TEDxVienna
Dina Zielinski: How we can store digital data in DNA
迪娜·齊林斯基: 如何將數位資料儲存在 DNA 中
Filmed:
Readability: 4.4
1,777,866 views
從軟碟到隨身碟，每一個儲存數據的方法終究會過時。如果我們找到一個能永久儲存全世界所有數據的辦法呢？生物資訊學家迪娜·齊林斯基，分享了已經存在數十億年的解決辦法 : DNA ，及其背後的科學原理。
Dina Zielinski - Bench scientist, bioinformatician
Dina Zielinski brings biological data to life, from decoding mutations in cancer to encoding data in DNA. Full bio
Dina Zielinski brings biological data to life, from decoding mutations in cancer to encoding data in DNA. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
I could fit all movies ever made
inside of this tube.
inside of this tube.
0
652
5196
我可以把過去所有的電影
都放進這個試管中。
都放進這個試管中。
00:17
If you can't see it,
that's kind of the point.
that's kind of the point.
1
5872
2253
如果你看不到，那就對了。
00:20
(Laughter)
2
8149
1016
（笑聲）
00:21
Before we understand how this is possible,
3
9189
3243
我們在了解這怎麼可能辦到之前，
00:24
it's important to understand
the value of this feat.
the value of this feat.
4
12456
3746
重要的是先了解這項技術的價值。
00:29
All of our thoughts
and actions these days,
and actions these days,
5
17075
2266
現今我們所有的想法和行為，
00:31
through photos and videos --
6
19365
1986
透過照片、影片——
00:33
even our fitness activities --
7
21375
1879
甚至我們的健身活動——
00:35
are stored as digital data.
8
23278
2133
以數位資料的形式儲存起來。
要不是手機上的空間不夠用，
00:38
Aside from running out of space
9
26109
1517
00:39
on our phones,
10
27650
1151
我們幾乎不會去思考
我們儲存了多少數位資料。
我們儲存了多少數位資料。
00:40
we rarely think about
our digital footprint.
our digital footprint.
11
28825
2314
00:43
But humanity has collectively
generated more data
generated more data
12
31536
3528
但人類在過去幾年間
產生出來的資料，
00:47
in the last few years
13
35088
1873
比先前人類歷史上所產生的都還要多。
00:48
than all of preceding human history.
14
36985
2530
00:51
Big data has become a big problem.
15
39902
2898
大數據成為了大問題。
00:55
Digital storage is really expensive,
16
43229
2817
數位儲存十分昂貴，
00:58
and none of these devices that we have
really stand the test of time.
really stand the test of time.
17
46070
3723
我們現有的儲存裝置
都無法經過時間的考驗。
都無法經過時間的考驗。
01:03
There's this nonprofit website
called the Internet Archive.
called the Internet Archive.
18
51256
3750
有一個非營利的網站
叫做網路檔案庫。
叫做網路檔案庫。
01:07
In addition to free books and movies,
19
55030
2645
除了免費書籍和電影外，
01:09
you can access web pages
as far back as 1996.
as far back as 1996.
20
57699
4364
你還能取得過去的網頁，
最早可追溯到 1996 年。
最早可追溯到 1996 年。
01:14
Now, this is very tempting,
21
62087
1684
這實在非常誘人，
01:15
but I decided to go back and look at
the TED website's very humble beginnings.
the TED website's very humble beginnings.
22
63795
5989
但我決定回去看看
TED 網站最初低調的樣子。
TED 網站最初低調的樣子。
01:21
As you can see, it's changed
quite a bit in the last 30 years.
quite a bit in the last 30 years.
23
69808
3912
各位可以看到，在過去
三十年間它確實改變了不少。
三十年間它確實改變了不少。
01:26
So this led me to the first-ever TED,
24
74720
2824
這讓我回憶起第一次與 TED 的接觸，
01:29
back in 1984,
25
77568
2180
時間回到 1984 年
01:31
and it just so happened
to be a Sony executive
to be a Sony executive
26
79772
2525
主題正好就是 Sony 的經理
01:34
explaining how a compact disk works.
27
82321
3058
解釋光碟如何運作的原理。
01:37
(Laughter)
28
85403
1079
（笑聲）
01:38
Now, it's really incredible
to be able to go back in time
to be able to go back in time
29
86506
4264
能回到過去，存取當時的那一刻，
01:42
and access this moment.
