TEDxGhent
Erin Marie Saltman: How young people join violent extremist groups -- and how to stop them
Erin Marie Saltman: Bagaimana anak muda bergabung dalam kelompok ekstremisme dengan kekerasan -- dan cara menghentikan mereka
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Teroris dan ekstremis bukanlah sosiopat kejam sejak awal -- mereka direkrut untuk bergabung dan teradikalisasi melalui proses yang tak biasa. Erin Marie Saltman menyampaikan faktor pendorong dan penarik yang menyebabkan orang-orang bergabung ke dalam kelompok ekstremis dan menjelaskan cara inovatif untuk mencegah dan melawan radikalisasi.
Erin Marie Saltman - Policy researcher
Dr. Erin Marie Saltman manages Facebook's counterterrorism and counter-extremism policy work for Europe, the Middle East and Africa. Full bio
Dr. Erin Marie Saltman manages Facebook's counterterrorism and counter-extremism policy work for Europe, the Middle East and Africa. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
So in 2011, I altered my name
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Pada tahun 2011 saya mengubah nama saya
00:16
so that I could participate
in Far Right youth camp in Hungary.
in Far Right youth camp in Hungary.
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agar saya bisa mengikuti kamp pemuda
golongan kanan di Hungaria.
golongan kanan di Hungaria.
00:20
I was doing a PhD looking at
youth political socialization --
youth political socialization --
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Saat itu saya menjalani program doktor
di bidang sosialisasi politik pemuda -
di bidang sosialisasi politik pemuda -
00:25
why young people were developing
political ideologies
political ideologies
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mengapa pemuda mengembangkan ideologi
politik
politik
00:28
in a post-communist setting,
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di era pasca komunisme.
00:30
and I saw that a lot
of young people I was talking to
of young people I was talking to
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Saya melihat banyak pemuda yang berbicara
dengan saya
dengan saya
00:33
were joining the Far Right,
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bergabung dengan golongan kanan
00:35
and this was astounding to me.
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dan saya terkejut.
00:37
So I wanted to enroll in this youth camp
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Maka saya ingin bergabung ke kamp pemuda
tersebut
tersebut
00:39
to get a better understanding
of why people were joining.
of why people were joining.
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agar bisa memahami mengapa orang-orang
bergabung.
bergabung.
00:42
So a colleague enrolled me,
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Seorang rekan mendaftarkan saya
00:44
and my last name sounds
a little bit too Jewish.
a little bit too Jewish.
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dan nama marga saya terdengar terlalu
Yahudi.
Yahudi.
00:47
So Erin got turned into Iréna,
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Sehingga Erin diganti Iréna
00:50
and Saltman got turned into Sós,
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dan Saltman diganti Sós
00:52
which means "salty" in Hungarian.
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yang berarti "salty" (asin) dalam bahasa
Hungaria.
Hungaria.
00:55
And in Hungarian,
your last name goes first,
your last name goes first,
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Dan di Hungaria, nama marga terletak
di awal,
di awal,
00:57
so my James Bond name
turned into "Salty Irena,"
turned into "Salty Irena,"
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jadi nama samaran saya menjadi
"Salty Irena",
"Salty Irena",
01:02
which is not something
I would have naturally chosen for myself.
I would have naturally chosen for myself.
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nama yang tidak akan saya pilih jika
memungkinkan.
memungkinkan.
01:06
But going to this camp,
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Tapi berada di kamp ini,
01:08
I was further shocked to realize
that it was actually really fun.
that it was actually really fun.
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saya terkejut saat menyadari ternyata
berada di sana sangatlah menyenangkan.
berada di sana sangatlah menyenangkan.
01:13
They talked very little about politics.
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Mereka sangat jarang bicara soal politik.
01:15
It was mostly learning how to ride horses,
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Kebanyakan tentang bagaimana menunggang
kuda,
kuda,
01:18
shooting a bow and arrow,
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memanah,
mendengar musik secara langsung
di malam hari,
di malam hari,
01:20
live music at night,
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01:22
free food and alcohol,
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makanan dan alkohol gratis,
01:24
also some air-gun target practice
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latihan menembak dengan senapan angin
01:26
using mainstream politicians'
faces as targets.
faces as targets.
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menggunakan wajah-wajah politisi
sebagai sasarannya.
sebagai sasarannya.
