TED@Westpac
Vikram Sharma: How quantum physics can make encryption stronger
維克蘭沙馬: 量子物理如何強化加密
Filmed:
Readability: 5.6
1,181,090 views
越來越成熟的量子計算技術將會難以想像地提升計算的能力，而我們用來保護資料（以及民主過程）的系統就會變得更加脆弱。加密專家維克蘭沙馬認為我們仍有時間規劃如何抵禦迫在眉睫的資料世界末日。來了解他如何用量子對抗量子，設計出安全的裝置和程式，用量子物理的力量抵禦最精密的攻擊。
Vikram Sharma - Encryption expert
Vikram Sharma uses quantum technology to strengthen cryptographic key management and encryption. Full bio
Vikram Sharma uses quantum technology to strengthen cryptographic key management and encryption. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
Recently, we've seen the effects
of cyber attacks on the business world.
of cyber attacks on the business world.
0
817
4404
近期，我們看到了網路攻擊
對商業世界的影響。
對商業世界的影響。
00:17
Data breaches at companies like JP Morgan,
Yahoo, Home Depot and Target
Yahoo, Home Depot and Target
1
5245
5411
摩根大通、雅虎、家得寶，
以及目標百貨都遇到了資料外洩，
以及目標百貨都遇到了資料外洩，
00:22
have caused losses of hundreds of millions
2
10680
2691
導致數億美元的損失，
00:25
and in some cases, billions of dollars.
3
13395
2847
在一些案例中，甚至是數十億美元。
00:28
It wouldn't take many large attacks
to ravage the world economy.
to ravage the world economy.
4
16792
3701
不用太多次大型攻擊
就足以毀滅世界經濟。
就足以毀滅世界經濟。
00:33
And the public sector
has not been immune, either.
has not been immune, either.
5
21229
3150
而公部門也無法倖免。
00:36
In 2012 to 2014,
6
24706
3768
2012 年到 2014 年，
00:40
there was a significant data breach
at the US Office of Personnel Management.
at the US Office of Personnel Management.
7
28498
4279
美國人事管理辦公室
發生嚴重的資料外洩。
發生嚴重的資料外洩。
00:45
Security clearance
and fingerprint data was compromised,
and fingerprint data was compromised,
8
33157
3430
危及到安全許可和指紋資料，
00:48
affecting 22 million employees.
9
36611
4204
影響到 2200 萬員工。
00:53
And you may have heard of the attempt
by state-sponsored hackers
by state-sponsored hackers
10
41561
4103
你們可能也聽過，有國家贊助的駭客
00:57
to use stolen data to influence election
outcomes in a number of countries.
outcomes in a number of countries.
11
45688
5558
用偷來的資料來影響選舉結果，
在好幾個國家都發生過。
在好幾個國家都發生過。
01:03
Two recent examples are
the compromise of a large amount of data
the compromise of a large amount of data
12
51624
3619
兩個近期的例子
危及大量的德國聯邦議院資料
01:07
from the Bundestag,
the national Parliament of Germany,
the national Parliament of Germany,
13
55267
3310
01:10
and the theft of emails from the US
Democratic National Committee.
Democratic National Committee.
14
58601
4733
和遭竊的美國民主黨
全國委員會電子郵件。
全國委員會電子郵件。
01:16
The cyber threat is now affecting
our democratic processes.
our democratic processes.
15
64807
4287
網路的威脅現在
影響了我們的民主過程。
影響了我們的民主過程。
01:21
And it's likely to get worse.
16
69712
1933
且很有可能會繼續惡化。
01:24
As computer technology
is becoming more powerful,
is becoming more powerful,
17
72141
3738
隨著電腦科技變得更強大，
01:27
the systems we use to protect our data
are becoming more vulnerable.
are becoming more vulnerable.
