過的籃狀細胞為例子--
07:53
the one that's atrophied萎縮 in schizophrenia精神分裂症
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就是那種具有抑制作用、精神分裂症者身上
07:55
and the one that is inhibitory抑制.
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萎縮的細胞。
07:57
If we can deliver交付 that gene基因 to these cells細胞 --
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如果我們能夠將感光基因送到籃狀細胞內--
07:59
and they're not going to be altered改變 by the expression表達 of the gene基因, of course課程 --
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當然前提是它們不會因感光基因而突變--
08:02
and then flash blue藍色 light over the entire整個 brain network網絡,
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-然後當我們用藍光照射所有腦細胞時,
08:05
just these cells細胞 are going to be driven驅動.
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只有籃狀細胞會被驅動活化.
08:07
And when the light turns off, these cells細胞 go back to normal正常,
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把光線關閉後,籃狀細胞則會恢復正常,
08:09
so they don't seem似乎 to be averse規避 against反對 that.
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不會產生不良的副作用。
08:12
Not only can you use this to study研究 what these cells細胞 do,
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我們不僅可利用這技術去研究這些細胞在做什麼,
08:14
what their power功率 is in computing計算 in the brain,
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它們在大腦內如何跟別種細胞協調互動,
08:16
but you can also use this to try to figure數字 out --
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而且也可以試著利用這技術去找到如何:
08:18
well maybe we could jazz爵士樂 up the activity活動 of these cells細胞,
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讓已經萎縮的細胞興奮起來、
08:20
if indeed確實 they're atrophied萎縮.
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手舞足蹈。
08:22
Now I want to tell you a couple一對 of short stories故事
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現在我想告訴你一兩個有關於我們如何利用
08:24
about how we're using運用 this,
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這項技術的故事,
08:26
both at the scientific科學, clinical臨床 and pre-clinical臨床前研究 levels水平.
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都是應用在科學,臨床和臨床前的試驗.
08:29
One of the questions問題 we've我們已經 confronted面對
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我們所面臨的其中一個問題是:
08:31
is, what are the signals信號 in the brain that mediate調解 the sensation感覺 of reward獎勵?
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在腦中的什麼信號會挑起被嘉獎的感覺?
08:34
Because if you could find those,
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因為如果我們知道就可以利用
08:36
those would be some of the signals信號 that could drive駕駛 learning學習.
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這種信號去驅動細胞學習.
08:38
The brain will do more of whatever隨你 got that reward獎勵.
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讓大腦會竭盡所能去得到獎勵。
08:40
And also these are signals信號 that go awry in disorders障礙 such這樣 as addiction.
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正因為這些信號出差錯,才導致如癮癖性疾病,。
08:43
So if we could figure數字 out what cells細胞 they are,
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因此,如果我們能弄清楚這是哪些細胞,
08:45
we could maybe find new targets目標
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我們也許能找到新的標靶細胞,
08:47
for which哪一個 drugs毒品 could be designed設計 or screened篩選 against反對,
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以設計出或篩選出適合的藥物,去對抗這類疾病,
08:49
or maybe places地方 where electrodes電極 could be put in
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或者也可以為有非常嚴重殘疾的病患
08:51
for people who have very severe嚴重 disability失能.
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在標靶細胞植入電極。
08:54
So to do that, we came來了 up with a very simple簡單 paradigm範例
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要做到這一點,我們設計出一個非常簡單的模型,
08:56
in collaboration合作 with the FiorellaFiorella的 group,
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並得到菲兒瑞拉(Fiorella)公司的贊助.
08:58
where one side of this little box,
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在這個小盒子的一邊,
09:00
if the animal動物 goes there, the animal動物 gets得到 a pulse脈衝 of light
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如果動物跑到那兒,會被一道光照到,
09:02
in order訂購 to make different不同 cells細胞 in the brain sensitive敏感 to light.
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用來刺激各種不同對光敏感的腦部細胞.
09:04
So if these cells細胞 can mediate調解 reward獎勵,
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所以如果這些細胞可以產生被獎勵的感覺,
09:06
the animal動物 should go there more and more.
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那動物會越做越樂意.
09:08
And so that's what happens發生.
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事情就是這樣.
09:10
This animal's動物 going to go to the right-hand右手 side and poke his nose鼻子 there,
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這隻動物跑到盒子的右手邊,然後用他的鼻子戳那地方
09:12
and he gets得到 a flash of blue藍色 light every一切 time he does that.
