TEDWomen 2010
Kate Orff: Reviving New York's rivers -- with oysters!
牡蛎——让纽约之河重焕生机！
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建筑师凯特·奥尔夫认为牡蛎可以改变城市，大量投放到城市河流里就能吸收污染物，神奇地净化污水——她的“蛎之理”项目以此为起点，创意无限。奥尔夫跟大家分享了她对城市景观的构想，她希望将自然与人类联系起来，互利共赢。
Kate Orff - Landscape architect
Kate Orff asks us to rethink “landscape”—to use urban greenspaces and blue spaces in fresh ways to mediate between humankind and nature. Full bio
Kate Orff asks us to rethink “landscape”—to use urban greenspaces and blue spaces in fresh ways to mediate between humankind and nature. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:16
I am passionate about the American landscape
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我热爱美国的山河
00:19
and how the physical form of the land,
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也热爱我们的地貌
00:21
from the great Central Valley of California
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从加州的中央山谷...
00:23
to the bedrock of Manhattan,
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到曼哈顿地底基岩
00:25
has really shaped our history and our character.
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地貌塑造了我们的历史与品性
00:28
But one thing is clear.
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但很明显
00:30
In the last 100 years alone,
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就在过去百年内
00:32
our country -- and this is a sprawl map of America --
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我们…这是美国城市扩张图...
00:35
our country has systematically
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我们有计划地改造自然
00:38
flattened and homogenized the landscape
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地表削平，多样性消失
00:40
to the point where we've forgotten
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结果我们忘记了...
00:42
our relationship with the plants and animals
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与周围动植物的关系
00:44
that live alongside us
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也忘记了...
00:46
and the dirt beneath our feet.
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与脚下土地的关系
00:48
And so, how I see my work contributing
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我工作的意义在于
00:50
is sort of trying to literally re-imagine these connections
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尝试重新构想这些关系
00:53
and physically rebuild them.
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并将其重新建立
00:55
This graph represents what we're dealing with now
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此图表示这个人工环境...
00:58
in the built environment.
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为我们带来了哪些问题
01:00
And it's really a conflux
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问题确实很多
01:02
of urban population rising,
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城市人口增长
01:04
biodiversity plummeting
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生物多样性丧失
01:06
and also, of course, sea levels rising
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当然还有海平面上升
01:09
and climate changing.
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以及气候变化
01:11
So when I also think about design,
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所以我考虑设计方案时
01:13
I think about
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就会去思考
01:15
trying to rework and re-engage
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如何发挥创意
01:17
the lines on this graph
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改变这些曲线
01:20
in a more productive way.
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改善这些问题
01:22
And you can see from the arrow here
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图上的箭头
01:24
indicating "you are here,"
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代表现在这个时间点
01:26
I'm trying to sort of blend and meld
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城市化与生态学...
01:28
these two very divergent fields
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可以说泾渭分明
01:30
of urbanism and ecology,
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我试着将二者合而为一
01:32
and sort of bring them together in an exciting new way.
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以崭新的方式融合到一起
01:36
So the era of big infrastructure is over.
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大搞基建的时代结束了
01:40
I mean, these sort of top-down,
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这种大工程由政府牵头
01:42
mono-functional, capital-intensive solutions
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功能单一，耗资巨大
01:44
are really not going to cut it.
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实在解决不了问题
01:46
We need new tools and new approaches.
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我们需要新工具、新方法
01:49
Similarly, the idea of architecture
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建筑理念也是如此
01:51
as this sort of object in the field,
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就像这种东西
01:53
devoid of context,
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根本不考虑周围景观
01:55
is really not the --
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绝对无法...
01:57
excuse me, it's fairly blatant --
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不好意思
01:59
is really not the approach
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这东西太扎眼了...
02:02
that we need to take.
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我们不需要这种东西
02:04
So we need new stories,
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因此我们要构建新理念
02:06
new heroes and new tools.