18
75903
4158
我們用來保護資料的
系統變得更脆弱。
系統變得更脆弱。
01:33
Adding to the concern
is a new type of computing technology,
is a new type of computing technology,
19
81093
3548
要擔心的還不只如此，
有一種新的運算技術叫量子運算，
01:36
called quantum computing,
20
84665
1991
01:38
which leverages microscopic
properties of nature
properties of nature
21
86680
2953
利用大自然的微觀特性，
01:41
to deliver unimaginable increases
in computational power.
in computational power.
22
89657
3909
得以無法想像地增大運算能力。
01:46
It's so powerful that it will crack
many of the encryption systems
many of the encryption systems
23
94069
4413
它強大到可以破解
我們現今使用的許多加密系統。
01:50
that we use today.
24
98506
1200
01:52
So is the situation hopeless?
25
100625
2230
所以，沒有希望了嗎？
01:55
Should we start packing
our digital survival gear
our digital survival gear
26
103228
2857
我們應該開始打包數位生存用具，
01:58
and prepare for an upcoming
data apocalypse?
data apocalypse?
27
106109
3000
準備面對即將到來的
資料世界末日嗎？
資料世界末日嗎？
02:02
I would say, not yet.
28
110283
1658
我會說，時候未到。
02:04
Quantum computing is still in the labs,
29
112489
1922
量子運算仍然在實驗階段，
02:06
and it will take a few years
until it's put to practical applications.
until it's put to practical applications.
30
114435
3490
還要幾年才能實際應用。
02:10
More important,
31
118347
1206
更重要的，
02:11
there have been major breakthroughs
in the field of encryption.
in the field of encryption.
32
119577
3486
在加密領域已經有了重大突破。
02:15
For me, this is
a particularly exciting time
a particularly exciting time
33
123497
3001
對我來說，這是安全通訊史上
02:18
in the history of secure communications.
34
126522
2667
特別讓人振奮的時刻。
02:21
About 15 years ago,
35
129759
1429
大約十五年前，
02:23
when I learned of our new-found ability
36
131212
2326
我學到了我們新發現的能力：
02:25
to create quantum effects
that don't exist in nature,
that don't exist in nature,
37
133562
3785
創造出自然中不存在的量子效應，
02:29
I was excited.
38
137371
1419
當時我好興奮。
02:30
The idea of applying
the fundamental laws of physics
the fundamental laws of physics
39
138814
3287
應用物理的基礎定律
02:34
to make encryption stronger
40
142125
1731
來強化加密的想法，
02:35
really intrigued me.
41
143880
1427
的確激起我的興趣。
02:38
Today, a select groups of companies
and labs around the world, including mine,
and labs around the world, including mine,
42
146069
6191
現今世界各地幾個精選的公司
和實驗室，包括我的在內，
和實驗室，包括我的在內，
02:44
are maturing this technology
for practical applications.
for practical applications.
43
152284
3606
在使這項技術變成熟，
以做實際應用。
以做實際應用。
02:48
That's right.
44
156260
1151
沒錯。
02:49
We are now preparing
to fight quantum with quantum.
to fight quantum with quantum.
45
157435
3467
我們正準備用量子來對抗量子。
02:53
So how does this all work?
46
161719
1881
這是怎麼運作的？
02:55
Well, first, let's take a quick tour
of the world of encryption.
of the world of encryption.
47
163624
3611
首先讓我們快速瀏覽加密的世界。
02:59
For that, you'll need a briefcase,
48
167259
2047
你需要一個公事包，
03:01
some important documents that you want
to send your friend, James Bond,
to send your friend, James Bond,
49
169330
3991
要寄一些重要的文件
給朋友詹姆士龐德，
給朋友詹姆士龐德，
03:05
and a lock to keep it all safe.
50
173345
2067
還要一個鎖來確保安全。
03:08
Because the documents are top secret,
we're going to use an advanced briefcase.
we're going to use an advanced briefcase.
51
176122
5175
因為這是最高機密文件，
我們要用進階的公事包。
我們要用進階的公事包。
03:13
It has a special combination lock
52
181321
2064
它有個特殊的密碼鎖，
03:15
which, when closed,
53
183409
1565
當鎖上時，
03:16
converts all the text
in the documents to random numbers.
in the documents to random numbers.
