TED2018
Caroline Harper: What if we eliminated one of the world's oldest diseases?
凱洛琳 ． 哈波: 如果我們消滅了世上最古老的疾病之一，會怎樣呢 ?
Filmed:
Readability: 3.6
1,399,900 views
數千年前，古努比亞人在墳墓的牆壁上畫一種很可怕的疾病，這種疾病會讓眼瞼外翻造成失明。這種疾病就是砂眼，現今它仍在世界上許多地方肆虐著。但凱洛琳．哈波說砂眼是完全可以預防的。有了全球地圖繪製計畫的資料，哈波的拯救視力組織有一個計畫：把焦點放在因為資金不足而無法消滅砂眼的國家上，把心力投注在最需要的地方。來進一步了解他們的目標：讓沙眼成為歷史——以及你能如何幫忙。（這項充滿野心的計畫是「大無畏計畫」首批的創意點子之一，是 TED 鼓勵全球改變的新方案。）
Caroline Harper - Advocate for visually impaired people
At Sightsavers, an international NGO, Caroline Harper leads efforts to eliminate avoidable blindness around the world and fight for equal rights. Full bio
At Sightsavers, an international NGO, Caroline Harper leads efforts to eliminate avoidable blindness around the world and fight for equal rights. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
I'd like you to imagine,
just for a moment,
just for a moment,
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我想請各位想像一下，
00:16
that your eyelashes grew inwards
instead of outwards,
instead of outwards,
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你的睫毛是向內長，
而不是向外長，
而不是向外長，
00:21
so that every time you blinked,
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所以每當你眨眼時，
00:24
they would scrape
the front of your eyeballs,
the front of your eyeballs,
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它們就會刮過你的眼球前面，
00:27
damaging the corneas,
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造成角膜損傷，
00:28
so that slowly and painfully,
you went blind.
you went blind.
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你會以痛苦的方式慢慢失明。
00:33
Well, that's what happens
to a person who has trachoma.
to a person who has trachoma.
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有砂眼的人面對的就是這種情況。
00:37
Now, this little boy here, Pamelo,
from Zambia, he has trachoma.
from Zambia, he has trachoma.
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這位來自尚比亞小男孩
叫做帕梅洛，他就有砂眼。
叫做帕梅洛，他就有砂眼。
00:42
And if we don't do anything,
he's going to go blind.
he's going to go blind.
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若我們什麼也不做，他就會失明。
00:46
Trachoma is a curious disease.
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砂眼是種很奇怪的疾病。
00:48
It's a bacterial infection
that's passed from person to person
that's passed from person to person
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它是一種細菌感染，
會由一個人傳染給另一個人，
會由一個人傳染給另一個人，
00:53
and by flies.
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且由蒼蠅傳染。
00:55
The repeated infection
will scar your eyelids
will scar your eyelids
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重覆的感染會讓你的眼瞼結疤
00:58
so that they contract
and they turn inside out.
and they turn inside out.
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造成眼瞼萎縮使其外翻。
01:03
It particularly affects women,
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女性特別容易受到影響，
01:05
because they have
the contact with children.
the contact with children.
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因為她們會和孩童接觸。
01:08
So what you'll often see
in places like Ethiopia
in places like Ethiopia
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所以，在衣索比亞
這類地方你常常會看見
這類地方你常常會看見
01:12
are girls who have tweezers
like this around their necks,
like this around their necks,
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女孩會在她們的脖子上
掛著這種鑷子，
掛著這種鑷子，
01:16
and they use them
to pluck out their eyelashes.
to pluck out their eyelashes.
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用它來拔她們的睫毛。
01:20
But of course, that only gives them
temporary respite,
temporary respite,
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但當然，這麼做
只有暫時緩解的功能，
只有暫時緩解的功能，
01:23
because they just grow back
more vicious than before.
more vicious than before.
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因為睫毛會再長回來且症狀會惡化。
01:27
There are around two million
people in the world
people in the world
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全世界有大約兩百萬人
01:31
who are blind or visually impaired
because of trachoma.
because of trachoma.
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因為砂眼而失明或造成視障。
01:35
And we believe there may be
as many as 200 million people
as many as 200 million people
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我們相信多達二億人
01:39
who are at risk.
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暴露在感染的風險中。
01:41
Now, it's a very old disease.
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砂眼是種很古老的疾病。
01:44
What you can see is a photo
of a wall of a tomb in Northern Sudan.
of a wall of a tomb in Northern Sudan.