30
90794
2286
真的很不可思議。
01:45
It's also really fascinating
that after 30 years, after that first TED,
that after 30 years, after that first TED,
31
93548
5363
有趣的是，在第一次
TED 演講過後的三十年，
TED 演講過後的三十年，
01:50
we're still talking about digital storage.
32
98935
2779
我們仍然在談數位儲存。
01:54
Now, if we look back another 30 years,
33
102827
2787
如果我們回頭看看另一個三十年，
01:57
IBM released the first-ever hard drive
34
105638
3185
IBM 推出了史上第一個硬碟，
02:00
back in 1956.
35
108847
2127
那年是 1956 年。
02:02
Here it is being loaded for shipping
in front of a small audience.
in front of a small audience.
36
110998
4197
這張照片是硬碟在一小群
觀眾面前被裝載上連輸車。
觀眾面前被裝載上連輸車。
02:07
It held the equivalent of one MP3 song
37
115569
3110
它的容量等同於
一首 MP3 格式的歌曲，
一首 MP3 格式的歌曲，
02:11
and weighed over one ton.
38
119354
2004
但重量卻有一公噸重。
02:14
At 10,000 dollars a megabyte,
39
122100
2651
平均每 1MB 就要美金一萬元，
02:16
I don't think anyone in this room
would be interested in buying this thing,
would be interested in buying this thing,
40
124775
3587
我不認為在座有人
會想要買這個東西，
會想要買這個東西，
除非想拿來當作收藏品。
02:20
except maybe as a collector's item.
41
128386
1760
02:22
But it's the best we could do at the time.
42
130817
2988
但在當年，我們最多也只能做到這樣。
02:26
We've come such a long way
in data storage.
in data storage.
43
134832
3116
我們在資料儲存方面
有很大的進步。
有很大的進步。
02:29
Devices have evolved dramatically.
44
137972
2898
裝置設備也有很大的改良。
02:32
But all media eventually wear out
or become obsolete.
or become obsolete.
45
140894
4024
但，所有的儲存媒體終將
會損耗掉或被淘汰掉。
會損耗掉或被淘汰掉。
02:37
If someone handed you a floppy drive today
to back up your presentation,
to back up your presentation,
46
145401
4417
如果現今有人給你
一張軟碟片來備份簡報，
一張軟碟片來備份簡報，
02:41
you'd probably look at them
kind of strange, maybe laugh,
kind of strange, maybe laugh,
47
149842
2940
你可能會用奇怪的表情
看著他們，也許會笑出來，
看著他們，也許會笑出來，
02:44
but you'd have no way
to use the damn thing.
to use the damn thing.
48
152806
2415
但你完全沒辦法
使用那該死的古董。
使用那該死的古董。
02:47
These devices can no longer meet
our storage needs,
our storage needs,
49
155854
3141
這些裝置已經無法滿足
我們在儲存上的需求，
我們在儲存上的需求，
02:51
although some of them can be repurposed.
50
159019
2702
只是其中某一些還能
轉做其它目的使用。
轉做其它目的使用。
02:54
All technology eventually dies or is lost,
51
162682
3109
所有的科技最終都會停用或過時，
把我們的資料、
02:57
along with our data,
52
165815
1851
我們所有的記憶一同帶走。
02:59
all of our memories.
53
167690
1540
03:02
There's this illusion that
the storage problem has been solved,
the storage problem has been solved,
54
170210
4116
「儲存問題已經解決」
只是一種幻覺，
只是一種幻覺，
03:06
but really, we all just externalize it.
55
174350
2493
事實上，我們只是把它外化了。
03:08
We don't worry about storing
our emails and our photos.
our emails and our photos.
56
176867
3477
我們不擔心電子郵件
和相片的儲存。
和相片的儲存。
03:12
They're just in the cloud.
57
180368
1723
反正它們全都在雲端。
03:15
But behind the scenes,
storage is problematic.
storage is problematic.
58
183231
2937
但在這些場景背後的儲存卻問題多多。
03:18
After all, the cloud is just
a lot of hard drives.
a lot of hard drives.
59
186192
3980
畢竟，雲端是由很多硬碟組成的。
03:23
Now, most digital data,
we could argue, is not really critical.
we could argue, is not really critical.