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引入新角色，采用新工具
02:09
So now I want to introduce you to my new hero
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下面我就给大家介绍
02:12
in the global climate change war,
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帮我们对抗气候变化的英雄
02:14
and that is the eastern oyster.
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它就是美东牡蛎
02:16
So, albeit a very small creature
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别看它个儿小
02:18
and very modest,
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一点也不起眼
02:20
this creature is incredible,
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本事可是十分惊人
02:22
because it can agglomerate
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因为牡蛎能聚到一起
02:24
into these mega-reef structures.
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形成巨大的礁状结构
02:26
It can grow; you can grow it;
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能够增殖，所以可以养殖
02:28
and -- did I mention? -- it's quite tasty.
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忘了说了，它味道也挺好
02:31
So the oyster was the basis
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我在纽约港做了一个项目
02:33
for a manifesto-like urban design project
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算是宣示我的城市设计理念
02:36
that I did about the New York Harbor
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这个项目就以牡蛎为基础
02:38
called "oyster-tecture."
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叫做“蛎之理”
02:40
And the core idea of oyster-tecture is to harness the biological power
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“蛎之理”的核心理念在于
02:43
of mussels, eelgrass and oysters --
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借助贻贝、鳗草、牡蛎
02:46
species that live in the harbor --
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借各种港口水生生物的力量
02:48
and, at the same time,
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与此同时
02:50
harness the power of people
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也借助当地居民的力量
02:52
who live in the community
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共同努力
02:54
towards making change now.
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改变现在的环境
02:57
Here's a map of my city, New York City,
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这是我家乡纽约市的地图
03:00
showing inundation in red.
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红色区域是被水淹没的部分
03:02
And what's circled is the site that I'm going to talk about,
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圈住的部分是我要讲的...
03:04
the Gowanus Canal and Governors Island.
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郭瓦纳斯运河和总督岛
03:07
If you look here at this map,
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请看这张地图
03:09
showing everything in blue
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蓝色的部分...
03:11
is out in the water,
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都属于水域
03:13
and everything in yellow is upland.
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黄色的部分是陆地
03:15
But you can see, even just intuit, from this map,
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凭直觉大家就能看出
03:18
that the harbor has dredged and flattened,
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纽约港本来多样而立体
03:21
and went from a rich, three-dimensional mosaic to flat muck
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疏浚平整后却成了烂泥一堆
03:24
in really a matter of years.
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这都是在短短几年内发生的
03:27
Another set of views of actually the Gowanus Canal itself.
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再看几张运河的实景图
03:30
Now the Gowanus is particularly smelly -- I will admit it.
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我得承认，现在运河臭得很
03:33
There are problems of sewage overflow
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污水过度排放
03:35
and contamination,
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水体污染
03:37
but I would also argue that almost every city
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但是我也得说
03:40
has this exact condition,
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几乎每个城市都有这种情况
03:42
and it's a condition that we're all facing.
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大家都面临这个问题
03:44
And here's a map of that condition,
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此图反映的就是这个问题
03:46
showing the contaminants in yellow and green,
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黄色绿色代表污染物
03:49
exacerbated by this new flow of
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由于风暴潮、海水上升
03:51
storm-surge and sea-level rise.
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污染更加恶化
03:53
So we really had a lot to deal with.
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所以说我们问题确实很多
03:55
When we started this project,
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我们开始做这个项目时
03:57
one of the core ideas was to look back in history
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一个核心理念就是回顾历史
04:00
and try to understand what was there.
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了解过去发生了什么
04:02
And you can see from this map,
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这是1770年的地图
04:04
there's this incredible geographical signature
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大自然的鬼斧神工
04:06
of a series of islands
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在图上清晰可见
04:08
that were out in the harbor
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既有港外的一连串岛屿
04:10
and a matrix of salt marshes and beaches
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又有纵横交错的盐沼滩涂
04:13
that served as natural wave attenuation
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对于陆上居民来说
04:15
for the upland settlement.
