TEDYouth 2013
Henry Lin: What we can learn from galaxies far, far away
Henri Lin (Henry Lin): Šta možemo da naučimo od udaljenih galaksija
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U zabavnom, uzbudljivom govoru, tinejdžer Henri Lin okreće pažnju ka nečemu neočekivanom na nebu: udaljenim galaktičkim jatima. Kako kaže ovaj dobitnik nagrade na Intelovom sajmu nauke, proučavanjem osobina najvećih delova univerzuma, možemo da naučimo mnogo toga o naučnim misterijama u našem svetu i galaksiji.
Henry Lin - Student scientist
At 17, Henry Lin won an Intel Foundation Young Scientist Award for his mathematical models of distant galaxy clusters. Full bio
At 17, Henry Lin won an Intel Foundation Young Scientist Award for his mathematical models of distant galaxy clusters. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
Here are some images of clusters of galaxies.
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Ovo su neke slike galaktičkih jata.
00:16
They're exactly what they sound like.
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Ona su upravo ono što im ime kaže.
00:18
They are these huge collections of galaxies,
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Ogromni skupovi galaksija
00:20
bound together by their mutual gravity.
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povezani njihovom
međusobnom gravitacijom.
međusobnom gravitacijom.
00:22
So most of the points that you see on the screen
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Većina tačaka koje vidite na ekranu
00:25
are not individual stars,
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nisu pojedinačne zvezde,
00:28
but collections of stars, or galaxies.
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nego skupovi zvezda
ili galaksija.
ili galaksija.
00:30
Now, by showing you some of these images,
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Dok gledate neke od ovih slika
00:33
I hope that you will quickly see that
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nadam se da ćete ubrzo uvideti
00:35
galaxy clusters are these beautiful objects,
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da su galaktička jata predivni objekti,
00:37
but more than that,
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ali više od toga,
00:39
I think galaxy clusters are mysterious,
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smatram da su galaktička jata misteriozna,
00:41
they are surprising,
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ona su puna iznenađenja
00:43
and they're useful.
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i ona su korisna.
00:44
Useful as the universe's most massive laboratories.
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Korisna kao najveće
laboratorije univerzuma.
laboratorije univerzuma.
00:48
And as laboratories, to describe galaxy clusters
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I kao laboratorije,
opisati jata galaksija
opisati jata galaksija
00:51
is to describe the experiments
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je opisati eksperimente
00:53
that you can do with them.
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koje možemo da radimo s njima.
00:55
And I think there are four major types,
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Smatram da postoje
četiri glavna tipa
četiri glavna tipa
00:57
and the first type that I want to describe
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i prvi tip koji želim da opišem
01:00
is probing the very big.
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je sondiranje izuzetno velikih.
01:02
So, how big?
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Koliko velikih?
01:04
Well, here is an image of a particular galaxy cluster.
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Ovo je slika jednog
specifičnog galaktičkog jata.
specifičnog galaktičkog jata.
01:08
It is so massive that the light passing through it
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Ono je toliko masivno
da se svetlost koja prolazi kroz njega
da se svetlost koja prolazi kroz njega
01:11
is being bent, it's being distorted
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savija i krivi
01:14
by the extreme gravity of this cluster.
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pod ekstremnom
gravitacijom ovog jata.
gravitacijom ovog jata.
01:16
And, in fact, if you look very carefully
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Ako pogledate veoma pažljivo
01:18
you'll be able to see rings around this cluster.
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videćete prstenove oko ovog jata.
01:21
Now, to give you a number,
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Kako bih to predstavio brojem,
01:22
this particular galaxy cluster
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ovo galaktičko jato
01:24
has a mass of over one million billion suns.
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ima masu preko milion milijardi sunaca.
01:28
It's just mind-boggling how
massive these systems can get.
massive these systems can get.
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Zapanjujuće je koliko masivni
ovi sistemi mogu da budu.
ovi sistemi mogu da budu.
01:31
But more than their mass,
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Ali osim svoje mase
01:33
they have this additional feature.
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oni imaju još jednu dodatnu osobinu.
01:35
They are essentially isolated systems,
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Oni su u suštini izolovani sistemi,
01:37
so if we like, we can think of them
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i ako želimo,
možemo o njima da mislimo
možemo o njima da mislimo
01:39
as a scaled-down version of the entire universe.