60
191156
4040
我們可以爭辯說，大部分
數位資料都沒那麼重要。
數位資料都沒那麼重要。
03:27
Surely, we could just delete it.
61
195220
2123
當然，我們可以輕鬆地
就把它們刪除掉。
就把它們刪除掉。
03:29
But how can we really know
what's important today?
what's important today?
62
197957
3535
但現今，我們怎麼可能
知道什麼才是重要的？
知道什麼才是重要的？
03:34
We've learned so much about human history
63
202132
2536
我們從人類歷史中得到很多知識，
03:36
from drawings and writings in caves,
64
204692
2826
有來自在洞穴裡的壁畫和文字，
03:39
from stone tablets.
65
207542
1614
還有石碑。
03:41
We've deciphered languages
from the Rosetta Stone.
from the Rosetta Stone.
66
209180
3397
我們破解了羅塞塔石碑上的語言。
03:45
You know, we'll never really have
the whole story, though.
the whole story, though.
67
213841
3609
但，我們永遠不可能
知道完整的故事全貌。
知道完整的故事全貌。
03:49
Our data is our story,
68
217474
1894
我們的資料就是我們的故事，
03:51
even more so today.
69
219392
1735
現今更是如此。
03:53
We won't have our record
recorded on stone tablets.
recorded on stone tablets.
70
221508
3261
我們的記錄不再需要刻在石碑上。
03:57
But we don't have to choose
what is important now.
what is important now.
71
225692
2698
現在我們不需要去選擇什麼重要。
04:00
There's a way to store it all.
72
228847
1893
有種方法可以把它們全部儲存起來。
04:03
It turns out that there's
a solution that's been around
a solution that's been around
73
231519
2598
原來，這個解決方案
其實一直都在我們身邊，
其實一直都在我們身邊，
04:06
for a few billion years,
74
234141
2443
已經存在幾十億年了，
04:08
and it's actually in this tube.
75
236608
1840
它其實就在這個試管中。
04:12
DNA is nature's oldest storage device.
76
240044
3722
DNA 是大自然最古老的儲存裝置。
04:15
After all, it contains
all the information necessary
all the information necessary
77
243790
3371
畢竟，它保存著建構和維持
人類生命的所有必要訊息。
04:19
to build and maintain a human being.
78
247185
2830
04:22
But what makes DNA so great?
79
250583
2204
但，DNA 為什麼如此強大？
04:25
Well, let's take our own genome
80
253493
1756
嗯，就拿我們的基因組來當例子。
04:27
as an example.
81
255273
1560
04:28
If we were to print out
all three billion A's, T's, C's and G's
all three billion A's, T's, C's and G's
82
256857
4770
如果我們想要列印出所有三十億個
A、T、C、G（DNA 的鹼基），
A、T、C、G（DNA 的鹼基），
04:33
on a standard font, standard format,
83
261651
3631
且採用標準字體，標準格式，
04:37
and then we were
to stack all of those papers,
to stack all of those papers,
84
265306
2740
接著我們把印出來的紙張
全都堆疊起來，
全都堆疊起來，
04:40
it would be about 130 meters high,
85
268070
2660
高度會達到約 130 公尺，
04:42
somewhere between the Statue of Liberty
and the Washington Monument.
and the Washington Monument.
86
270754
3659
這高度大約是介在自由女神像
和華盛頓紀念碑之間。
和華盛頓紀念碑之間。
如果我們把所有的
A、T、C、G 轉換成
A、T、C、G 轉換成
04:46
Now, if we converted
all those A's, T's, C's and G's
all those A's, T's, C's and G's
87
274437
2447
數位資料，也就是 0 和 1，
04:48
to digital data, to zeroes and ones,
88
276898
2556
04:51
it would total a few gigs.
89
279478
1769
總共大約只有幾 GB。
04:53
And that's in each cell of our body.
90
281786
2339
這就是一個人體細胞的容量。
04:56
We have more than 30 trillion cells.
91
284516
2838
而我們有超過三十兆個細胞。
04:59
You get the idea:
92
287757
1500
這樣你們就懂了：
05:01
DNA can store a ton of information
in a minuscule space.
in a minuscule space.