01:30
And this seemed like a very,
actually, friendly, inclusive group
actually, friendly, inclusive group
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Dan rasanya seperti berada dalam kelompok
yang akrab dan bersahabat
yang akrab dan bersahabat
01:34
until you started talking or mentioning
anything to do with the Roma population,
anything to do with the Roma population,
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sampai dimulainya pembicaraan tentang
bagaimana menangani orang-orang Gipsi,
bagaimana menangani orang-orang Gipsi,
01:39
Jewish people or immigrants,
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orang Yahudi atau imigran.
01:42
and then the discourse would become
very hate-based very quickly.
very hate-based very quickly.
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Dan pembahasannya segera berubah
menjadi penuh kebencian.
menjadi penuh kebencian.
01:46
So it led me into my work now,
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Hal itu menginspirasi pekerjaan saya
sekarang,
sekarang,
01:49
where we pose the question,
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yang mencari tahu,
01:52
"Why do people join
violent extremist movements,
violent extremist movements,
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"Mengapa orang bergabung dalam gerakan
ekstremisme dengan kekerasan
ekstremisme dengan kekerasan
01:55
and how do we effectively
counter these processes?"
counter these processes?"
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dan bagaimana cara mengatasinya dengan
efektif?"
efektif?"
01:58
In the aftermath of horrible
atrocities and attacks
atrocities and attacks
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Setelah terjadinya tindak kekejaman dan
serangan
serangan
02:01
in places like Belgium, France,
but all over the world,
but all over the world,
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seperti di Belgia, Prancis, di berbagai
tempat di seluruh dunia
tempat di seluruh dunia
02:05
sometimes it's easier for us to think,
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terkadang lebih mudah untuk berpikir,
02:07
"Well, these must be sociopaths,
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"Orang-orang ini pasti sosiopat
02:09
these must be naturally
violent individuals.
violent individuals.
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yang pada dasarnya memang orang-orang
bengis.
bengis.
02:12
They must have something wrong
with their upbringing."
with their upbringing."
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Pasti ada yang salah dengan masa kecil
mereka."
mereka."
02:14
And what's really tragic
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Dan yang paling tragis
02:16
is that oftentimes there's no one profile.
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profil mereka sangat tidak seragam.
02:19
Many people come
from educated backgrounds,
from educated backgrounds,
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Banyak yang latar belakangnya terpelajar,
02:22
different socioeconomic backgrounds,
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sosial ekonominya berbeda-beda,
02:24
men and women, different ages,
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pria-wanita, tua-muda,
02:27
some with families, some single.
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beberapa sudah berkeluarga,
sebagian belum.
sebagian belum.
02:29
So why? What is this allure?
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Jadi, apa sebenarnya daya tariknya?
02:32
And this is what
I want to talk you through,
I want to talk you through,
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Dan ini yang saya ingin jelaskan pada Anda
02:34
as well as how do we
challenge this in a modern era?
challenge this in a modern era?
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termasuk cara kita melawannya
di era modern ini.
di era modern ini.
02:38
We do know, through research,
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Kita tahu berdasarkan riset
02:40
that there are quite a number
of different things
of different things
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ada cukup banyak faktor
02:42
that affect somebody's
process of radicalization,
process of radicalization,
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yang mempengaruhi proses radikalisasi
seseorang,
seseorang,
02:45
and we categorize these
into push and pull factors.
into push and pull factors.
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dan kita mengkategorikannya menjadi
faktor pendorong dan penarik.
faktor pendorong dan penarik.
02:48
And these are pretty much similar
for Far Right, neo-Nazi groups
for Far Right, neo-Nazi groups
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Semua faktor-faktor ini ada di kelompok
golongan kanan, neo-Nazi
golongan kanan, neo-Nazi
02:52
all the way to Islamist extremist
and terrorist groups.
and terrorist groups.
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sampai dengan ekstremis Islam dan kelompok
teroris.
teroris.
02:55
And push factors are basically
what makes you vulnerable
what makes you vulnerable
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Faktor pendorong adalah hal yang membuat
Anda rentan
Anda rentan
02:59
to a process of radicalization,
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terhadap proses radikalisasi
03:01
to joining a violent extremist group.
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untuk bergabung dengan kelompok ekstremis.