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kao o umanjenoj verziji
čitavog univerzuma.
čitavog univerzuma.
01:43
And many of the questions that we might have
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I na većinu pitanja koje možemo imati
01:45
about the universe at large scales,
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o univerzumu na velikim razmerama,
01:47
such as, how does gravity work?
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kao što je:
"Kako fukncioniše gravitacija?"
"Kako fukncioniše gravitacija?"
01:49
might be answered by studying these systems.
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odgovor možemo dobiti
proučavanjem ovih sistema.
proučavanjem ovih sistema.
01:52
So that was very big.
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To je bilo veoma veliko.
01:53
The second things is very hot.
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Druga stvar je veoma toplo.
01:55
Okay, if I take an image of a galaxy cluster,
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U redu, ako uzmem
sliku galaktičkog jata
sliku galaktičkog jata
01:58
and I subtract away all of the starlight,
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i oduzmem svu svetlost zvezda,
02:01
what I'm left with is this big, blue blob.
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ono što mi ostaje je
ova velika, plava grudva.
ova velika, plava grudva.
02:03
This is in false color.
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Ovo nije njena prava boja.
02:05
It's actually X-ray light that we're seeing.
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Ono što vidimo je svetlost X-zraka.
02:07
And the question is, if it's not galaxies,
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Pitanje je, ako ne potiče od galaksija,
02:10
what is emitting this light?
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šta emituje ovu svetlost?
02:12
The answer is hot gas,
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Odgovor je užareni gas,
02:14
million-degree gas --
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gas na milion stepeni,
02:16
in fact, it's plasma.
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u stvari, to je plazma.
02:17
And the reason why it's so hot
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Razlog zbog čega je ovako topao
02:19
goes back to the previous slide.
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vraća nas na prethodni slajd.
02:21
The extreme gravity of these systems
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Ekstremna gravitacija ovih sistema
02:24
is accelerating particles of gas to great speeds,
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ubrzava čestice gasa do velikih brzina,
02:27
and great speeds means great temperatures.
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a velike brzine znače
velike temperature.
velike temperature.
02:29
So this is the main idea,
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Ovo je glavna ideja,
02:31
but science is a rough draft.
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ali nauka je samo gruba skica.
02:33
There are many basic properties about this plasma
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Mnoge osnovne osobine ove plazme
02:36
that still confuse us,
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nas još uvek zbunjuju,
02:38
still puzzle us,
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još uvek su nam intrigantne
02:39
and still push our understanding
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i još uvek menjaju naše razumevanje
02:41
of the physics of the very hot.
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fizike veoma toplog.
02:43
Third thing: probing the very small.
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Treća stvar: sondiranje veoma malog.
02:47
Now, to explain this, I need to tell you
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Kako bih vam ovo objasnio,
moram da vam kažem
moram da vam kažem
02:49
a very disturbing fact.
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jednu veoma uznemirujuću činjenicu.
02:51
Most of the universe's matter
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Većina materije univerzuma
02:54
is not made up of atoms.
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nije sačinjena od atoma.
02:56
You were lied to.
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Lagali su nas.
02:58
Most of it is made up of something
very, very mysterious,
very, very mysterious,
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Većina je sačinjena od nečeg
veoma, veoma misterioznog
veoma, veoma misterioznog
03:01
which we call dark matter.
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što zovemo tamnom materijom.
03:03
Dark matter is something that
doesn't like to interact very much,
doesn't like to interact very much,
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Tamna materija je nešto
što ne voli interakciju,
što ne voli interakciju,
03:07
except through gravity,
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osim putem gravitacije
03:09
and of course we would like to learn more about it.
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i, naravno, voleli bismo
da saznamo više o njoj.
da saznamo više o njoj.
03:10
If you're a particle physicist,
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Ako ste fizičar čestica,
želite da znate šta se dešava
kada se stvari sudare.
kada se stvari sudare.
03:12
you want to know what happens
when we smash things together.
when we smash things together.
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03:14
And dark matter is no exception.
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I tamna materija nije izuzetak.
03:16
Well, how do we do this?
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Pa, kako to radimo?