93
289281
4675
DNA 能夠在極小的空間中
儲存超大量的資訊。
儲存超大量的資訊。
05:07
DNA is also very durable,
94
295620
1825
DNA 也非常耐久，
05:09
and it doesn't even require
electricity to store it.
electricity to store it.
95
297469
2834
甚至不需電力就能儲存。
05:12
We know this because scientists
have recovered DNA from ancient humans
have recovered DNA from ancient humans
96
300327
4276
我們會知道這些，
是因為科學家重獲了
是因為科學家重獲了
數十萬年前的古人的 DNA。
05:16
that lived hundreds
of thousands of years ago.
of thousands of years ago.
97
304627
2752
05:19
One of those is Ötzi the Iceman.
98
307739
2627
其中之一就是冰人奧茨（Ötzi）。
05:22
Turns out, he's Austrian.
99
310390
1683
結果發現，他是奧地利人。
05:24
(Laughter)
100
312097
1600
（笑聲）
05:25
He was found high, well-preserved,
101
313721
1630
他被發現完好地保存在
義大利和奧地利間的高山上，
義大利和奧地利間的高山上，
05:27
in the mountains
between Italy and Austria,
between Italy and Austria,
102
315375
2814
05:30
and it turns out that he has living
genetic relatives here in Austria today.
genetic relatives here in Austria today.
103
318213
3984
結果還發現，現今他還有
活著的親戚住在奧地利。
活著的親戚住在奧地利。
05:34
So one of you could be a cousin of Ötzi.
104
322221
2342
在座可能有人就是奧茨的表親。
05:36
(Laughter)
105
324587
1055
（笑聲）
05:38
The point is that we have a better chance
of recovering information
of recovering information
106
326043
3853
重點是，相對之下，
從古人身上復原資訊
從古人身上復原資訊
05:41
from an ancient human
107
329920
1225
比從舊手機復原資料容易。
05:43
than we do from an old phone.
108
331169
2042
05:45
It's also much less likely
that we'll lose the ability to read DNA
that we'll lose the ability to read DNA
109
333783
4645
與任何單一的人造設備相比，
我們不太可能失去解讀 DNA 的能力。
05:50
than any single man-made device.
110
338452
2434
05:53
Every single new storage format
requires a new way to read it.
requires a new way to read it.
111
341567
4112
每一種新的儲存格式，
都需要對應一種新的讀取方式。
都需要對應一種新的讀取方式。
而我們將一直保有解讀 DNA 的能力。
05:57
We'll always be able to read DNA.
112
345703
2133
05:59
If we can no longer sequence,
we have bigger problems
we have bigger problems
113
347860
3068
若我們無法做 DNA 定序，
那我們要擔心的問題
那我們要擔心的問題
06:02
than worrying about data storage.
114
350952
2281
可就遠大於資料儲存問題了。
06:05
Storing data on DNA is not new.
115
353725
3071
用 DNA 儲存資料不是新觀念。
06:08
Nature's been doing it
for several billion years.
for several billion years.
116
356820
3099
數十億年來大自然
都一直在這麼做。
都一直在這麼做。
06:11
In fact, every living thing
is a DNA storage device.
is a DNA storage device.
117
359943
3892
事實上，每個生物都是
一個 DNA 儲存裝置。
一個 DNA 儲存裝置。
06:16
But how do we store data on DNA?
118
364397
2786
但我們要如何把資料存在 DNA 上？
06:19
This is Photo 51.
119
367725
1791
這是「照片 51」。
06:21
It's the first-ever photo of DNA,
120
369540
2627
它是史上第一張 DNA 的照片，
大約在六十年前拍攝的。
06:24
taken about 60 years ago.
121
372191
2252
06:26
This is around the time that
that same hard drive was released by IBM.
that same hard drive was released by IBM.
122
374467
4382
大約在那個時期，IBM 也推出了硬碟。
06:31
So really, our understanding of digital
storage and of DNA have coevolved.
storage and of DNA have coevolved.
123
379246
5492
所以，我們對於數位儲存
及 DNA 的了解是同步在演進的。
及 DNA 的了解是同步在演進的。
06:37
We first learned to sequence, or read DNA,
124
385600
3316
我們先學會 DNA 定序，
也就是解讀 DNA，
也就是解讀 DNA，
06:40
and very soon after, how to write it,
125
388940
2012
沒多久後，又學會如何
寫 DNA，或說合成它。
寫 DNA，或說合成它。
06:42
or synthesize it.