54
184998
3412
會把文件中所有的文字
轉換成隨機數字。
轉換成隨機數字。
03:20
So you put your documents inside,
close the lock --
close the lock --
55
188434
3716
把文件放進去，上鎖，
03:24
at which point in time the documents
get converted to random numbers --
get converted to random numbers --
56
192174
3482
這時文件就會被轉為隨機數字，
03:27
and you send the briefcase to James.
57
195680
2400
然後你就把公事包寄給詹姆士。
03:30
While it's on its way,
you call him to give him the code.
you call him to give him the code.
58
198736
3230
當公事包在運送路上時，
你打電話給他，把密碼給他。
你打電話給他，把密碼給他。
03:34
When he gets the briefcase,
he enters the code,
he enters the code,
59
202387
2936
當他收到公事包時，他輸入密碼，
03:37
the documents get unscrambled, and voilà,
60
205347
2984
文件被還原，然後，看哪，
03:40
you've just sent
an encoded message to James Bond.
an encoded message to James Bond.
61
208355
3849
你剛剛已經把加密訊息
傳給詹姆士龐德了。
傳給詹姆士龐德了。
03:44
(Laughter)
62
212228
1055
（笑聲）
03:45
A fun example, but it does illustrate
three things important for encryption.
three things important for encryption.
63
213966
4490
這是個有趣的例子，但它確實
描述出了加密的三項重點。
描述出了加密的三項重點。
03:50
The code -- we call this
an encryption key.
an encryption key.
64
218776
2841
密碼──我們稱之為「加密金鑰」。
03:53
You can think of it as a password.
65
221641
2102
你可以把它想像成密碼。
03:56
The call to James to give him
the code for the combination lock.
the code for the combination lock.
66
224093
4849
打電話給詹姆士龐德，
給他密碼鎖的密碼。
給他密碼鎖的密碼。
04:00
We call this key exchange.
67
228966
2031
我們稱之為「金鑰交換」。
04:03
This is how you ensure
68
231442
1493
這就是你如何確保
04:04
you get the encryption key
securely to the right place.
securely to the right place.
69
232959
3769
你安全地把加密金鑰送到對的地方。
04:09
And the lock, which encodes
and decodes the document.
and decodes the document.
70
237164
3699
還有鎖，它能將文件編碼和解碼。
04:12
We call this an encryption algorithm.
71
240887
2619
成為「加密演算法」。
04:15
Using the key, it encodes
the text in the documents
the text in the documents
72
243530
4968
用金鑰，就能把文件中的文字編碼
04:20
to random numbers.
73
248522
1396
成為隨機數字。
04:21
A good algorithm will encode in such a way
74
249942
2762
如果用好的演算法來編碼，
04:24
that without the key
it's very difficult to unscramble.
it's very difficult to unscramble.
75
252728
3733
沒有金鑰就會非常難
將文件恢復原狀。
將文件恢復原狀。
04:29
What makes encryption so important
76
257529
1993
加密之所以這麼重要，
04:31
is that if someone were to capture
the briefcase and cut it open
the briefcase and cut it open
77
259546
3736
是因為如果有人劫了
公事包並把它割開，
公事包並把它割開，
04:35
without the encryption key
and the encryption algorithm,
and the encryption algorithm,
78
263306
3262
沒有加密金鑰和加密演算法，
04:38
they wouldn't be able
to read the documents.
to read the documents.
79
266592
2516
他們無法閱讀文件的內容。
04:41
They would look like nothing more
than a bunch of random numbers.
than a bunch of random numbers.
80
269132
4150
文件看起來就只是
一堆隨機數字而已。
一堆隨機數字而已。
04:46
Most security systems rely
on a secure method for key exchange
on a secure method for key exchange
81
274575
4849
大部分的保安系統都依靠
一種安全方法來交換金鑰，
一種安全方法來交換金鑰，
04:51
to communicate the encryption key
to the right place.
to the right place.
