TEDGlobal 2009
Magnus Larsson: Turning dunes into architecture
Magnus Larsson: Pretvaranje dina u arhitekturu
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Student arhitekture Magnus Larsson iznosi u detalje svoj hrabri plan za preobrazbu oštre Saharske pustinje koristeći bakteriju i iznenađujući građevinski materijal: sam pijesak.
Magnus Larsson - Dune architect
Magnus Larsson hopes to build new structures in the desert -- by using bacteria to turn shifting sand into a solid mass. Full bio
Magnus Larsson hopes to build new structures in the desert -- by using bacteria to turn shifting sand into a solid mass. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
It's a bit funny to be
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Malo je smiješno biti
00:17
at a conference dedicated to things not seen,
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na konferenciji koja je posvećena stvarima koje još nisu viđene,
00:19
and present my proposal to build
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i prezentirati svoj prijedlog za izgradnju
00:22
a 6,000-kilometer-long wall
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6.000 kilometara dugačkog zida
00:24
across the entire African continent.
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preko cijelog Afričkog kontinenta.
00:27
About the size of the Great Wall of China,
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Veličine približno kao Veliki kineski zid,
00:30
this would hardly be an invisible structure.
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to bi teško bila neprimjetna struktura.
00:32
And yet it's made from parts that are invisible, or near-invisible, to the naked eye:
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A ipak, napravljena je od dijelova koji su nevidljivi, ili skoro nevidljivi golom oku,
00:37
bacteria and grains of sand.
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bakterija i zrna pijeska.
00:40
Now, as architects we're trained to solve problems.
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Kao arhitekti, mi smo uvježbani da rješavamo probleme.
00:43
But I don't really believe in architectural problems;
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Ali ja ne vjerujem potpuno u arhitekturalne probleme;
00:45
I only believe in opportunities.
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vjerujem jedino u prilike.
00:47
Which is why I'll show you a threat,
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I zato ću vam pokazati prijetnju,
00:49
and an architectural response.
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i odgovor arhitekture.
00:51
The threat is desertification.
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Prijetnja je dezertifikacija.
00:55
My response is a sandstone wall
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Moj odgovor je pješćani zid
00:58
made from bacteria and solidified sand,
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izgrađen od bakterija i učvršćenog pijeska,
01:00
stretching across the desert.
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koji se proteže kroz pustinju.
01:04
Now, sand is a magical material
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Pijesak je čarobni materijal
01:06
of beautiful contradictions.
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prekrasnih kontradikcija.
01:08
It is simple and complex.
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Jednostavan je i složen.
01:11
It is peaceful and violent.
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Miran je i nasilan.
01:13
It is always the same, never the same,
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Uvijek je isti, nikada nije isti,
01:15
endlessly fascinating.
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beskonačno fascinantan.
01:17
One billion grains of sand
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Jedna milijarda zrna pijeska
01:19
come into existence in the world each second.
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nastane na svijetu svake sekunde.
01:23
That's a cyclical process.
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To je ciklični proces.
01:25
As rocks and mountains die,
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Kako kamenje i planine umiru,
01:27
grains of sand are born.
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zrna pijeska se rađaju.
01:29
Some of those grains may then cement naturally into sandstone.
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Neka od tih zrna se zalijepe prirodnim putem u pješćenjak.
01:32
And as the sandstone weathers, new grains break free.
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I kako pješćenjak stari, nova zrna pijeska izbijaju na površinu.
01:36
Some of those grains may then accumulate
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Neka od tih zrna se mogu nagomilati
01:38
on a massive scale,
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u masovom razmjeru,
01:40
into a sand dune.
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tvoreći tako pješćanu dinu.
01:43
In a way, the static, stone mountain
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Na neki način, statična planina od kamena
01:46
becomes a moving mountain of sand.
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postaje planina od pijeska koja se pomiče.
01:49
But, moving mountains can be dangerous. Let me try and explain why.
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Ali planine koj se miču mogu biti opasne. Pokušat ću objasniti zašto.
01:53
Dry areas cover more than one third of the Earth's land surfaces.
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Suha područja pokrivaju više od jedne trećine Zemljine površine.
