TEDMED 2016
Jennifer Pluznick: You smell with your body, not just your nose
詹妮弗．普魯兹尼克: 你的身體也可以聞到氣味，不僅僅是你的鼻子
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你的腎能聞到氣味嗎？事實上，在你的腎和鼻子裡有完全相同的嗅覺接收器，甚至在一些意想不到的地方也有，例如你的肌肉，腎和你的肺。 在這個短小簡潔的演講中，生理學家詹妮弗．普魯兹尼克給大家講解為什麽嗅覺接收器在你的身體裡，和它們的功能是什麼。
Jennifer Pluznick - Physiologist
Jennifer Pluznick is on a mission to find out more about olfactory and other sensory receptors. Full bio
Jennifer Pluznick is on a mission to find out more about olfactory and other sensory receptors. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
Here's a question for you:
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我要問你們一個問題：
00:15
how many different scents
do you think you can smell,
do you think you can smell,
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你們知道你可以聞到多少種氣味？
00:18
and maybe even identify with accuracy?
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甚至精確地辨識出來?
00:22
100?
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100 種？
00:24
300?
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1200
300 種？
00:27
1,000?
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1000 種？
一個研究估算，人類可以分辨出
高達一兆種不同氣味。
高達一兆種不同氣味。
00:30
One study estimates that humans can
detect up to one trillion different odors.
detect up to one trillion different odors.
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00:36
A trillion.
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一兆種。
00:37
It's hard to imagine,
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這個數字很難想像，
00:39
but your nose has the molecular
machinery to make it happen.
machinery to make it happen.
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但鼻子所具有的分子機制
能夠使之成爲現實。
能夠使之成爲現實。
00:44
Olfactory receptors --
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嗅覺接受器──
00:46
tiny scent detectors --
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微小的氣味探測器──
00:48
are packed into your nose,
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都聚集在你的鼻子裡，
00:50
each one patiently waiting
to be activated by the odor,
to be activated by the odor,
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每一個都耐心等待著氣味來激活它，
00:54
or ligand,
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也就是被配體激活，
00:55
that it's been assigned to detect.
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被指定來檢測。
00:58
It turns out we humans,
like all vertebrates,
like all vertebrates,
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事實上我們人類
和所有脊椎動物一樣，
和所有脊椎動物一樣，
01:01
have lots of olfactory receptors.
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有很多嗅覺接受器。
01:04
In fact, more of our DNA is devoted
to genes for different olfactory receptors
to genes for different olfactory receptors
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事實上，我們的 DNA 中被用來表達
不同的嗅覺接受器的基因數量，
不同的嗅覺接受器的基因數量，
01:11
than for any other type of protein.
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多於任何其他的蛋白質結構。
01:15
Why is that?
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為什麽會這樣呢？
01:17
Could olfactory receptors
be doing something else
be doing something else
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難道嗅覺接受器還有別種用途，
01:20
in addition to allowing us to smell?
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除了讓我們聞到東西？
01:25
In 1991, Linda Buck and Richard Axel
uncovered the molecular identity
uncovered the molecular identity
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1991 年琳達．巴克
和理察．阿克塞爾發現了
和理察．阿克塞爾發現了
嗅覺接受器的分子識別機制。
01:30
of olfactory receptors --
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01:32
work which ultimately
led to a Nobel Prize.
led to a Nobel Prize.
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最終得到了諾貝爾獎。
01:36
At the time,
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當時，
01:37
we all assumed that these receptors
were only found in the nose.
were only found in the nose.
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我們都以為那些接受器
只存在鼻子裡。
只存在鼻子裡。
01:42
However, about a year or so later,
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但是，大概一年之後
01:44
a report emerged of an olfactory
receptor expressed in a tissue
receptor expressed in a tissue
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一篇報告顯示嗅覺接受器
也存在於鼻子以外的身體組織。
01:49
other than the nose.
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接著又有一個類似的報告出現，
01:51
And then another such report emerged,
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01:54
and another.
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一個接一個。
01:55
We now know that these receptors
are found all over the body,
are found all over the body,
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我們現在知道全身上下都可以
找到這些接受器，
找到這些接受器，
01:59
including in some pretty
unexpected places --
unexpected places --
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包括那些意想不到的部位──
02:03
in muscle,
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在肌肉裡，
02:05
in kidneys,
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在腎臟裡，
02:07
lungs
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在肺臟裡，
02:08
and blood vessels.
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在血管裡。
02:10
But what are they doing there?
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但它們在那裡做什麼？
02:15
Well, we know that olfactory receptors
act as sensitive chemical sensors
act as sensitive chemical sensors
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我們知道嗅覺接受器
是鼻子中敏感的化學感測器──
02:20
in the nose --
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它們傳達我們的嗅覺。
02:21
that's how they mediate
our sense of smell.
our sense of smell.
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02:24
It turns out they also act
as sensitive chemical sensors
as sensitive chemical sensors
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然而嗅覺接受器
作為敏感的化學感測器，
作為敏感的化學感測器，
02:28
in many other parts of the body.