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盐沼滩涂是天然防波堤
04:17
We also learned at this time
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我们还了解到
04:19
that you could eat an oyster about the size of a dinner plate
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当时运河产的牡蛎
04:22
in the Gowanus Canal itself.
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足有餐碟那么大
04:25
So our concept is really this back-to-the-future concept,
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因此我们的理念是“回到未来”
04:28
harnessing the intelligence of that land settlement pattern.
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汲取前人建筑方面的智慧
04:31
And the idea has two core stages.
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这一理念要分两步走
04:33
One is to develop a new artificial ecology,
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第一要发展人工生态学
04:36
a reef out in the harbor,
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港外要有礁石
04:38
that would then protect new settlement patterns
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这样可以保护运河
04:40
inland and the Gowanus.
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保护内陆新建居民区
04:42
Because if you have cleaner water and slower water,
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如果水质改善，水流减缓
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you can imagine a new way of living with that water.
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人与水就能以全新方式共存
04:47
So the project really addresses these three core issues
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我们想创造性解决三个核心问题
04:50
in a new and exciting way, I think.
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水质、风暴潮、海水上升
04:53
Here we are, back to our hero, the oyster.
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现在回到环保英雄牡蛎身上
04:56
And again, it's this incredibly exciting animal.
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这种动物真是不可思议
04:59
It accepts algae and detritus in one end,
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从一端吸入藻类腐屑
05:01
and through this beautiful, glamorous
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再经过它神奇的消化器官
05:03
set of stomach organs,
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最后从另一端排除的...
05:05
out the other end comes cleaner water.
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却是净化了的水
05:08
And one oyster can filter up to 50 gallons of water a day.
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一只牡蛎一天能过滤189升水
05:11
Oyster reefs also covered
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纽约港的¼...
05:13
about a quarter of our harbor
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都有牡蛎礁覆盖
05:15
and were capable of filtering water in the harbor in a matter of days.
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几天就能滤好全港的水
05:18
They were key in our culture and our economy.
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我们的文化和经济都离不开牡蛎
05:22
Basically, New York was built
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基本上纽约的缔造者
05:24
on the backs of oystermen,
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就是采牡蛎的人
05:26
and our streets were literally built over oyster shells.
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街道都铺在牡蛎壳上
05:29
This image
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这张图呢
05:31
is an image of an oyster cart,
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是卖牡蛎的小车
05:33
which is now as ubiquitous as the hotdog cart is today.
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现在跟热狗摊一样到处都有
05:36
So again, we got the short end of the deal there.
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本来是好好的东西
05:38
(Laughter)
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我们却只拿来填饱肚子
05:40
Finally, oysters can attenuate
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最后，牡蛎可以将身体...
05:42
and agglomerate onto each other
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变得稀薄，互相粘合
05:44
and form these amazing natural reef structures.
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形成这些惊人的天然礁石
05:47
They really become nature's wave attenuators.
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它是大自然的防波堤
05:50
And they become the bedrock
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而对所有港口而言
05:52
of any harbor ecosystem.
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它又是生态系统的基石
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Many, many species depend on them.
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许许多多物种都依存于牡蛎
05:56
So we were inspired by the oyster,
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牡蛎启发了我们的项目
05:58
but I was also inspired by the life cycle of the oyster.
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但其生命周期也给了我新灵感
06:01
It can move from a fertilized egg
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几个星期之内
06:04
to a spat, which is when they're floating through the water,
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牡蛎就能从受精卵变成...
06:07
and when they're ready to attach onto another oyster,
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到处漂游的幼体
06:10
to an adult male oyster or female oyster,
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随时可以互相粘合
06:12
in a number of weeks.
