TEDGlobal 2011
Lee Cronin: Making matter come alive
Lee Cronin: Oživljavanje materije
Filmed:
Readability: 3.8
770,372 views
Prije nego je život postojao na Zemlji, postojala je samo materija, anorganska beživotna “stvar“. Koliko je moguće da je iz toga nastao život? I -- je li se mogla koristiti drugačija vrsta kemije? Koristeći elegantnu definiciju života (sve što može evoluirati), kemičar Lee Cronin istražuje to pitanje pokušavajući stvoriti potpuno anorgansku stanicu koristeći ”Lego kit” anorganskih molekula -- bez ugljika -- koja se može sastavljati, replicirati i nadmetati.
Lee Cronin - Chemist
A professor of chemistry, nanoscience and chemical complexity, Lee Cronin and his research group investigate how chemistry can revolutionize modern technology and even create life. Full bio
A professor of chemistry, nanoscience and chemical complexity, Lee Cronin and his research group investigate how chemistry can revolutionize modern technology and even create life. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
What I'm going to try and do in the next 15 minutes or so
0
0
3000
Ono što ću probati u slijedećih 15 minuta
00:18
is tell you about an idea
1
3000
2000
je reći vam o ideji
00:20
of how we're going to make matter come alive.
2
5000
3000
koja govori o oživljavanju tvari.
00:23
Now this may seem a bit ambitious,
3
8000
2000
Ovo vam se može činiti pomalo ambiciozno,
00:25
but when you look at yourself, you look at your hands,
4
10000
2000
ali kada se pogledate, kada pogledate vaše ruke,
00:27
you realize that you're alive.
5
12000
2000
shvatite da ste živi.
00:29
So this is a start.
6
14000
2000
I to je početak.
00:31
Now this quest started four billion years ago on planet Earth.
7
16000
3000
Ova pustolovina je započeta prije četiri milijarde godina na planeti Zemlji.
00:34
There's been four billion years
8
19000
2000
Već četiri milijarde godina
00:36
of organic, biological life.
9
21000
2000
postoji organski, biološki život.
00:38
And as an inorganic chemist,
10
23000
2000
A kao anorganski kemičar,
00:40
my friends and colleagues make this distinction
11
25000
2000
moji prijatelji i kolege su napravili tu razliku
00:42
between the organic, living world
12
27000
3000
između organskog, živog svijeta
00:45
and the inorganic, dead world.
13
30000
2000
i anorganskog, beživotnog svijeta.
00:47
And what I'm going to try and do is plant some ideas
14
32000
3000
Ono što ću pokušati napraviti je usaditi nekoliko ideja
00:50
about how we can transform inorganic, dead matter
15
35000
4000
o načinu transformacije anorganske, beživotne materije
00:54
into living matter, into inorganic biology.
16
39000
3000
u živu materiju, u anorgansku biologiju.
00:57
Before we do that,
17
42000
2000
Prije nego to napravimo,
00:59
I want to kind of put biology in its place.
18
44000
3000
želim na neki način staviti biologiju na svoje mjesto.
01:02
And I'm absolutely enthralled by biology.
19
47000
2000
Ja sam apsolutno očaran biologijom.
01:04
I love to do synthetic biology.
20
49000
2000
Volim se baviti sintetičkom biologijom.
01:06
I love things that are alive.
21
51000
2000
Volim stvari koje su žive.
01:08
I love manipulating the infrastructure of biology.
22
53000
2000
Volim manipulirati infrastrukturom biologije.
01:10
But within that infrastructure,
23
55000
2000
Ali unutar te strukture,
01:12
we have to remember
24
57000
2000
moramo zapamtiti
01:14
that the driving force of biology
25
59000
2000
da pokretačka snaga biologije
01:16
is really coming from evolution.
26
61000
2000
u biti dolazi od evolucije.
01:18
And evolution,
27
63000
2000
A evolucija,
01:20
although it was established well over 100 years ago by Charles Darwin
28
65000
3000
iako je uspostavljena prije više od 100 godina od Charlesa Darwina
01:23
and a vast number of other people,
29
68000
2000
kao i od mnogih drugih ljudi,
01:25
evolution still is a little bit intangible.
30
70000
3000
evolucija je i dalje nekako neopipljiva.
01:28
And when I talk about Darwinian evolution,
31
73000
2000
A kada pričam o Darwinovoj evoluciji,
01:30
I mean one thing and one thing only,
32
75000
2000
mislim na jednu i samo jednu stvar,
01:32
and that is survival of the fittest.
33
77000
2000
a to je opstanak najadaptibilnijih.
01:34
And so forget about evolution
34
79000
2000
I tako zaboravite na evoluciju
01:36
in a kind of metaphysical way.
35
81000
2000
u nekom metafizičkom smislu.
01:38
Think about evolution
36
83000
2000
Mislite na evoluciju
01:40
in terms of offspring competing,
37
85000
2000
kroz pojam nadmetanja potomaka,
01:42
and some winning.
38
87000
2000
u kojemu samo neki pobjeđuju.
01:44
So bearing that in mind,
39
89000
2000
I tako imajući to na umu,
01:46
as a chemist, I wanted to ask myself
40
91000
2000
kao kemičar, želio sam se pitati
01:48
the question frustrated by biology:
41
93000
2000
pitanje koje frustrira biologiju:
01:50
What is the minimal unit of matter
42
95000
3000
Koja je najmanja količina materije
01:53
that can undergo Darwinian evolution?