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這張照片是北蘇丹一座墓的牆壁。
01:49
A colleague and I were traveling
in a very remote village,
in a very remote village,
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我和一位同事去了
一個很偏遠的村落，
一個很偏遠的村落，
01:52
and we asked an old man
to take us down into a little tomb.
to take us down into a little tomb.
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我們請一位老人帶我們
進到一個小墓去。
進到一個小墓去。
01:56
Now, on the wall, we saw two eyes.
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在牆壁上，我們看見兩隻眼睛。
01:59
One is crying,
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一隻眼睛在哭泣，
02:01
and you can see
there are tweezers next to it.
there are tweezers next to it.
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你們可以看見它的旁邊就有支鑷子。
02:04
Simon said to me, "My God,
do you think that's trachoma?"
do you think that's trachoma?"
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賽門對我說：「我的天，
你認為那是砂眼嗎？」
你認為那是砂眼嗎？」
02:08
So we sent this picture
to the British Museum,
to the British Museum,
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之後我們把這張圖傳給大英博物館，
02:11
and they confirmed that, yes,
this is trachoma.
this is trachoma.
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他們確認了，沒錯！這是砂眼。
02:14
So, thousands of years ago,
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所以，數千年前，
02:17
the ancient Nubians
were painting pictures of trachoma
were painting pictures of trachoma
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古代的努比亞人就已經在墳墓的牆上
02:21
on the walls of their tomb.
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畫下砂眼的圖。
02:22
And the tragedy is
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不幸的是，
02:24
that disease is still rampant
in that area today.
in that area today.
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現今那個區域砂眼仍然很猖獗。
02:28
And the crazy thing is,
we know how to stop it.
we know how to stop it.
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很瘋狂的是，
我們知道如何阻止它。
我們知道如何阻止它。
02:33
And what's great is that the trachoma
community have all come together
community have all come together
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很棒的是砂眼團體已經團結在一起，
02:38
to pool their efforts.
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同心協力。
02:40
We don't compete; we collaborate.
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我們不競爭，我們合作。
02:43
I have to tell you,
that's not always the case
that's not always the case
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我得告訴各位，依我在
非政府組織世界的經驗，
非政府組織世界的經驗，
02:45
in my experience in the NGO world.
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通常不見得會是如此。
02:50
We've created something
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我們創設了
02:51
called the International Coalition
for Trachoma Control.
for Trachoma Control.
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所謂的「砂眼控制國際聯盟」。
02:56
And together, we've developed
a strategy to fight it.
a strategy to fight it.
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我們共同發展出對抗砂眼的策略。
03:00
This strategy is called the SAFE strategy,
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稱為「安全」（SAFE ）策略，
03:03
and it's been approved
by the World Health Organization.
by the World Health Organization.
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已經得到世界衛生組織的核准。
03:07
The "S" stands for "surgery."
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「S」代表的是「手術」。
03:10
It's very straightforward procedure
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ㄧ個簡易的小手術
就能將眼瞼翻回歸位。
03:12
to turn the eyelids back the right way.
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03:15
We train nurses to do it,
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我們訓練護士來做，
她們用當地的麻醉劑。
03:17
and they use local anesthetics.
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如各位所見，若有必要的話，
在患者家前的門廊就能進行手術。
在患者家前的門廊就能進行手術。
03:19
And as you can see, you can do it
in somebody's front porch, if need be.
in somebody's front porch, if need be.
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03:24
Then "A" stands for "antibiotics."
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「A」代表的是「抗生素」。
03:27
These are donated by Pfizer,
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抗生素是由輝瑞公司所捐贈，
03:30
who also pay for those drugs
to be transported to the port in-country.
to be transported to the port in-country.
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該公司亦負擔運送藥品的國際運費。
03:35
From there, they're taken to the villages,
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藥物進港上岸後會被送到村落，
03:39
where hundreds of thousands
of community volunteers
of community volunteers
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在村落中成千上百名社區志工
03:43
will distribute those drugs to the people.
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會將這些藥物分發給大家。
03:47
Now, we train those volunteers,
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我們訓練這些志工，
03:50
and we also help the ministries
with all that complex logistics.
with all that complex logistics.
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我們也協助各部進行複雜的物流。
03:54
And every one of those volunteers
has a pole like this.
has a pole like this.
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每一位志工都有一根像這樣的竿子。
04:00
It's called a "dose pole."
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它叫做「劑量竿」。
04:02
This one's from Cameroon.