03:03
And these can be
a lot of different things,
a lot of different things,
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Contohnya bisa bermacam-macam,
03:05
but roughly, a sense of alienation,
a sense of isolation,
a sense of isolation,
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misalnya perasaan terasingkan, perasaan
terkucilkan,
terkucilkan,
03:09
questioning your own identity,
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meragukan identitas diri sendiri,
03:11
but also feeling that your in-group
is under attack,
is under attack,
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tapi juga perasaan bahwa golongan Anda
tengah diserang
tengah diserang
03:14
and your in group might be based
on a nationality or an ethnicity
on a nationality or an ethnicity
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dan golongan Anda mungkin berdasarkan
kewarganegaraan atau etnis
kewarganegaraan atau etnis
03:18
or a religion,
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atau agama
03:19
and feeling that larger powers around you
are doing nothing to help.
are doing nothing to help.
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dan perasaan bahwa kekuatan-kekuatan besar
di sekeliling Anda diam saja.
di sekeliling Anda diam saja.
Faktor pendorong saja tidak cukup membuat
Anda menjadi ekstremis berbahaya,
Anda menjadi ekstremis berbahaya,
03:24
Now, push factors alone
do not make you a violent extremist,
do not make you a violent extremist,
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03:27
because if that were the fact,
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karena jika demikian halnya
03:28
those same factors would go
towards a group like the Roma population,
towards a group like the Roma population,
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mak faktor itu akan berakibat sama bagi
orang-orang Gipsi,
orang-orang Gipsi,
03:32
and they're not
a violently mobilized group.
a violently mobilized group.
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padahal mereka bukan kelompok kekerasan.
03:35
So we have to look at the pull factors.
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Jadi kita juga harus melihat faktor
penariknya.
penariknya.
03:37
What are these violent
extremist organizations offering
extremist organizations offering
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Apa sebenarnya tawaran dari kelompok-
kelompok ekstremis ini
kelompok ekstremis ini
03:40
that other groups are not offering?
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yang tidak ditawarkan kelompok lain?
03:42
And actually, this is usually
very positive things,
very positive things,
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Dan biasanya itu hal-hal yang sangat
positif,
positif,
03:45
very seemingly empowering things,
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terlihat seperti memberdayakan,
03:47
such as brotherhood and sisterhood
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seperti ikatan persaudaraan,
03:49
and a sense of belonging,
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rasa dimiliki dan memiliki,
03:51
as well as giving somebody
a spiritual purpose,
a spiritual purpose,
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serta memberikan tujuan spiritual,
03:54
a divine purpose
to build a utopian society
to build a utopian society
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tujuan mulia untuk mewujudkan masyarakat
utopis
utopis
jika tujuan mereka tercapai.
03:57
if their goals can be met,
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03:59
but also a sense of empowerment
and adventure.
and adventure.
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Tetapi juga rasa keberdayaan dan
petualangan.
petualangan.
04:02
When we look
at foreign terrorist fighters,
at foreign terrorist fighters,
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Ketika kita melihat pasukan teroris asing,
04:04
we see young men
with the wind in their hair
with the wind in their hair
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kita melihat pemuda dengan rambut
terkibas angin
terkibas angin
berada di gurun pasir dan para wanita
menghampiri mereka
menghampiri mereka
04:07
out in the desert
and women going to join them
and women going to join them
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04:09
to have nuptials out in the sunset.
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untuk menikah kala matahari terbenam.
04:12
It's very romantic, and you become a hero.
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Sangat romantis dan Anda menjadi pahlawan.
04:16
For both men and women,
that's the propaganda being given.
that's the propaganda being given.
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Bagi pria dan wanita,
itulah propaganda yang diberikan.
itulah propaganda yang diberikan.
04:19
So what extremist groups are very good at
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Jadi yang dilakukan sangat baik oleh
kelompok ekstremis
kelompok ekstremis
04:22
is taking a very complicated,
confusing, nuanced world
confusing, nuanced world
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adalah mentransformasikan dunia nyata
yang rumit, membingungkan, dan ambigu
yang rumit, membingungkan, dan ambigu
04:27
and simplifying that world
into black and white,
into black and white,
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dan menyederhanakannya menjadi hitam dan
putih
putih
04:30
good and evil.
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baik dan buruk.
04:31
And you become what is good,
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Dan Anda menjadi pihak yang baik
04:33
challenging what is evil.
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memerangi pihak yang jahat.