43
98000
3000
koja može biti podložna Darwinovoj evoluciji?
01:56
And this seems quite a profound question.
44
101000
2000
A to se čini kao prilično duboko pitanje.
01:58
And as a chemist,
45
103000
2000
A kao kemičari,
02:00
we're not used to profound questions every day.
46
105000
2000
nismo navikli na duboka pitanja svaki dan.
02:02
So when I thought about it,
47
107000
2000
I dok sam razmišljao o tome,
02:04
then suddenly I realized
48
109000
2000
odjednom sam shvatio
02:06
that biology gave us the answer.
49
111000
2000
da nam je biologija dala odgovor.
02:08
And in fact, the smallest unit of matter
50
113000
2000
I u principu, najmanja količina materije
02:10
that can evolve independently
51
115000
2000
koja može samostalno evoluirati
02:12
is, in fact, a single cell --
52
117000
2000
je, u biti, pojedinačna stanica --
02:14
a bacteria.
53
119000
2000
bakterija.
02:16
So this raises three really important questions:
54
121000
3000
I to otvara tri vrlo bitna pitanja:
02:19
What is life?
55
124000
2000
Što je život?
02:21
Is biology special?
56
126000
2000
Je li biologija posebna?
02:23
Biologists seem to think so.
57
128000
2000
Izgleda da biolozi misle tako.
02:25
Is matter evolvable?
58
130000
2000
Može li materija evoluirati?
02:27
Now if we answer those questions in reverse order,
59
132000
3000
Ako odgovorimo na ta pitanja obrnutim redoslijedom,
02:30
the third question -- is matter evolvable? --
60
135000
2000
treće pitanje -- može li materija evoluirati? --
02:32
if we can answer that,
61
137000
2000
ukoliko možemo odgovoriti na to,
02:34
then we're going to know how special biology is,
62
139000
2000
tada ćemo znati koliko je biologija posebna,
02:36
and maybe, just maybe,
63
141000
2000
i možda, samo možda
02:38
we'll have some idea of what life really is.
64
143000
3000
imat ćemo neke ideje o tome što je stvarno život.
02:41
So here's some inorganic life.
65
146000
2000
Evo ovo je jedan anorganski život.
02:43
This is a dead crystal,
66
148000
2000
Ovo je mrtav kristal,
02:45
and I'm going to do something to it,
67
150000
2000
i ja ću napraviti nešto s njime,
02:47
and it's going to become alive.
68
152000
2000
i on će postati živ.
02:49
And you can see,
69
154000
2000
I možete vidjeti,
02:51
it's kind of pollinating, germinating, growing.
70
156000
3000
izgleda kao oprašivanje, klijanje, rast.
02:54
This is an inorganic tube.
71
159000
2000
Ovo je anorganska cijev.
02:56
And all these crystals here under the microscope
72
161000
2000
I svi ovi kristali pod mikroskopom,
02:58
were dead a few minutes ago, and they look alive.
73
163000
2000
prije nekoliko minuta su bili mrtvi, a izgledaju živo.
03:00
Of course, they're not alive.
74
165000
2000
Naravno, nisu živi.
03:02
It's a chemistry experiment where I've made a crystal garden.
75
167000
3000
To je eksperiment iz kemije u kojemu sam napravio kristalni vrt.
03:05
But when I saw this, I was really fascinated,
76
170000
3000
Ali kada sam vidio ovo, bio sam stvarno fasciniram,
03:08
because it seemed lifelike.
77
173000
2000
jer se činilo kao da je živo.
03:10
And as I pause for a few seconds, have a look at the screen.
78
175000
3000
I dok se zaustavim na trenutak, pogledajte ekran.
03:15
You can see there's architecture growing, filling the void.
79
180000
3000
Možete vidjeti arhitekturu kako raste, popunjava praznine.
03:18
And this is dead.
80
183000
2000
A ovo je neživo.
03:20
So I was positive that,
81
185000
2000
I tako sam bio siguran da,
03:22
if somehow we can make things mimic life,
82
187000
2000
ako možemo natjerati stvari da oponašaju život,
03:24
let's go one step further.
83
189000
2000
hajdemo i korak dalje.
03:26
Let's see if we can actually make life.
84
191000
2000
Idemo vidjeti možemo li stvarno stvoriti život.
03:28
But there's a problem,
85
193000
2000
Ali ima jedan problem,
03:30
because up until maybe a decade ago,
86
195000
2000
jer do prije jednog desetljeća,
03:32
we were told that life was impossible
87
197000
2000
bilo nam jer rečeno kako je život nemoguć
03:34
and that we were the most incredible miracle in the universe.
88
199000
3000
i da smo mi najnevjerojatnije čudo u svemiru.
03:37
In fact, we were the only people
89
202000
2000
U stvari, mi smo jedini ljudi
03:39
in the universe.
90
204000
2000
u svemiru.
03:41
Now, that's a bit boring.
91
206000
2000
E sada, to je lagano dosadno.
03:43
So as a chemist,
92
208000
2000
Kao kemičar,
03:45
I wanted to say, "Hang on. What is going on here?
93
210000
2000
želio sam reći, ”Čekaj malo. Što se to ovdje događa?
03:47
Is life that improbable?"
94
212000
2000
Je li život tako nemoguć?”
03:49
And this is really the question.
95
214000
3000
A to je u biti pitanje.