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每次它這樣做,藍光就會閃動照耀它一次.
09:14
And he'll地獄 do that hundreds數以百計 and hundreds數以百計 of times.
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他會一做再做,做上千百次.
09:16
These are the dopamine多巴胺 neurons神經元,
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這是多巴胺神經元,
09:18
which哪一個 some of you may可能 have heard聽說 about, in some of the pleasure樂趣 centers中心 in the brain.
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在座的一些人可能已知道那是大腦的愉悅中樞之一.
09:20
Now we've我們已經 shown顯示 that a brief簡要 activation激活 of these
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您現在已看到我們這簡短的實驗
09:22
is enough足夠, indeed確實, to drive駕駛 learning學習.
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已可以鼓勵學習行為.
09:24
Now we can generalize概括 the idea理念.
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現在我們再進一步,
09:26
Instead代替 of one point in the brain,
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不是只影響大腦的一點,
09:28
we can devise設計 devices設備 that span跨度 the brain,
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我們可以設計一些儀器把這實驗應用到整個大腦,
09:30
that can deliver交付 light into three-dimensional三維 patterns模式 --
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由這一組組的光纖傳送
09:32
arrays陣列 of optical光纖 fibers纖維,
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三度空間(立體)的光束
09:34
each coupled耦合 to its own擁有 independent獨立 miniature微型 light source資源.
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每個光纖都只連結到自己獨立的微型光源。
09:36
And then we can try to do things in vivo體內
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然後我們可以嘗試活體實驗,
09:38
that have only been doneDONE to-date至今 in a dish --
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試驗一些目前為止只能在培養皿中的實驗--
09:41
like high-throughput高通量 screening篩查 throughout始終 the entire整個 brain
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像是對於整個大腦做全面高效率的篩選,
09:43
for the signals信號 that can cause原因 certain某些 things to happen發生.
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瞭解到這某些腦波信號會導致哪些事情發生。
09:45
Or that could be good clinical臨床 targets目標
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或哪些可被應用到臨床治療上,
09:47
for treating治療 brain disorders障礙.
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來治療腦部疾病。
09:49
And one story故事 I want to tell you about
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另一個我想告訴你的故事是,
09:51
is how can we find targets目標 for treating治療 post-traumatic創傷後 stress強調 disorder紊亂 --
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我們如何找到治療創傷症候群的標靶細胞
09:54
a form形成 of uncontrolled不受控制 anxiety焦慮 and fear恐懼.
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那一種無法控制的焦慮和恐懼的症候群。
09:57
And one of the things that we did
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首先我們採用一個被學術界接受的恐懼模式
09:59
was to adopt採用 a very classical古典 model模型 of fear恐懼.
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﹣經典的恐懼制約(Classical fear conditioning).
10:02
This goes back to the Pavlovian巴甫洛夫 days.
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那就要回到俄國帕弗洛夫(Pavlovian )時代.
10:05
It's called Pavlovian巴甫洛夫 fear恐懼 conditioning空調 --
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所以也被稱做:帕弗洛夫的恐懼制約(Pavlovian fear conditioning)-
10:07
where a tone ends結束 with a brief簡要 shock休克.
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在一陣聲響後,接著出現短暫電擊.
10:09
The shock休克 isn't painful痛苦, but it's a little annoying惱人的.
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電擊並不會很疼痛但有點惱人。
10:11
And over time -- in this case案件, a mouse老鼠,
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然後一次又一次--在這個實驗中我們使用老鼠。
10:13
which哪一個 is a good animal動物 model模型, commonly常用 used in such這樣 experiments實驗 --
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老鼠是一個很好的動物模型,常被用在此類實驗中。-
10:15
the animal動物 learns獲悉 to fear恐懼 the tone.
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最後動物一聽到那種聲音就怕。
10:17
The animal動物 will react應對 by freezing冷凍,
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動物會作出呆僵的反應,
10:19
sort分類 of like a deer鹿 in the headlights頭燈.
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像鹿在夜晚被車頭燈照到一樣--呆僵在那兒.
10:21
Now the question is, what targets目標 in the brain can we find
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那現在的問題是:在腦中的那部份
10:24
that allow允許 us to overcome克服 this fear恐懼?
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能夠讓動物克服這種恐懼?