04:36
So I want to talk a little bit
about ISIS, Daesh,
about ISIS, Daesh,
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Jadi saya ingin sedikit berbicara tentang
ISIS, Daesh
ISIS, Daesh
04:40
because they have been a game changer
in how we look at these processes,
in how we look at these processes,
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karena mereka telah mempelopori perubahan
dalam proses ini
dalam proses ini
04:44
and through a lot of the material
and their tactics.
and their tactics.
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melalui bahan-bahan dan taktik mereka.
04:48
They're very much a modern movement.
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Mereka adalah gerakan modern.
04:50
One of the aspects is the internet
and the usage of social media,
and the usage of social media,
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Salah satu aspeknya adalah internet dan
penggunaan sosial media,
penggunaan sosial media,
04:55
as we've all seen in headlines
tweeting and videos of beheadings.
tweeting and videos of beheadings.
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seperti yang kita lihat di twitter dan
video-video pemenggalan kepala.
video-video pemenggalan kepala.
04:59
But the internet alone
does not radicalize you.
does not radicalize you.
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Tapi internet saja tidak cukup untuk
meradikalisasi.
meradikalisasi.
05:02
The internet is a tool.
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Internet adalah alat.
05:03
You don't go online shopping for shoes
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Anda tidak belanja sepatu secara daring
05:05
and accidentally become a jihadist.
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dan tanpa sadar menjadi jihadis
05:07
However, what the Internet
does do is it is a catalyst.
does do is it is a catalyst.
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Peran yang dimainkan internet ialah
sebagai katalisator.
sebagai katalisator.
05:11
It provides tools and scale and rapidity
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Ia menjadi alat penyebaran dengan skala
dan kecepatan
dan kecepatan
05:15
that doesn't exist elsewhere.
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yang tidak tersedia di mana pun
05:16
And with ISIS, all of a sudden,
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Dengan adanya ISIS, secara tiba-tiba
05:19
this idea of a cloaked, dark figure
of a jihadist changed for us.
of a jihadist changed for us.
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gagasan tentang figur seorang jihadis yang
gelap dan tertutup telah berubah.
gelap dan tertutup telah berubah.
05:24
All of a sudden,
we were in their kitchens.
we were in their kitchens.
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Tiba-tiba, kita berada di dapur mereka.
Kita bisa lihat makan malam mereka.
05:26
We saw what they were eating for dinner.
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Mereka mengunggah tweet.
05:28
They were tweeting.
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Ada teroris asing yang mengunggah tweet
dalam bahasa mereka.
dalam bahasa mereka.
05:29
We had foreign terrorist fighters
tweeting in their own languages.
tweeting in their own languages.
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Ada wanita yang berbicara tentang hari
pernikahan mereka,
pernikahan mereka,
05:33
We had women going out there
talking about their wedding day,
talking about their wedding day,
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tentang kelahiran anak-anak mereka.
05:36
about the births of their children.
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Kita punya budaya dari permainan video
dan tiba-tiba
dan tiba-tiba
05:37
We had gaming culture, all of a sudden,
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05:39
and references
to Grand Theft Auto being made.
to Grand Theft Auto being made.
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game Grand Theft Auto menjadi referensi.
05:43
So all of a sudden, they were homey.
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Dalam seketika mereka tak terlihat asing.
05:45
They became human.
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Mereka menjadi manusia.
05:47
And the problem
is that trying to counter it,
is that trying to counter it,
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Masalahnya, dalam upaya untuk mengatasinya
banyak pemerintah dan perusahaan
sosial media
sosial media
05:49
lots of governments
and social media companies
and social media companies
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hanya berusaha menyensor.
05:51
just tried to censor.
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Bagaimana cara menghilangkan konten
teroris?
teroris?
05:52
How do we get rid of terrorist content?
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Ini bak permainan kucing dan tikus
05:54
And it became a cat-and-mouse game
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yang menunjukkan penutupan sejumlah akun
lalu muncul lagi yang baru
lalu muncul lagi yang baru
05:56
where we would see accounts taken down
and they'd just come back up,
and they'd just come back up,
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05:59
and an arrogance around somebody
having a 25th account
having a 25th account
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dan arogansi orang yang memiliki 25 akun
media sosial
media sosial
dan material yang disebarkan di mana-mana.
06:02
and material that was
disseminated everywhere.
disseminated everywhere.
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06:06
But we also saw a dangerous trend --
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Tapi kita juga lihat tren yang berbahaya -
06:08
violent extremists know the rules
and regulations of social media, too.
and regulations of social media, too.
