TED2012
Christina Warinner: Tracking ancient diseases using ... plaque
Kristina Voriner (Chrisitina Warinner): Praćenje drevnih bolesti korišćenjem... plaka
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Zamislite šta bismo mogli da naučimo o bolestima proučavajući istoriju ljudskih bolesti, od drevnih hominida do današnjice. Ali kako? TED Fellow Kristina Voriner je arheološki genetičar i otkrila je spektakularan novi alat - fosilizovane mikrobe DNK u zubnom kamencu.
Christina Warinner - Archaeological geneticist
Christina Warinner is a researcher at the University of Zurich, where she studies how humans have co-evolved with environments, diets and disease. Full bio
Christina Warinner is a researcher at the University of Zurich, where she studies how humans have co-evolved with environments, diets and disease. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
Have you ever wondered
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Da li ste se ikada pitali
00:17
what is inside your dental plaque?
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šta se nalazi u vašem
zubnom plaku?
zubnom plaku?
00:20
Probably not, but people like me do.
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Verovatno ne,
ali ljudi poput mene jesu.
ali ljudi poput mene jesu.
00:22
I'm an archeological geneticist
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Ja sam arheološki genetičar
00:24
at the Center for Evolutionary Medicine
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u Centru za evolucionu medicinu
00:26
at the University of Zurich,
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na Univerzitetu u Cirihu,
00:28
and I study the origins and evolution of human health and disease
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proučavam poreklo i evoluciju
ljudskog zdravlja i bolesti
ljudskog zdravlja i bolesti
00:31
by conducting genetic research
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tako što sprovodim
genetsko istraživanje
genetsko istraživanje
00:33
on the skeletal and mummified remains of ancient humans.
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na skeletnim i mumificiranim
ostacima drevnih ljudi.
ostacima drevnih ljudi.
00:36
And through this work, I hope to better understand
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Kroz ovakav rad, nadam se
boljem razumevanju
boljem razumevanju
00:39
the evolutionary vulnerabilities of our bodies,
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evolucionarne ranjivosti
naših tela,
naših tela,
00:41
so that we can improve
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da bismo mogli
da poboljšamo
da poboljšamo
00:44
and better manage our health in the future.
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i bolje upravljamo svojim zdravljem
u budućnosti.
u budućnosti.
00:46
There are different ways to approach evolutionary medicine,
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Ima različitih načina da se pristupi
evolucionarnoj medicini,
evolucionarnoj medicini,
00:49
and one way is to extract human DNA
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i jedan od njih je da se
izvuče ljudska DNK
izvuče ljudska DNK
00:51
from ancient bones.
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iz drevnih kostju.
00:53
And from these extracts,
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Od ovih uzoraka,
00:55
we can reconstruct the human genome at different points in time
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možemo da rekonstruišemo ljudski genom
u različitim tačkama vremena
u različitim tačkama vremena
00:58
and look for changes that might be related to adaptations,
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i da tražimo promene koje mogu biti
u vezi sa prilagođavanjem,
u vezi sa prilagođavanjem,
01:01
risk factors and inherited diseases.
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faktore rizika i nasledne bolesti.
01:04
But this is only one half of the story.
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Ali ovo je samo
jedna polovina priče.
jedna polovina priče.
01:07
The most important health challenges today
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Najvažniji zdravstveni problemi današnjice
01:10
are not caused by simple mutations in our genome,
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nisu prouzrokovani jednostavnom
mutacijom u našim genima,
mutacijom u našim genima,
01:13
but rather result from a complex and dynamic interplay
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već su posledica složenog
i dinamičnog međudejstva
i dinamičnog međudejstva
01:16
between genetic variation,
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između genetičke varijacije,
01:18
diet, microbes and parasites
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ishrane, mikroba i parazita
01:20
and our immune response.
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i našeg imunološkog odgovora.
01:22
All of these diseases
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Sve ove bolesti
01:24
have a strong evolutionary component
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imaju jaku evolucionarnu komponentu
01:26
that directly relates to the fact
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koja je neposredno
povezana sa činjenicom
povezana sa činjenicom
01:28
that we live today in a very different environment
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da danas živimo u veoma
različitom okruženju
različitom okruženju
01:30
than the ones in which our bodies evolved.
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od onog u kom su se
naša tela razvila.
naša tela razvila.
01:33
And in order to understand these diseases,
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Da bismo razumeli te bolesti,
01:35
we need to move past studies of the human genome alone
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moramo da se pomerimo od istraživanja
samo ljudskog gena
samo ljudskog gena
01:38
and towards a more holistic approach
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više ka holističkom pristupu
01:40
to human health in the past.
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ljudskom zdravlju u prošlosti.
01:42
But there are a lot of challenges for this.
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Postoji mnogo izazova.