01:57
Some are already deserts;
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Neke su već pustinje;
01:59
others are being seriously degraded by the sand.
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druge su ozbiljno oronule zbog pijeska.
02:02
Just south of the Sahara we find the Sahel.
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Južno od Sahare nailazimo na Sahel.
02:05
The name means "edge of the desert."
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Ime znači, "rub pustinje".
02:08
And this is the region most closely associated with desertification.
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A ta je regija usko povezana s pojmom opustošenja.
02:12
It was here in the late '60s and early '70s
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Upravo ovdje su kasnih 60-ih i ranih 70-ih
02:15
that major droughts brought three million people
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velike suše natjerale tri milijuna ljudi
02:18
to become dependent upon emergency food aid,
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da postanu ovisni o pomoći u hrani,
02:21
with about up to 250,000 dying.
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s brojem umrlih do 250.000 ljudi.
02:23
This is a catastrophe waiting to happen again.
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To je katastrofa koja samo čeka da se ponovno dogodi.
02:26
And it's one that gets very little attention.
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A to je jedna od onih katastrofa koje dobivaju jako malo pozornosti.
02:29
In our accelerated media culture,
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U našoj ubrzanoj kulturu medija,
02:31
desertification is simply too slow
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opustošenje je jednostavno presporo
02:34
to reach the headlines.
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da bi stiglo na naslovnice.
02:36
It's nothing like a tsunami or a Katrina:
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Nije ništa poput tsunamija ili Katarine:
02:39
too few crying children and smashed up houses.
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premalo uplakane djece i smrvljenih kuća.
02:44
And yet desertification
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A ipak opustošenje
02:46
is a major threat on all continents,
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je velika prijetnja na svim kontinentima,
02:48
affecting some 110 countries
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koja pogađa nekih 110 zemalja
02:51
and about 70 percent of the world's agricultural drylands.
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i oko 70 posto svjetskog poljoprivrednog obradivog zemljišta.
02:56
It seriously threatens the livelihoods
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Ozbiljna je prijetnja životima
03:00
of millions of people,
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milijuna ljudi,
03:02
and especially in Africa and China.
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naročito u Africi i Kini.
03:05
And it is largely an issue that we've created for ourselves
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I u velikoj mjeri je to problem koji smo si sami stvorili
03:08
through unsustainable use of scarce resources.
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kroz neodrživo korištenje oskudnih resursa.
03:12
So, we get climate change.
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Imamo klimatsku promjenu.
03:14
We get droughts,
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Imamo suše,
03:15
increased desertification,
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povećano opustošenje,
03:17
crashing food systems, water scarcity,
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rušenje hranidbenih sustava, oskudnost vode,
03:20
famine, forced migration,
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glad, prisilne seobe,
03:24
political instability, warfare, crisis.
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političku nestabilnost, stanje rata, krize.
03:28
That's a potential scenario
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To je potencijalni scenarij
03:30
if we fail to take this seriously.
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ukoliko ne shvatimo ovo ozbiljno.
03:32
But, how far away is it?
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Ali, koliko je to daleko?
03:34
I went to Sokoto in northern Nigeria
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Otišao sam u Sokoto u sjevernoj Nigeriji
03:36
to try and find out how far away it is.
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kako bih pokušao saznati koliko je to daleko.
03:39
The dunes here move southward at a pace of around 600 meters a year.
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Dina se ovdje pomiču prema jugu brzinom od oko 600 metara na godinu.
03:44
That's the Sahara eating up almost [two meters] a day of the arable land,
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To Sahara uništava skoro jedan metar obradivog zemljišta na dan,
03:47
physically pushing people away from their homes.
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fizički tjerajući ljude iz njihovih domova.
03:51
Here I am -- I'm the second person on the left --
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Ovdje sam ja -- ja sam druga osoba s lijeva --
03:54
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
03:56
with the elders in Gidan-Kara,
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sa starješinama u Gidan-Kari,
03:59
a tiny village outside of Sokoto.
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malom selu izvan Sokota.
04:02
They had to move this village in 1987
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Morali su pomaknuti to selo 1987.
04:04
as a huge dune threatened to swallow it.
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jer bi ga ogromna dina progutala.
04:07
So, they moved the entire village, hut by hut.