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para ekstremis ini juga tahu peraturan dan
regulasi media sosial.
regulasi media sosial.
06:13
So we would see a banal
conversation with a recruiter
conversation with a recruiter
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Kita bisa melihat sebuah percakapan normal
dengan seorang perekrut
dengan seorang perekrut
06:17
start on a mainstream platform,
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bermula di media arus utama
06:19
and at the point
at which that conversation
at which that conversation
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dan ketika pembicaraannya
06:21
was going to become illegal,
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mulai menjurus ilegal,
06:22
they would jump to a smaller,
less regulated,
less regulated,
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mereka pindah ke media yang lebih kecil,
sedikit diatur
sedikit diatur
06:25
more encrypted platform.
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dan lebih terenkripsi.
06:26
So all of a sudden, we couldn't
track where that conversation went.
track where that conversation went.
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Sehingga, kita tidak bisa melacak
pembicaraan mereka.
pembicaraan mereka.
06:30
So this is a problem with censorship,
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Inilah masalah dari penyensoran
06:32
which is why we need to develop
alternatives to censorship.
alternatives to censorship.
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dan inilah mengapa kita butuh
mengembangkan alternatif selain sensor.
mengembangkan alternatif selain sensor.
06:36
ISIS is also a game-changer
because it's state-building.
because it's state-building.
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ISIS juga menjadi pelopor karena mereka
membangun negara.
membangun negara.
06:39
It's not just recruiting combatants;
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Mereka tidak sekadar merekrut pejuang,
06:41
it's trying to build a state.
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mereka mencoba membangun sebuah negara.
06:43
And what that means is all of a sudden,
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Dan itu artinya dalam seketika
model rekrutmennya menjadi lebih beragam.
06:45
your recruitment model is much more broad.
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06:47
You're not just trying to get fighters --
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Mereka tidak hanya merekrut pejuang --
06:49
now you need architects, engineers,
accountants, hackers and women.
accountants, hackers and women.
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mereka kini butuh arsitek, insinyur,
akuntan, peretas, dan wanita.
akuntan, peretas, dan wanita.
06:53
We've actually seen
a huge increase of women going
a huge increase of women going
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Tren wanita untuk bergabung pun semakin
meningkat
meningkat
06:56
in the last 24, but especially 12 months.
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pada 24 bulan terakhir, terlebih 12 bulan
terakhir.
terakhir.
06:59
Some countries, one in four
of the people going over to join
of the people going over to join
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Di beberapa negara,
1 dari 4 orang yang bergabung
1 dari 4 orang yang bergabung
07:02
are now women.
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adalah wanita.
07:03
And so, this really changes
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Jadi, pihak dan proses yang kita coba
lawan
lawan
07:05
who we're trying to counter
this process with.
this process with.
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sudah sangat berubah.
07:08
Now, not all doom and gloom.
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Tapi tidak semuanya buruk.
07:10
So the rest I'd like to talk about
some of the positive things
some of the positive things
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Sisanya, saya akan berbicara tentang
hal-hal baik
hal-hal baik
07:13
and the new innovation in trying
to prevent and counter violent extremism.
to prevent and counter violent extremism.
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dan inovasi baru dalam mencegah dan
melawan ekstremisme dengan kekerasan.
melawan ekstremisme dengan kekerasan.
07:17
Preventing is very different
than countering,
than countering,
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Pencegahan sangatlah berbeda dengan
perlawanan.
perlawanan.
07:19
and actually, you can think of it
in medical terms.
in medical terms.
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Analoginya seperti istilah medik.
07:22
So preventative medicine is,
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Obat pencegahan berarti
07:24
how do we make it
so you are naturally resilient
so you are naturally resilient
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bagaimana membuat kita menjadi kebal
secara alamiah
secara alamiah
07:27
to this process of radicalization,
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dari proses radikalisasi seperti ini.
07:30
whereas that is going to be different
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Hal ini akan berbeda
07:31
if somebody is already showing
a symptom or a sign
a symptom or a sign
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jika seseorang telah menunjukkan
tanda-tanda
tanda-tanda
07:34
of belonging to a violent
extremist ideology.
extremist ideology.
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meyakini suatu ideologi ekstrem dengan
kekerasan.
kekerasan.
07:37
And so in preventative measures,
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Jadi sebagai langkah pencegahan,
07:39
we're talking more
about really broad groups of people
about really broad groups of people
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bagaimana kita membuat kelompok-kelompok
yang amat beragam
yang amat beragam
07:41
and exposure to ideas
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memperoleh berbagai gagasan yang
07:43
to make them resilient.