03:52
I think that perhaps the emergence of the first cells
96
217000
3000
Vjerujem kako je možda nastanak prve stanice©
03:55
was as probable as the emergence of the stars.
97
220000
3000
bio moguć isto kao i nastanak zvijezdi.
03:58
And in fact, let's take that one step further.
98
223000
3000
U stvari, idemo poduzeti jedan korak dalje.
04:01
Let's say
99
226000
2000
Hajdemo reći,
04:03
that if the physics of fusion
100
228000
2000
da ukoliko je fizika fuzije
04:05
is encoded into the universe,
101
230000
2000
kodirana u svemir,
04:07
maybe the physics of life is as well.
102
232000
2000
možda je i fizika života isto.
04:09
And so the problem with chemists --
103
234000
2000
I tako je problem s kemičarima --
04:11
and this is a massive advantage as well --
104
236000
2000
a to je isto i velika prednost --
04:13
is we like to focus on our elements.
105
238000
2000
što se volimo koncentrirati na naše elemente.
04:15
In biology, carbon takes center stage.
106
240000
3000
U biologiji, ugljik zauzima središnje mjesto.
04:18
And in a universe where carbon exists
107
243000
2000
A u svemiru gdje postoji ugljik,
04:20
and organic biology,
108
245000
2000
i organska bilogija,
04:22
then we have all this wonderful diversity of life.
109
247000
3000
imamo svu ovu predivnu raznolikost života.
04:25
In fact, we have such amazing lifeforms that we can manipulate.
110
250000
4000
U biti, imamo tako fascinantne životne vrste kojima možemo manipulirati.
04:29
We're awfully careful in the lab
111
254000
2000
Strašno smo pažljivi u laboratoriju
04:31
to try and avoid various biohazards.
112
256000
2000
dok pokušavamo i uspjevamo izbjeći različite biološke nesreće.
04:33
Well what about matter?
113
258000
2000
A što je sa tvari?
04:35
If we can make matter alive, would we have a matterhazard?
114
260000
3000
Ukoliko možemo oživiti tvar, možemo li imati tvarnu nesreću?
04:38
So think, this is a serious question.
115
263000
2000
I zato razmislite jer ovo je ozbiljno pitanje.
04:40
If your pen could replicate,
116
265000
3000
Kada bi se tvoja olovka mogla replicirati,
04:43
that would be a bit of a problem.
117
268000
2000
to bi bio lagani problem.
04:45
So we have to think differently
118
270000
2000
I zato moramo razmišljati drugačije,
04:47
if we're going to make stuff come alive.
119
272000
2000
ukoliko želimo oživiti stvari.
04:49
And we also have to be aware of the issues.
120
274000
2000
I moramo isto tako biti svjesni problema.
04:51
But before we can make life,
121
276000
2000
Ali prije nego možemo stvoriti život,
04:53
let's think for a second
122
278000
2000
razmislimo na sekundu
04:55
what life really is characterized by.
123
280000
2000
što u biti karakterizira život.
04:57
And forgive the complicated diagram.
124
282000
2000
I zaboravite na kompliciran dijagram.
04:59
This is just a collection of pathways in the cell.
125
284000
3000
Ovo je samo kolekcija tokova u stanici.
05:02
And the cell is obviously for us
126
287000
2000
A stanica je, očigledno,
05:04
a fascinating thing.
127
289000
2000
fascinantna stvar za nas.
05:06
Synthetic biologists are manipulating it.
128
291000
3000
Sintetički biolozi manipuliraju njome.
05:09
Chemists are trying to study the molecules to look at disease.
129
294000
3000
Kemičari pokušavaju proučavati molekulu kako bi našli bolesti.
05:12
And you have all these pathways going on at the same time.
130
297000
2000
I imate sve ove tokove koji rade istovremeno.
05:14
You have regulation;
131
299000
2000
Imate regulaciju,
05:16
information is transcribed;
132
301000
2000
Prepisuju se informacije;
05:18
catalysts are made; stuff is happening.
133
303000
2000
stvaraju se katalizatori, stvari se događaju.
05:20
But what does a cell do?
134
305000
2000
Ali što stanica radi?
05:22
Well it divides, it competes,
135
307000
2000
Pa ona se dijeli, natječe,
05:24
it survives.
136
309000
2000
preživljeva.
05:26
And I think that is where we have to start
137
311000
2000
I ja mislim kako je to točka od koje moramo krenuti
05:28
in terms of thinking about
138
313000
2000
u smislu razmišljanja o
05:30
building from our ideas in life.
139
315000
2000
stvaranju na osnovu naših ideja iz života.
05:32
But what else is life characterized by?
140
317000
2000
Ali što još karakterizira život?
05:34
Well, I like think of it
141
319000
2000
Pa, ja si to volim predočiti
05:36
as a flame in a bottle.
142
321000
2000
kao plamen u boci.
05:38
And so what we have here
143
323000
2000
I tako ovo što imamo ovdje
05:40
is a description of single cells
144
325000
2000
je opis jedne čelije
05:42
replicating, metabolizing,
145
327000
2000
koja se replicita, metabolizira,
05:44
burning through chemistries.
146
329000
2000
izgara kroz različite kemijske procese.
05:46
And so we have to understand
147
331000
2000
I tako moramo shvatiti
05:48
that if we're going to make artificial life or understand the origin of life,
148
333000
3000
da ukoliko ćemo stvoriti umjetan život ili shvatiti porijeklo života,
05:51
we need to power it somehow.