82
279448
4467
把加密金鑰送去對的地方。
04:56
However, rapid increases
in computational power
in computational power
83
284862
2976
然而，運算能力快速增加，
04:59
are putting at risk a number
of the key exchange methods we have today.
of the key exchange methods we have today.
84
287862
4365
讓我們現今會用的幾種
金鑰交換方法變得有風險。
金鑰交換方法變得有風險。
05:04
Consider one of the very
widely used systems today -- RSA.
widely used systems today -- RSA.
85
292776
4460
試想一種現今
廣為使用的系統 RSA。
廣為使用的系統 RSA。
05:09
When it was invented, in 1977,
86
297855
3301
它在 1977 年被發明出來，
05:13
it was estimated that it would take
40 quadrillion years
40 quadrillion years
87
301180
4500
當時估計需花上 40 萬億年
（1000 的五次方）
（1000 的五次方）
05:17
to break a 426-bit RSA key.
88
305704
3536
才能破解 426 位元的 RSA 金鑰。
05:22
In 1994, just 17 years later,
89
310006
4333
1994 年，即 17 年後，
05:26
the code was broken.
90
314363
1531
該密碼被破解了。
05:29
As computers have become
more and more powerful,
more and more powerful,
91
317355
2571
隨著電腦變得越來越強大，
05:31
we've had to use larger and larger codes.
92
319950
2667
我們要用的密碼也越來越長。
05:35
Today we routinely use 2048 or 4096 bits.
93
323117
5998
現今，我們通常使用到
2048 或 4096 位元。
2048 或 4096 位元。
05:41
As you can see, code makers and breakers
are engaged in an ongoing battle
are engaged in an ongoing battle
94
329831
5031
如你們所見，製作密碼的人
和破解密碼的人在進行一場戰爭，
和破解密碼的人在進行一場戰爭，
05:46
to outwit each other.
95
334886
1794
要以智取勝。
05:50
And when quantum computers arrive
in the next 10 to 15 years,
in the next 10 to 15 years,
96
338553
4096
當量子電腦在接下來的
十到十五年間問世時，
十到十五年間問世時，
05:54
they will even more rapidly
crack the complex mathematics
crack the complex mathematics
97
342673
4186
它們會用更快的速度
破解現今許多加密系統
背後的複雜數學。
背後的複雜數學。
05:58
that underlies many
of our encryption systems today.
of our encryption systems today.
98
346883
3690
06:03
Indeed, the quantum computer is likely
to turn our present security castle
to turn our present security castle
99
351034
5408
的確，量子電腦有可能
把我們目前的安全城堡
把我們目前的安全城堡
06:08
into a mere house of cards.
100
356466
2587
轉變成紙牌屋。
06:12
We have to find a way
to defend our castle.
to defend our castle.
101
360815
3500
我們得要找出一種方式
來防守我們的城堡。
來防守我們的城堡。
06:17
There's been a growing
body of research in recent years
body of research in recent years
102
365474
2603
近年來，越來越多研究
06:20
looking at using quantum effects
to make encryption stronger.
to make encryption stronger.
103
368101
3221
在探究如何用量子效應來加強加密，
06:23
And there have been
some exciting breakthroughs.
some exciting breakthroughs.
104
371760
3267
並且已有些讓人興奮的突破。
06:27
Remember those three things
important for encryption --
important for encryption --
105
375474
2929
記得加密的那三項重點嗎？
06:30
high-quality keys, secure key exchange
and a strong algorithm?
and a strong algorithm?
106
378427
4893
高品質金鑰、安全的金鑰交換，
以及強大的演算法。
以及強大的演算法。
06:35
Well, advances in science and engineering
107
383831
2667
科學和工程的進步，
06:38
are putting two of those
three elements at risk.
three elements at risk.
108
386522
3237
讓三項中的兩項都遭受到風險。
06:42
First of all, those keys.