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再变成成年的雌雄个体
06:15
We reinterpreted this life cycle
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我们以人类的视野范围
06:17
on the scale of our sight
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重新解读其生命周期
06:19
and took the Gowanus
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整条郭瓦纳斯运河
06:21
as a giant oyster nursery
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可看成巨型牡蛎育儿所
06:23
where oysters would be grown up in the Gowanus,
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牡蛎在运河里长大
06:25
then paraded down in their spat stage
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幼年阶段循流而下
06:27
and seeded out on the Bayridge Reef.
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然后再在湾脊礁繁殖
06:30
And so the core idea here
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因此我们的核心概念
06:32
was to hit the reset button
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就是从头开始
06:34
and regenerate an ecology over time
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逐渐重建生态系统
06:36
that was regenerative and cleaning
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创造清洁可再生...
06:38
and productive.
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又生机勃勃的环境
06:40
How does the reef work? Well, it's very, very simple.
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那么牡蛎礁的原理是什么呢？
06:43
A core concept here
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非常非常简单
06:45
is that climate change
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其中一个核心概念就是
06:47
isn't something that --
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要想解决气候变化问题
06:49
the answers won't land down from the Moon.
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就不能等着天上掉馅饼
06:52
And with a $20 billion price tag,
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与其花200亿美元
06:54
we should simply start and get to work with what we have now
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不如利用现有资源
06:56
and what's in front of us.
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从现在做起，从眼前做起
06:58
So this image is simply showing --
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这是一大片防波桩
07:00
it's a field of marine piles
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连接桩子的是
07:02
interconnected with this woven fuzzy rope.
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这种毛绒绒的编织绳
07:05
What is fuzzy rope, you ask?
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你可能会问这是什么绳
07:08
It's just that; it's this very inexpensive thing,
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其实是很平常的东西
07:11
available practically at your hardware store, and it's very cheap.
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一般五金店就能买到，很便宜
07:14
So we imagine that we would actually
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试想一下
07:16
potentially even host a bake sale
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我们自个儿烤些蛋糕卖
07:18
to start our new project.
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卖了的钱就够我们开项目了
07:20
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
07:22
So in the studio, rather than drawing,
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我们在工作室里不画图纸
07:24
we began to learn how to knit.
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而是学怎么编绳子
07:26
The concept was to really knit this rope together
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把绳子编好
07:29
and develop this new soft infrastructure
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就可以为牡蛎的生长
07:31
for the oysters to grow on.
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提供崭新柔软的温床
07:33
You can see in the diagram how it grows over time
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这幅图大家可以看到
07:36
from an infrastructural space
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这项工程如何渐渐演变为
07:38
into a new public urban space.
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全新的城市公共空间
07:41
And that grows over time dynamically
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它可以因应气候变化
07:44
with the threat of climate change.
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不断发展变化
07:46
It also creates this incredibly interesting, I think,
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同时这项工程也孕育了...
07:49
new amphibious public space,
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这个跨水陆的新型公共空间
07:52
where you can imagine working,
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这样人们的工作休闲
07:54
you can imagine recreating in a new way.
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都会以全新方式进行
07:57
In the end, what we realized we were making
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我们最后发觉这项工程...
07:59
was a new blue-green watery park
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其实是新型的“蓝绿”水上公园
08:02
for the next watery century --
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专为下一个水世纪打造
08:04
an amphibious park, if you will.
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可以叫做“两栖公园”
08:06
So get your Tevas on.
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穿好凉鞋来这儿享受吧！
08:08
So you can imagine scuba diving here.
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想象一下你可以在这里潜水
08:10
This is an image of high school students,
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这是一群高中生，准备潜水
08:12
scuba divers that we worked with on our team.
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这项工程他们也参与其中
08:14
So you can imagine a sort of new manner of living
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大家可以想象一种全新生活方式
08:17
with a new relationship with the water,
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人与水之间建立全新的关系
08:19
and also a hybridizing of recreational and science programs
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同时一举两得
08:22
in terms of monitoring.