126
390976
1559
06:44
This is much like how we learn
a new language.
a new language.
127
392559
3564
這非常類似我們
學習新語言的方式。
學習新語言的方式。
06:48
And now we have the ability
to read, write and copy DNA.
to read, write and copy DNA.
128
396812
4613
現在我們有能力去讀、
寫，和複製 DNA。
寫，和複製 DNA。
06:53
We do it in the lab all the time.
129
401449
2080
我們經常在實驗室做這些事。
06:56
So anything, really anything,
that can be stored as zeroes and ones
that can be stored as zeroes and ones
130
404283
3882
所以，不論是什麼，
只要可以轉成 0 和 1 來儲存，
只要可以轉成 0 和 1 來儲存，
07:00
can be stored in DNA.
131
408189
1719
就可以儲存在 DNA 上。
07:02
To store something digitally,
like this photo,
like this photo,
132
410579
3195
若要用數位的方式
來儲存資料，比如這張照片，
來儲存資料，比如這張照片，
07:05
we convert it to bits, or binary digits.
133
413798
3306
要把它轉成位元或二進制的數字，
07:09
Each pixel in a black-and-white photo
is simply a zero or a one.
is simply a zero or a one.
134
417128
4211
黑白照片中的每個像素
其實就是 0 或 1。
其實就是 0 或 1。
07:13
And we can write DNA much like an inkjet
printer can print letters on a page.
printer can print letters on a page.
135
421849
4824
我們寫 DNA 的方式就類似噴墨
印表機在紙上列印字母的方式。
印表機在紙上列印字母的方式。
07:18
We just have to convert our data,
all of those zeroes and ones,
all of those zeroes and ones,
136
426697
3824
我們只需要把我們的資料，
所有那些 0 和 1，
所有那些 0 和 1，
07:22
to A's, T's, C's and G's,
137
430545
2138
轉為 A、T、C、G，
07:24
and then we send this
to a synthesis company.
to a synthesis company.
138
432707
2258
接著，把它交給合成公司。
07:26
So we write it, we can store it,
139
434989
1947
我們可以寫它，可以儲存它，
07:28
and when we want to recover our data,
we just sequence it.
we just sequence it.
140
436960
3234
當我們想取回我們的資料時，
只要對它做定序即可。
只要對它做定序即可。
07:32
Now, the fun part of all of this
is deciding what files to include.
is deciding what files to include.
141
440218
4081
這當中最有趣的地方，
就是決定要放入什麼檔案，
就是決定要放入什麼檔案，
07:36
We're serious scientists,
so we had to include a manuscript
so we had to include a manuscript
142
444323
3377
我們是嚴肅的科學家，
所以我們放入了一份手稿，
所以我們放入了一份手稿，
07:39
for good posterity.
143
447724
1743
留給後代子孫。
07:41
We also included a $50 Amazon gift card --
144
449491
2833
我們還放入了一張美金
五十元的亞馬遜禮卷——
五十元的亞馬遜禮卷——
07:44
don't get too excited, it's already
been spent, someone decoded it --
been spent, someone decoded it --
145
452348
3531
別太興奮，有人已經
把它解碼然後花掉了——
把它解碼然後花掉了——
07:47
as well as an operating system,
146
455903
2210
還有作業系統、
07:50
one of the first movies ever made
147
458137
2371
最早的電影之一，
07:52
and a Pioneer plaque.
148
460532
1738
還有先鋒號鍍金鋁板。
07:54
Some of you might have seen this.
149
462294
1669
在座有些人可能看過。
07:55
It has a depiction of a typical --
apparently -- male and female,
apparently -- male and female,
150
463987
3456
上面畫著很有代表性的一男一女，
07:59
and our approximate location
in the Solar System,
in the Solar System,
151
467467
2562
以及我們在太陽系中的概略位置，
08:02
in case the Pioneer spacecraft
ever encounters extraterrestrials.
ever encounters extraterrestrials.