109
390450
1865
首先，那些金鑰。
06:45
Random numbers are the foundational
building blocks of encryption keys.
building blocks of encryption keys.
110
393006
4230
隨機數字是加密金鑰的基礎建材。
06:49
But today, they're not truly random.
111
397260
2579
但現今，它們不是真正隨機的。
06:52
Currently, we construct encryption keys
112
400641
2738
目前，我們建立加密金鑰時，
06:55
from sequences of random numbers
generated from software,
generated from software,
113
403403
3809
用的是軟體所產生出來的
一系列隨機數字，
一系列隨機數字，
06:59
so-called pseudo-random numbers.
114
407236
2563
它們是所謂的偽隨機數字。
07:02
Numbers generated by a program
or a mathematical recipe
or a mathematical recipe
115
410712
3317
用程式或是數學方法
所產生出來的數字，
所產生出來的數字，
07:06
will have some, perhaps subtle,
pattern to them.
pattern to them.
116
414053
3761
會有一些也許很難捉摸的模式存在。
07:10
The less random the numbers are,
117
418784
1552
數字越不隨機，
07:12
or in scientific terms,
the less entropy they contain,
the less entropy they contain,
118
420360
3344
或用科學的說法，
它們所含的熵越少，
它們所含的熵越少，
07:15
the easier they are to predict.
119
423728
2067
就越容易被預測。
07:18
Recently, several casinos
have been victims of a creative attack.
have been victims of a creative attack.
120
426917
3922
近期，許多賭場就成了
一項創意攻擊的受害者。
一項創意攻擊的受害者。
07:22
The output of slot machines
was recorded over a period of time
was recorded over a period of time
121
430863
4349
有人針對吃角子老虎機的輸出值
做了一段時間的記錄，
做了一段時間的記錄，
07:27
and then analyzed.
122
435236
1357
接著做分析。
07:28
This allowed the cyber criminals
123
436982
1968
這讓網路罪犯得以
07:30
to reverse engineer
the pseudo-random number generator
the pseudo-random number generator
124
438974
3667
逆向製造出轉輪背後的
偽隨機數字產生器。
07:34
behind the spinning wheels.
125
442665
1999
07:36
And allowed them, with high accuracy,
to predict the spins of the wheels,
to predict the spins of the wheels,
126
444688
5307
讓他們能預測轉輪的結果，
且正確率很高，
且正確率很高，
07:42
enabling them to make big financial gains.
127
450019
3467
就能從中大撈一筆。
07:47
Similar risks apply to encryption keys.
128
455122
3158
加密金鑰也有類似的風險。
07:50
So having a true random number generator
is essential for secure encryption.
is essential for secure encryption.
129
458815
5160
對安全加密而言，產生出
真正的隨機數字是很重要的。
真正的隨機數字是很重要的。
07:57
For years, researchers have been looking
at building true random number generators.
at building true random number generators.
130
465815
5254
多年來，研究者一直在研究
真實隨機數字的產生器。
真實隨機數字的產生器。
08:03
But most designs to date
are either not random enough,
are either not random enough,
131
471093
3373
但現今大部分的設計
若不是不夠隨機、不夠快，
若不是不夠隨機、不夠快，
08:06
fast enough or aren't easily repeatable.
132
474490
2733
就是不容易重覆。
08:10
But the quantum world is truly random.
133
478053
3151
但量子世界是真正隨機的。
08:13
So it makes sense to take advantage
of this intrinsic randomness.
of this intrinsic randomness.
134
481546
4991
利用這種天生的隨機性
是合理的做法。
是合理的做法。
08:20
Devices that can measure quantum effects
135
488165
1912
能夠測量量子效應的裝置
08:22
can produce an endless stream
of random numbers at high speed.
of random numbers at high speed.
136
490101
3930
能快速產生出無限多的隨機數字。
08:26
Foiling all those
would-be casino criminals.
would-be casino criminals.