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membuat mereka tidak terpengaruh.
07:45
Whereas it's very different
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Dan akan sangat berbeda
07:46
if somebody is starting to question
and agree with certain things online,
and agree with certain things online,
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bagi seseorang yang mulai mempertanyakan
dan menyetujui hal-hal daring
dan menyetujui hal-hal daring
07:50
and it's also very different
if somebody already has a swastika tattoo
if somebody already has a swastika tattoo
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dan juga sangat berbeda bagi seseorang
yang telah bertato swastika
yang telah bertato swastika
07:54
and is very much embedded within a group.
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dan telah merasa menjadi bagian suatu
grup.
grup.
07:56
How do you reach them?
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Bagaimana menjangkau mereka?
07:58
So I'd like to go through three examples
of each one of those levels
of each one of those levels
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Saya akan memberi tiga contoh untuk
setiap level
setiap level
08:02
and talk you through
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dan menjelaskan pada Anda
08:03
what some of the new ways
of engaging with people are becoming.
of engaging with people are becoming.
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tentang cara-cara baru pencegahan
orang menjadi radikal.
orang menjadi radikal.
08:07
One is "Extreme Dialogue,"
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Pertama "Dialog Ekstrem",
08:08
and it's an educational program
that we helped develop.
that we helped develop.
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sebuah program edukasi yang kami bantu
kembangkan.
kembangkan.
08:11
This one is from Canada,
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Yang ini digunakan di Kanada
08:14
and it's meant to create dialogues
within a classroom setting,
within a classroom setting,
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dan ini ditujukan untuk menciptakan dialog
di dalam kelas
di dalam kelas
08:18
using storytelling,
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dengan cara mendongeng
08:19
because violent extremism
can be very hard to try to explain,
can be very hard to try to explain,
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karena ekstremisme dengan kekerasan
dapat sangat susah dijelaskan,
dapat sangat susah dijelaskan,
08:23
especially to younger individuals.
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terutama pada anak-anak.
08:25
So we have a network of former extremists
and survivors of extremism
and survivors of extremism
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Jadi kami punya suatu jaringan mantan
ekstremis dan penyintas ekstremisme
ekstremis dan penyintas ekstremisme
08:29
that tell their stories through video
and create question-giving to classrooms,
and create question-giving to classrooms,
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yang bercerita melalui video dan menggugah
pertanyaan bagi anak-anak di kelas
pertanyaan bagi anak-anak di kelas
08:33
to start a conversation about the topic.
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untuk memancing diskusi tentang
ekstremisme.
ekstremisme.
08:35
These two examples show Christianne,
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Dua contoh ini adalah Christianne
08:38
who lost her son,
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yang kehilangan anaknya,
08:39
who radicalized and died
fighting for ISIS,
fighting for ISIS,
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yang teradikalisasi dan mati sebagai
prajurit ISIS
prajurit ISIS
08:41
and Daniel is a former neo-Nazi
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dan Daniel yang adalah eks neo-Nazi
08:43
who was an extremely violent neo-Nazi,
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yang dulu sangat penuh kekerasan.
08:45
and they pose questions about their lives
and where they're at and regret,
and where they're at and regret,
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Mereka menceritakan kisah mereka,
posisi saat ini dan penyesalan mereka
posisi saat ini dan penyesalan mereka
08:50
and force a classroom
to have a dialogue around it.
to have a dialogue around it.
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dan memaksa para murid
berdialog seputar hal itu.
berdialog seputar hal itu.
08:53
Now, looking at that middle range
of individuals,
of individuals,
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Melihat kisaran tengah dari para individu,
08:56
actually, we need a lot
of civil society voices.
of civil society voices.
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sebenarnya kita butuh banyak suara
masyarakat sipil.
masyarakat sipil.
08:58
How do you interact with people
that are looking for information online,
that are looking for information online,
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Bagaimana Anda berinteraksi dengan
pencari informasi di internet
pencari informasi di internet
09:02
that are starting to toy with an ideology,
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yang mulai bermain dengan ideologi,
09:04
that are doing those searching
identity questions?
identity questions?
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yang bertanya-tanya tentang jati diri
mereka?
mereka?
09:07
How do we provide alternatives for that?