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也在身體的其他部位起作用。
02:31
Now, I'm not saying that your liver can
detect the aroma of your morning coffee
detect the aroma of your morning coffee
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我不是說你的肝能聞到
你早晨咖啡的香氣，
你早晨咖啡的香氣，
02:36
as you walk into the kitchen.
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當你走進廚房時。
02:38
Rather, after you drink
your morning coffee,
your morning coffee,
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不如說，你喝了早晨咖啡後，
02:41
your liver might use an olfactory receptor
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你的肝可能啓用一種嗅覺接受器，
02:44
to chemically detect
the change in concentration
the change in concentration
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用化學方式探測
某種在血液中的
化學物其濃度的變化。
化學物其濃度的變化。
02:47
of a chemical floating
through your bloodstream.
through your bloodstream.
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02:51
Many cell types and tissues in the body
use chemical sensors,
use chemical sensors,
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身體裡很多類型的細胞和組織
都會使用化學感測器，
都會使用化學感測器，
02:54
or chemosensors,
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或稱為化學受器，
02:56
to keep track of the concentration
of hormones, metabolites
of hormones, metabolites
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來追蹤賀爾蒙、代謝物
03:00
and other molecules,
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及其他分子的濃度，
03:01
and some of these chemosensors
are olfactory receptors.
are olfactory receptors.
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而其中一些化學感測器
就是嗅覺受器。
就是嗅覺受器。
03:07
If you are a pancreas or a kidney
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假設你是胰腺或腎臟，
03:09
and you need a specialized chemical sensor
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你需要一種特製的化學感測器，
03:12
that will allow you to keep track
of a specific molecule,
of a specific molecule,
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來幫你追蹤一個特定的分子。
03:15
why reinvent the wheel?
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那為什麼要浪費時間重複發明呢？
03:19
One of the first examples
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有一個早期發現
鼻子以外有嗅覺接受器的例子，
鼻子以外有嗅覺接受器的例子，
03:21
of an olfactory receptor
found outside the nose
found outside the nose
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03:24
showed that human sperm
express an olfactory receptor,
express an olfactory receptor,
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顯示人的精子裡
具有嗅覺接受器結構，
具有嗅覺接受器結構，
03:29
and that sperm with this receptor
will seek out the chemical
will seek out the chemical
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精子及嗅覺接受器就會找出
會與接受器產生反應化學物質──
03:33
that the receptor responds to --
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03:35
the receptor's ligand.
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嗅覺接受器的配體。
03:37
That is, the sperm
will swim toward the ligand.
will swim toward the ligand.
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也就是說，精子會游向配體。
03:42
This has intriguing implications.
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這裡頭的含意使人好奇。
03:45
Are sperm aided in finding the egg
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精子是否被幫助去尋找卵子？
03:48
by sniffing out the area
with the highest ligand concentration?
with the highest ligand concentration?
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通過嗅覺接收器聞出
最高濃度的配體區域？
最高濃度的配體區域？
03:53
I like this example
because it clearly demonstrates
because it clearly demonstrates
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我喜歡這個例子，是因為這清楚顯示
03:56
that an olfactory receptor's primary job
is to be a chemical sensor,
is to be a chemical sensor,
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嗅覺接受器的主要工作
是化學感測器，
是化學感測器，
04:02
but depending on the context,
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但取決於環境，
04:05
it can influence how you perceive a smell,
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那可能影響你如何感知氣味，
04:08
or in which direction sperm will swim,
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或影響精子將會游動的方向。
04:13
and as it turns out,
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實際上，
04:14
a huge variety of other processes.
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涉及一系列其他多種的程序。
04:17
Olfactory receptors have been
implicated in muscle cell migration,
implicated in muscle cell migration,
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嗅覺接收器參與肌肉細胞的移動，
04:22
in helping the lung to sense
and respond to inhaled chemicals,
and respond to inhaled chemicals,
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來幫助肺去感測被吸進來的
化學物質並產生反應，
化學物質並產生反應，
04:27
hand and wound healing.
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還有幫助傷口癒合。
04:29
Similarly, taste receptors once thought
to be found only in the tongue,
to be found only in the tongue,
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同樣，味覺收器曾被認爲
只存在於舌頭上。
只存在於舌頭上。
04:34
are now known to be expressed
in cells and tissues throughout the body.
in cells and tissues throughout the body.
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現在味覺接收器表現在
身體許多其它細胞和組織裡。
身體許多其它細胞和組織裡。
甚至更讓人吃驚的是，
04:39
Even more surprisingly,
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04:41
a recent study found
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在一個最近的研究發現，
04:42
that the light receptors in our eyes
also play a role in our blood vessels.
also play a role in our blood vessels.
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在我們眼中的光感接收器在我們的
血液循環系統中也起一定的作用。
血液循環系統中也起一定的作用。
在我的實驗室，
04:50
In my lab,
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04:52
we work on trying to understand the roles
of olfactory receptors and taste receptors
of olfactory receptors and taste receptors
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我們正在試圖去理解
嗅覺和味覺收器
嗅覺和味覺收器
04:57
in the context of the kidney.
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在腎臟工作中起的作用。
05:01
The kidney is a central
control center for homeostasis.
control center for homeostasis.