149
336000
2000
moramo ga nekako i pokretati.
05:53
So before we can really start to make life,
150
338000
3000
I tako prije nego stvarno možemo pokrenuti život,
05:56
we have to really think about where it came from.
151
341000
2000
moramo stvarno promisliti od kuda potječe.
05:58
And Darwin himself mused in a letter to a colleague
152
343000
2000
I sam Darwin je prenio svoja razmišljanja pismom jednom kolegi
06:00
that he thought that life probably emerged
153
345000
2000
u kojima misli kako je vjerojatno da se život pojavio
06:02
in some warm little pond somewhere --
154
347000
3000
u nekoj toploj maloj bari negdje --
06:05
maybe not in Scotland, maybe in Africa,
155
350000
2000
možda ne u Škotskoj, možda u Africi,
06:07
maybe somewhere else.
156
352000
2000
možda negdje drugdje.
06:09
But the real honest answer is, we just don't know,
157
354000
3000
Ali pravi iskren odgovor je da u biti ne znamo,
06:12
because there is a problem with the origin.
158
357000
3000
jer postoji problem u vezi podrijetla.
06:15
Imagine way back, four and a half billion years ago,
159
360000
3000
Zamislite sada daleko u prošlost, četiri i pol milijarde godina,
06:18
there is a vast chemical soup of stuff.
160
363000
2000
postoji velika kemijska juha od tvari.
06:20
And from this stuff we came.
161
365000
2000
I od te tvari mi dolazimo.
06:22
So when you think about the improbable nature
162
367000
3000
I zato dok budete razmišljali o mogućoj prirodi
06:25
of what I'm going to tell you in the next few minutes,
163
370000
2000
onoga što ću vam reći u slijedećih nekoliko minuta,
06:27
just remember,
164
372000
2000
samo zapamtite,
06:29
we came from stuff on planet Earth.
165
374000
2000
došli smo iz one tvari na planeti Zemlji.
06:31
And we went through a variety of worlds.
166
376000
3000
I prošli smo kroz različite svjetove.
06:34
The RNA people would talk about the RNA world.
167
379000
3000
RNK ljudi bi pričala o RNK svjetovima.
06:37
We somehow got to proteins and DNA.
168
382000
2000
Mi smo nekako došli do proteina i DNK.
06:39
We then got to the last ancestor.
169
384000
2000
Zatim smo došli do zadnjeg pretka.
06:41
Evolution kicked in -- and that's the cool bit.
170
386000
3000
Evolucija se ubacila -- a to je bolji dio.
06:44
And here we are.
171
389000
2000
I evo nas ovdje.
06:46
But there's a roadblock that you can't get past.
172
391000
3000
Ali postoji prepreka koju se ne može proći.
06:49
You can decode the genome, you can look back,
173
394000
3000
Možeš dekodirati genom, možeš gledati natrag,
06:52
you can link us all together by a mitochondrial DNA,
174
397000
3000
možeš nas povezati sve skupa preko mitohondrijskog DNK,
06:55
but we can't get further than the last ancestor,
175
400000
3000
ali ne možemo ići dalje u prošlost od zajedničkog pretka,
06:58
the last visible cell
176
403000
2000
zadnje vidljive stanice
07:00
that we could sequence or think back in history.
177
405000
3000
koju bi mogli sekvencirati ili o kojoj bi mogli razmišljati.
07:03
So we don't know how we got here.
178
408000
3000
I tako mi ne znamo kako smo došli ovdje.
07:06
So there are two options:
179
411000
2000
Postoje dvije opcije:
07:08
intelligent design, direct and indirect --
180
413000
2000
inteligentan dizajn, direktan ili indirektan --
07:10
so God,
181
415000
2000
i tako Bog,
07:12
or my friend.
182
417000
3000
ili moj prijatelj,
07:15
Now talking about E.T. putting us there, or some other life,
183
420000
3000
A ukoliko pomislimo na E.T.-a kako nas stavlja ovdje, ili neki drugi život,
07:18
just pushes the problem further on.
184
423000
3000
samo gura problem dalje.
07:21
I'm not a politician, I'm a scientist.
185
426000
3000
Ja nisam političar, ja sam znanstvenik.
07:24
The other thing we need to think about
186
429000
2000
Druga stvar o kojoj moramo razmisliti
07:26
is the emergence of chemical complexity.
187
431000
2000
je nastanak kemijske kompleksnosti.
07:28
This seems most likely.
188
433000
2000
To se čini kao najvjerojatnije.
07:30
So we have some kind of primordial soup.
189
435000
2000
I tako imamo neku vrste primorodijalne juhe.
07:32
And this one happens to be
190
437000
2000
A ispalo je kako je ova
07:34
a good source of all 20 amino acids.
191
439000
2000
dobar izvor svih 20 aminokiselina.
07:36
And somehow
192
441000
2000
I nekako
07:38
these amino acids are combined,
193
443000
2000
te su se aminokiseline povezale,
07:40
and life begins.
194
445000
2000
i život je počeo.
07:42
But life begins, what does that mean?
195
447000
2000
Ali što znači 'život je počeo'?
07:44
What is life? What is this stuff of life?
196
449000
3000
Što je život? Što je ta tvar života?
07:47
So in the 1950s,
197
452000
2000
I tako su tijekom 1950-ih,
07:49
Miller-Urey did their fantastic chemical Frankenstein experiment,
198
454000
5000
Miller-Urey napravili njihov fantastičan kemijski Frankenstein eksperiment,
07:54
where they did the equivalent in the chemical world.