01:44
And first of all, what do we even study?
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Kao prvo, šta uopšte proučavamo?
01:47
Skeletons are ubiquitous; they're found all over the place.
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Svuda se nalaze kosturi;
pronalaze se na sve strane.
pronalaze se na sve strane.
01:50
But of course, all of the soft tissue has decomposed,
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Naravno, svo meko tkivo se raspalo,
01:53
and the skeleton itself
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a sam kostur
01:55
has limited health information.
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ima ograničene
zdravstvene informacije.
zdravstvene informacije.
01:57
Mummies are a great source of information,
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Mumije su odličan izvor informacija,
01:59
except that they're really geographically limited
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osim što su
ograničene geografski,
ograničene geografski,
02:02
and limited in time as well.
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kao i vremenski.
02:04
Coprolites are fossilized human feces,
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Koprolit je fosilizovan
ljudski izmet,
ljudski izmet,
02:07
and they're actually extremely interesting.
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i zapravo je izuzetno zanimvljiv.
02:09
You can learn a lot about ancient diet and intestinal disease,
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Može se puno naučiti o drevnoj ishrani
i bolestima creva,
i bolestima creva,
02:12
but they are very rare.
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ali veoma je redak.
02:14
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
02:17
So to address this problem,
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Za rešavanje ovog problema,
02:19
I put together a team of international researchers
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sastavila sam međunarodni
tim istraživača
tim istraživača
02:21
in Switzerland, Denmark and the U.K.
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u Švajcarskoj, Danskoj
i Ujedinjenom kraljevstvu
i Ujedinjenom kraljevstvu
02:23
to study a very poorly studied, little known material
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kako bi proučavali veoma malo izučavan,
slabo poznat materijal
slabo poznat materijal
02:29
that's found on people everywhere.
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koji se nalazi na ljudima svuda.
02:31
It's a type of fossilized dental plaque
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To je vrsta fosilizovanog zubnog plaka
02:34
that is called officially dental calculus.
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koji se zvanično zove
zubni kamenac.
zubni kamenac.
02:37
Many of you may know it by the term tartar.
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Mnogima od vas
poznat je kao tartar.
poznat je kao tartar.
02:39
It's what the dentist cleans off your teeth
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To je ono što vam zubar
uklanja sa zuba
uklanja sa zuba
02:41
every time that you go in for a visit.
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svaki put kada odete u posetu.
02:43
And in a typical dentistry visit,
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Pri tipičnoj poseti zubara,
02:45
you may have about 15 to 30 milligrams removed.
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možda će vam ukloniti
oko 15 do 30 miligrama.
oko 15 do 30 miligrama.
02:48
But in ancient times before tooth brushing,
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Ali u drevnim vremenima
pre pranja zuba,
pre pranja zuba,
02:51
up to 600 milligrams might have built up on the teeth
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moglo je da se nakupi
do 600 miligrama na zubima
do 600 miligrama na zubima
02:54
over a lifetime.
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tokom života.
02:56
And what's really important about dental calculus
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Ono što je jako važno
kod zubnog kamenca
kod zubnog kamenca
02:59
is that it fossilizes just like the rest of the skeleton,
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je da se fosilizuje kao ostatak kostura,
03:02
it's abundant in quantity before the present day
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do dana današnjeg
ga ima u izobilju
ga ima u izobilju
03:05
and it's ubiquitous worldwide.
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i sveprisutan je širom sveta.
03:07
We find it in every population around the world at all time periods
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Nalazimo ih kod svake populacije širom sveta
u svim vremenskim periodima,
u svim vremenskim periodima,
03:10
going back tens of thousands of years.
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desetinama hiljada godina unazad.
03:12
And we even find it in neanderthals and animals.
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Nalazimo ih čak i u neandertalcima
i životinjama.
i životinjama.
03:15
And so previous studies
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Prethodna istraživanja
03:17
had only focused on microscopy.
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fokusirala su se samo na mikroskopiju.
03:19
They'd looked at dental calculus under a microscope,
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Posmatrali su zubni kamenac
pod mikroskopom,
pod mikroskopom,
03:21
and what they had found was things like pollen
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i našli su stvari poput polena
03:24
and plant starches,
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i biljnog skroba,
03:26
and they'd found muscle cells from animal meats
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našli su mišićne ćelije
životinjskog mesa
životinjskog mesa
03:28
and bacteria.
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i bakterije.
03:30
And so what my team of researchers, what we wanted to do,
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Tako je moj tim istraživača, ono
što smo hteli da uradimo,
što smo hteli da uradimo,
03:33
is say, can we apply
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je recimo, da li možemo da primenimo
03:35
genetic and proteomic technology
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genetičku i proteomičku tehnologiju
03:37
to go after DNA and proteins,
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da tražimo DNK i proteine,
03:39
and from this can we get better taxonomic resolution
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i da li tako možemo dobiti
bolju taksonomsku sliku
bolju taksonomsku sliku
03:42
to really understand what's going on?