10:26
So what we do is we play that tone again
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我們於是放了這些跟恐懼有關的
10:28
after it's been associated相關 with fear恐懼.
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聲音給聽了會害怕的動物聽,
10:30
But we activate啟用 targets目標 in the brain, different不同 ones那些,
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然後我們活化大腦中的標靶位,每次都不同,
10:32
using運用 that optical光纖 fiber纖維 array排列 I told you about in the previous以前 slide滑動,
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用我前面展示的幻燈片一樣的光纖儀器
10:35
in order訂購 to try and figure數字 out which哪一個 targets目標
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去試圖找出哪些標靶細胞
10:37
can cause原因 the brain to overcome克服 that memory記憶 of fear恐懼.
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希望能夠克服恐懼的記憶。
10:40
And so this brief簡要 video視頻
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這個簡短的片段
10:42
shows節目 you one of these targets目標 that we're working加工 on now.
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展示了我們現在所試探過的其中一個標靶位,
10:44
This is an area in the prefrontal前額葉 cortex皮質,
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這區是在額葉前部皮質,
10:46
a region地區 where we can use cognition認識 to try to overcome克服 aversive厭惡 emotional情緒化 states狀態.
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這個區域讓我們可以用認知努力克服厭惡的情感。
10:49
And the animal's動物 going to hear a tone -- and a flash of light occurred發生 there.
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動物將聽到聲音,然後看見閃光.
10:51
There's no audio音頻 on this, but you can see the animal's動物 freezing冷凍.
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這閃光並沒有聲音,但你可以看到動物僵立凍結在那兒,
10:53
This tone used to mean bad news新聞.
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這聲音以前是用來警告老鼠壞消息的信號。
10:55
And there's a little clock時鐘 in the lower降低 left-hand左手 corner,
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在左下方的角落有一個小時鐘,
10:57
so you can see the animal動物 is about two minutes分鐘 into this.
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所以我們可知動物大約僵立兩分鐘。
11:00
And now this next下一個 clip
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下一個片段是在
11:02
is just eight minutes分鐘 later後來.
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八分鐘後,
11:04
And the same相同 tone is going to play, and the light is going to flash again.
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相同聲音和緊接的的閃光
11:07
Okay, there it goes. Right now.
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好,開始了。現在。
11:10
And now you can see, just 10 minutes分鐘 into the experiment實驗,
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看!才只有10分鐘後的實驗,
11:13
that we've我們已經 equipped裝備 the brain by photoactivating光激活 this area
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我們已經用光源活化這部份的腦細胞
11:16
to overcome克服 the expression表達
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幫助動物克服這種
11:18
of this fear恐懼 memory記憶.
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恐懼的記憶。
11:20
Now over the last couple一對 of years年份, we've我們已經 gone走了 back to the tree of life
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在過去的幾年裡,我們一再檢驗大自然的生命樹,
11:23
because we wanted to find ways方法 to turn circuits電路 in the brain off.
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因為我們想要找出把大腦中的電路關掉的方法。
11:26
If we could do that, this could be extremely非常 powerful強大.
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如果我們能做到這一點,這作用可大了。
11:29
If you can delete刪除 cells細胞 just for a few少數 milliseconds毫秒 or seconds,
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如果你能讓細胞停擺即使只要幾毫秒或幾秒,
11:32
you can figure數字 out what necessary必要 role角色 they play
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你就可以找出他它們在大腦電路中
11:34
in the circuits電路 in which哪一個 they're embedded嵌入式.
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是承擔什麼必要的作用,
11:36
And we've我們已經 now surveyed調查 organisms生物 from all over the tree of life --
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我們仔細調查生命樹上的物種-除了動物之外的
11:38
every一切 kingdom王國 of life except for animals動物, we see slightly differently不同.
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每一個生物,只要我們發現它們有一點任何差異。
11:41
And we found發現 all sorts排序 of molecules分子, they're called halorhodopsinshalorhodopsins or archaerhodopsinsarchaerhodopsins,
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我們發現多種不同的分子,所謂感光紫紅質蛋白質(halorhodopsins)或一種古細胞感光蛋白質(archaerhodopsins)
11:44
that respond響應 to green綠色 and yellow黃色 light.
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能對綠色和黃色光有反應。
11:46
And they do the opposite對面 thing of the molecule分子 I told you about before
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它們跟我剛剛跟你提起的會感藍光的分子,
11:48
with the blue藍色 light activator活化劑 channelrhodopsin紫紅質通道.