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Tako su pomaknuli cijelo selo, kolibu po kolibu.
04:10
This is where the village used to be.
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Ovdje je nekad bilo to selo.
04:12
It took us about 10 minutes to climb up to the top of that dune,
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Trebalo nam je oko 10 minuta da se popnemo na vrh te dine.
04:17
which goes to show why they had to move to a safer location.
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Što samo pokazuje zašto su se morali premjestiti na sigurniju lokaciju.
04:20
That's the kind of forced migration
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To je vrsta prisilne seobe
04:22
that desertification can lead to.
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do koje opustošenje može voditi.
04:25
If you happen to live close to the desert border,
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Ukoliko živite blizu granice pustinje,
04:27
you can pretty much calculate how long it will be
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možete izračunati koliko vremena će proći
04:29
before you have to carry your kids away,
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prije nego morate odvesti svoju djecu,
04:31
and abandon your home and your life as you know it.
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i napustiti svoj dom, i život kakav ste do tada vodili.
04:36
Now, sand dunes cover only about one fifth of our deserts.
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Pješćane dine pokrivaju samo oko jedne petine naših pustinja.
04:40
And still, those extreme environments are very good places
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A ipak, ti ekstremni uvjeti su jako dobra mjesta
04:43
if we want to stop the shifting sands.
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ukoliko želimo zaustaviti premještanje pijeska.
04:46
Four years ago, 23 African countries
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Prije četiri godine, 23 Afričke zemlje
04:49
came together to create the Great Green Wall Sahara.
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su se sastale kako bi stvorile veliki zeleni zid Sahare.
04:52
A fantastic project, the initial plan
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Fantastičan projekt, početni plan
04:55
called for a shelter belt of trees to be planted
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je uključivao sadnju drvenog zaštitnog pojasa
04:57
right across the African continent,
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poprijeko Afričkog kontinenta,
04:59
from Mauritania in the west, all the way to Djibouti in the east.
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od Mauritanije na zapadu, sve do Džibutija na istoku.
05:03
If you want to stop a sand dune from moving,
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Ako želite zaustaviti pomicanje dina,
05:05
what you need to make sure to do is to stop the grains
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morate osigurati zaustavljanje zrna
05:07
from avalanching over its crest.
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od lavinskog kretanja preko njenog vrha.
05:10
And a good way of doing that, the most efficient way,
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A dobar način da se to napravi, najučinkovitiji način,
05:12
is to use some kind of sand catcher.
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je korištenje neke vrste hvatalice za pijesak.
05:14
Trees or cacti are good for this.
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Drveće ili kaktusi su dobri za to.
05:17
But, one of the problems with planting trees is that
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Ali, jedan od problema sa sadnjom drveća je taj
05:20
the people in these regions are so poor
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što su ljudi u tim regijama toliko siromašni
05:22
that they chop them down for firewood.
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da ih posjeku za ogrjev.
05:24
Now there is an alternative to just planting trees
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Postoji alternativa sadnji drveća
05:28
and hoping that they won't get chopped down.
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i nadi kako neće biti posjećena.
05:31
This sandstone wall that I'm proposing essentially does three things.
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Pješćani zid koji ja predlažem čini, zapravo, tri stvari.
05:34
It adds roughness to the dune's surface,
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Dodaje čvrstoću površini dine,
05:37
to the texture of the dune's surface, binding the grains.
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teksturi površine dine, povezujući zrna.
05:40
It provides a physical support structure for the trees,
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Pruža fizičku potpornu strukturu za drveća,
05:43
and it creates physical spaces,
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i stvara fizičke prostore,
05:46
habitable spaces inside of the sand dunes.
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prostore pogodne za stanovanje unutar pješćanih dina.
05:48
If people live inside of the green barrier
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Ukoliko ljudi žive unutar zelenih zidova
05:51
they can help support the trees, protect them from humans,
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mogu pomoći održavanju drveća, štiti ih od drugih ljudi,
05:54
and from some of the forces of nature.
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i od nekih prirodnih sila.
05:56
Inside of the dunes we find shade.
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Unutar dina pronalazimo hladovinu.
05:59
We can start harvesting condensation,
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Možemo početi sakupljati kondenzaciju,
06:02
and start greening the desert from within.