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da zaista razumemo šta se dešava.
03:44
And what we found
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Ono što smo našli
03:46
is that we can find many commensal and pathogenic bacteria
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je da možemo naći mnogo
komensalnih i patogenih bakterija
komensalnih i patogenih bakterija
03:48
that inhabited the nasal passages and mouth.
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koje su nastanjivale
nazalne prolaze i usta.
nazalne prolaze i usta.
03:51
We also have found immune proteins
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Takođe smo našli imune proteine
03:54
related to infection and inflammation
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koje se odnose na infekcije i upale
03:57
and proteins and DNA related to diet.
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i proteine i DNK koje se odnose na ishranu.
04:00
But what was surprising to us, and also quite exciting,
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Ono što nam je bilo iznenađujuće,
i takođe baš uzbudljivo,
i takođe baš uzbudljivo,
04:03
is we also found bacteria
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je što smo našli bakterije
04:05
that normally inhabit upper respiratory systems.
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koje su obično nastanjene
u gornjim delovima disajnih sistema.
u gornjim delovima disajnih sistema.
04:07
So it gives us virtual access to the lungs,
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To nam pruža virtualni pristup plućima,
04:10
which is where many important diseases reside.
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gde boravi mnogo važnih bolesti.
04:13
And we also found bacteria
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Takođe smo našli bakterije
04:15
that normally inhabit the gut.
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koje obično nastanjuju stomak.
04:17
And so we can also now virtually gain access
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Tako možemo imati vritualni pristup
04:20
to this even more distant organ system
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ovom još udaljenijem sistemu organa
04:22
that, from the skeleton alone,
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koji se, samo od kostura,
04:24
has long decomposed.
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davno raspao.
04:26
And so by applying ancient DNA sequencing
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Primenom sekvenciranja drevnih DNK
04:28
and protein mass spectrometry technologies
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i tehnologijom spektrometrije
mase proteina
mase proteina
04:30
to ancient dental calculus,
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na drevnom zubnom kamencu,
04:32
we can generate immense quantities of data
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možemo da stvorimo ogromne
količine informacija
količine informacija
04:35
that then we can use to begin to reconstruct a detailed picture
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koje možemo da koristimo da izgradimo
detaljnu sliku
detaljnu sliku
04:38
of the dynamic interplay
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dinamičnog međusobnog dejstva
04:40
between diet, infection and immunity
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ishrane, infekcije i imuniteta
04:42
thousands of years ago.
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pre hiljada godina.
04:44
So what started out as an idea,
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Ono što je počelo kao ideja,
04:46
is now being implemented
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sprovodi se sada
04:48
to churn out millions of sequences
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da se dobiju milioni sekvenci
04:50
that we can use to investigate
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koje možemo da koristimo
da istražimo
da istražimo
04:52
the long-term evolutionary history of human health and disease,
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dugoročnu evolutivnu istoriju
ljudskog zdravlja i bolesti,
ljudskog zdravlja i bolesti,
04:55
right down to the genetic code of individual pathogens.
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sve do genetskog koda
pojedinačnih patogena.
pojedinačnih patogena.
04:58
And from this information
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Iz ovih informacija
05:00
we can learn about how pathogens evolve
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možemo da naučimo kako su se
patogeni razvijali
patogeni razvijali
05:02
and also why they continue to make us sick.
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kao i zašto i dalje obolevamo od njih.
05:05
And I hope I have convinced you
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Nadam se da sam vas ubedila
05:07
of the value of dental calculus.
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koliko je zubni kamenac vredan.
05:09
And as a final parting thought,
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Kao poslednja misao pre rastanka,
05:11
on behalf of future archeologists,
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u ime budućih arheologa,
05:14
I would like to ask you to please think twice
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zamolila bih vas da dvaput razmilsite
05:17
before you go home and brush your teeth.
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pre nego što odete kući i operete zube.
05:19
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
05:21
Thank you.
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Hvala.
05:23
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Christina Warinner - Archaeological geneticistChristina Warinner is a researcher at the University of Zurich, where she studies how humans have co-evolved with environments, diets and disease.
Why you should listen
Tna analyzes DNA from the bones and teeth of ancient people to study human evolution in response to changes in infectious disease, diet and the environment over the last 10,000 years. Using samples from ancient skeletons and mummies, she investigates how and why lactase persistence, alcohol intolerance and HIv-resistance have evolved in different populations around the world. As an archaeogeneticist, she’s particularly interested in bridging the gap between archaeology, anthropology and the biomedical sciences.
Christina Warinner | Speaker | TED.com