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把休闲娱乐和科研监测结合起来
08:24
Another new vocabulary word for the brave new world:
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在这个美丽的新世界里
08:27
this is the word "flupsy" --
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还有个新玩意——上飘器
08:29
it's short for "floating upwelling system."
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这是“上涌飘浮器”的简称
08:32
And this glorious, readily available device
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这种装置很棒很简易
08:35
is basically a floating raft
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基本就是个飘浮的筏子
08:37
with an oyster nursery below.
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牡蛎在底下生长
08:39
So the water is churned through this raft.
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海水搅动，流过筏子
08:42
You can see the eight chambers on the side
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边上有八个箱子养殖牡蛎
08:44
host little baby oysters and essentially force-feed them.
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并强行给它们喂食
08:47
So rather than having 10 oysters,
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这样我们牡蛎的数量
08:50
you have 10,000 oysters.
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不是十个八个，而是上万
08:52
And then those spat are then seeded.
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然后牡蛎又可以繁殖
08:54
Here's the Gowanus future
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运河的未来是这样的
08:56
with the oyster rafts on the shorelines --
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河岸有这种筏子
08:58
the flupsification of the Gowanus.
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用我们的话说
09:01
New word.
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就是“上飘化”
09:03
And also showing oyster gardening for the community
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当地居民可以在河边看到
09:06
along its edges.
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牡蛎的养殖过程
09:08
And finally, how much fun it would be
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想想看，到时候
09:10
to watch the flupsy parade
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满河尽是木筏荡漾
09:12
and cheer on the oyster spats
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小牡蛎沿河而下去筑礁
09:14
as they go down to the reef.
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我们在岸上欢呼，多好玩啊！
09:16
I get asked two questions about this project.
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有人问过我两个问题
09:19
One is: why isn't it happening now?
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一是何时能看到你们的成果
09:21
And the second one is: when can we eat the oysters?
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二是什么时候能吃上牡蛎
09:24
And the answer is: not yet, they're working.
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我的回答是，耐心地等一等
09:27
But we imagine, with our calculations,
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但我们计算过
09:29
that by 2050,
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可能到了2050年
09:31
you might be able to sink your teeth into a Gowanus oyster.
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大家就能享用牡蛎了
09:34
To conclude, this is just one cross-section
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总而言之，我所讲到的
09:36
of one piece of city,
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只是一座城市的一个剖面
09:38
but my dream is, my hope is,
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而我的梦想与希望在于
09:40
that when you all go back to your own cities
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大家回到各自家乡以后
09:42
that we can start to work together and collaborate
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我们能携起手来
09:45
on remaking and reforming
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同心协力
09:47
a new urban landscape
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改造重建城市景观
09:49
towards a more sustainable, a more livable
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打造一个更符合可持续发展观...
09:52
and a more delicious future.
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更宜居、还有美味可以享用的未来！
09:54
Thank you.
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谢谢大家
09:56
(Applause)
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（掌声）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Kate Orff - Landscape architectKate Orff asks us to rethink “landscape”—to use urban greenspaces and blue spaces in fresh ways to mediate between humankind and nature.
Why you should listen
Kate Orff is a landscape architect who thinks deeply about sustainable development, biodiversity and community-based change—and suggests some surprising and wonderful ways to make change through landscape. She’s a professor at Columbia’s Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation, where she’s a director of the Urban Landscape Lab. She’s the co-editor of the new bookGateway: Visions for an Urban National Park, about the Gateway National Recreation Area, a vast and underused tract of land spreading across the coastline of Brooklyn, Queens, Staten Island and New Jersey.
She is principal of SCAPE, a landscape architecture and urban design office with projects ranging from a 1,000-square-foot pocket park in Brooklyn to a 100-acre environmental center in Greenville, SC, to a 1000-acre landfill regeneration project in Dublin, Ireland.
Kate Orff | Speaker | TED.com