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單胞藻感光紫紅質蛋白質(channelrhodopsin)的作用相反。
11:52
Let's give an example of where we think this is going to go.
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讓我舉一個例子來告訴你們,我們如何應用這技術。
11:55
Consider考慮, for example, a condition條件 like epilepsy癲癇,
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比如說癲癇這個例子,
11:58
where the brain is overactive過度活躍.
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癲癇是因大腦某部份過度活躍。
12:00
Now if drugs毒品 fail失敗 in epileptic癲癇 treatment治療,
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如果癲癇藥物治療的策略失敗,
12:02
one of the strategies策略 is to remove去掉 part部分 of the brain.
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那其他治療選舉方案之一是:切除一部份的大腦。
12:04
But that's obviously明顯 irreversible不可逆轉, and there could be side effects效果.
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但是這顯然不可逆的,而且有可能有副作用。
12:06
What if we could just turn off that brain for a brief簡要 amount of time,
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如果我們可以只關閉大腦不正常那部份一會兒,很短暫的時間,
12:09
until直到 the seizure發作 dies away,
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直到癲癇症狀消失殆盡為止,
12:12
and cause原因 the brain to be restored恢復 to its initial初始 state --
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並讓大腦恢復到初始狀態-
12:15
sort分類 of like a dynamical動力 system系統 that's being存在 coaxed連哄帶騙 down into a stable穩定 state.
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有點像把一個將暴動的系統哄騙推回穩定的狀態一樣。
12:18
So this animation動畫 just tries嘗試 to explain說明 this concept概念
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這個動畫只是試圖解釋
12:21
where we made製作 these cells細胞 sensitive敏感 to being存在 turned轉身 off with light,
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我們利用光源來關閉催眠腦細胞的概念。
12:23
and we beam光束 light in,
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當我們把光源射出,
12:25
and just for the time it takes to shut關閉 down a seizure發作,
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時間僅僅是足夠終止癲癇發作。
12:27
we're hoping希望 to be able能夠 to turn it off.
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我們希望實驗能夠成功。
12:29
And so we don't have data數據 to show顯示 you on this front面前,
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現在我們還沒有這個方面數據可以展示給大眾,
12:31
but we're very excited興奮 about this.
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但我們對此感到非常興奮。
12:33
Now I want to close on one story故事,
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現在我要用一個故事來結束我的演講,
12:35
which哪一個 we think is another另一個 possibility可能性 --
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那就是我們認為這技術還有其他用途--
12:37
which哪一個 is that maybe these molecules分子, if you can do ultra-precise超精密 control控制,
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如果能做到超精確的控制,這些感光蛋白質
12:39
can be used in the brain itself本身
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可用於腦中使腦本身
12:41
to make a new kind of prosthetic假肢, an optical光纖 prosthetic假肢.
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形成的一種新型義肢,光學義肢。
12:44
I already已經 told you that electrical電動 stimulators刺激 are not uncommon罕見.
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就像我已經告訴過你們的,電極刺激器並不是很普遍。
12:47
Seventy-five七十五 thousand people have Parkinson's帕金森氏 deep-brain深腦 stimulators刺激 implanted植入.
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只有75000個帕金森病患植入深腦刺激器,
12:50
Maybe 100,000 people have Cochlear人工耳蝸 implants植入物,
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也許有100,000人在耳蝸中植入刺激器
12:52
which哪一個 allow允許 them to hear.
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好讓他們能聽到聲音。
12:54
There's another另一個 thing, which哪一個 is you've got to get these genes基因 into cells細胞.
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另一件事是,就是你得讓這些基因移植進細胞內。
12:57
And new hope希望 in gene基因 therapy治療 has been developed發達
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而這基因治療的新希望已被開發出,
13:00
because viruses病毒 like the adeno-associated腺相關 virus病毒,
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一些病毒像是腺病毒家族(adeno-associated virus),
13:02
which哪一個 probably大概 most of us around this room房間 have,
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在這個房間裡大多數人可能都感染過,
13:04
and it doesn't have any symptoms症狀,
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但沒有任何症狀,
13:06
which哪一個 have been used in hundreds數以百計 of patients耐心
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這種病毒已被用來傳送基因
13:08
to deliver交付 genes基因 into the brain or the body身體.