137
494421
3000
讓那些想成為賭場罪犯的人受挫。
08:30
A select group of universities
and companies around the world
and companies around the world
138
498485
3577
全世界一些被選中的大學和公司
08:34
are focused on building
true random number generators.
true random number generators.
139
502086
3422
正專注發展真正的隨機數字產生器。
08:37
At my company, our quantum
random number generator
random number generator
140
505895
3658
在我的公司，我們的
量子隨機數字產生器
量子隨機數字產生器
08:41
started life on a two meter
by one meter optic table.
by one meter optic table.
141
509577
3787
誕生在一張 2 公尺長
1 公尺寬的光學桌子上。
1 公尺寬的光學桌子上。
08:46
We were then able to reduce it
to a server-size box.
to a server-size box.
142
514085
3804
後來我們想辦法將它縮小為
伺服器大小的盒子。
伺服器大小的盒子。
08:50
Today, it's miniaturized into a PCI card
that plugs into a standard computer.
that plugs into a standard computer.
143
518736
5772
現今它已微型化至 PCI 擴充卡中，
可以插入標準電腦。
可以插入標準電腦。
08:59
This is the world's fastest
true random number generator.
true random number generator.
144
527482
4134
這是世界上最快速的
真實隨機數字產生器。
真實隨機數字產生器。
09:04
It measures quantum effects to produce
a billion random numbers per second.
a billion random numbers per second.
145
532053
5073
它會測量量子效應，每秒鐘
產生出十億個隨機數字。
產生出十億個隨機數字。
09:09
And it's in use today to improve security
146
537877
3349
現今它被用來改善安全性，
09:13
at cloud providers, banks
and government agencies
and government agencies
147
541250
3674
使用者包括全世界的
雲端服務提供者、銀行，
雲端服務提供者、銀行，
09:16
around the world.
148
544948
1150
及政府機關。
09:18
(Applause)
149
546788
6928
（掌聲）
09:27
But even with a true
random number generator,
random number generator,
150
555319
2568
但即使有了真實隨機數字產生器，
09:29
we've still got the second
big cyber threat:
big cyber threat:
151
557911
2896
我們還要面對第二大的網路威脅：
09:32
the problem of secure key exchange.
152
560831
2682
安全金鑰交換的問題。
09:36
Current key exchange techniques
will not stand up to a quantum computer.
will not stand up to a quantum computer.
153
564315
4552
目前的金鑰交換技術
對付不了量子電腦。
對付不了量子電腦。
09:41
The quantum solution to this problem
154
569865
1929
這個問題的量子解決方案
09:43
is called quantum key distribution or QKD,
155
571818
3700
叫做量子金鑰傳輸，簡稱 QKD，
09:47
which leverages a fundamental,
counterintuitive characteristic
counterintuitive characteristic
156
575893
4335
它能充份發揮量子力學中
違背直覺的基礎特性：
09:52
of quantum mechanics.
157
580252
1400
09:54
The very act of looking
at a quantum particle changes it.
at a quantum particle changes it.
158
582077
4907
探究量子粒子的動作會招來改變。
10:00
Let me give you an example
of how this works.
of how this works.
159
588173
2319
讓我舉例說明這是怎麼運作的。
10:02
Consider again exchanging the code
for the lock with James Bond.
for the lock with James Bond.
160
590927
4707
再次想像和詹姆士龐德交換鎖的密碼。
10:07
Except this time, instead of a call
to give James the code,
to give James the code,
161
595974
4158
不過這一次，不是打電話
給詹姆士去告訴他密碼，
給詹姆士去告訴他密碼，
10:12
we're going to use quantum effects
on a laser to carry the code
on a laser to carry the code
162
600156
4048
我們要用雷射的量子效應
來攜帶這個密碼，
來攜帶這個密碼，
10:16
and send it over standard
optic fiber to James.
optic fiber to James.
163
604228
3909
然後用標準光纖將密碼傳給詹姆士。
10:20
We assume that Dr. No
is trying to hack the exchange.
is trying to hack the exchange.