199
459000
2000
u kojemu su napravili istu stvar ali u svijetu kemije.
07:56
They took the basic ingredients, put them in a single jar
200
461000
3000
Uzeli su osnovne sastojke, stavili ih u jednu posudu,
07:59
and ignited them
201
464000
2000
ugrijali ih
08:01
and put a lot of voltage through.
202
466000
2000
i pustili jak napon kroz njih.
08:03
And they had a look at what was in the soup,
203
468000
2000
Zatim su pogledali u ono što je bilo u juhi
08:05
and they found amino acids,
204
470000
3000
i našli su aminokieseline
08:08
but nothing came out, there was no cell.
205
473000
2000
ali osim toga nije bilo ničega, nije bilo stanica.
08:10
So the whole area's been stuck for a while,
206
475000
3000
I tako je cijelo to područje bilo zapostavljeno na neko vrijeme,
08:13
and it got reignited in the '80s
207
478000
3000
sve do '80-ih
08:16
when analytical technologies and computer technologies were coming on.
208
481000
3000
kada su se počele pojavljivati analitičke i računalske tehnologije.
08:19
In my own laboratory,
209
484000
2000
U svojem laboratoriju,
08:21
the way we're trying to create inorganic life
210
486000
3000
način na koji pokušavamo stvoriti anorganski život
08:24
is by using many different reaction formats.
211
489000
2000
je taj da koristimo različite oblike reakcija.
08:26
So what we're trying to do is do reactions --
212
491000
2000
Ono što pokušavamo napraviti su reakcije --
08:28
not in one flask, but in tens of flasks,
213
493000
2000
ne u jednoj posudi nego u desetinama posuda,
08:30
and connect them together,
214
495000
2000
i onda ih spojimo skupa,
08:32
as you can see with this flow system, all these pipes.
215
497000
2000
kao što možete vidjeti u ovom protočnom sustavu, sa svim ovim cijevima.
08:34
We can do it microfluidically, we can do it lithographically,
216
499000
3000
Možemo ga napraviti pomoću mikrofluida, pomoću litografije,
08:37
we can do it in a 3D printer,
217
502000
2000
pomoću 3D printera,
08:39
we can do it in droplets for colleagues.
218
504000
2000
možemo ga napraviti kao kapljice za kolege.
08:41
And the key thing is to have lots of complex chemistry
219
506000
3000
I ključna stvar je da morate imati puno kompleksne kemije
08:44
just bubbling away.
220
509000
2000
koja samo lagano ključa.
08:46
But that's probably going to end in failure,
221
511000
4000
Ali to će vjerojatno završiti s neuspjehom,
08:50
so we need to be a bit more focused.
222
515000
2000
i zbog toga moramo biti malo više fokusirani.
08:52
And the answer, of course, lies with mice.
223
517000
2000
A odgovor, naravno, leži u miševima.
08:54
This is how I remember what I need as a chemist.
224
519000
3000
To je način na koji se sjetim što kao kemičar trebam.
08:57
I say, "Well I want molecules."
225
522000
2000
Rekao sam: “Znači, trebam molekule.”
08:59
But I need a metabolism, I need some energy.
226
524000
3000
Ali treba mi metabolizam i treba mi nešto energije.
09:02
I need some information, and I need a container.
227
527000
3000
I trebaju mi informacije, kao i spremnik.
09:05
Because if I want evolution,
228
530000
2000
Jer ukoliko želim evoluciju,
09:07
I need containers to compete.
229
532000
2000
moram imati spremnike koji se natječu.
09:09
So if you have a container,
230
534000
2000
I znači ako imate spremnik,
09:11
it's like getting in your car.
231
536000
2000
to vam je kao da ulazite u auto.
09:13
"This is my car,
232
538000
2000
“Ovo je moj auto,
09:15
and I'm going to drive around and show off my car."
233
540000
2000
i sada ću se voziti okolo i pokazivati ga.”
09:17
And I imagine you have a similar thing
234
542000
2000
A ja vjerujem da postoji slična stvar
09:19
in cellular biology
235
544000
2000
u staničnoj biologiji
09:21
with the emergence of life.
236
546000
2000
u vezi nastanka života.
09:23
So these things together give us evolution, perhaps.
237
548000
3000
I tako nam ove stvari skupa mogu dati evoluciju, možda.
09:26
And the way to test it in the laboratory
238
551000
2000
A način da se izvrši testiranje u laboratoriju
09:28
is to make it minimal.
239
553000
2000
je taj da se napravi minijaturna verzija.
09:30
So what we're going to try and do
240
555000
2000
Ono što ću pokušati napraviti je
09:32
is come up with an inorganic Lego kit of molecules.
241
557000
3000
da izmislim anorganski Lego kit molekula.
09:35
And so forgive the molecules on the screen,
242
560000
2000
I zato zaboravite molekule na ekranu,
09:37
but these are a very simple kit.
243
562000
2000
ove su jako jednostavan kit.
09:39
There's only maybe three or four different types of building blocks present.
244
564000
2000
Trenutno postoji samo tri ili četiri različita tipa građevnih blokova.