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到數百個病人的大腦或身體內。
13:10
And so far, there have not been serious嚴重 adverse不利的 events事件
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到目前為止,沒有發現任何有關該病毒
13:12
associated相關 with the virus病毒.
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的嚴重不良反應。
13:14
There's one last elephant in the room房間, the proteins蛋白質 themselves他們自己,
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沒錯!這技術有一個不能忽視的大隱憂,有關蛋白質本身,
13:17
which哪一個 come from algae藻類 and bacteria and fungi菌類,
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感光蛋白質是從藻類、細菌、真菌
13:19
and all over the tree of life.
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或生命樹上其他不同的物種上取出的,
13:21
Most of us don't have fungi菌類 or algae藻類 in our brains大腦,
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大多數人沒有真菌或藻類(的DNA)在我們的大腦中,
13:23
so what is our brain going to do if we put that in?
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如果移植蛋白質進入大腦中,那究竟大腦會有什麼反應?
13:25
Are the cells細胞 going to tolerate容忍 it? Will the immune免疫的 system系統 react應對?
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腦細胞會容忍它們嗎?免疫系統會有什麼反應呢?
13:27
In its early days -- these have not been doneDONE on humans人類 yet然而 --
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在這渾沌的初始階段--還未有人體實驗過--
13:29
but we're working加工 on a variety品種 of studies學習
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但是,我們正努力做各種研究,
13:31
to try and examine檢查 this,
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試圖評估這可能的副作用。
13:33
and so far we haven't沒有 seen看到 overt公開 reactions反應 of any severity嚴重
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目前為止,我們還沒有明顯看到因為這些分子
13:36
to these molecules分子
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所引起的任何嚴重不良反應
13:38
or to the illumination照明 of the brain with light.
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而對腦照光也一樣沒有任何嚴重的的不良反應。
13:41
So it's early days, to be upfront前期, but we're excited興奮 about it.
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當然這只是初期的研究,但即使是如此,我們還是很興奮。
13:44
I wanted to close with one story故事,
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我想用一個故事來結束演講,
13:46
which哪一個 we think could potentially可能
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我們認為這技術具有
13:48
be a clinical臨床 application應用.
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臨床應用的價值。
13:50
Now there are many許多 forms形式 of blindness失明
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我們知道失明有很多種原因.
13:52
where the photoreceptors感光,
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像是眼內的感光細胞消失,
13:54
our light sensors傳感器 that are in the back of our eye, are gone走了.
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也就是在我們的眼球後面的光接受器不見了。
13:57
And the retina視網膜, of course課程, is a complex複雜 structure結構體.
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我們的視網膜當然是一個複雜的結構。
13:59
Now let's zoom放大 in on it here, so we can see it in more detail詳情.
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讓我們放大它的結構圖,仔細研究一下。
14:01
The photoreceptor感光 cells細胞 are shown顯示 here at the top最佳,
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照片中感光細胞在頂部,
14:04
and then the signals信號 that are detected檢測 by the photoreceptors感光
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感光細胞接收到光線,然後一層一層
14:06
are transformed改造 by various各個 computations計算
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轉變成各種不同信號直到
14:08
until直到 finally最後 that layer of cells細胞 at the bottom底部, the ganglion神經節 cells細胞,
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到達視網膜的最後一層底部的細胞:神經節細胞,
14:11
relay中繼 the information信息 to the brain,
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然後將信息轉遞給大腦,
14:13
where we see that as perception知覺.
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轉換成視覺認知。
14:15
In many許多 forms形式 of blindness失明, like retinitis視網膜炎 pigmentosa色素,
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有很多原因導致失明,如視網膜色素變性,
14:18
or macular黃斑 degeneration退化,
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或黃斑變性,
14:20
the photoreceptor感光 cells細胞 have atrophied萎縮 or been destroyed銷毀.
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感光細胞萎縮或者根本破壞殆盡。
14:23
Now how could you repair修理 this?
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那我們怎麼才能改善修復呢?
14:25
It's not even clear明確 that a drug藥物 could cause原因 this to be restored恢復,
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沒有明確證據指出藥物可以治療修復這些症狀,
14:28
because there's nothing for the drug藥物 to bind捆綁 to.
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因為藥物很難停留在那兒(沒特效藥)。
14:30
On the other hand, light can still get into the eye.