03:18
To answer that question,
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Kako bih odgovorio na to pitanje,
moraću da postavim još jedno,
moraću da postavim još jedno,
03:19
I'm going to have to ask another one,
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03:21
which is, what happens when galaxy clusters collide?
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a ono je: "Šta se dešava
kada se galaktička jata sudare?"
kada se galaktička jata sudare?"
03:24
Here is an image.
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Evo slike.
03:26
Since galaxy clusters are representative
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Pošto su galaktička jata reprezentativni
03:29
slices of the universe, scaled-down versions.
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delovi univerzuma,
njegove umanjene verzije,
njegove umanjene verzije,
03:33
They are mostly made up of dark matter,
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ona su većinom sačinjena
od tamne materije
od tamne materije
03:35
and that's what you see in this bluish purple.
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i to je ono što vidite ovde
u plavo-ljubičastoj boji.
u plavo-ljubičastoj boji.
03:37
The red represents the hot gas,
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Crvena je užareni gas
03:39
and, of course, you can see many galaxies.
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i, naravno, vidite mnoštvo galaksija.
03:41
What's happened is a particle accelerator
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Ono što je nastalo je
akcelerator čestica
akcelerator čestica
03:43
at a huge, huge scale.
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na ogromnoj razmeri.
03:45
And this is very important,
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I ovo je veoma bitno,
03:47
because what it means is that very, very small
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jer to znači da veoma,
veoma mali efekti
veoma mali efekti
03:49
effects that might be difficult to detect in the lab,
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koje bi bilo teško
detektovati u laboratoriji,
detektovati u laboratoriji,
03:52
might be compounded and compounded
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mogu biti spajani i spajani
03:54
into something that we could
possibly observe in nature.
possibly observe in nature.
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u nešto što možemo
da posmatramo u prirodi.
da posmatramo u prirodi.
03:58
So, it's very funny.
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Veoma je smešno.
03:59
The reason why galaxy clusters
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Galaktička jata nas mogu
04:01
can teach us about dark matter,
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naučiti o tamnoj materiji,
04:03
the reason why galaxy clusters
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galaktička jata nas mogu
04:05
can teach us about the physics of the very small,
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naučiti o fizici veoma malog
04:07
is precisely because they are so very big.
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upravo zato što su ona veoma velika.
04:10
Fourth thing: the physics of the very strange.
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Četvrta stvar: fizika veoma stranog.
04:14
Certainly what I've said so far is crazy.
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Ono što sam do sada rekao
je zasigurno veoma ludo.
je zasigurno veoma ludo.
04:17
Okay, if there's anything stranger
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Ako postoji nešto čudnije
04:20
I think it has to be dark energy.
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to mora biti tamna energija.
04:22
If I throw a ball into the air,
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Ako bacim loptu u vazduh,
04:24
I expect it to go up.
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očekujem da ona poleti.
04:26
What I don't expect is that it go up
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Ono što ne očekujem je da ona leti
04:28
at an ever-increasing rate.
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sa sve većim ubrzanjem.
04:30
Similarly, cosmologists understand why
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Slično tome, kosmolozi razumeju zašto
04:33
the universe is expanding.
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se univerzum širi.
04:34
They don't understand why it's expanding
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Ne razumeju zašto se on širi
04:36
at an ever-increasing rate.
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sa sve većim ubrzanjem.
04:38
They give the cause of this
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Mogu dati ime uzroku
04:40
accelerated expansion a name,
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ovog ubrzanog širenja,
04:42
and they call it dark energy.
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i oni to zovu tamnom energijom.
04:44
And, again, we want to learn more about it.
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I ponovo, želimo da saznamo više o tome.
04:46
So, one particular question that we have is,
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Jedno određeno pitanje koje imamo jeste
04:49
how does dark energy affect the universe
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kako tamna energija utiče na univerzum
04:51
at the largest scales?
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u najvećoj razmeri?
04:53
Depending on how strong it is,
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U zavisnosti od njene jačine,
04:54
maybe structure forms faster or slower.
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moguće je da se
strukture formiraju brže ili sporije.
strukture formiraju brže ili sporije.
04:58
Well, the problem with the large-scale structure
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Problem sa strukturama univerzuma
na velikim razmerama
na velikim razmerama
05:00
of the universe is that it's horribly complicated.
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jeste da su one užasno komplikovane.