152
470053
4002
萬一先鋒號真的遇到了
外星人就派得上用場。
外星人就派得上用場。
08:06
So once we decided what sort of files
we want to encode,
we want to encode,
153
474861
2929
一旦我們決定好了
要將哪些檔案編碼存入，
要將哪些檔案編碼存入，
08:09
we package up the data,
154
477814
1468
我們把資料打包起來，
08:11
convert those zeroes and ones
to A's, T's, C's and G's,
to A's, T's, C's and G's,
155
479306
3654
將 0 和 1 轉換成 A、T、C、G，
08:14
and then we just send this file off
to a synthesis company.
to a synthesis company.
156
482984
3277
再交給合成公司處理。
08:18
And this is what we got back.
157
486285
1770
這就是我們拿回來的東西。
08:20
Our files were in this tube.
158
488079
1919
我們的檔案都在這支試管裡。
08:22
All we had to do was sequence it.
159
490022
2098
我們只需要將它定序即可。
08:24
This all sounds pretty straightforward,
160
492525
2531
這一切聽起來似乎很簡單，
08:27
but the difference between
a really cool, fun idea
a really cool, fun idea
161
495080
2978
但，要讓一個很酷很有趣的點子
08:30
and something we can actually use
162
498082
2155
變成能夠真正實做的東西，
08:32
is overcoming these practical challenges.
163
500261
2496
是必須要克服許多現實困難的。
08:35
Now, while DNA is more robust
than any man-made device,
than any man-made device,
164
503453
3972
雖然 DNA 比任何
人造裝置都更耐用，
人造裝置都更耐用，
08:39
it's not perfect.
165
507449
1285
但也不是完美的。
08:40
It does have some weaknesses.
166
508758
1950
它也有一些缺點。
08:43
We recover our message
by sequencing the DNA,
by sequencing the DNA,
167
511364
3431
我們可以透過 DNA 定序
來還原我們的訊息，
來還原我們的訊息，
08:46
and every time data is retrieved,
168
514819
2013
而每次還原資料時，
08:48
we lose the DNA.
169
516856
1786
我們就會失去某些 DNA 片段。
08:50
That's just part
of the sequencing process.
of the sequencing process.
170
518666
2414
這是定序過程的一部分。
08:53
We don't want to run out of data,
171
521104
1935
我們不想把資料用完。
08:55
but luckily, there's a way to copy the DNA
172
523063
3096
但，幸運的是，
有個方法可以複製 DNA，
有個方法可以複製 DNA，
08:58
that's even cheaper and easier
than synthesizing it.
than synthesizing it.
173
526183
4585
且這方法比合成 DNA
更便宜、更容易。
更便宜、更容易。
09:03
We actually tested a way to make
200 trillion copies of our files,
200 trillion copies of our files,
174
531275
4858
我們真的測試過一種方法，
把我們的檔案複製二百兆份，
把我們的檔案複製二百兆份，
09:08
and we recovered
all the data without error.
all the data without error.
175
536157
2732
且我們完全無誤地還原了所有資料，
09:11
So sequencing also introduces
errors into our DNA,
errors into our DNA,
176
539556
3867
定序也會將誤差引入 DNA ，
09:15
into the A's, T's, C's and G's.
177
543447
2307
引入 A、T、C、G 中。
09:18
Nature has a way
to deal with this in our cells.
to deal with this in our cells.
178
546135
2978
大自然會在細胞中處理這些問題。
09:21
But our data is stored
in synthetic DNA in a tube,
in synthetic DNA in a tube,
179
549137
5890
但我們的資料是儲存在
試管裡的合成 DNA 中，
試管裡的合成 DNA 中，
09:27
so we had to find our own way
to overcome this problem.
to overcome this problem.
180
555051
3252
所以我們得自己想出
另外的辦法來克服這個問題。
另外的辦法來克服這個問題。
09:30
We decided to use an algorithm
that was used to stream videos.
that was used to stream videos.
181
558724
4243
我們決定使用一個
影像串流用的演算法。
影像串流用的演算法。
09:35
When you're streaming a video,
182
563452
1453
當你在傳輸影像串流時，基本上，
09:36
you're essentially trying to recover
the original video, the original file.
the original video, the original file.
183
564929
4461
你其實就是在試圖還原
原始的影片，原始的檔案。
原始的影片，原始的檔案。
09:41
When we're trying to recover
our original files,
our original files,
184
569414
2909
當我們試圖還原
我們的原始檔案時，
我們的原始檔案時，
09:44
we're simply sequencing.