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這一根來自喀麥隆。
04:04
And you can see it's marked
different colors,
different colors,
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可以看到它上面標記了不同顏色，
04:07
and you can tell how many pills
you should give somebody,
you should give somebody,
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用它就能分辨出應該要
給一個病人多少顆藥，
給一個病人多少顆藥，
04:10
based on how tall they are.
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依據的是病人的身高。
04:14
"F" stands for "face washing."
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「F」代表的是「洗臉」。
04:17
Now, we used to have trachoma
in the UK and in the US.
in the UK and in the US.
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以前在英國和美國也都有砂眼。
04:21
In fact, President Carter,
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事實上，卡特總統
04:23
he talks about how trachoma
was a real problem in Georgia
was a real problem in Georgia
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談過他幼時居住的喬治亞州
砂眼的危害是主要的問題。
04:27
when he was a little boy.
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04:29
And in the UK, the famous
eye hospital, Moorfields,
eye hospital, Moorfields,
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在英國，摩菲醫院是
一間著名的眼科醫院，
一間著名的眼科醫院，
它以前原本是間砂眼醫院。
04:33
was originally a trachoma hospital.
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04:36
What we do is teach kids like this
how important it is to wash their faces.
how important it is to wash their faces.
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我們做的事就是去教導
像這樣的孩子，洗臉有多麼重要。
像這樣的孩子，洗臉有多麼重要。
04:42
And finally, "E" stands for "environment,"
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最後，「E」代表的是「環境」，
04:46
where we help the communities
build latrines,
build latrines,
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我們協助社區建立公廁，
04:48
and we teach them to separate
their animals from their living quarters
their animals from their living quarters
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我們教導他們將動物和住處分開，
04:52
in order to reduce the fly population.
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以減少蒼蠅的數量。
04:56
So we know how to tackle the disease.
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所以，我們知道如何處理砂眼。
04:59
But we need to know where it is.
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但我們得要知道它在哪裡。
05:01
And we do,
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而我們確實知道，
05:03
because a few years ago,
Sightsavers led an incredible program
Sightsavers led an incredible program
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因幾年前 Sightsavers
（拯救視力組織，講者的慈善團體）
（拯救視力組織，講者的慈善團體）
主導了一項很棒的
「全球砂眼地圖繪製計畫」。
「全球砂眼地圖繪製計畫」。
05:07
called the Global Trachoma
Mapping Project.
Mapping Project.
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05:11
It took us three years,
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它花了我們三年時間，
05:13
but we went through 29 countries,
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但我們去了 29 個國家，
05:16
and we taught local health workers
to go district by district,
to go district by district,
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我們教導當地的醫療保健工作者
需走訪每個行政區，
需走訪每個行政區，
05:21
and they examined the eyelids
of over two and a half million people.
of over two and a half million people.
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他們檢查超過 250 萬人的眼瞼。
05:27
And they used Android phones
in order to download the data.
in order to download the data.
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他們用安卓系統的手機來下載資料。
05:31
And from that, we were able to build a map
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用那些資料，我們就
能夠製作一張地圖，
能夠製作一張地圖，
05:34
that showed us where the disease was.
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顯示出疾病的所在區域。
05:37
Now, this is a very high-level map
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這是個非常高階的地圖，
05:39
that shows you which countries
had a problem with trachoma.
had a problem with trachoma.
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它讓我們知道哪些國家有砂眼問題。
05:43
And you may ask me,
"Well, does this strategy actually work?"
"Well, does this strategy actually work?"
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各位可能會想問我：
「這項策略真的有用嗎？」
「這項策略真的有用嗎？」
05:47
Yes, it does.
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是的，有用。
05:49
This map shows you the progress
that we've made to date.
that we've made to date.
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從這張地圖可以看出
我們至今的進展。
我們至今的進展。
05:52
The green countries believe
they've already eliminated trachoma,
they've already eliminated trachoma,
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綠色的國家相信它們
已經消除了砂眼，
已經消除了砂眼，
且它們若不是已經通過
世界衛生組織的驗證，
世界衛生組織的驗證，
05:56
and they have either been through
or are in the process of
or are in the process of
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05:59
having that validated by the WHO.
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就是正在接受驗證當中。
06:02
Countries in yellow
have the money they need,
have the money they need,
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黃色的國家有它們所需的經費，
06:05
they have the resources
to eliminate trachoma.
to eliminate trachoma.
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及所需的資源可以消滅砂眼。
06:08
And some of them are really nearly there.