164
608774
4349
我們假設諾博士打算要駭入這項交換。
10:26
Luckily, Dr. No's attempt to intercept
the quantum keys while in transit
the quantum keys while in transit
165
614530
5243
幸運的是，在諾博士試圖攔截
量子金鑰傳輸的時候，
量子金鑰傳輸的時候，
10:31
will leave fingerprints
that James and you can detect.
that James and you can detect.
166
619797
3666
會留下指紋，讓詹姆士
和你可以偵測得到。
和你可以偵測得到。
10:36
This allows those intercepted keys
to be discarded.
to be discarded.
167
624043
3468
這麼一來，就可以
廢除被攔劫的金鑰。
廢除被攔劫的金鑰。
10:40
The keys which are then retained
168
628026
1757
而留下來的金鑰，
10:41
can be used to provide
very strong data protection.
very strong data protection.
169
629807
3345
就能被用來提供非常強的資料保護。
10:45
And because the security is based
on the fundamental laws of physics,
on the fundamental laws of physics,
170
633815
4286
因為安全性的基礎是物理的基礎定律，
10:50
a quantum computer, or indeed
any future supercomputer
any future supercomputer
171
638125
4063
量子電腦，或是任何未來的超級電腦，
10:54
will not be able to break it.
172
642212
1934
都無法破解它。
10:56
My team and I are collaborating
with leading universities
with leading universities
173
644768
2936
我和團隊與頂尖大學
10:59
and the defense sector
174
647728
1294
以及國防部門合作，
11:01
to mature this exciting technology
175
649046
2436
使這項讓人興奮的技術能更成熟，
11:03
into the next generation
of security products.
of security products.
176
651506
3133
成為下一代的安全產品。
11:07
The internet of things
is heralding a hyperconnected era
is heralding a hyperconnected era
177
655895
5738
物聯網預示了超連結時代的來臨，
11:13
with 25 to 30 billion
connected devices forecast by 2020.
connected devices forecast by 2020.
178
661657
6118
預測到 2020 年會有
250~300 億個連結的裝置。
250~300 億個連結的裝置。
11:20
For the correct functioning
of our society in an IoT world,
of our society in an IoT world,
179
668569
5111
要在物聯網的世界裡
讓社會能正確地運作，
讓社會能正確地運作，
11:25
trust in the systems that support
these connected devices is vital.
these connected devices is vital.
180
673704
4828
對於這些連接設備的
支撐系統之信任至關重要。
支撐系統之信任至關重要。
11:31
We're betting that quantum technologies
will be essential in providing this trust,
will be essential in providing this trust,
181
679704
4823
我們押寶量子技術
將會是提供這種信任的關鍵，
將會是提供這種信任的關鍵，
11:36
enabling us to fully benefit
from the amazing innovations
from the amazing innovations
182
684887
4559
能使我們能充分受益於
豐富我們生活的驚人創新。
11:41
that are going to so enrich our lives.
183
689470
2898
11:46
Thank you.
184
694046
1150
謝謝。
11:47
(Applause)
185
695220
4930
（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Vikram Sharma - Encryption expertVikram Sharma uses quantum technology to strengthen cryptographic key management and encryption.
Why you should listen
Vikram Sharma is the founder and CEO of Canberra- based QuintessenceLabs, or Q-Labs, which uses quantum technology to strengthen cryptographic key management and encryption, an urgent need in this era of increasingly sophisticated cyberattacks. One of Westpac’s high-potential Businesses of Tomorrow, Q-Labs uses the world’s fastest random-number generator to create the strongest possible encryption keys, and integrates them into advanced key management and encryption capabilities, protecting banks, governments, and other security-aware enterprises around the globe.
Previously, Sharma founded two successful information-technology start-ups. He holds a Master of Science in Computer Science and a Doctorate in Quantum Physics from ANU, as well as a Master of Science in Management (Sloan Fellow) from Stanford University. He received the Pearcey State Award for Entrepreneurship in 2013.
Vikram Sharma | Speaker | TED.com