185
572347
1848
我們做的就是定序。
09:46
But really, both of these processes are
about recovering enough zeroes and ones
about recovering enough zeroes and ones
186
574219
4088
但，其實，這兩個流程
都是在還原足夠的 0 與 1，
都是在還原足夠的 0 與 1，
09:50
to put our data back together.
187
578331
1793
將數據重新組合起來。
09:52
And so, because of our coding strategy,
188
580711
2041
所以，根據我們的編碼策略，
09:54
we were able to package up all of our data
189
582776
2551
我們打包所有資料時所用的方式
09:57
in a way that allowed us to make
millions and trillions of copies
millions and trillions of copies
190
585351
3772
能夠以一種可以製造上萬億份
拷貝的方式將所有數據打包，
拷貝的方式將所有數據打包，
10:01
and still always recover
all of our files back.
all of our files back.
191
589147
2976
且隨時都可以把所有的檔案還原回來。
這是被我們拿來編碼的電影。
10:04
This is the movie we encoded.
192
592708
1750
10:06
It's one of the first movies ever made,
193
594482
2580
它是史上最早的電影之一，
10:09
and now the first to be copied
more than 200 trillion times on DNA.
more than 200 trillion times on DNA.
194
597086
4759
現在它也是最早在 DNA 上
被複製二百兆份的電影。
被複製二百兆份的電影。
10:14
Soon after our work was published,
195
602377
2130
在我們的研究公佈後不久，
10:16
we participated in an "Ask Me Anything"
on the website reddit.
on the website reddit.
196
604531
3747
我們參加了 Reddit
網站上的「來問我任何事」。
網站上的「來問我任何事」。
10:20
If you're a fellow nerd,
you're very familiar with this website.
you're very familiar with this website.
197
608302
3175
如果你是個宅研究員的話，
應該很熟悉這個網站。
應該很熟悉這個網站。
10:23
Most questions were thoughtful.
198
611501
1945
大部分問題都有經過仔細考量。
10:25
Some were comical.
199
613470
1872
有些問題還挺詼諧。
10:27
For example, one user wanted to know
when we would have a literal thumb drive.
when we would have a literal thumb drive.
200
615366
4128
比如，有位使用者想知道
我們何時會推出真的「拇指」碟。
我們何時會推出真的「拇指」碟。
10:32
Now, the thing is,
201
620091
2276
重點是，
10:34
our DNA already stores everything
needed to make us who we are.
needed to make us who we are.
202
622391
4142
我們的 DNA 已經儲存了
塑造我們所需要的所有資訊。
塑造我們所需要的所有資訊。
10:38
It's a lot safer to store data on DNA
203
626557
3818
將資料儲存在試管中的
合成 DNA 要安全得多。
合成 DNA 要安全得多。
10:42
in synthetic DNA in a tube.
204
630399
2821
10:46
Writing and reading data from DNA
is obviously a lot more time-consuming
is obviously a lot more time-consuming
205
634704
5426
很顯然，讀寫 DNA 上的
資料相當花時間，
資料相當花時間，
10:52
than just saving all your files
on a hard drive --
on a hard drive --
206
640154
3095
遠比將所有的檔案
存在硬碟上更耗時——
存在硬碟上更耗時——
10:55
for now.
207
643273
1291
目前是如此。
10:57
So initially, we should focus
on long-term storage.
on long-term storage.
208
645159
3781
所以，一開始，我們應該
把焦點放在長期儲存。
把焦點放在長期儲存。
11:02
Most data are ephemeral.
209
650630
2310
大部分的資料都是短期用途的。
11:04
It's really hard to grasp
what's important today,
what's important today,
210
652964
2588
很難去掌握現在
有哪些資訊比較重要，
有哪些資訊比較重要，
11:07
or what will be important
for future generations.
for future generations.
211
655576
3252
或哪些資訊對未來世代會很重要。
11:10
But the point is,
we don't have to decide today.
we don't have to decide today.
212
658852
2563
但，重點是，我們
不需要馬上決定這些。
不需要馬上決定這些。
11:14
There's this great program by UNESCO
called the "Memory of the World" program.
called the "Memory of the World" program.
213
662065
4988
聯合國教科文組織的
「世界的記憶」計畫相當不錯。
「世界的記憶」計畫相當不錯。
11:19
It's been created to preserve
historical materials
historical materials
214
667077
3267
計畫的目的是要保存
有歷史意義的素材，
有歷史意義的素材，
11:22
that are considered of value
to all of humanity.
to all of humanity.