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且當中有些國家已經快要成功。
06:11
But the red countries,
they don't have enough funding.
they don't have enough funding.
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但紅色的國家，
它們沒有足夠的資金。
它們沒有足夠的資金。
06:14
They cannot eliminate trachoma
unless they get more.
unless they get more.
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若無法得到更多的經費
它們就無法消滅砂眼。
它們就無法消滅砂眼。
06:18
And we're quite concerned, though,
that the progress to date may stall.
that the progress to date may stall.
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不過，我們十分擔心一件事，
就是至今的進展可能會停滯下來。
就是至今的進展可能會停滯下來。
06:23
So when we were talking
to the Audacious ideas guys,
to the Audacious ideas guys,
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所以，當我們和
「大無畏計畫」的人談論時，
「大無畏計畫」的人談論時，
06:28
we asked ourselves:
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我們問自己：
06:30
If we really, really pushed ourselves
over the next four or five years
over the next four or five years
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如果在接下來的四或五年，
我們真的用力加把勁
我們真的用力加把勁
06:34
and we had the money,
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且經費充足，
06:36
what do we think we could achieve?
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我們能夠達成什麼？
06:39
Well, we believe
that we can eliminate trachoma
that we can eliminate trachoma
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我們相信我們能夠消滅
06:44
in 12 African countries
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12 個非洲國家、
06:47
and across the Americas
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全美洲
06:50
and all across the Pacific.
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和整個太平洋的砂眼。
06:53
And we can make significant progress
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而且我們能夠在砂眼問題
擔子最重的兩個國家，
擔子最重的兩個國家，
06:56
in two countries which have
the highest burden of the disease,
the highest burden of the disease,
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即衣索比亞和奈及利亞，
07:00
which is Ethiopia and Nigeria.
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達成顯著的進展。
07:03
And in doing all of that,
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如果能做到這些，
07:05
we can leverage more than two
billion dollars' worth of donated drugs.
billion dollars' worth of donated drugs.
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我們就能讓價值二十億元的
捐贈藥品發揮更大的效用。
捐贈藥品發揮更大的效用。
07:11
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
07:17
Now, this map here shows you
the impact that we'll have --
the impact that we'll have --
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這張地圖呈現的是我們
將來會有的影響力──
將來會有的影響力──
07:20
look how many countries are going green.
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看看有多少國家變成綠色了。
07:22
And there, you can see progress
in Ethiopia and Nigeria.
in Ethiopia and Nigeria.
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在那裡，各位可以看到
衣索比亞和奈及利亞的進展。
衣索比亞和奈及利亞的進展。
07:25
Now, yes, there are some countries
that are still red.
that are still red.
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是的，還有一些國家是紅色。
07:28
These are mainly countries
which are in conflict --
which are in conflict --
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這些國家多半是在衝突中的國家──
07:31
places like Yemen, South Sudan --
where it's very difficult to work.
where it's very difficult to work.
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像是葉門、南蘇丹──
在那些地方很難進行這些工作。
在那些地方很難進行這些工作。
07:35
So, we have the team,
the strategy and the map.
the strategy and the map.
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所以，我們有團隊、
有策略、還有地圖。
有策略、還有地圖。
07:40
And we also have the relationships
with the governments
with the governments
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還與各個政府維持良好的關係，
07:44
so that we can make sure
that our program is coordinated
that our program is coordinated
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以確保我們的計畫
與其他疾病控制計畫做好協調，
07:48
with other disease-control programs,
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07:50
so that we can be efficient.
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這樣我們才能有效率。
07:53
Wouldn't it be amazing
if we could do this?
if we could do this?
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如果我們能做到這樣，
不是很了不起嗎？
不是很了不起嗎？
07:57
We'd have trachoma on the run.
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我們會把砂眼趕走。
07:59
We would be on the home straight
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我們僅僅幾步之遙，
08:02
to eliminate this disease
from the whole world.
from the whole world.
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就可以讓砂眼從世界上消滅。
08:06
But before I finish,
I just want to share with you
I just want to share with you
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但在我結束演說之前，
我還想與各位分享
我還想與各位分享
08:09
some words from
the founder of Sightsavers,
the founder of Sightsavers,
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拯救視力組織的創立者所說的話，
08:12
a guy called Sir John Wilson.
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他是約翰．威爾森爵士。
08:14
Now, he was blinded at the age of 12.
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他在 12 歲時就失明了。
08:16
And he said,
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他說：
08:18
"People don't go blind by the million.