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i početi ozelenjivati pustinju iznutra.
06:04
Sand dunes are almost like ready-made buildings in a way.
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Pješćane dine su, na neki način, nalik već gotovim zgradama.
06:07
All we need to do is solidify the parts that we need to be solid,
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Sve što trebamo učiniti je učvrstiti dijelove koji trebaju biti čvrsti,
06:11
and then excavate the sand,
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i zatim iskopati pijesak,
06:13
and we have our architecture.
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i imamo vlastitu arhitekturu.
06:15
We can either excavate it by hand
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Možemo ga ili iskopati ručno
06:17
or we can have the wind excavate it for us.
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ili ga vjetar može iskopati umjesto nas.
06:19
So, the wind carries the sand onto the site
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Dakle, vjetar donosi pijesak na gradilište
06:21
and then it carries the redundant sand away from the structure for us.
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i zatim odnosi nepotreban pijesak dalje od strukture umjesto nas.
06:26
But, by now, you're probably asking,
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Ali, do sada, vjerojatno se pitate
06:28
how am I planning to solidify a sand dune?
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kako planiram učvrstiti pješćanu dinu?
06:31
How do we glue those grains of sand together?
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Kako slijepiti ta zrna pijeska zajedno?
06:34
And the answer is, perhaps, that you use these guys,
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A odgovor je, možda, koristimo ove momke,
06:37
Bacillus pasteurii,
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Bacillus pasteurii,
06:39
a micro-organism that is readily available in wetlands
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mikroorganizme koji su lako dostupni u močvarama
06:41
and marshes, and does precisely that.
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i močvarnim područjima i rade upravo to.
06:44
It takes a pile of loose sand
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Uzmu hrpu labavog pijeska
06:46
and it creates sandstone out of it.
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i stvore pješćenjak iz njega.
06:49
These images from the American Society for Microbiology show us the process.
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Ove slike iz Američkog društva za mikrobiologiju nam pokazuju proces.
06:53
What happens is, you pour Bacillus pasteurii onto a pile of sand,
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Što se dogodi je, prolijete Bacillus pasteurii na hrpu pijeska,
06:57
and it starts filling up the voids in between the grains.
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i počnu puniti praznine između zrna.
07:00
A chemical process produces calcite,
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Kemijski proces stvara kalcit,
07:02
which is a kind of natural cement
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koji je vrsta prirodnog ljepila
07:04
that binds the grains together.
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koja povezuje zrna zajedno.
07:06
The whole cementation process takes about 24 hours.
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Cijeli proces ljepljenja traje oko 24sata.
07:10
I learned about this from a professor at U.C. Davis called Jason DeJong.
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Naučio sam to od profesora Jasona DeJonga s U.C. Davisa.
07:14
He managed to do it in a mere 1,400 minutes.
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Uspio je to izvesti u samo 1.400 minuta.
07:18
Here I am, playing the part of the mad scientist,
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Ovdje sam ja, igrajući ulogu ludog znanstvenika,
07:20
working with the bugs at UCL in London,
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radeći s kukcima na UCL-u u Londonu,
07:24
trying to solidify them.
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pokušavajući ih učvrstiti.
07:26
So, how much would this cost?
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Koliki je trošak toga?
07:29
I'm not an economist, very much not,
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Nisam ekonomist, niti približno,
07:31
but I did, quite literally, a back of the envelope calculation --
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ali napravio sam, doslovno, izračun na stražnjoj strani kuverte --
07:35
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
07:37
-- and it seems that for a cubic meter of concrete
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-- i čini se kako bi za kubični metar betona
07:40
we would have to pay in the region of 90 dollars.
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u regiji morali platiti 90 dolara.
07:43
And, after an initial cost of 60 bucks to buy the bacteria,
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I, nakon početnog troška od 60 dolara za kupnju bakterija,
07:46
which you'll never have to pay again,
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koje više nikad nećete morati kupiti,
07:48
one cubic meter of bacterial sand
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jedan kubični metar bakterijskog pijeska
07:51
would be about 11 dollars.
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bi iznosio oko 11 dolara.
07:53
How do we construct something like this?