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但是,光線仍然可以射入眼睛。
14:32
The eye is still transparent透明 and you can get light in.
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光線仍然經由眼睛透入接觸視網膜。
14:35
So what if we could just take these channelrhodopsinschannelrhodopsins and other molecules分子
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所以如果我們能將單胞藻感光紫紅質蛋白質
14:38
and install安裝 them on some of these other spare備用 cells細胞
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或其他感光分子安裝在其他健康的細胞上,
14:40
and convert兌換 them into little cameras相機.
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把它們轉換成一台台小相機。
14:42
And because there's so many許多 of these cells細胞 in the eye,
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而且因為眼部有很多的這種細胞存在,
14:44
potentially可能, they could be very high-resolution高分辨率 cameras相機.
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理論上,它們可以成為高清晰度攝像機。
14:47
So this is some work that we're doing.
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這就是我們正在進行的工作之一。
14:49
It's being存在 led by one of our collaborators合作者,
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我們的合夥人之一,艾倫 (Alan Horsager)
14:51
Alan艾倫 HorsagerHorsager at USCUSC,
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在南加州大學正領導這個計劃,
14:53
and being存在 sought追捧 to be commercialized商業化 by a start-up啟動 company公司 Eos依奧斯 Neuroscience神經科學,
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也正在一家由美國國立衛生研究院提供經費的
14:56
which哪一個 is funded資助 by the NIHNIH.
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創投公司(Eos Neuroscience)的協助下將其技術產業化
14:58
And what you see here is a mouse老鼠 trying to solve解決 a maze迷宮.
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現在你可以看見這隻老鼠試圖在迷宮裡找出口。
15:00
It's a six-arm六臂 maze迷宮. And there's a bit of water in the maze迷宮
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在這六臂迷宮裡被倒入一些流動的水
15:02
to motivate刺激 the mouse老鼠 to move移動, or he'll地獄 just sit there.
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來激勵老鼠移動,否則牠就停在某處不動。
15:04
And the goal目標, of course課程, of this maze迷宮
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這迷宮設計的目的
15:06
is to get out of the water and go to a little platform平台
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是讓水會從出口處流出到一個
15:08
that's under the lit發光的 top最佳 port港口.
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安裝光源的平臺.
15:10
Now mice老鼠 are smart聰明, so this mouse老鼠 solves解決了 the maze迷宮 eventually終於,
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老鼠是很聰明的,這隻老鼠最終找到出口了,
15:13
but he does a brute-force蠻力 search搜索.
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但牠可是努力搜索才達成的.
15:15
He's swimming游泳的 down every一切 avenue大街 until直到 he finally最後 gets得到 to the platform平台.
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他試過每一條途徑最後才到達有點燈的平臺。
15:18
So he's not using運用 vision視力 to do it.
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由此可知,它不是用視力來游出迷宮。
15:20
These different不同 mice老鼠 are different不同 mutations突變
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這些不同的老鼠經由不同的突變而失明,
15:22
that recapitulate概括 different不同 kinds of blindness失明 that affect影響 humans人類.
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每隻老鼠各代表人類失明的不同種原因.
15:25
And so we're being存在 careful小心 in trying to look at these different不同 models楷模
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所以我們小心試圖尋找在這些不同的失明模型中
15:28
so we come up with a generalized一般性 approach途徑.
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一個通用的方法去解決失明問題。
15:30
So how are we going to solve解決 this?
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那麼我們該如何去執行呢?
15:32
We're going to do exactly究竟 what we outlined概述 in the previous以前 slide滑動.
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我們要照著前一張幻燈片所展示的藍圖一樣去做。
15:34
We're going to take these blue藍色 light photosensors光電傳感器
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我們要將這些對藍光感光的蛋白質
15:36
and install安裝 them on a layer of cells細胞
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安裝在眼球最後面的視網膜
15:38
in the middle中間 of the retina視網膜 in the back of the eye
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的其中一層細胞上面,
15:41
and convert兌換 them into a camera相機 --
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並將其轉換成一台照相機。
15:43
just like installing安裝 solar太陽能 cells細胞 all over those neurons神經元
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就像將太陽能電池佈滿在這些神經元上,
15:45
to make them light sensitive敏感.
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使它們對光敏感。
15:47
Light is converted轉換 to electricity電力 on them.