09:41
And we can aggregate them together
245
566000
2000
I možemo ih spajati skupa
09:43
and make literally thousands and thousands
246
568000
2000
čime dobivamo doslovno tisuće i tisuće
09:45
of really big nano-molecular molecules
247
570000
3000
stvarno velikih nano-molekularnih molekula
09:48
the same size of DNA and proteins,
248
573000
2000
iste veličine kao i DNK ili proteini,
09:50
but there's no carbon in sight.
249
575000
2000
ali tamo nema ugljika na vidiku.
09:52
Carbon is banned.
250
577000
2000
Ugljik je zabranjen.
09:54
And so with this Lego kit,
251
579000
2000
I tako uz pomoć ovog Lego kita,
09:56
we have the diversity required
252
581000
2000
imamo potrebnu različitost
09:58
for complex information storage
253
583000
3000
za pohranjivanje kompleksnih informacija
10:01
without DNA.
254
586000
2000
bez DNK.
10:03
But we need to make some containers.
255
588000
2000
Ali moramo napraviti neke spremnike.
10:05
And just a few months ago in my lab,
256
590000
2000
I upravo prije nekoliko mjeseci u mojem laboratoriju,
10:07
we were able to take these very same molecules and make cells with them.
257
592000
3000
uspjeli smo uzeti upravo ove iste molekule i od njih napraviti stanice.
10:10
And you can see on the screen a cell being made.
258
595000
3000
Na ekranu možete vidjeti kako se stvara stanica.
10:13
And we're now going to put some chemistry inside and do some chemistry in this cell.
259
598000
3000
A sada ćemo staviti nešto kemijskih elemenata unutra i pozabaviti se kemijom u stanici.
10:16
And all I wanted to show you
260
601000
2000
Sve što sam vam želio pokazati
10:18
is we can set up molecules
261
603000
2000
je da možemo postaviti molekule
10:20
in membranes, in real cells,
262
605000
2000
u membrane, u prave stanice,
10:22
and then it sets up a kind of molecular Darwinism,
263
607000
4000
a onda se dogodi neka vrsta molekularnog Darwinizma,
10:26
a molecular survival of the fittest.
264
611000
2000
molekularno preživljavanje najprilagođenijih.
10:28
And this movie here
265
613000
2000
A ovaj film ovdje
10:30
shows this competition between molecules.
266
615000
2000
pokazuje natjecame među molekulama.
10:32
Molecules are competing for stuff.
267
617000
2000
Molekule se natječu za stvari.
10:34
They're all made of the same stuff,
268
619000
2000
Sve su načinjene od istih tvari,
10:36
but they want their shape to win.
269
621000
2000
ali svaka želi da njihov izgled pobjedi.
10:38
They want their shape to persist.
270
623000
2000
Žele da se njihovi oblici održe.
10:40
And that is the key.
271
625000
2000
I to je ključ.
10:42
If we can somehow encourage these molecules
272
627000
2000
Kada bi nekako mogli potaknuti ove molekule
10:44
to talk to each other and make the right shapes and compete,
273
629000
3000
da komuniciraju međusobno i da naprave prave oblike te da se natječu,
10:47
they will start to form cells
274
632000
2000
one će početi stvarati stanice
10:49
that will replicate and compete.
275
634000
2000
koje će se replicirati i natjecati.
10:51
If we manage to do that,
276
636000
2000
Ukoliko uspjemo napraviti to,
10:53
forget the molecular detail.
277
638000
3000
zaboravite na molekularni detalj.
10:56
Let's zoom out to what that could mean.
278
641000
2000
Odzumirajmo da bismo vidjeli što to može značiti.
10:58
So we have this special theory of evolution
279
643000
2000
Imamo posebno teoriju evolucije
11:00
that applies only to organic biology, to us.
280
645000
3000
koja se odnosi samo na organsku biologiju, na nas.
11:03
If we could get evolution into the material world,
281
648000
3000
Ukoliko bismo mogli unijeti evoluciju u materijalni svijet,
11:06
then I propose we should have a general theory of evolution.
282
651000
3000
predlažem kako bismo trebali imati opću teoriju evolucije.
11:09
And that's really worth thinking about.
283
654000
3000
A zbog toga se stvarno isplati promisliti o tome.
11:12
Does evolution control
284
657000
2000
Kontrolira li evolucija
11:14
the sophistication of matter in the universe?
285
659000
3000
sofisticiranost materije u svemiru?
11:17
Is there some driving force through evolution
286
662000
3000
Postoji li neka pokretačka snaga kroz evoluciju
11:20
that allows matter to compete?
287
665000
2000
koja dozvoljava tvari da se natječe?
11:22
So that means we could then start
288
667000
2000
To onda znači da bi mogli početi
11:24
to develop different platforms
289
669000
3000
razvijati različite platforme
11:27
for exploring this evolution.
290
672000
2000
za istraživanje evolucije.
11:29
So you imagine,
291
674000
2000
I zato zamislite,
11:31
if we're able to create a self-sustaining artificial life form,
292
676000
3000
ako smo u mogućnosti stvoriti umjetni samoodrživi životni oblik,
11:34
not only will this tell us about the origin of life --
293
679000
3000
ne samo da će nam to reći nešto o podrijetlu života --
11:37
that it's possible that the universe doesn't need carbon to be alive;
294
682000
3000
nego znači i da svemiru nije potreban ugljik da bude živ;
11:40
it can use anything --
295
685000
2000
može koristiti svašta --
11:42
we can then take [it] one step further and develop new technologies,
296
687000
3000
možemo ići jedan korak dalje [s time] i razviti nove tehnologije,
11:45
because we can then use software control
297
690000
2000
iz razloga što bi onda koristili softversku kontrolu
11:47
for evolution to code in.