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Kako sagraditi nešto poput ovoga?
07:55
Well, I'll quickly show you two options.
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Dobro, brzo ću vam pokazati dvije mogućnosti.
07:57
The first is to create a kind of balloon structure,
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Prva je stvaranje strukture nalik na balon,
07:59
fill it with bacteria, then allow the sand to wash over the balloon,
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ispuniti je s bakterijom, zatim dopustiti da pijesak zapljuskuje balon,
08:03
pop the balloon, as it were, disseminating the bacteria into the sand and solidifying it.
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probušiti balon i na taj način rasipati bakterije i pijesak i učvrstiti ga.
08:07
Then, a few years afterwards,
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Zatim, nakon nekoliko godina,
08:09
using permacultural strategies,
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koristeći održive agrikulturalne strategije,
08:11
we green that part of the desert.
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pozelenimo taj dio pustinje.
08:14
The second alternative would be to use injection piles.
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Druga alternativa bi bila uporaba ubacivanja hrpa.
08:17
So, we pushed the piles down through the dune,
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Poguramo hrpe niz dinu,
08:19
and we create an initial bacterial surface.
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i stvorimo početnu bakterijsku podlogu.
08:22
We then pull the piles up through the dune
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Zatim provučemo hrpe gore kroz dinu
08:25
and we're able to create almost any conceivable shape inside of the sand
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i možemo stvoriti gotovo svaki zamislivi oblik unutar pijeska
08:28
with the sand acting as a mold as we go up.
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s pijeskom koji dijeluje kao kalup kako se pomičemo prema gore.
08:32
So, we have a way of turning sand into sandstone,
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Dakle, pronašli smo način pretvaranja pijeska u pješćenjak,
08:36
and then creating these habitable spaces inside of the desert dunes.
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i zatim stvaranja mjesta pogodnih za stanovanje unutar pustinjskih dina,
08:40
But, what should they look like?
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ali, kako bi one izgledale?
08:42
Well, I was inspired, for my architectural form, by tafoni,
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Za svoju arhitekturalnu formu sam dobio nadahnuće od tafonija,
08:47
which look a little bit like this, this is a model representation of it.
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koja izgleda nešto poput ovoga, ovo je reprezentativni model.
08:50
These are cavernous rock structures that I found on the site in Sokoto.
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Ovo su pećinske strukture stijena koje sam našao u Sokotu.
08:53
And I realized that if I scaled them up, they would provide me
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I shvatio sam ako ih povećam, pružit će mi
08:56
with good spatial qualities,
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dobre prostorne kvalitete,
08:59
for ventilation, for thermal comfort, and for other things.
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za ventilaciju, za toplinsku ugodu, i za druge stvari.
09:02
Now, part of the formal control over this structure
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Dio formalne kontrole nad tom strukturom
09:05
would be lost to nature, obviously,
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bi bio prepušten prirodi, očito,
09:07
as the bacteria do their work.
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kako bakterije rade svoj posao.
09:10
And I think this creates a kind of boundless beauty actually.
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I smatram da to zapravo stvara nešto nalik bezgraničnoj ljepoti.
09:13
I think there is really something in that articulation
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Mislim da postoji nešto u toj artikulaciji
09:16
that is quite nice.
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što je dosta lijepo.
09:18
We see the result, the traces, if you like,
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Vidimo rezultate, tragove, ako želite,
09:22
of the Bacillus pasteurii being harnessed to sculpt the desert
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Bacillus pasteurii koji su upregnuti da oblikuju pustinju
09:25
into these habitable environments.
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u okoliš pogodan za stanovanje.
09:27
Some people believe that
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Neki ljudi vjeruju da
09:30
this would spread uncontrollably,
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bi se to nekontrolirano proširilo,
09:32
and that the bacteria would kill everything in its way.
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i da bi bakterija ubila sve na svom putu.
09:34
That's not true at all.
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To uopće nije istina.
09:36
It's a natural process. It goes on in nature today,
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To je prirodni proces. Koji se i danas događa u prirodi.
09:38
and the bacteria die as soon as we stop feeding them.
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A bakterije umiru onog trena kada ih prestanemo hraniti.