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Bagaimana kita dapat memberi alternatif
lain?
lain?
09:09
And that's when we combine
large groups of civil society voices
large groups of civil society voices
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Itulah saat kita menggabungkan suara
masyarakat sipil dengan
masyarakat sipil dengan
09:13
with creatives, techies,
app developers, artists, comedians,
app developers, artists, comedians,
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orang-orang kreatif, ahli teknologi,
pengembang aplikasi, seniman, pelawak
pengembang aplikasi, seniman, pelawak
09:17
and we can create really specified content
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dan kita dapat membuat konten yang sangat
spesifik
spesifik
09:20
and actually, online, disseminate it
to very strategic audiences.
to very strategic audiences.
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dan menyebarkannya secara daring ke target
penonton spesifik yang telah ditentukan.
penonton spesifik yang telah ditentukan.
09:24
So one example would be
creating a satirical video
creating a satirical video
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Satu contoh adalah membuat video satir
09:27
which makes fun of Islamophobia,
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yang menertawakan Islamophobia
09:30
and targeting it
to 15- to 20-year-olds online
to 15- to 20-year-olds online
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dan menargetkannya kepada anak usia
15-20 tahun
15-20 tahun
09:34
that have an interest in white power music
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yang tertarik pada musik barat
09:36
and live specifically in Manchester.
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dan yang tinggal di Manchester.
09:38
We can use these marketing tools
to be very specific,
to be very specific,
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Alat pemasaran ini dapat digunakan secara
sangat spesifik
sangat spesifik
09:42
so that we know
when somebody's viewing, watching
when somebody's viewing, watching
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sehingga kita tahu ketika ada yang
melihat, menonton
melihat, menonton
09:44
and engaging with that content,
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dan tertarik dengan konten itu,
09:46
it's not just the average person,
it's not me or you --
it's not me or you --
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dia bukan sekedar orang biasa, bukan saya
atau Anda --
atau Anda --
09:48
it's a very specific audience
that we are looking to engage with.
that we are looking to engage with.
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dia adalah penonton yang sangat spesifik
yang kita targetkan.
yang kita targetkan.
09:52
Even more downstream, we developed
a pilot program called "One to One,"
a pilot program called "One to One,"
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Lebih jauh lagi, kami mengembangkan sebuah
program percontohan "One to One,"
program percontohan "One to One,"
09:56
where we took former extremists
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mantan ekstremis kami ajak
09:58
and we had them reach out directly
to a group of labeled neofascists
to a group of labeled neofascists
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untuk menjangkau secara langsung suatu
kelompok neofasis
kelompok neofasis
dan juga ekstremis Islam
10:02
as well as Islamist extremists,
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10:04
and put direct messages through Facebook
Messenger into their inbox, saying,
Messenger into their inbox, saying,
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dan mengirim pesan langsung melalui
Facebook ke kotak masuk mereka berbunyi,
Facebook ke kotak masuk mereka berbunyi,
10:08
"Hey, I see where you're going.
I've been there.
I've been there.
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"Hai, saya tahu Anda mau apa. Dulu saya
juga begitu.
juga begitu.
10:10
If you want to talk, I'm here."
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Saya di sini, jika butuh teman bicara."
10:12
Now, we kind of expected death threats
from this sort of interaction.
from this sort of interaction.
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Kita mengira mendapati ancaman mati dari
interaksi semacam ini.
interaksi semacam ini.
10:15
It's a little alarming to have
a former neo-Nazi say, "Hey, how are you?"
a former neo-Nazi say, "Hey, how are you?"
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Cukup menakutkan jika mantan neo-Nazi
berkata, "Hai, bagaimana kabar Anda?"
berkata, "Hai, bagaimana kabar Anda?"
10:19
But actually, we found
that around 60 percent
that around 60 percent
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Tapi kami menemukan bahwa sekitar
60 persen
60 persen
10:22
of the people reached out to responded,
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dari orang yang dikirimi pesan memberi
tanggapan
tanggapan
10:24
and of that, around another 60 percent
had sustained engagement,
had sustained engagement,
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dan dari jumlah tersebut, sekitar
60 persennya masih terus terlibat.
60 persennya masih terus terlibat.