05:03
Here is a computer simulation.
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Ovo je kompjuterska simulacija.
05:05
And we need a way to simplify it.
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Potreban nam je način
da ovo pojednostavimo.
da ovo pojednostavimo.
05:07
Well, I like to think about this using an analogy.
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Volim da mislim o ovome
putem analogije.
putem analogije.
05:11
If I want to understand the sinking of the Titanic,
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Ako želim da razumem
zašto je Titanik potonuo
zašto je Titanik potonuo
05:13
the most important thing to do
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najvažnija stvar je
05:15
is not to model the little positions
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ne napraviti model pozicija
05:17
of every single little piece of the boat that broke off.
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pojedinačnih delića broda
koji su se odlomili.
koji su se odlomili.
05:20
The most important thing to do is
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Najvažnija stvar je
05:21
to track the two biggest parts.
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ispratiti dva najveća dela.
05:23
Similarly, I can learn a lot about the universe
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Slično, mogu mnogo
da naučim o univezumu
da naučim o univezumu
05:27
at the largest scales
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na najvećoj razmeri
05:29
by tracking its biggest pieces
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praćenjem njegovih
najvećih delova,
najvećih delova,
05:30
and those biggest pieces are clusters of galaxies.
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a ti najveći delovi su galaktička jata.
05:34
So, as I come to a close,
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Kako pristižem kraju,
05:37
you might feel slightly cheated.
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možda ćete se osetiti prevarenim.
05:39
I mean, I began by talking about
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Počeo sam priču
05:42
how galaxy clusters are useful,
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kako su galaktička jata korisna
05:44
and I've given some reasons,
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i dao sam vam neke razloge zašto,
05:45
but what is their use really?
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ali šta je zapravo njihova vrednost?
05:48
Well, to answer this,
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Kako bih odgovorio na ovo,
05:50
I want to give you a quote by Henry Ford
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želim da vam citiram
odgovor Henrija Forda
odgovor Henrija Forda
05:52
when he was asked about cars.
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kada su ga pitali o automobilima.
05:54
He had this to say:
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On je rekao ovo:
05:55
"If I had asked people what they wanted,
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"Da sam pitao ljude šta žele,
05:58
they would have said faster horses."
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rekli bi brže konje."
06:00
Today, we as a society are faced
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Danas se mi kao društvo suočavamo
06:03
with many, many difficult problems.
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sa mnogo, mnogo teških problema.
06:05
And the solutions to these
problems are not obvious.
problems are not obvious.
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Rešenja ovih problema nisu očigledna.
06:09
They are not faster horses.
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Ona nisu brži konji.
06:11
They will require an enormous amount of
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Ona zahtevaju veliku količinu
06:13
scientific ingenuity.
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naučne dovitljivosti.
06:15
So, yes, we need to focus,
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Da, treba da se usredsredimo,
06:17
yes, we need to concentrate,
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da, treba da se koncentrišemo,
06:18
but we also need to remember that
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ali takođe moramo i da zapamtimo
06:20
innovation, ingenuity, inspiration --
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da inovacija, domišljatost, inspiracija -
06:23
these things come
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ove stvari dolaze
06:25
when we broaden our field of vision
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kada proširimo naše vidike,
06:26
when we step back
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kada načinimo korak unazad
06:28
when we zoom out.
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i udaljimo se.
06:29
And I can't think of a better way to do this than
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Ne mogu da smislim bolji način za ovo,
06:31
by studying the universe around us. Thanks.
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od proučavanja univezuma oko nas.
Hvala.
Hvala.
(Aplauz)
06:34
(Applause)
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Henry Lin - Student scientistAt 17, Henry Lin won an Intel Foundation Young Scientist Award for his mathematical models of distant galaxy clusters.
Why you should listen
Henry Lin studies the very hot, very large and very strange -- that is, distant galaxy clusters. (Obviously.) Lin, who matriculated at Harvard University in the fall of 2013, thinks we can learn a lot about astrophysics by studying these giant celestial bodies. In early 2013 he won the Intel Foundation Young Scientist Award, the second-highest award at the Intel Science Fair, for his models of far-away galaxies. Lin is a graduate of Caddo Magnet High School in Shreveport, Louisiana.
Henry Lin | Speaker | TED.com