298
692000
2000
za kodiranje evolucije.
11:49
So imagine we make a little cell.
299
694000
2000
Zamislite da napravimo malu stanicu.
11:51
We want to put it out in the environment,
300
696000
2000
Želimo je staviti vani u okoliš,
11:53
and we want it to be powered by the Sun.
301
698000
2000
i želimo da se napaja suncem.
11:55
What we do is we evolve it in a box with a light on.
302
700000
3000
Ono što radimo jest da je razvijamo u osvjetljenoj posudi.
11:58
And we don't use design anymore. We find what works.
303
703000
3000
I ne koristimo više dizajn. Nalazimo što funkcionira.
12:01
We should take our inspiration from biology.
304
706000
2000
Trebamo potražiti inspiraciju u biologiji.
12:03
Biology doesn't care about the design
305
708000
2000
Biologija ne brine o dizajnu
12:05
unless it works.
306
710000
2000
osim ako ne funkcionira.
12:07
So this will reorganize
307
712000
2000
Znači ovo će reorganizirati
12:09
the way we design things.
308
714000
2000
način na koji dizajniramo stvari.
12:11
But not only just that,
309
716000
2000
Ali ne samo to,
12:13
we will start to think about
310
718000
2000
počet ćemo razmišljati o tome
12:15
how we can start to develop a symbiotic relationship with biology.
311
720000
3000
kako da počnemo razvijati simbiozni odnos s biologijom.
12:18
Wouldn't it be great
312
723000
2000
Ne bi li bilo super
12:20
if you could take these artificial biological cells
313
725000
2000
kada bi mogli uzeti ove umjetne biološke stanice
12:22
and fuse them with biological ones
314
727000
2000
i spojiti ih sa biološkim
12:24
to correct problems that we couldn't really deal with?
315
729000
3000
kako bi riješili probleme s kojima se inače ne možemo nositi.
12:27
The real issue in cellular biology
316
732000
2000
Stvarni problem u staničnoj biologiji
12:29
is we are never going to understand everything,
317
734000
3000
je taj da nikada nećemo moći shvatiti sve,
12:32
because it's a multidimensional problem put there by evolution.
318
737000
3000
jer se ovdje radi o višedimenzionalnom problemu koji je postavila evolucija.
12:35
Evolution cannot be cut apart.
319
740000
3000
Evoluciju se ne može odvojiti.
12:38
You need to somehow find the fitness function.
320
743000
3000
Mora se nekako naći funkcija koja najbolje pristaje.
12:41
And the profound realization for me
321
746000
2000
A ono šta sam suštinski shvatio
12:43
is that, if this works,
322
748000
2000
je da, ako ovo radi,
12:45
the concept of the selfish gene gets kicked up a level,
323
750000
3000
koncept sebičnog gena se podiže za jednu razinu,
12:48
and we really start talking about selfish matter.
324
753000
3000
i onda stvarno možemo početi pričati o sebičnoj tvari.
12:51
And what does that mean in a universe
325
756000
2000
A što li to znači u svemiru
12:53
where we are right now the highest form of stuff?
326
758000
3000
u kojemu smo mi trenutno najviši oblik tvari?
12:56
You're sitting on chairs.
327
761000
2000
Vi sjedite na stolicama.
12:58
They're inanimate, they're not alive.
328
763000
2000
One su beživotne, nisu žive.
13:00
But you are made of stuff, and you are using stuff,
329
765000
2000
Ali vi ste napravljeni od tvari i koristite tvari,
13:02
and you enslave stuff.
330
767000
2000
i vi porobljavate tvari.
13:04
So using evolution
331
769000
2000
Korištenje evolucije
13:06
in biology,
332
771000
2000
u biologiji,
13:08
and in inorganic biology,
333
773000
2000
i u anorganskoj biologiji,
13:10
for me is quite appealing, quite exciting.
334
775000
2000
za mene je prilično dopadljivo, prilično uzbudljivo.
13:12
And we're really becoming very close
335
777000
3000
I stvarno dolazimo jako blizu
13:15
to understanding the key steps
336
780000
2000
razumjevanju ključnih koraka
13:17
that makes dead stuff come alive.
337
782000
3000
kojima se beživotna materija oživljava.
13:20
And again, when you're thinking about how improbable this is,
338
785000
3000
I opet, razmišljamo o tome koliko je to nevjerojatno,
13:23
remember, five billion years ago,
339
788000
2000
zapamtite, prije 5 milijardi godina,
13:25
we were not here, and there was no life.
340
790000
3000
mi nismo bili ovdje, i nije postojao život.
13:28
So what will that tell us
341
793000
2000
I što će nam to reći
13:30
about the origin of life and the meaning of life?
342
795000
3000
o porijeklu života i značenju života?
13:33
But perhaps, for me as a chemist,
343
798000
2000
Ali možda, ja kao kemičar,
13:35
I want to keep away from general terms;
344
800000
2000
želim se držati podalje od općenitih izraza;
13:37
I want to think about specifics.
345
802000
2000
želim razmišljati o specifičnim.
13:39
So what does it mean about defining life?
346
804000
2000
Što to znači u vezi definiranja života?
13:41
We really struggle to do this.
347
806000
2000
Stvarno se borimo dok to radimo.