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讓這些細胞將光能轉換為電能。
15:49
So this mouse老鼠 was blind a couple一對 weeks before this experiment實驗
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所以即使這隻老鼠在此實驗前幾個星期就瞎了,
15:52
and received收到 one dose劑量 of this photosensitive感光性的 molecule分子 in a virus病毒.
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只接受過一次病毒攜帶的感光分子的治療。
15:55
And now you can see, the animal動物 can indeed確實 avoid避免 walls牆壁
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現在你可以看到,老鼠能避過牆
15:57
and go to this little platform平台
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找到有亮光的小平臺,
15:59
and make cognitive認知 use of its eyes眼睛 again.
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再一次的使用牠的視覺訊息。
16:02
And to point out the power功率 of this:
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為了顯現出這實驗的功力:
16:04
these animals動物 are able能夠 to get to that platform平台
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這些動物游出迷宮的速度還跟
16:06
just as fast快速 as animals動物 that have seen看到 their entire整個 lives生活.
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沒瞎的動物一樣快。
16:08
So this pre-clinical臨床前研究 study研究, I think,
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雖然這是臨床前研究,
16:10
bodes好兆頭 hope希望 for the kinds of things
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但我相信這是個好預兆
16:12
we're hoping希望 to do in the future未來.
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我們希望未來能成功應用到人體上。
16:14
To close, I want to point out that we're also exploring探索
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最後,我要指出的是我們正發展的一種
16:17
new business商業 models楷模 for this new field領域 of neurotechnology神網.
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新的商業模式,雖然這神經科學的技術
16:19
We're developing發展 these tools工具,
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是我們研發的,
16:21
but we share分享 them freely自如 with hundreds數以百計 of groups all over the world世界,
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但我們願意讓世界各地的不同組織自由分享這技術,
16:23
so people can study研究 and try to treat對待 different不同 disorders障礙.
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這樣更多人可以深入研究並有機會造福治療各種不同疾病。
16:25
And our hope希望 is that, by figuring盤算 out brain circuits電路
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我們的希望是:經由瞭解大腦的電路系統,再借助
16:28
at a level水平 of abstraction抽象化 that lets讓我們 us repair修理 them and engineer工程師 them,
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精簡化來修復和建構神經網絡,
16:31
we can take some of these intractable棘手 disorders障礙 that I told you about earlier,
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讓那些我先前提到的一些棘手的疑難雜症,
16:34
practically幾乎 none沒有 of which哪一個 are cured治愈,
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這些在21世紀幾乎無法治愈的疾病,
16:36
and in the 21stST century世紀 make them history歷史.
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從此被存封在歷史印記中。
16:38
Thank you.
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謝謝。
16:40
(Applause掌聲)
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(鼓掌)
16:53
Juan胡安 Enriquez恩里克斯: So some of the stuff東東 is a little dense稠密.
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Juan Enriquez:您的演講有些部份有一點深奧。
16:56
(Laughter笑聲)
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(眾笑)
16:58
But the implications啟示
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但重點是
17:00
of being存在 able能夠 to control控制 seizures癲癇發作 or epilepsy癲癇
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能夠利用光來控制痙癵或癲癇發作,
17:03
with light instead代替 of drugs毒品,
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而不是用傳統的藥物控制,
17:05
and being存在 able能夠 to target目標 those specifically特別
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並且能夠精確找到標靶位(對症下光)
17:08
is a first step.
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是第一步
17:10
The second第二 thing that I think I heard聽說 you say
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第二件事是我想我聽到您說
17:12
is you can now control控制 the brain in two colors顏色,
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您現在已經可以用兩種顏色的光來控制大腦
17:15
like an on/off switch開關.
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像電燈開關一樣。
17:17
Ed埃德 Boyden博伊登: That's right.
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Ed Boyden:沒錯!
17:19
JEJE: Which哪一個 makes品牌 every一切 impulse衝動 going through通過 the brain a binary二進制 code.
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JE:也就是刺激大腦的訊號已進階至二進制代碼。
17:22
EBEB: Right, yeah.
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EB:對,沒錯。
17:24
So with blue藍色 light, we can drive駕駛 information信息, and it's in the form形成 of a one.
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當藍光亮時,我們可以驅動神經元傳播信號,所以可被認為是"1"。
17:27
And by turning車削 things off, it's more or less a zero.