09:41
So, there it is --
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Ovdje su --
09:43
architectural anti-desertification structures
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arhitektonske strukture antidezertifikacije
09:46
made from the desert itself.
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koje je sama pustinja izgradila.
09:48
Sand-stopping devices, made from sand.
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Uređaji koji zaustavljaju pijesak, napravljeni od pijeska.
09:52
The world is likely to lose one third of its arable land
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Svijet će vjerojatno izgubiti jednu trećinu svoje obradive površine
09:55
by the end of the century.
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do kraja stoljeća.
09:57
In a period of unprecedented population growth
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U razdoblju jedinstvenog rasta stanovništva
10:01
and increased food demands, this could prove disastrous.
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i povećane potražnje za hranom, to bi moglo biti katastrofalno.
10:03
And quite frankly, we're putting our heads in the sand.
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Iskreno govoreći, stavljamo svoje glave u pijesak.
10:07
If nothing else, I would like for this scheme to initiate a discussion.
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Ako ništa drugo, volio bih da ova shema inicira diskusiju.
10:12
But, if I had something like a TED wish,
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Ali, ako bih imao nešto poput TED želje,
10:14
it would be to actually get it built,
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bila bi to izgradnja,
10:16
to start building this habitable wall,
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početak gradnje tog nastanjivog zida,
10:19
this very, very long, but very narrow city in the desert,
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tog vrlo, vrlo dugačkog, ali jako uskog grada u pustinji,
10:23
built into the dunescape itself.
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ugrađenog u sam krajobraz dina.
10:27
It's not only something that supports trees,
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Nije to samo nešto što podržava drveća,
10:30
but something that connects people and countries together.
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već nešto što spaja ljude i zemlje zajedno.
10:34
I would like to conclude by showing you an animation of the structure,
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Želio bih završiti s prikazivanjem jedne animacije strukture,
10:40
and leave you with a sentence by Jorge Luis Borges.
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i ostaviti vas s rečenicom Jorgea Luis Borgesa.
10:46
Borges said that "nothing is built on stone,
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Borges je rekao da, "Ništa nije izgrađeno na kamenu,
10:52
everything is built on sand,
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sve je izgrađeno na pijesku,
10:56
but we must build as if the sand were stone."
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ali moramo graditi kao da je pijesak kamen."
11:01
Now, there are many details left to explore in this scheme --
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Postoji još mnogo detalja koje treba istražiti u cijeloj toj shemi,
11:05
political, practical, ethical, financial.
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političkih, praktičnih, etičkih, financijskih.
11:10
My design, as it takes you down the rabbit hole,
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Moj dizajn, kako vas vodi kroz zečju rupu,
11:15
is fraught with many challenges
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je pun izazova
11:19
and difficulties in the real world.
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i poteškoća u stvarnom svijetu.
11:22
But, it's a beginning, it's a vision.
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Ali to je početak, to je vizija.
11:26
As Borges would have it, it's the sand.
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Kako bi Borges rekao, to je pijesak.
11:30
And I think now is really the time
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I vjerujem kako je sada doista vrijeme
11:33
to turn it into stone. Thank you.
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da ga pretvorimo u kamen. Hvala vam.
11:36
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Magnus Larsson - Dune architectMagnus Larsson hopes to build new structures in the desert -- by using bacteria to turn shifting sand into a solid mass.
Why you should listen
Architecture student Magnus Larsson wants to turn some of the most deserted and harsh landscapes on the planet into habitable structures. How? By turning loose sand dunes into solid architecture using bacteria. A team at UC Davis has been looking at the microorganism bacillus pasteurii to solidify the ground in earthquake-prone areas. As Larsson puts it, "All I did was to deliberately misapply their technology ... and to pump up the scale, and turn it into a 6,000-km-long wall that's made of sand and protects against sand."
After talking with Jason DeJong at UC Davis and with Stefano Ciurli, a b. pasteurii expert at the University of Bologna, Larsson put together a team at University College London to grow the bacteria and attempt to solidify sand. His Holcim Award-winning proposal is a complement to the Green Wall Sahara shelterbelt, being planted across the African continent. Larsson is now investigating how to bring the project to the next stage: a 1:1 scale prototype.
Magnus Larsson | Speaker | TED.com