215
670368
3127
對全人類都很有價值的素材。
11:26
Items are nominated
to be added to the collection,
to be added to the collection,
216
674210
2977
被選中的訊息會被加入收藏起來，
11:29
including that film that we encoded.
217
677211
2255
包括被我們編碼的那部電影。
11:32
While a wonderful way
to preserve human heritage,
to preserve human heritage,
218
680188
3582
這是保存人類遺跡的好方法，
11:35
it doesn't have to be a choice.
219
683794
1912
但不見得現在就要選擇
哪些才是重要的資訊。
哪些才是重要的資訊。
11:38
Instead of asking
the current generation -- us --
the current generation -- us --
220
686088
3454
與其詢問目前的世代——我們——
11:41
what might be important in the future,
221
689566
2222
哪些資訊在未來可能會很重要，
11:43
we could store everything in DNA.
222
691812
2334
不如直接把所有資訊都存入 DNA 即可。
11:47
Storage is not just about how many bytes
223
695543
2440
儲存的重點不只是有多少位元，
11:50
but how well we can actually
store the data and recover it.
store the data and recover it.
224
698007
3501
還有我們能把資料的
儲存和還原做到多好。
儲存和還原做到多好。
11:53
There's always been this tension
between how much data we can generate
between how much data we can generate
225
701940
3431
一直以來，我們都很難去平衡
「我們能產生多少資料」、
「我們能產生多少資料」、
「我們能還原多少資料」，
及「我們能儲存多少資料」。
及「我們能儲存多少資料」。
11:57
and how much we can recover
226
705395
1715
11:59
and how much we can store.
227
707134
1769
12:01
Every advance in writing data
has required a new way to read it.
has required a new way to read it.
228
709841
4039
每當寫資料的技術有新進展，
就表示也需要有新方法來讀資料。
就表示也需要有新方法來讀資料。
12:05
We can no longer read old media.
229
713904
2343
我們無法再讀取舊的儲存媒介。
12:08
How many of you even have
a disk drive in your laptop,
a disk drive in your laptop,
230
716271
3741
在座有誰的筆記型電腦
還有裝磁碟機？
還有裝磁碟機？
12:12
never mind a floppy drive?
231
720036
1724
軟碟機就更不用說了。
12:14
This will never be the case with DNA.
232
722151
2552
用 DNA 就絕對不會有這種狀況。
12:16
As long as we're around, DNA is around,
233
724727
3177
只要我們還在，DNA 就會在，
12:19
and we'll find a way to sequence it.
234
727928
2180
且我們會找到方法來做定序。
12:23
Archiving the world around us
is part of human nature.
is part of human nature.
235
731214
3459
將身邊的世界收集歸檔
是人類天性的一部分。
是人類天性的一部分。
12:27
This is the progress we've made
in digital storage in 60 years,
in digital storage in 60 years,
236
735172
4624
這是過去六十年我們
數位存儲的發展，
數位存儲的發展，
12:31
at a time when we were only
beginning to understand DNA.
beginning to understand DNA.
237
739820
3376
六十年前我們也才剛剛開始理解 DNA 。
12:35
Yet, we've made similar progress
in half that time with DNA sequencers,
in half that time with DNA sequencers,
238
743725
4845
但我們只花了一半的時間
DNA 定序儀就有相當的進展，
DNA 定序儀就有相當的進展，
12:40
and as long as we're around,
DNA will never be obsolete.
DNA will never be obsolete.
239
748594
4943
而且只要人類還在，
DNA 就永遠不會被淘汰。
DNA 就永遠不會被淘汰。
12:46
Thank you.
240
754107
1181
謝謝大家。
12:47
(Applause)
241
755312
4981
（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Dina Zielinski - Bench scientist, bioinformaticianDina Zielinski brings biological data to life, from decoding mutations in cancer to encoding data in DNA.
Why you should listen
Dina Zielinski is a bench scientist and bioinformatician with broad experience in genetics and genomics. Her current projects are in developmental biology and neurology, but she is motivated to keep learning and using her skills to answer scientific questions that challenge our deepest knowledge.
Dina Zielinski | Speaker | TED.com