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腎是我們體內恆定的主要控制中心。
對於我們來說，
05:04
And to us,
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05:06
it makes sense that a homeostatic
control center would be a logical place
control center would be a logical place
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體內恆定控制中心
運用一系列的化學感應器
是完全合情合理的。
是完全合情合理的。
05:09
to employ chemical sensors.
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05:13
We've identified a number
of different olfactory and taste receptors
of different olfactory and taste receptors
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我們已經發現並識別了
在腎的工作中起作用的多種
嗅覺和味覺接收器。
嗅覺和味覺接收器。
05:17
in the kidney,
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05:18
one of which, olfactory receptor 78,
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其中之一是第 78 號嗅覺接收器。
05:22
is known to be expressed
in cells and tissues
in cells and tissues
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事實上，它在
各種細胞和組織裡表現，
各種細胞和組織裡表現，
05:25
that are important
in the regulation of blood pressure.
in the regulation of blood pressure.
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有控制血壓的重要作用。
05:30
When this receptor is deleted in mice,
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我們發現把小白鼠體内的
這個嗅覺接收器拿掉，
這個嗅覺接收器拿掉，
05:33
their blood pressure is low.
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小白鼠的血壓變低。
05:37
Surprisingly, this receptor
was found to respond
was found to respond
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令人驚訝的是，這個接收器
對某種化學物質──
對某種化學物質──
05:40
to chemicals called
short-chain fatty acids
short-chain fatty acids
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就是短鏈脂肪酸──產生反應，
05:44
that are produced by the bacteria
that reside in your gut --
that reside in your gut --
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它是由生活在
腸道裡的細菌產生的──
腸道裡的細菌產生的──
05:48
your gut microbiota.
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腸道菌叢。
05:50
After being produced
by your gut microbiota,
by your gut microbiota,
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短鏈脂肪酸被腸道菌叢製作出來後，
05:53
these chemicals are absorbed
into your bloodstream
into your bloodstream
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這些化學物質被吸收進血液中。
05:56
where they can then
interact with receptors
interact with receptors
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由此，再與嗅覺和味覺接收器
互相作用和影響，
互相作用和影響，
05:58
like olfactory receptor 78,
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例如，嗅覺接收器 78，
06:01
meaning that the changes
in metabolism of your gut microbiota
in metabolism of your gut microbiota
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也就是説，你的腸道菌叢的
新陳代謝的變化
新陳代謝的變化
06:06
may influence your blood pressure.
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可能會影響你的血壓。
儘管我們辨識了幾種不同的
嗅覺和味覺接收器，
嗅覺和味覺接收器，
06:11
Although we've identified a number
of different olfactory and taste receptors
of different olfactory and taste receptors
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06:16
in the kidney,
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主要是在腎裡，
06:17
we've only just begun
to tease out their different functions
to tease out their different functions
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我們才剛剛開始試著找出
它們各種不同的功能，
它們各種不同的功能，
06:20
and to figure out which chemicals
each of them responds to.
each of them responds to.
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並且找出它們分別對什麽
化學物質發生反應。
化學物質發生反應。
擺在我們前面的工作是對
其他器官和組織開展同樣的研究。
其他器官和組織開展同樣的研究。
06:25
Similar investigations lie ahead
for many other organs and tissues --
for many other organs and tissues --
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06:29
only a small minority of receptors
has been studied to date.
has been studied to date.
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目前我們只探究了
非常小部分的接收器。
非常小部分的接收器。
06:35
This is exciting stuff.
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這可是令人激動的發展。
06:38
It's revolutionizing our understanding
of the scope of influence
of the scope of influence
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這些發現革新了
我們對嗅覺影響層面的理解，
我們對嗅覺影響層面的理解，
06:41
for one of the five senses.
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而這只是五感覺之一。
06:44
And it has the potential
to change our understanding
to change our understanding
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它具有很大潛力改變
06:47
of some aspects of human physiology.
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人類對人體生理學的某些理解。
06:51
It's still early,
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雖然這些研究還處於早期階段，
06:52
but I think we've picked up on the scent
of something we're following.
of something we're following.
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但是我們認爲我們已經嗅到了
追尋已久的成功的氣味。
追尋已久的成功的氣味。
06:57
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
06:58
Thank you.
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謝謝。
06:59
(Applause)
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jennifer Pluznick - PhysiologistJennifer Pluznick is on a mission to find out more about olfactory and other sensory receptors.
Why you should listen
Jennifer Pluznick's fascination with understanding how interactions at the molecular level affect functions at the organismal level led her to pursue a Ph.D. in renal physiology from the University of Nebraska Medical Center. While researching kidney disease as part of her postdoc at Yale University, Pluznick came across scent receptors in the kidney. She initially wrote off this surprising finding as a fluke, but after taking a second look, she realized how important this discovery could be for understanding kidney function. Since 2010, Pluznick and her lab at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine have researched the role of the olfactory signaling system. Most recently, they’ve found a possible connection between the bacteria in your gut and how your kidney manages blood pressure.
Jennifer Pluznick | Speaker | TED.com