10:28
meaning that they were
having conversations
having conversations
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Artinya, mereka berbincang dengan orang
10:30
with the hardest people to reach
about what they were going through,
about what they were going through,
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yang paling sulit dijangkau mengenai apa
yang sedang mereka alami,
yang sedang mereka alami,
menanamkan benih keraguan
10:34
planting seeds of doubt
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10:35
and giving them alternatives
for talking about these subjects,
for talking about these subjects,
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dan memberi mereka alternatif tentang hal
ini
ini
10:38
and that's really important.
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dan ini sangatlah penting.
10:41
So what we're trying to do
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Jadi, apa yang kami coba lakukan
10:43
is actually bring
unlikely sectors to the table.
unlikely sectors to the table.
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adalah mengajak sektor-sektor yang tak
terduga untuk berperan.
terduga untuk berperan.
10:46
We have amazing activists
all over the world,
all over the world,
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Kami punya aktivis luar biasa di seluruh
dunia,
dunia,
10:48
but oftentimes,
their messages are not strategic
their messages are not strategic
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tapi seringkali, pesan mereka tidak
strategis
strategis
10:50
or they don't actually reach
the audiences they want to reach.
the audiences they want to reach.
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atau mereka tidak menjangkau
orang yang ingin mereka jangkau.
orang yang ingin mereka jangkau.
10:53
So we work with networks
of former extremists.
of former extremists.
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Kami bekerja sama dengan jaringan mantan
ekstremis.
ekstremis.
10:56
We work with networks of young people
in different parts of the world.
in different parts of the world.
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Kami bekerja sama dengan jaringan
anak muda di berbagai belahan dunia.
anak muda di berbagai belahan dunia.
10:59
And we work with them
to bring the tech sector to the table
to bring the tech sector to the table
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Dan kami berkerja sama dengan mereka
untuk mengajak ahli teknologi,
untuk mengajak ahli teknologi,
11:02
with artists and creatives
and marketing expertise
and marketing expertise
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seniman, orang-orang kreatif, dan
ahli pemasaran
ahli pemasaran
11:05
so that we can actually have
a more robust and challenging of extremism
a more robust and challenging of extremism
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sehingga kita memiliki penantang gagasan
ekstremisme yang lebih kuat
ekstremisme yang lebih kuat
11:10
that works together.
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yang saling berkerja sama.
11:12
So I would say
that if you are in the audience
that if you are in the audience
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Jika Anda sedang menonton saya
11:14
and you happen to be a graphic designer,
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dan Anda seorang desainer grafis,
11:17
a poet, a marketing expert,
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penyair, pakar pemasaran,
11:19
somebody that works in PR,
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bekerja di bidang hubungan masyarakat,
11:21
a comedian --
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seorang pelawak --
11:22
you might not think
that this is your sector,
that this is your sector,
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Anda mungkin merasa
ini bukan sektor Anda,
ini bukan sektor Anda,
11:25
but actually, the skills
that you have right now
that you have right now
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tapi sebenarnya kemampuan yang Anda
miliki saat ini
miliki saat ini
11:27
might be exactly what is needed
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mungkin itulah yang dibutuhkan saat ini
11:29
to help challenge extremism effectively.
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untuk membantu melawan ekstremisme
secara efektif.
secara efektif.
11:32
Thank you.
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Terima kasih.
11:33
(Applause)
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(Tepuk tangan)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Erin Marie Saltman - Policy researcherDr. Erin Marie Saltman manages Facebook's counterterrorism and counter-extremism policy work for Europe, the Middle East and Africa.
Why you should listen
Dr. Erin Marie Saltman's background and expertise includes both Far Right and Islamist extremist processes of radicalization within a range of regional and socio-political contexts. Her research and publications have focused on the evolving nature of online extremism and terrorism, gender dynamics within violent extremist organizations and youth radicalization. Saltman has previously held senior research positions at Quilliam Foundation and the Institute for Strategic Dialogue, where she managed international programs. She has also worked with local activists, artists and techies to challenge violent extremism.
As Facebook's Counterterrorism Policy Manager based in London, Saltman regularly speaks with both governments and NGOs on issues related to how Facebook counters terrorism and violent extremism. She has also helped establish the Global Internet Forum to Counter Terrorism, bringing together leading industry partners (Facebook, Google, Microsoft and Twitter) with smaller startups and tech companies to create cross-platform knowledge sharing, technology solutions and research.
Saltman remains a Research Fellow at the Institute for Strategic Dialogue. She is a graduate of Columbia University (BA) and University College London (MA and PhD). View her articles and publications here.
Erin Marie Saltman | Speaker | TED.com