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「百萬人並非突然同時失明。
08:21
They go blind one by one."
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他們是一個接著一個失明的。」
08:24
And in the excitement of being able to say
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雖然我們可以很興奮地說，
08:27
we've got rid of trachoma
for the whole country,
for the whole country,
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我們整個國家都已經脫離了砂眼，
08:30
let's not forget that, actually,
this is a devastating disease
this is a devastating disease
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但我們也不能忘記，
砂眼是種極具破壞性的疾病，
砂眼是種極具破壞性的疾病，
08:35
that destroys the lives
of individual people.
of individual people.
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它能摧毀一個人的人生。
08:39
People like Twiba.
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像特威巴這樣的人。
08:40
Now, I met Twiba last year in Tanzania.
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我是去年在坦尚尼亞
認識特威巴的。
認識特威巴的。
08:43
She had had trachoma
for as long as she could remember.
for as long as she could remember.
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從她有記憶以來她就有砂眼。
08:46
And a couple of months before I met her,
she'd had the operation.
she'd had the operation.
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在我認識她的前幾個月，
她動了手術。
她動了手術。
08:50
It's no exaggeration to say
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說她的人生完全翻轉了，
08:53
that this had totally
transformed her life.
transformed her life.
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並不誇張。
08:57
We'd saved the sight that she had left,
and she was free of pain.
and she was free of pain.
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我們拯救了她剩下的視力，
她再也不痛苦了。
她再也不痛苦了。
09:01
She could sleep.
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她能睡覺了。
09:03
She could work, she could socialize.
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她能工作，她能社交。
09:05
And she said to me,
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她對我說：
09:08
"I have my life back."
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「我重拾我的人生了。」
09:10
And it was impossible
not to be moved by her story.
not to be moved by her story.
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無法不被她的故事所感動。
09:14
But there are so many Twibas.
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但還有好多特威巴。
09:16
I want to find all the Twibas,
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我想要找到所有的特威巴，
09:19
and I don't want anyone
to go blind in agony anymore.
to go blind in agony anymore.
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我不希望再有人承受失明的痛苦。
09:23
Now, you know, there are so many
intractable problems in this world.
intractable problems in this world.
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世界上有好多棘手的問題。
09:29
But this is not one of them.
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但這個問題並非其中之一。
09:31
This is something that we can solve.
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我們能解決這個問題。
09:34
And we can ensure
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且我們能確保
09:36
that kids like this can grow up
free from the fear of trachoma.
free from the fear of trachoma.
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像這樣的孩子也能安心長大，
不用害怕得到砂眼。
不用害怕得到砂眼。
09:42
So, for the sake of kids like this,
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所以，為了這樣的孩子，
09:45
and for the sake of people like Twiba,
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為了像特威巴的人，
09:48
let's get rid of trachoma.
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咱們來消滅砂眼吧。
09:52
Do you think we can?
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你們認為我們能做到嗎？
09:55
Well, yeah, if we really, really want to.
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可以的，如果我們
真的真的很想做的話。
真的真的很想做的話。
09:58
Yes, we can.
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是的，我們可以的。
10:00
So thank you.
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謝謝各位。
10:01
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Caroline Harper - Advocate for visually impaired peopleAt Sightsavers, an international NGO, Caroline Harper leads efforts to eliminate avoidable blindness around the world and fight for equal rights.
Why you should listen
Dr. Caroline Harper's ultimate goal is to see herself out of a job. She runs Sightsavers, an organization with global offices that strives to eliminate avoidable blindness and ensure that people with disabilities have equal rights. Up to 75 percent of sight loss can be cured or prevented, and her team hopes to achieve their goals so spectacularly that the organization is no longer needed.
Harper worked in the gas industry until 2002, before co-founding a management business that specialized on turnaround sales of energy companies. But during what she describes as a mid-life gap year, she visited a number of developing countries and felt drawn to international development. "My own family has a lot of blindness, so the mission of Sightsavers really resonated for me," she said. "I have now been its CEO for 13 years, and every year something more incredible happens. The best moments are when I visit some of the countries where we work, sit with people in their communities and realize that what we do has a massive impact. I am so lucky."
Harper is a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) for her work to protect the sight of people in developing countries. Sightsavers works with a range of partners and is supported by organizations such as The Queen Elizabeth Diamond Jubilee Trust and UK aid through the UK government's Department for International Development.
Caroline Harper | Speaker | TED.com