13:43
And I think, if we can make inorganic biology,
348
808000
2000
I mislim da, ako možemo napraviti anorgansku biologiju,
13:45
and we can make matter become evolvable,
349
810000
3000
i ako možemo napraviti tvar koja evoluira,
13:48
that will in fact define life.
350
813000
2000
to će u biti definirati život.
13:50
I propose to you
351
815000
2000
Predlažem vam,
13:52
that matter that can evolve is alive,
352
817000
3000
da je tvar koja može evoluirati živa,
13:55
and this gives us the idea of making evolvable matter.
353
820000
3000
i to nam daje ideju o stvaranju evoluirajuće tvari.
13:58
Thank you very much.
354
823000
2000
Hvala vam puno.
14:00
(Applause)
355
825000
7000
(Pljesak)
14:07
Chris Anderson: Just a quick question on timeline.
356
832000
4000
Chris Anderson: Samo brzo pitanje u vezi vremenske ljestvice.
14:11
You believe you're going to be successful in this project?
357
836000
2000
Mislite li da ćete biti uspješni u ovome projektu?
14:13
When?
358
838000
2000
Kada?
14:15
Lee Cronin: So many people think
359
840000
2000
Lee Cronin: Mnogo ljudi misli
14:17
that life took millions of years to kick in.
360
842000
2000
da su bili potrebni milijuni godina za život.
14:19
We're proposing to do it in just a few hours,
361
844000
3000
Mi predlažemo da ga napravimo u samo nekoliko sati,
14:22
once we've set up
362
847000
2000
jednom kada smo postavili
14:24
the right chemistry.
363
849000
2000
pravu kemiju.
14:26
CA: And when do you think that will happen?
364
851000
2000
CA: I kada mislite da će se to ostvariti?
14:28
LC: Hopefully within the next two years.
365
853000
3000
LC: Nadam se u slijedeće dvije godine.
14:31
CA: That would be a big story.
366
856000
2000
CA: To bi bila velika priča.
14:33
(Laughter)
367
858000
2000
(Smjeh)
14:35
In your own mind, what do you believe the chances are
368
860000
2000
U vlastitim razmišljanjima, vjerujete li da postoji mogućnost
14:37
that walking around on some other planet
369
862000
2000
da na nekom drugom planetu hoda uokolo
14:39
is non-carbon-based life,
370
864000
2000
život koji se ne bazira na ugljiku,
14:41
walking or oozing or something?
371
866000
2000
da hoda ili curi ili štogod?
14:43
LC: I think it's 100 percent.
372
868000
2000
LC: Mislim da je mogućnost 100-postotna.
14:45
Because the thing is, we are so chauvinistic to biology,
373
870000
3000
Jer stvar je ta da smo veliki šovinisti prema biologiji,
14:48
if you take away carbon, there's other things that can happen.
374
873000
2000
ukoliko izuzmete ugljik, postoje ostale stvari koje se mogu dogoditi.
14:50
So the other thing
375
875000
2000
Druga stvar je ta
14:52
that if we were able to create life that's not based on carbon,
376
877000
2000
da ukoliko uspjemo stvoriti život koji se ne temelji na ugljiku,
14:54
maybe we can tell NASA what really to look for.
377
879000
3000
možda možemo reći NASA-i što da stvarno traži.
14:57
Don't go and look for carbon, go and look for evolvable stuff.
378
882000
3000
Nemojte tražiti ugljik, idite i tražite evoluirajuću tvar.
15:00
CA: Lee Cronin, good luck. (LC: Thank you very much.)
379
885000
2000
CA: Lee Cronin, sretno. (LC: Hvala vam najljepša.)
15:02
(Applause)
380
887000
2000
(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Lee Cronin - ChemistA professor of chemistry, nanoscience and chemical complexity, Lee Cronin and his research group investigate how chemistry can revolutionize modern technology and even create life.
Why you should listen
Lee Cronin's lab at the University of Glasgow does cutting-edge research into how complex chemical systems, created from non-biological building blocks, can have real-world applications with wide impact. At TEDGlobal 2012, Cronin shared some of the lab's latest work: creating a 3D printer for molecules. This device -- which has been prototyped -- can download plans for molecules and print them, in the same way that a 3D printer creates objects. In the future, Cronin says this technology could potentially be used to print medicine -- cheaply and wherever it is needed. As Cronin says: "What Apple did for music, I'd like to do for the discovery and distribution of prescription drugs."
At TEDGlobal 2011, Cronin shared his lab's bold plan to create life. At the moment, bacteria is the minimum unit of life -- the smallest chemical unit that can undergo evolution. But in Cronin's emerging field, he's thinking about forms of life that won't be biological. To explore this, and to try to understand how life itself originated from chemicals, Cronin and others are attempting to create truly artificial life from completely non-biological chemistries that mimic the behavior of natural cells. They call these chemical cells, or Chells.
Cronin's research interests also encompass self-assembly and self-growing structures -- the better to assemble life at nanoscale. At the University of Glasgow, this work on crystal structures is producing a raft of papers from his research group. He says: "Basically one of my longstanding research goals is to understand how life emerged on planet Earth and re-create the process."
Read the papers referenced in his TEDGlobal 2102 talk:
Integrated 3D-printed reactionware for chemical synthesis and analysis, Nature Chemistry
Configurable 3D-Printed millifluidic and microfluidic ‘lab on a chip’ reactionware devices, Lab on a Chip
Lee Cronin | Speaker | TED.com