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如果燈光黯淡時,大致可把它歸類為"0"。
17:29
So our hope希望 is to eventually終於 build建立 brain coprocessors協處理器
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我們最終的希望是想建立大腦輔助處理器
17:31
that work with the brain
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來幫大腦工作,
17:33
so we can augment增加 functions功能 in people with disabilities殘疾人.
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所以我們可以增加其功能來幫助殘疾人士。
17:36
JEJE: And in theory理論, that means手段 that,
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JE:這意味著在理論上,
17:38
as a mouse老鼠 feels感覺, smells氣味,
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不管是任何有關老鼠的的感覺,嗅覺,
17:40
hears就听, touches觸摸,
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聽覺,觸覺,
17:42
you can model模型 it out as a string of ones那些 and zeros.
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你可以模擬出來一連串的"1"和 "0"。
17:45
EBEB: Sure, yeah. We're hoping希望 to use this as a way of testing測試
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EB:當然,是的。我們希望借此方式,
17:47
what neural神經 codes代碼 can drive駕駛 certain某些 behaviors行為
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去測試瞭解是什麼神經代碼可以驅動某些行為,
17:49
and certain某些 thoughts思念 and certain某些 feelings情懷,
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某些想法和某些感受,
17:51
and use that to understand理解 more about the brain.
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並利用它進一步來瞭解大腦。
17:54
JEJE: Does that mean that some day you could download下載 memories回憶
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JE:這是否意味著有一天,你可以下載回憶,
17:57
and maybe upload上載 them?
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也許也可再上傳回去大腦嗎?
17:59
EBEB: Well that's something we're starting開始 to work on very hard.
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EB:這件事情我們已經開始了,
18:01
We're now working加工 on some work
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目前正朝幾個方面努力中,
18:03
where we're trying to tile the brain with recording記錄 elements分子 too.
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我們也正在嘗試在大腦每個角落安置記錄器。
18:05
So we can record記錄 information信息 and then drive駕駛 information信息 back in --
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因此,我們可以收錄大腦信息,然後驅動信息返回大腦-
18:08
sort分類 of computing計算 what the brain needs需求
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來計算什麼是大腦所須要的,
18:10
in order訂購 to augment增加 its information信息 processing處理.
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以便來增強其信息處理。
18:12
JEJE: Well, that might威力 change更改 a couple一對 things. Thank you. (EBEB: Thank you.)
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JE:嗯,這可能會對我們的世界有所改變或影響。謝謝。 (EB:謝謝。)
18:15
(Applause掌聲)
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(鼓掌)
Translated by Inder Peng(彭)
Reviewed by Shirley Hsieh

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Ed Boyden - Neuroengineer
Ed Boyden is a professor of biological engineering and brain and cognitive sciences at the MIT Media Lab and the MIT McGovern Institute.

Why you should listen

Ed Boyden leads the Synthetic Neurobiology Group, which develops tools for analyzing and repairing complex biological systems such as the brain. His group applies these tools in a systematic way in order to reveal ground truth scientific understandings of biological systems, which in turn reveal radical new approaches for curing diseases and repairing disabilities. These technologies include expansion microscopy, which enables complex biological systems to be imaged with nanoscale precision, and optogenetic tools, which enable the activation and silencing of neural activity with light (TED Talk: A light switch for neurons). Boyden also co-directs the MIT Center for Neurobiological Engineering, which aims to develop new tools to accelerate neuroscience progress.

Amongst other recognitions, Boyden has received the Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences (2016), the BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award (2015), the Carnegie Prize in Mind and Brain Sciences (2015), the Jacob Heskel Gabbay Award (2013), the Grete Lundbeck Brain Prize (2013) and the NIH Director's Pioneer Award (2013). He was also named to the World Economic Forum Young Scientist list (2013) and the Technology Review World's "Top 35 Innovators under Age 35" list (2006). His group has hosted hundreds of visitors to learn how to use new biotechnologies and spun out several companies to bring inventions out of his lab and into the world. Boyden received his Ph.D. in neurosciences from Stanford University as a Hertz Fellow, where he discovered that the molecular mechanisms used to store a memory are determined by the content to be learned. Before that, he received three degrees in electrical engineering, computer science and physics from MIT. He has contributed to over 300 peer-reviewed papers, current or pending patents and articles, and he has given over 300 invited talks on his group's work.

More profile about the speaker
Ed Boyden | Speaker | TED.com